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AUTHOR: 


WALSTON,  CHARLES 


TITLE: 


THE  AGRIVE  HERAEUM 


PLACE: 


BOSTON 


DATE: 


1 902-05 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 


Master  Negative  # 


\    886 
i    W14 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARCFT 


Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


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WaJston,  Sir  Charles,  1856-lyii7« 

...  The  Aigive  lleracuin,  hy  Charles  "WuUlstcin  ...  with 
the  cooperation  of  George  lionry  Chase  land  others)  ... 
Boston  and  New  York,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  company, 
1902-05. 

2  V.    front.,  illiis..  cxuv  pi.  (p.-n  t  col.,  part  fold.,  incl.  plans)     SSI"". 

.'\t  lica«l  of  title:  Archaeological  institute  of  America,  American  school 
of  classical  studies  at  Athens. 

CoNTE.NTs.— V.  1.  General  introduction,  by  C.  Waldstcin.  The  geology  of 
the  Heracum  region,  by  H.  S.  WashinRton.  The  architecture  of  the  Ar- 
pivc  Ilcracum,  by  E.  L.  Tilton.  Marble  statuary  from  the  Heraeum,  by 
C.  WaUlstein.  Inscriptions  from  the  ArRive  Ilrraeum.  by  K.  H.  Richard- 
son and  J.  K.  Wlicclcr.— v.  2.  The  tcrra-cotta  figurines,  l)y  C.  VValdstein 


Copy  In  Avery 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


(Continued  on  next  card) 
cr20c2i 

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2-231^77  Revised 


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Walston,  Sir  Charles,  ISoG-tyJiY,..  The  Argive  Heraeuia 

...     1902-05.     (Card  2) 

Contents— Continued.  • 

and  G.  II.  Chase.  The  terra-cotta  reliefs,  by  C.  Waldstein  and  \.  C..Ho:  - 
pin.  The  vases  and  vase  fragments,  by  J.  C.  Hoppm.  Inscriptions  <  n 
vases,  by  T.  W.  Heermancc.  The  bronzes  of  the  Arpive  Heraeum,  '  v 
II  f'  l)e  Cou.  Engraved  stones,  gems,  and  ivories,  by  R.  Norton.  Cor  s 
from  the  Argive  Heraeum.  by  H.  F.  Dc  Con.  Egyptian,  or  Gracco-Eg>  - 
tian,  olijccts,  by  A.  M.  Lythgoe. 

1    Argoj.     Heraeum.  i.  Archaeological  institute  of  America,      i. 

American  school  of  classical  studies  at  Athens,  iii.  Washington,  Hen  y 
•Stephens,  1867-  iv.  Tilton,  Edward  Lippincott,  1861-     ,.    ^  J'char  l- 

son,  Ruft.8  Hyam,  I8.t5-1914.  vi.  Whrrlcr,  James  Rignall.  1859-1918.  vr. 
Cl.asc,  George  Henry,  1874-  viii.  Hoppm.  Joseph  Clark,  1870-  »  :. 

Heermance  Theodore  Woolsey,  1872-1905.  x.  De  Cou,  Herbert  FIctch.  r. 
d.  1911.  xl.  Norton.  Richard.  1872-1918.  xii.  Lythgoe,  Albert  Mort.vi. 
XIII.  Title.  ->     „,  .    .. 

Another  copy  in     Flno  Arts. 

Library  of  Congress                ^      DF221.A8W3 
Copyright  R,.,i.  ,    ^^fir20c2i 


1902-05. 
2-23077  Revised 


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THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


9rct)acological  Snstitute  of  amertca 

lamcrtcan  ^cl)ool  of  ClaiSiEiical  ^tuDicjs  at  2t^tm 


THE  ARGIYE   HEEAEUM 


BY 


CHARLES  WALDSTEIN 

I'a.  IK,  L.  U.  /A,  Lnr.  D. 
SOMETIME  lur.Krroi:  ah-  Tin:   ivin/ctx  stirooi,  of  <  i.assk  al  stidies  at  atiiexs 

VSIVERSITY  llEAltEi:  f.\  C/.ASS/rAE  Al!(l/AEO/.iHi  y,  A.\H  EEI.I.OW  OF 

KlSirs  iOU.EuE,  CAMIinilMiE 

HOMETtME  IHUECTOI:  OF  THE  FITXWII.I.IAM  MISFCM.  A.\/t  SLADE  J'J:oFEtiSOIi 

OF  FI.\E  ART,  rAMltnilKiE,  ETC.,  ETC. 


WITH  THE  COOI'EUATION  f)F 

GEORGE    HENRY  CHASE,    HERHEUT    FI.ETCHER    I)E  COU,  THE()IK)RE   WOOLSEY 

HEERMANCE,  JOSEPH  (LARK  HOl'PIN,  ALBERT  MORTON  LYTHGOE,  RICHARD 

NORTON,   RUFUS    HYAM    RICHARDSON,    EDWARD   LIPPINCOTT   TILTON 

HENRY  STEPHENS  WASHINGTON,  AND  JAMES  RIGNALL  WHEELER 


IN  TWO   VOLUMES 
VOLUME   1 

GENERAL  INTRODUCTION,  GEOLOGY.  ARCHITECTURE 
MARBLE  STATUARY.  AND  INSCRIPTIONS 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 

Sl)r  Uibrrtfior  ^ttM,  CainbhDge 

1902 


TO 


coPYRir.nr,  1902 

BY  THE  TRUSTEES  OF  THE   AMERICAN    SCHOOl,  OK  CLASSICAL   STUDIES   AT    ATHENS 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


Published St-ptenikr,  tqoi 


T 


CHARLES   ELIOT   NORTON 


FIRST  PRESIDENT  OF  THE 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE    OF    AMERICA 


THIS  WORK  IS  DEDICATED 


C 


V 


^N^ 


330744 


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kviVI 


NOTE 

This  work  is  issued  by  the  authority  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Arehaeoloj^ical 
Institute  of  America  and  tlie  American  School  of  Classical  Studies  at  Athens,  which 
share  the  financial  responsibility  for  it.  The  suijervision  of  its  publication  has  been 
intrusted  to  a  Committee  which  consists  of  representatives  of  both  bodies. 

Each  contributor  has  been  left  entii-ely  free  to  express  his  opinions  and  sentiments 
regarding  the  subjects  treated  by  him  —  even  where  in  these  he  differed  from  his  asso- 
eiates  —  and   is   therefore  solely  responsible  for  the  statements  made  in  the  articles 

written  by  him. 

Committee  on  Publication  :  — 

JOHN  WILLIAMS  WHITE, 
HAROLD  N.  FOWLER, 

EDWARD  ROBINSON, 

On  behalf  of  the  Institute. 

THOMAS   D.  SEYMOUR, 
JAMES   R.  WHEELER, 

JOHN   H.  WRIGHT, 

On  behalf  of  tfie  School  at  Athens. 


/ 


PREFACE 


The  excavations  on  the  site  of  the  Argive  Ileraeum  were  carried  on  by  tlie  American 
Seliuol  of  Classical  Studies  at  Athens,  with  the  active  support  of  the  Archaeoloj^ical 
Institute  of  America,  under  my  direction,  diu-ing  the  four  springs  from  1892  to  1895. 

In  presenting  tliis  olticial  i-ecord  of  the  work  there  done,  I  venture  to  hope  that  this 
puhliciition  will  in  some  degree  be  worthy  of  tlie  excavations  themselves.  It  cannot 
be  denied  that  the  site  itself  antl  the  remains  there  discovered  by  us  are  of  extreme  and 
exceptional  imjMjrtance.  No  j)eriod  of  ancient  Hellenic  life,  historic  or  j)rehistoric,  is 
known  to  us  at  the  present  day,  of  which  our  excavations  have  not  yielded  instructive 
illustration.  All  the  new  evidence  concerning  the  prehistoric  period  of  the  ancient 
ckussical  world  furnished  by  the  Ileraeum  and  other  sites  becomes  the  more  impoi-tant 
and  illuminating  from  the  fact  that  our  excavations  show  an  undoubted  and  continuous 
connection  between  the  Mycenaean  age,  its  immediate  precursors  and  successors,  and  the 
historical  |>eriods  of  ancient  Hellas.  No  other  site  can  furnish  such  evidence  in  the 
8ame  way  and  to  the  sjime  degree.  In  this  respect  the  Argive  Ileraeum  holds  a  posi- 
tion unique  among  all  sites  of  the  ancient  world  hitherto  excavated. 

Slundd  tiiis  publication  be  at  all  worthy  of  the  results  of  our  excavations,  I  feel  that 
this  will  have  been  achieved  in  the  face  of  exceptional  difliculties,  which  made  them- 
selves felt  in  the  work  of  excavation  itself,  as  well  as  in  every  phase  of  the  prei>aration 
and  elaboration  of  the  finds  and  their  publiciition. 

The  young  men  who  acted  as  my  assistants  at  the  exc^ivations,  who  one  and  all  stood 
by  me  so  loyally  in  all  difficulties  and  ultimately  became  so  efficient  in  their  work,  came 
to  me,  with  hardly  an  exception,  Jis  novices  who,  in  those  days,  had  not  even  been  able 
to  pursue  a  complete  coui-se  in  archaeology  in  any  of  the  Inmie  universities  (a  want 
which  is  now  being  i-a})i(lly  supphed  in  many  American  universities).  In  most  cases, 
when  they  had  thus  become  really  efficient  assistants  they  were  called  away  by  the  offer 
of  some  apiM>intment  at  home  or  by  some  other  inducement,  the  organiziition  of  the  sfciff 
was  disturbed,  and  the  same  period  of  preparation  and  probation  had  to  be  gone  through 
anew  with  others.  Among  those  who  remained  with  me  for  more  than  one  campaign, 
and  whose  help  was  in  consequence  the  more  efficient,  as  the  part  they  played  in  the 
excavations  was  more  important,  are  Professor  J.  C.  Hoppin,  Professor  Richard  Nor- 
ton, and  Dr.  H.  S.  Washington. 

I  should  like  to  say  at  once  that  the  proportion  of  work  done  by  the  several  assist- 
ants at  the  excavations  is  not  adequately  shown  by  the  part  they  tiike  in  the  publica- 
tion. This  I  regret  much  ;  but  it  has  been  inevitable.  I  had  hoped  that  all  those  who  had 
done  service  at  the  excavations  might  in  some  way  be  directly  associated  with  the  publi- 


,  PREFACE 

cation.  But  it  happened  in  many  eases  that,  when  it  eanie  to  the  work  of  preparinjr  the 
material  at  Athens,  and,  still  later,  of  writing  on  the  material  thus  prepared,  the  fonner 
assistants  were  occupied  elsewliere  or  could  not  Hnd  time  for  tlie  work.  Professor 
Norton,  who  has  since  been  made  Director  of  the  American  School  in  Rome,  is  repre- 
sented in  this  book  by  a  sliort  chapter,  which  is  far  from  showing  the  prominent  i^irt  lie 
took  in  tlie  excavation  at  the  Heraeum  and  in  the  sorting  and  arranging  of  the  finds  at 
Athens.  The  siime  is  true  of  Dr.  Washington.  So  too  the  prominent  pairt  fciken  by 
Professor  C.  L.  Brownson  during  the  first  year's  work  receives  no  acknowledgment  at 
all,  so  far  as  his  participation  in  this  book  is  concerned,  owing  to  the  fact  that  his  Uni- 
vei-sity  work  has  kept  him  occupied  in  America  since  ISIKJ.  The  same  was  the  case  with 
his  colleague,  our  architect  during  the  fii-st  year,  Mr.  Thomas  A.  Fox,  who  furnished  the 
excellent  plan  of  1892  {American  Jouriuil  of  Archneohnjn,  1893,  VIII.  PI.  xii.).  Hw 
place  was  taken  in  the  last  year  of  excavation  by  his  able  successor,  Mr.  E.  L.  Tilton. 
Among  those  who  find  no  place  at  all  in  the  publication  are  Professor  W.  C.  Polani», 
Mr.  John  Alden,  Dr.  C.  L.  Meai»er,  Professor  Barker  Newhall,  and  Dr.  .1.  D. 
Rogers.  The  latter  has,  however,  given  a  careful  preliminary  publication  of  the  inscrii.- 
tion  on  a  bronze  tablet  found  in  1895  {Anu-rkiin  Jonrna/  of  Anhntoloijn,  Second 

Series,  1901,  V.  pp.  159  ff.). 

In  looking  back  ui>on  my  association  with  all  these  scholars,  so  different  in  tempera- 
ment and  tmining,  I  cannot  hell,  feeling  intensely  gratitieil  when  I  recognize  that  all 
have  become  and  remain  my  sincere  friends. 

I  must  further  thank  the  Greek  authorities,  notably  M.  Cavvai.ias  and  liis  eplu.rs, 
for  the  manner  in  which  they  furthered  the  work  of  excavation  and  were  always  ready 
to  meet  my  wishes,  while  conscientiously  fulfilling  the  duties  which  their  office  laid  ui>on 
them.  Our  relations  have  been  from  beginning  to  end  those  of  cimiplete  and  undis- 
turi.ed  harmony  and  friendliness.  1  must  also  express  my  thanks  in  this  connection 
to  the  Archaeoh>gical  Institute  of  America,  which  provide<l  about  Imlf  of  the  funds 
for  this  excavation ;  and  among  those  i)ersons  who  privately  contributed  when  funds 
were  most  needed  I  must  reconl  my  sense  of  gratitude  to  the  late  Mr.  .T«>hn  Taylor 
Johnston  and  to  Mrs.  J.  W.  Clark,  as  well  as  to  Professor  Hoppin  and  Mr.  W.  C. 

Schermerhorn. 

Few  readers  are  aware  h«.w  large  and  important  a  pjirt  of  the  labor  in  such  archaeo- 
logical undertiikings  is  given  to  the  work  of  cleaning,  piecing  together,  classifying, 
and  studying  the  remains  which  an  excavation  has  pn.duced,  before  the  results  can  be 
made  puiilic'^in  a  book.  When  1  but  mention,  among  other  similar  tiisks,  that  alniut 
26;>  baskets  of  vase  fragments  had  to  be  cleaned,  sorted,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  pieced 
together  before  they  could  Ihj  studied  properly ;  that  the  sjune  is  true  of  tlioustinds  of 
snwll  terra-cottjis;  that  bronzes  often  were  found  in  a  shapeless  mass  in  which  all  iiuli- 
cation  of  their  fom,  probable  design,  and  inscribe<l  marks  were  hidden  by  corrosion 
and  incrustation,  and  that  these  bronzes  luid  to  be  treated  by  a  liborious  and  lengthy 
process  of  innnersion  in  acids  and  of  cleaning,  before  the  original  design  and  decoration 


PREFACE 


xt 


couhl  l>e  restore<I,  —  when  I  merely  enumerate  these  facts,  some  idea  will  be  gained  of 
the  important  pi-eliminary  work  necessitiited  before  an  account  of  the  excavation  could 
be  presented  in  book  form. 

If  such  work  always  presents  many  difficidties,  they  were  much  enhanced  in  our  case  : 

(1)  The  plan  of  our  excavation  couhl  not  be  laid  out  on  a  large  and  permanent  scale 
at  the  outset,  and  therefore  provision  could  not  be  made  for  the  proper  storing  and 
arnmgement  of  the  objects  found  tliat  all  might  be  kept  together  from  one  season  to 
another. 

(2)  All  our  iM)rtid>Ie  finds  had  to  be  transferred  from  Argos  to  Athens,  where  they  were 
deiM)sited  in  the  National  Museum.  If  such  a  transference  of  unclassified  material  — 
mmii  in  baskets,  some  in  boxes,  and  some  unpacked — contributed  to  confusion,  the  fact 
that  in  the  National  Museum  we  had  twice  to  move  from  one  room  to  another  did  not 
diminish  these  difficulties.  In  spite  of  these  unavoidable  inconveniences,  I  must  here 
ri^cord  the  willingness  on  the  part  of  the  officials  of  the  Museum  to  further  our  work, 
and  I  have  much  ple<isure  in  thanking  M.  Cavvadias,  the  Director,  and  his  distinguished 
assistints,  MM.  Stals,  Tsountas,  Castriotes,  and  Lionardos. 

(3)  Our  difficulties  in  this  stage  of  the  work  were  still  further  increased  by  my  desire 
to  cjirry  out  the  suggestion,  informally  made,  of  the  Managing  Conunittee  of  the  School, 
that  all  the  students  should  make,  for  purposes  of  study,  direct  use  of  the  material  fur- 
nished by  the  School's  excavations,  and  should  therefore  be  drawn  into  the  actual  work 
of  sorting  and  cle<ining.  I  complied  with  this  suggestion  for  a  time,  but  soon  foun<l 
that  not  only  the  students,  unprepared  for  such  work,  gained  but  little  advantjige,  but 
the  hibor  of  arranging  and  classifying  the  matericil  was  impeded  and  made  much  more 
difficult. 

(4)  Finally,  although,  after  I  had  resigned  the  Directorship  of  the  School,  I  came  to 
Athens  every  year  and  Liid  down  the  system  of  cbissification  to  be  followe<l,  the  great 
difficulty  to  which  I  have  referred  aln.ve  made  itself  felt  most  banefully  in  this  phase  of 
the  work ;  for  the  main  sui)ervision  passed  fi"om  one  hand  to  another,  and,  in  matters  of 
detjiil,  one  new  man  had  to  take  up  the  half-finished  work  of  another  at  the  point  where 
it  had  been  left. 

All  these  difficulties  recurred  in  another  form  when  it  came  to  the  actuiil  writhiir  of 
the  book.  Not  one  of  my  assistiints  intrusted  with  the  separate  depiirtments  was  present 
during  the  whole  of  the  excavation,  nor  could  they  —  with  the  exception  of  Professor 
Hoppin  and  Mr.  De  Cou  —  remain  for  any  continuous  time  in  Gi-eece  while  eUiborating 
their  imiteriiil  and  writing  their  chapters.  Still,  the  principle  I  followed  was  to  allow 
each  meml)er  intrusted  with  a  department  as  much  independence  as  possible ;  and  thou<»h 
I  have  arranged  with  ejicli  the  general  lines  of  his  publication  and  have  revised  all  the 
numuscripts,  so  that  I  may  claim  an  organic  unity  of  conception  and  execution  for  the 
book  as  a  whole,  I  have  not  stood  in  the  way  of  the  expression  of  well-founded  individual 
opinion,  for  which  each  collaborator  deserves  the  credit  and  retains  the  resi)onsibiHty. 
But,  scattered  as  these  workers  were  and  changing  their  residence  all  over  the  globe,  from 


I 


Xll 


PREFACE 


Eirypt,  Gi-eeee,  and  Italy  to  various  jwrts  of  the  United  Stiites,the  extra  lal.or  which  was 
enbiiled  by  the  attempt  to  keep  in  touch  with  each  man,  the  correspondence  it  necessi- 
tated, and  the  compHcations  which  increased  the  difficulties  incidental  ti>  the  publication 
of  such  work  even  under  the  conditions  most  favorable  to  speedy  and  facile  publica- 
tion, can  easily  be  imagined. 

The  work  of  conducting  all  these  matters  through  correspondence  and  the  consetpient 
delays  were  considerably  increased  by  the  fact  that  from  England  1  had  to  communicate 
and  arrange,  not  directly  with  the  publisher  and  printer  in  America,  but  with  a  Com- 
mittee which  had  to  decide  uiM)n  the  ways  and  means  of  publication  (which  occupied 
some  years),  —  a  task  to  which  the  members  devoted  themselves  with  much  siicrifice  of 

time  and  labor. 

The  inevitable  result  was  considerable  delay  in  publication.  For  it  is  but  right  that  1 
should  state  that  my  own  manuscript  (written  more  than  four  years  ago), as  well  as  that  of 
Professor  Hoppin,  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Committee  on  Publication,  ready  for  the 
press,  for  nearly  three  years.  Thus,  besides  the  difficulty  of  ivturning,  when  correcting 
pr(.ofs,  to  a  subject  which  had  lost  much  of  its  freshness  and  some  of  its  familiarity,  it 
was  imiM)Ssible  to  take  note  of  the  results  of  similar  excavations  which  have  since  been 
undertiiken  and  are  still  in  progress  ;  while  anticipations  of  importiint  new  light  thrown 
upon  archaeological  impiiry  by  our  finds  and  our  publication,  and  for  which  a  certiiin 
amount  of  honorable  credit  might  be  claimed,  are  not  so  manifest  at  this  sfcige  of  publi- 
cation. To  recast  the  whole  book  was  not  possible.  I  have  therefore  left  the  manuscript 
as  it  stood,  only  adding  a  few  footnotes  with  regard  to  work  done  since  181)8. 

I  had  hoped  to  publish  both  volumes  at  the  siime  time,  but  owing  to  the  delay  of  one 
contributor,  we  have  determined  to  publish  the  first  volume  at  once  and  to  leave  the 
second  volume  to  follow  within  a  few  nM>nths.  I  regret  this  the  nu)re  as  Professor  Hop- 
pin's  work  on  the  Vases,  which  has  been  ready  for  press  shice  181)9,  will  thus  be  kept 

back  still  longer. 

In  spite  of  these  regrettiible  deliiys,  I  do  not  think  that  we  have  been  exceptionally 
lono-  in  brincrintr  the  results  of  our  excavations  Iwfore  the  public  after  their  c<nnpletion 
in  1895.     When  it  is  remembereil  that  an  interval  of  seventeen  years  elapsed  between 
the  ctmipletion  of  the  excavations  of  Olympia  in  1879  and  the  official  publication  in 
189G,  and  that  the  excavations  of  the  Acroi)olis  of  Athens,  c<mipleted  in  1889,  have  not 
yet  been  published,  our  own  publication  must  be  considered  a  comparatively  sjjeedy  one. 
Nor  can  1  be  unmindful  of  the  kind  help  tendered  me  by  all  members  of  the  Committee. 
But  I  must  esi>ecially  mention  with  gratitude  that  received  from  Professor  Seymour  and 
Professor  Fowler,  who  h)oked  over  the  manuscript  of  my  General  Introduction  and 
offered  useful  criticism  and  correction  ;  from  Professor  White,  Professor  Wheeler,  and 
Mr.  Robinson,  who  also  made  valuable  suggestions  at  different  stages ;  and,  above  all, 
froui  Professor  Wright  (assisted  by  Dr.  Chase),  who  acted  in  my  stead  while  the  book 
went  through  the  press  in  America,  and  without  whose  labor  and  kindness  the  publica- 
tion must  have  been  indefinitely  delayed. 


PREFACE 


xui 


All  other  acknowledgments  will,  I  hoiH*,  be  found  in  their  due  place  in  the  book. 

The  difficulties  with  which  I  have  had  to  contend  have  been  rehearsed  above,  and  I 
have  thought  it  right  and  just  that  they  should  be  known.  Painful  and  distivssing  as 
these  conditions  were,  they  vanish  from  the  horizon  now  that  the  work  is  done,  and  I 
look  bjick  upon  the  scenes  of  labor  behind  me  with  unmixed  pleasure  and  with  deep  grati- 
tude, —  gratitude  first  to  the  American  School  at  Athens  which,  in  1889,  when  for  nearly 
ten  years  I  had  been  occupied  with  official  work  here  in  England,  should  have  jriven  me 
such  brilliant  opportunities  of  research  in  Greece  and  of  direct  association  with  an  institu- 
tion of  learning  belonging  to  my  native  home  ;  gratitude  to  the  University  of  Cambridge 
and  to  my  own  College  here,  in  my  adopted  home,  which  allowed  me  to  undertake  work 
officially  associiited  with  another  country,  gjive  me  the  necesssiry  leave  of  absence,  and 
enabled  me  to  retain  the  post  in  this  University  which  I  have  now  held  continuously  for 
twenty-two  years.  I  venture  to  think  that  this  example  of  international  comity  and 
generosity  in  the  cause  of  science,  of  which  I  have  been  the  immediate  beneficiary,  is  not 
only  a  significjint  instance  and  i-esult  of  the  uniting  power  of  science  and  learning,  but  is 
more  directly  an  e<irnest  of  the  confraternity  of  the  two  great  English-sjieaking  nations. 
That  it  should  be  in  the  cause  of  Hellenic  culture  that  this  international  and  fraternal 
spirit  should  manifest  itself  against  the  survival  (if  not  revival)  in  our  times  of  blind  an«l 
savage  international  alienation  and  hatred  sounds  like  the  faint  echo  to  the  pledge  of 
civilized  humanity  made  in  Athens  more  than  two  thousand  years  ago  by  Aeschylus  in 
the  Eumenides.  That  great  drama  seems  to  me  to  glorify,  with  all  the  consummate  skill 
of  artistic  expression,  the  estiiblishment  of  civilization  and  its  laws,  superseding  the  blind 
spirit  of  savagery,  hatred,  and  revengeful  fury.  By  the  intercession  of  the  great  goddess 
of  Wisdom  is  founded  the  Areopagus,  the  first  court  of  law  to  embody  the  ideas  of 
hiunan  justice ;  the  hounding  Erinyes  are  converted  into  Eumenides ;  by  the  persuasive 
and  gladdening  language  oi  Reason,  blending  Truth  and  Beauty  with  Goodness,  the 
vindictive  Furies  are  tamed  and  are  given  a  home  in  the  centre  of  civilized  life,  violet- 
crowned  Athens ;  and,  adopting  the  tuneful  and  joyous  measure  of  Attic  poetry,  they 


sing : 


Kino'a  College,  Cambridge,  April  30, 1902. 


CHARLES  WALDSTEIN. 


CONTENTS 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


BY  CHARLES  WALDSTEIX 

AXTIQUITY    AND   SlOXIKlrAXCE   OP   TIIK   Cl'LT   OF  TlIK   AWJIVK    HkKA 

ToiHKiKAFHY   OK  THK    AutilVK    HkRAKUM 

TmK    KaRLY    HlSTOKY    OK   THK    HkKAKI'M 

TlIK    KviItKNTK   OK  TIIK    FiXIW    AS   TO   THK    A<iE   OK   THK    HeKAEUM     . 

Tkrka-<;otta  Imaoi-m 

Vamkm 

Hkonzks .     .     . 

Knokaykh  Sto\r.s 

h^JYITlAX    ()K.IK«T8 

History  ov  Phkvioits  Excayatioxs 

KXOAVATIONS   HY   THK   AmKRK'A.V    S'HOOL   AT    ATHKXS 

Campaiox  ok  1S9*J 

Cami'Aiox  of  1X*K{ 

Camfaujx  «>k  1W>4 

Notk  A:  Stkabo  ox  THK  Aroiyk  Hkkakitm 

Notk  B:  View  krom  the  Site 


pare 

1 

10 

25 

42 
49 
01 
04 
M 
04 
70 
7.'i 
74 
70 
85 
86 


THE   GEOLO(iY  OF  THE   HERAEUM   REGION 

BY  HKXKY  STEPHENS  WASHINGTON 

Gkolo<iy  of  Aroolh 91 

KlTRIAL   OF   AxriKXT    Kkmain's 94 

The  Heraeitm  Site  and  its  Burial 97 

Note  on  the  Ioxeous  Rim  ks  fouxd  ix  thk  Excayatioxs  at  the  Hkkakum 99 


THE  ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


BY  EDWARD  LIPPINCOTT  TILTON 

towkiraphy  axi)  survey 105 

Old  Wallh 108 

Cyclopeax  Walls 109 

The  Oli>  Temflk  Platform  axd  thk  Oli>  Tkmplk HD 

The  Upper  Stoa 112 

The  NtJRTHEAHT  Stoa 114 

East  Buildixo 116 

The  Seconi)  Temple 117 

The  South  Stoa , 127 

The  Steps 180 

The  West  Buildixo l.'U 

The  Northwest  Buildixg l.'U 

The  Romax  Buildixo 134 


XVI 


CONTENTS 


Thk  Lowkr  Stoa 
Cisterns    .     .     . 


•         •         • 


I'M 


MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 

BY  (  HAllLES  WALDNTEIX 


SiXliLE   StATUKS 

AKflllTErTrKAI.   S^'l'I.ITrRK 

The  Mktoi'es 

The  Pkihmexts 

The  General  Style  ok  the  Heraeum  Marbles      . 
The  Perioi.  axi»  Scihhil  oe  the  Hekaeim  Makules 

PoLYCLEITlS   AXI»   THE    HeRAEI'M    MaRKLES     .... 

Desc'RIFTion  ok  the  1'lates 


INSCRIPTIONS   FROM   THE  ARGIVE   IIERAEUM 

BY  KUFITS  BYAM   HU'IIAKIJSON   AND  .lAMUs   KKJNALL  WIIKKI.ER 


140 
144 
14(1 
14« 

ir^? 

1G4> 
177 


PART    I.     iNsrRij^utNs  «iN    Stone 
PART   II.     Stami'EIi  Tiles     .     . 


Tni»ex 


197 
216 

225 


ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT 

FIOl'RE  PAGE 

1.  Map  of  thk  Region  about  the  Heraeum.     Enlarged  from  Steffen's  Karten  von  Mykenai 

(Argolis),  with  additions 7 

2.  General  Plan  of  the  Site  :   actual  state  after  excavation 9 

3.  The  Aroive  Plain,  with  the  Second  Temple  in  tlie  foreground 11 

4.  The  Aruivk  Plain,  with  excavated  remains  of  the  Old  Temple  in  the  foreground 12 

5.  View  of  Mount  Euboea,  with  South  Stoa  in  the  foreground 13 

6.  Site  of  Heraeum  from  the  East 14 

7.  Site  of  Heraeum  from  the  Southwest 15 

8.  Man-hole  and  Rock-cut  Conduit  at  Stream-bed  of  Revma-tou-Kastrou 17 

9.  Drum  and  Capital  from  Second  Temple,  as  found  hehind  the  South  Stoa 19 

10.  Foundations  of  the  Second  Temple,  showing  statue-hases  at  the  eastern  end       ....  21 

11.  it.  b.  Two  Coins  of  Argos.     The  Hera  of  Polycleitus 22 

12.  Coin  of  Aruos.     The  head  of  Polyeleitus's  Hera 22 

13.  Early  Shaft-tomb,  containing  vases  of  dull-colored  ••  Mycenaean  "  style 41 

14.  Beehiye  Tomh,  near  the  Heraeum.  on  the  road  to  Mycenae 42 

15.  Early  Stone  ••  Pillar    iMACiE."     From  the  Heraeum 43 

1(5.     Primitive  Terra-cotta  Fkiurine.     From  the  Heraeum      ...          43 

17.  Early  Female  Figure,  showing  development  of  drai)ery.     From  the  Heraeum 44 

18.  Early  Se.\ted  Figure.     From  the  Heraeum 44 

19.  Mycenaean  Type  of  Terra-<otta.    From  a  Tomb  near  the  Heraeum 4.5 

20.  Figure  of  the  "  Dipylon  "  Class.     From  the  Heraeum 4G 

21.  Figure  of  Advanced  Argive  Style  (with  human  face).     From  the  Heraeum 47 

22.  Mycenaean  Vvse.  with  dull  unglazed  color.     From  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke.  Mijkenisclie 

Vasen.  pi.  xxiv.  No.  175 50 

23.  Mycenaean  Vase  (from  lalysus),  naturalistic,  with  lustrous  glaze.      From   Furtwiingler  and 

Loeschcke,  Mykenische  Vaaef,  pi.  v.  No.  281 50 

24.  Mycenaean    Vase,  with    lustrous    glaze,    conventional.       From    Furtwangler   and   Loeschcke, 

Mijkeulsche   Vaseu,  p.  29,  fig.  17 51 

25.  Dipylon  Vase.     From  Mon.  d.  Inst.  IX.  pi.  39 52 

26.  Argive  (Proto-Corinthian)  Vase.  Linear  style.     From  the  Heraeum 53 

27.  AiMJiVE  (Proto-Corinthiai)  Vase,  later  style.     From  the  Heraeum 53 

28.  My<'ENAEAN  Tomhstone,  with  carved   and   painted  decoration.       From   Tsountas,    'Ec^i/ficpt? 

'  Ap)(aioKoyiKrjf   1896 54 

29.  Examples  of  Incised  Linear  Ornament.     From  the  Heraeum 55 

30.  Example  of  Painted  Linear  Ornament.     From  the  Heraeum       57 

31.  Iron  Bars  excavated  at  the  Heraeum 63 

32.  Colonel  Mure's  Plan  of  the  Site  of  the   Heraeum.       From   his  Journal  of  A    Tour 

in  Greece,  %'ol.  I.  p.  179 65 

33.  Qeneral  Gordon's  Plan  of  the  Site  of  the  Heraeum.    From   Leake's   Peloponnesiaca, 

1846 66 

34.  Ranoab^'s  Plan  of  the  Site  of  the  Heraeum.     From  his  Ausf/rabinig  heim  Tempel  der 

Hera  imweit  Arr/os,  1855 67 

35.  Bursian's  Plan  of  his  Excavations 68 

36.  The  Secont)  Temple  Platform,  before  the  American  excavations 71 

37.  Site  of  the  Old  Temple  Platform,  before  excavation 72 

38.  The  Second)  Temple,  at  the  close  of  the  season  of  1892 73 

39.  Work  on  the  Slope  betweex  the  Old  Temple  and  the  Second  Temple,  in  the  second 

season 75 


iHMiltfMiH 


XVIU 

40. 
41. 
42. 

43. 

44. 

45. 

45a. 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 

50. 

51. 

52. 

53. 

54. 

55. 

56. 

57. 

58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 

62. 

63. 

64. 

65. 

66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 
78. 

79. 
80. 
81. 
82. 
83. 

84, 
85, 
86 
87 


ILLUSTRATIONS   IN  THE  TEXT 

7A 

Piece  of  Wall  from  West  Building,  first  apiiearance '    '    *    *       to 

CoRXER  OF  THE  Secoxd  Platform,  with  front  of  East  Building  in  right  foreground  .  .     .       T» 

The  Roman  Building,  with  Southwest  Stoa  on  the  left,  and  portion  of  West  Building  in  the 

o(' 

foreground «< 

First  Trench  dug  at  South  Stoa      

South  Stoa.  after  excavation ^ 

We-st  Buildixg.  after  excavation 

Section-  back  of  South  Stoa,  1894 

View  of  the  Argive  Heraeum  from  the  North 

Argive  Heraeum  :  View  of  the  site  from  the  east ^^^ 

Argive  Heraeum  :  View  of  the  site  from  the  west • 

View  looking  North  upon  the  Cyclopean  Wall  and  Northeast  Stoa IW 

Old  Temple  Plan:  restored 

Argive  Heraeum  :  Capitals,  and  details  of  their  profiles  drawn  to  a  large  scale Jjo 

Columns.     From  the  Argive  Heraeum 

Argive  Heraeum  :  Stone  with  doves  carved  in  relief '^ 

Argive  Her.^eum  :  Stone  carved  xvith  fish  and  waves,  by  incised  lines       ...     •     •     •     •     •     "^ 
View  looking  Northe.xst  upon  the  East  BuiLoiN.i  and  the  retaining  wall  on  its  northwest  side     117 

Argive  Heraeum  :  East  Building,  restored ',    ,"    o         i 

View  from  the  Southeast,  looking  upon  the  flight  of  steps;  the  South  Stoa  and  the  Second    ^^^ 

Temple  above -20 

Actual  State  of  a  Stvlobate  Stone  of  the  Second  Temple J^ 

Front  Elevation  of  Second  Temple.     Restored  by  Edward  L.  Tilton l^i 

Column  and  Stylobate  Stone  of  Second  Temple ,  '     '     ',     "     '    LJ 

Marble  Cyma-moulding  and  Lions  Head  Water-spout.    From  Second  Temple:  one  fifth 

the  actual  size.     Measured  and  restoreil  by  Edward  L.  Tilton -,',*,' 

Marble  Lion's  Head  Gargoyle  and  Water-spout.     From   Second  Temple:  one  fifth  the     ^^^ 

actual  size -^g 

Metope  FROM  THE  Second  Tkmple.     Restored  from  fragment - 

Ar<hve  Heraeum  :  Restored  Section  of  Second  Temple,  showing  statue  of  Hera 1^ 

View  looking  F^st  on  the  South  Stoa ' 

West  Building  ;  free  restoration  of  the  elevation 

View  looking  Northwf.st  upon  the  Northwf.st  Building J 

View  looking  We.st  from  the  Northwe.st  Building 

Roman  Building  :  plan  and  elevation  restored 

Fragment  of  a  Stone  Pillar ^^^ 

Fragments  of  Archaic  Sculpture C,   '     '     "  •  j   '    *    *  iai 

Marble  Fragments,  probably  part  of  a  Female  Figure  of  the  Graeco-Roman  period  ....  141 

Late  Torso,  found  on  the  South  Slope 

Miscellaneous  Marble  Fragments.     From  the  Argive  Heraeum      •     •     •     •     •     •     •     *     '     *** 

Marble  Fragments,  as  arranged  for  sorting  on  the  floor  of  a  Room  m  the  Central  Museum,     ^^^ 

MaIble 'image,  with  hand  graspin'g  ii  ai  the  back.     Probably  from  the  Western  Pediment  of  ^^^ 

the  Second  Temjjle j_^ 

Fragment  of  a  Metope,  with  pelta       ,     '     '     '    *   i      *     * 

Corner  of  the  Room  in  the  Central  Museum,  Athens,  contoinmg  fragments  of  drai)ery. 

From  figures  in  the  round,  probably  from  the  pediments  of  the  Heraeum     .     •     •     •     •     •     •  J-j* 

Fragment  of  a  Leg  resting  upon  a  Cushion.   Probably  from  a  pediment  of  the  Heraeum  la2 

Fragment  of  a  Pedimental  Figure.     From  the  Heraeum J^ 

Legs  and  other  Fragments.     Probably  from  the  iHjdiments  of  the  Heraeum 15* 

Fragments  from  the  Metopes:  Hands  that  held  swords  and  spears,  and  feet       .     .     .     •     •  1«> 

Fragments  from  the  Metope-s,  illustrating  chiefly  the  sharp  yet  delicate  cutting  of  the  folds  ^^ 

in  drapery         ,*     '     4>  '      i  '  lAA 

,     Small  Marble  Head  from  Brauros.     In  the  possession  of  Professor  FurtwUngler      .     .     .     iw 

Head  of  one  of  the  Korai.     From  the  Erechtheum       

.     Head  of  the  Doryphorus  (Naples) 

.     Head  of  the  Dladumenus  (Dresden) 


ILLUSTRATIONS   IN  THE  TEXT  >  xlx 

88.     a,  The  Linrh  of  the  Mouth.     From  the  Heraeum  Metojjes 179 

88.  //,  The  Links  of  the  Mouth.     In  the  Lemnian  Athena 179 

89.  ft.  Profile  of  the  Upper  Lip.     From  the  Heraeum  Metopes 180 

S9.     />.  Profile  ok  the  Uppkr  Lip.     In  tlie  Lemnian  Athena 180 

90.  Mis<  ELLANEous  Marble  Fragment.s.     Fioiii  the  Heraeum 194 


PLATES 

Platk  Paoe 

Front itij/iece.    Hkai>  ok  Hkka  :  in  jirofile.   Probably  from  the  Western  Pediment  of  the  Second  Temple  189 

I.   DtrrAiLs  OF  THE  Secoxd  Temi'LE.  axi>  Cvma-mouldixgs  from  the  South  Stoa     .  104 

II.    View  of  the  Second  Temple,  looking  south  from  the  Cycloi>ean  Wall 106 

III.  View  ok  the  Site  ok  the  Akuive  Heraeum  from  the  South 106 

IV.  Gexerai.  Plan  of  the  Site  :  actual  state  after  excavation 106 

V.   General  Plan  of  the  Site:  restored 108 

VI.   Restoration  of  the  Argive  Heraeum  in  Perspective.     In  colors 108 

VII.   View  looking  Northeast  ui*on  the  Flight  of  Steps 108 

VIII.   Old  Temple  Platform:  actual  state       108 

IX.  The  Old  Temple  and  the  North  and  Northeast  Stoas:  actual  state  and  restoration  108 

X.   View  hm>king  Southwest  upon  the  Old  Temple  and  its  Platform 110 

XI.   Section  through  the  Site  from  North   to  South  :  actual  state  and  restoration      .  110 

XII.   Plan  of  North  Stoa,  Northeast  Stoa.  and  E.v.st  Building:  actual  state    .    .    •  112 

XIII.  Plans  and  Elevations  of  Various  Wallss 116 

XIV.  View  LOi>KiX(j  Southwest  upon  the  Second  Temple.     From  the  Cyclopean  Wall  .  118 
XV.   View  looking  Southeast  upon  the  West  Building 118 

XVI.   Second  Temple:  actual  state       118 

XVII.    Plan  of  the  Second  Temple:  restoreil 118 

XVIII.   Side  Elevation  <»f  the  Second  Temple:  restored 118 

XIX.   Outline  Plan  and  Elevations,  showing  the  i»roportioiis  of  the  Second  Temple      .     .  120 

XX.    South  Stoa  and  Stei*s  leading  to  Upper  Level  :  actual  state 126 

XXI.   South  Stoa:  Plan  and  Elevation.     Hestore«l 128 

XXII.   South  Stoa:  Se<-tion  and  Details.     Restored 128 

XXIII.   Painted  Terra-cotta  Architecturvl  Fragments 130 

XXIV.   West  Buildincj  :  actual  state 130 

XXV.   View  lookincs  Southwest  ui-on  the  West  Buildin*; 132 

XXVI.    West  Building:  jtlan  and  details 132 

XXV'II.    Northwest  Building:  actual  state 134 

XXVIII.    Roman  Buildincj  and  Lower  Stoa:  actual  state 134 

XXIX.    Roman  Building  :  floor-construction,  and  fragments  from  other  buildings 134 

XXX.    Met«)PE  from  the  Heraeum 177 

XXXI.   Three  IIeai>s  from  the  Metopes.     Two  views  of  a  youth's  head;  head  of  Amazon ; 

head  of  a  warrior 178 

XXXII.  Three  Female  Heads  from  the  Metopes 181 

XXXIII.  Head  of  Athena,  from  the  Metopes;  ])ortions  of  two  heads  in  the  round   ....  183 

XXXIV.  Torso  of  Nude  Youth  from  the  Metopes 185 

XXXV.   Three  Draped  Torsos  from  the  Metopes;  warrior  with  breastplate;  an  Amazon; 

another  female  torso         187 

XXXVI.    Head  of  Hera  :  three  views.     Probably  from  the  Western  Pediment 189 

XXXVII.  Torso  of  a  Draped  Female  Figure  from  the  Pediments 191 

XXXVIII.   Fragments  of  Drapery  from  the  Pediments 192 

XXXIX.,  XL.  Additional  Marble  Fra«jments  from  the  Metopes 193 

XLI.   Additional  FRA<i.MENTH  of  Drapery  and  Feet.     Probably  from  the  Pediments  .    .  193 


%•  The  Plates  are  dtscribetl  at  the  payes  indicated,  but  Plates  II.-XXIX.  are  grouped  after  jMge  13,j,  and  Plates  XXX.-XLI. 

after  page  1U4. 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


J 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


By  CHARLES   WALDSTEIN 

The  Arjrive  Heraeiim  was  (me  of  the  most  impoitiiiit  saiictuaiies  of  ancient  Hellas ; 
iiuleejl,  its  jmsition  in  the  life  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  and  more  especially  its  relation 
to  and  illnstration  of  the  earliest  history  of  the  Hellenic  people,  make  it  appear  to 
have  been  at  one  time  the  foremost  sanctuary  of  Peloponnesus,  jierhaps  of  the  whole  of 
Greece. 

Archaeolojrieally,  too,  the  Heraeum  holds  a  unique  position  in  regard  to  the  early 
history  of  Gi-eece,  and  the  finds  made  on  this  site  have  in  consequence  a  special 
importance.  For  while  similar  objects  have  been  found  at  Hissiirlik,  on  the  Islands,  at 
Tiryns,  and  Mycenae,  their  i-ektion  to  the  phice  in  which  they  were  found  does  not  "ive 
them  the  siime  significance  as  perfciins  to  the  objects  from  the  Heraeum.  For  the 
Heraeum  lay  not  only  in  Gi-eece  proper,  but  was  the  centre  of  the  earliest  Greek  life  as 
such,  —  which  cannot  be  said  for  Hissarlik  or  even  for  the  Islands ;  while  the  continuity 
of  its  history  transfers  the  element  of  continuity  to  the  objects  there  found,  —  and  this 
cainiot  Ikj  siiid  for  Tiryns  or  Mycenae,  each  of  which  represents  definite  and  distinct 
peri<»ds  only. 

To  write  a  complete  history  of  this  siinctuiiry  would  be  to  write  the  history  of  the 
Argolic  plain.'  For  while  Tiryns,  Mycenae,  and  Argos,  in  turn,  had  political  preemi- 
nence in  this  district,  the  Heraeum  always  i-emained  the  chief  religious  centre.  And  as 
these  three  cities,  in  the  early  ages,  wei-e  the  most  importiint  political  centres  of  Hellenic 
civilisMition,  the  histijry  of  the  Heraeum  is  an  imporfcint  part  of  the  history  of  Greece. 

Whenever  these  three  political  centres  —  Tiryns,  Mycenae,  and  Argos  —  were  distinct 
and  seiKinite  sfcites,  they  ckshed  and  struggled  for  preeminence.  In  the  earliest  days, 
indeed  (according  to  tradition  the  days  of  Phoroneus  and  his  successors  down  to  Abas), 
there  was  unity  of  dominion  over  the  "  Argive "  land ;  but,  as  we  shall  see,  the  sub- 
division begiin  under  the  sons  of  Alias ;  and  from  this  time  on,  until  the  final  supremacy 


'  A  clear  (Ictiiiitioii  uf  tlie  name  Arj^lis  was  not  given 
to  tlic  land  liefure  Roman  times  ;  thungli  Argos,  with 
all  the  confusing  vacillation  in  the  use  of  this  term  to 
which  I  shall  recur,  certainly  designated  the  same  district 
in  the  earliest  |>oriod.  It  comprised  three  districts  : 
(1)  the  eastern  |>enin8ula,  Acte,  (2)  the  northern  slopes 
from  the  mountains  to  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  and  (3)  the 
southern  sIojm;  from  these  mountains  down  to  the  gulf  of 
Nauplia.  The  third  p4>rtion  is  Argolis  proper.  The  plain, 
hounded  by  the  Arachnaean  range  on  the  east  and  the 
mountains  of  Artemisium  on  the  west, —  which  converge 
at  the  northern  eml,  while  to  the  south  the  plain  opens  out 
to  the  gulf,  —  was  called  Argos  in  the  earliest  prehistoric 
time,  and  is  the  district  to  which  we  shall  specifically 
apply  the  term  Argive.  The  original  meaning  of  the 
wonl  "Apryvs  must  have  been  lost  to  the  later  Greeks,  so 
that  Stephaims  Ryzantinus  explains  it  as  irx*^^>'  'S"  viio¥ 
tcari  9JiKa/iot».     But  this  meaning  is  too  restricted,  as  is 


3 


evident  from  the  existence  of  the  Orestian  Argos  in  the 
interior  of  Macedonia,  the  Pelasgian  in  Tliessaly,  and  the 
modern  survival  of  the  term  to  designate  small  plains 
surrounded  by  mountains  in  the  interior  of  several  islands. 
(Cf .  Kiepert,  Lekrhuch  der  A  Iten  Geographie,  p.  271.)  This 
Argive  plain  is  of  light  chalk  soil,  has  much  less  rain- 
fall than  the  western  coast  of  Peloponnesus,  and  is  thus 
subjected  to  drought  (  itoAwJ/i^iof  'Apyos).  The  mountain 
streams  run  dry  in  the  summer  ;  but  in  the  rainy  sea.son 
all  combine  to  swell  the  Inachus.  To  sink  wells  is  there- 
fore of  great  importance  in  the  present  day  and  was  so 
in  the  earliest  times,  as  is  evident  from  the  myths  of  the 
Danaides.  Danaus  (explained  as  ^rip6s  by  the  gramma- 
rians) is  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  digging  wells,  and  as 
Archegetes  of  the  Danaans,  the  inhabitants  of  the  plain,  is 
himself  a  representative  of  the  plain.  Through  this  arti- 
ficial irrigation  by  means  of  wells,  the  plain  was  and  is 
fertile  in  com  and  (Misture,  xoK^wvpof,  iww6$oToi>  'Apyos. 


4  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 

of  the  city  of  Argos,  there  was  rivalry  between  the  several  cities.  _But  through  all  i>eriods 
the  one  point  of  union  in  the  ArgoUd  amid  all  the  elements  of  rivah-y  and  disruption, 
even  when  the  ties  of  blood  and  common  descent  were  of  no  cohesive  efficiency,  was 
this  central  sanctuary,  which  represented  at  once  the  oldest  as  well  as  the  most  con- 
tinuously ruling  religious  cult  in  the  district,  —  the  worship  of  Hera.  Apimrently 
only  during  one  short  period  was  the  worship  of  Hera  superseded  by  another  in  the 
city  of  Aro-08,  namely,  when  the  Dorian  supremacy  was  estabHshed  and  when  the 
cities  which  fell  to  the  "  lot  of  Temenus "  formed  a  kind  of  confederacy  under 
the  direction  of  Argos,*  with  the  sanctuary  of  Apollo  Pythaeus,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Larisii  of  Argos,  as  the  centre.  The  Argives  maintamed  that  theirs  was  the  oldest 
sanctiuiry  of  Apollo  Pythaeus;-  even  in  later  times  the  Argives  collected  contribu- 
tions for  this  sanctuary,^  and  made  it  the  repository  of  treaties.*  But  the  supreme 
importance  which  the  Hemeiim  had  for  the  city  of  Argos  ^  from  the  earliest  to  the 
ktest  times  is  amply  proved,  among  other  evidence,  by  the  fact  that  the  Argives  always 
reckoned  their  time  by  the  years  of  office  of  the  priestesses  of  Hera,  and  that  these 
chronological  tables  were  used  also  elsewhere  in  Greece.'  ^ 

'  The  cult  of  Hera  at  our  Heraeum  was  thus  the  principal  worship  of  the  city  of  Argos, 
and  before  the  preeminence  of  the  city  of  Argos  in  the  Argive  district,  the  Heraeum 
was  the  chief  sanctuary  of  Mycenae.  As  Strabo  puts  it,'  it  was  the  sanctuary  used 
in  common  by  both  these  cities.  , 

Not  only  was  Hera  the  earliest  divinity  for  the  i)eoples  which  dwelt  in  the  Argive 
plain,  but  the  Argive  Heraeum  presented  the  earliest  form  of  this  divhiity  and  her  wor- 
ship in  ancient  Hellas. 

In  Homer,  Hera  is  called  'Apyeiri.'  In  the  Iliad  (iv.  51),  Argos,  Sparta,  and 
Mycenae  are  her  favorite  cities.  The  oldest  of  the  sanctuaries  of  Hera  mentioned  at 
Sparta  is  evidently «  that  of  "Hpa  'Apycia,  said  to  be  "founded  by  Eurydice,  daughter 
of  Lacedaemon  and  wife  of  Acrisius,  the  son  of  Abas."  Thus  not  only  the  attribute 
«  Argive,"  but  also  the  tradition  of  its  original  dedication,  through  the  Argive  kings 
Acrisius  and  Abas,  immediately  point  to  its  Argive  derivation. 

No  doubt  in  this  use  of  the  term  " Apyo?  and  the  attribute  'Apyeir;,  the  ancient  Argive 
district,  including,  both  geographically  and  historicaUy,  Tiryns  and  Mycenae,  is  meant, 
and  not  the  city  of  Argos.'"  The  city  of  Argos  itself  had  four  —  possibly  six  —  separate 
sanctuaries  of  Hera,"  each  with  a  separate  cult.  Still,  as  we  have  seen,  our  Heraeum 
remained  its  chief  sanctuary,  as  it  was  the  oldest. 


»  Herod.  I.  82  ;  StraLo  VIII.  3.  33. 
«  Paus.  II.  35.  2  (Telesilla,  Frafftn.  3). 
«  Thucyd.  V.  53  and  Diod.  XII.  78.  1.     Le  Bas,  Itucr. 
rec.  a  Argos,  No.  8. 

*  Thiicyd.  V.  47.  13. 

*  It  looks  also  as  if  at  one  time  the  Poseidon  cult 
endangered  Hera's  supremacy,  which  may  he  inferred 
from  the  legend  (which  probably  has  some  foundation  in 
the  earliest  ethnological  history  of  the  land)  related  by 
Pausanias  (II.  15.  5,  22.  4  ;  cf.  also  Plut.  Q.  Conv.  xi. 
6).  Compare  the  similar  struggle  between  Athena  and 
Poseidon  at  Athens.  The  division  of  national  patronage 
between  her  and  Zeus  Nemeios  (Paus.  IV.  27.  6)  is  evi- 
dently of  later  origin  and  naturally  arises  out  of  the  Up6s 
yifios  and  its  special  cult. 

•  Thuc.  II.  2,  IV.  133.     For  references  to  Hellanicus 


of  Mytilene,  his  'Up*Mt  as  well  as  the  AtlhU  and  Pemca, 
see  Busolt,  Gr.  Geschichfe,  I.  pp.  151  ff. 

■f  TOT*  'Afryos  (col  tAi  Muichwat,  ical  rh  'Hpaiop  «Ifo»  itoirhr 
Itpiii'  TO  wphs  ToTi  Mvc^fait  aii^t».     Strabo  VIII.  6.  10. 

«  Horn.  //.  V.  y08  ;  cf.  Hesiod,  Theog.  12  ;  Aesch.  Suppl. 
299.  Pind.  Nem.  x.  2,  certainly  refers  to  the  Heraeum 
when  he  says  'Ap7o»  'Hpat  Wm"  ^to^p*-'**-  Cf.  also  Eurip. 
Tro.  23,  Herad.  ;«9. 

»  Paus.  III.  13.  8.  The  temple  mentioned  by  Pausanias 
(III.  11.  9)  as  in  the  market-place,  which  she  apparently 
held  in  conjunction  with  Apollo,  as  well  as  that  of  Hera 
Aphrodite  (which  may  be  the  same  as  the  Argtia)  an«l 
Hera  Aigophagos  (III.  13.  8  and  III.  15.  9)  are  evidently 
later. 

'•  See  Note  A. 

"  Cf.  Roscher  in  Roscher's  Lexicon  d.  Or.  and  Rom 
Mytkologie,  I.  pp.  2075  B. 


ri^ri 


ANTIQUITY  OF  THE  CULT  OF  THE   ARGIVE   HERA 


6 


There  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  all  the  other  cults  of  Hera,  such  as  those  of  Samos, 
Corinth,  Olympiii,  Attica,  Boeotia,  Euboea,  those  in  Thrace,  on  Lesbos,  and  many  other 
islands  of  the  Aegean,  as  well  as  the  important  cults  of  Sicily  and  Magna  Graecia,  e.  g. 
at  Croton  and  on  Eryx,  are  all  directly  derived  from  the  Argive  cult.*  The  most 
importiint  of  all  these  other  cults,  after  that  of  the  Heraeum  (in  later  times  perhaps 
siirjKissing  this  in  splendor),  was  the  famous  sanctuary  on  Samos.  But  all  the  evidence 
goes  to  show  that  this  Samian  cult  was  derived  and  imported  from  Argos.  Tmdition 
had  it"  that  the  Samian  temple  was  founded  by  the  Argonauts,  who  brought  their 
sacred  image  with  them  from  Argos.  The  Samians,  of  course,  maintained  that  Hera 
was  born  on  their  island,  on  the  banks  of  the  Imbrasus  or  Parthenius,"^  under  a 
willow  (Xuyo?),  which  was  preserved  in  the  Samian  Heraeum  in  the  times  of  Pausanias. 
But  the  development  of  the  Epidaurian  myths  concerning  the  birth  of  Asclepius, 
a  divinity  evidently  imported  from  the  north,  and  many  similar  instances  in  ancient 
mythology,  show  too  well  the  prevailing  tendency  to  make  a  divinity  and  a  cult  au- 
tochthonous, to  allow  us  to  attach  much  weight  to  an  isolated  tmdition.  Moreover,  this 
tradition  may  have  arisen  merely  out  of  a  confusion  of  the  traditions  grouping  round  the 
Xvyo?,  itself  again  a  survival  of  a  still  more  ancient  rite  of  which  the  original  meaning 
was  lost.  According  to  Menodotus  of  Samos  *  the  Samian  Heraeum  is  an  Argive  foun- 
dation by  Admete,  daughter  of  Eurystheus.  We  stand  on  much  firmer  historical  ground 
when  we  hear  that  the  first  human-shaped  (ai/SptairociSc?)  image  of  Hera  was  intro- 
duced into  Samos  from  the  Argolid  (Epidaurus)  cVt  II/jokXcou?  dp\ovTo<;,^  i.  e.  about 
the  time  of  the  Ionian  migration.  At  all  events,  the  change  from  the  board  to  the 
image  assigned  by  Clement  to  the  immigration  of  Procles  seems  to  me  to  imply  the 
importation  by  him  of  the  cult  of  his  house.  These  traditions,  all  of  which  indicate 
the  dependence  of  the  Samian  on  the  Argive  Heraeum,  while  this  dependence  is  reversed 
in  none,  establish  the  primacy  of  our  sanctuary  and  cult. 

The  nature  and  evolution  of  the  Argive  Hera  and  her  worship  is  a  question  of 
great  complexity,  and  would  demand  an  elaborate  exposition.^  In  studying  carefully 
all  the  indications  in  ancient  authors  concerning  this  divinity,  the  customs  and  rites  of 
her  worship,  and  the  archaeological  evidence  concerning  her  sanctuaries,  we  see  that 
long  before  she  had  been  defined  by  the  Homeric  "  theology "  in  the  Olympian  circle 
of  divinities  as  the  spouse  of  Zeus,  she  was  the  supreme  goddess  of  an  earlier  people, 
or  of  earlier  peoples.  Whether  we  call  the  people  who  originally  worshiped  her  as 
*Hpa   ncXao-yi'?,'    Pelasgians,  or   by  any  other  name,  this  fact  remains :  that  all  the 


»  Cf.  O.  Muller,  Dorier,  I.  396. 
«  Paus.  VII.  4.  4. 

*  Sch(d.  Aiwll.  Khod.  I.  187  ;  Appuleius,  Met.  6.  4. 

*  Ap.  Atlien.  XV.  672  a-e. 

'  Clem.  Alex.  Protr.  IV.  46.  See  infra  the  evidence 
furnished  by  the  terra-cottas  found  in  our  excavations. 

*  Most  of  the  passages  relating  to  Hei-a  and  the  cult  of 
Hera  will  be  found  in  Roscher's  able  monograph  on  .funo 
und  Hera,  1875,  and  his  article  in  Roscher's  Lexicon,  as  well 
as  an  account  of  the  literature  which  deals  with  the  sub- 
ject. His  work,  however,  s^hmiis  soint>what  vitiated  by  his 
tendency  to  consider  Hera  alnive  all  as  a  "  moon-goddess," 
which,  so  far  as  her  primitive  nature  is  concerned,  is  un- 
tenable. I  would  also  make  special  mention  of  two  older 
monographs  which  enumerate  the  greater  part  of  the 
literature  on  the  subject  of  her  cult,  namely,  R.  Furster's 


Die  Hochzeit  des  Zeux  und  der  Hera  (Breslau,  1867),  and 
Ueber  die  dltesten  Heruhilder  (1868).  Of  course  for  her 
cultus,  Iwan  Miiller's  Handhuch  (vol.  v.  part  3)  on  Gr. 
Sakralalterthiimer,  by  Stengel,  A.  Moramsen's  Heortologie 
and  Fegte  Athens,  and  the  older  works,  K.  Fr.  Hermann's 
Gottesdiensd.  Alterthtimer,  and  Schomann's  Gr.  Alterth., 
are  important.  In  the  Argonautic  tales  Jason  is  also 
founder  of  temples  of  Hera :  Strabo  VI.  1.  1  ;  Paus. 
VII.  4.  4. 

'  I  leave  it  to  my  friends,  Professor  Ridgeway  and 
Mr.  J.  G.  Frazer,  to  enlai^c  upon  the  ethnological  signif- 
icance of  this  female  deity,  as  well  as  to  explain  further 
the  interesting  features  in  the  Samian  rites,  the  ifpbs 
ydfiot,  by  means  of  the  excellent  methods  of  compara- 
tive mythology  which  Mr.  Frazer  lias  applied  to  good 
purpose. 


• 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


indications  seen  in  a  careful  study  of  the  material  now  before  us  i>oint  to  Hem 
aiiu.no  these  early  peoples,  not  as  the  spouse  of  the  supreme  King,  hut  as  hei-self  the 
Queen,'  though  she  may  have  had  her  consort.  Had  these  peoples  dwelluig  in  the 
Ar«rolic  plahi  remained  ui  supreme  and  unbroken  possession  of  the  land,  and  retaine<l 
the"  sway  over  it,  and  had  Argolis  maintiiined  its  hegemony  over  the  Greek  iK-oples  in 
historic  times,  the  Heraeum  might  have  become  the  Olyinpiii  of  HelUis,  and  would  have 
brought  the  Greek  peoples  together  in  the  highest  form  of  national  federation,  as  in  the 
oldest  Greek  colonies  the  cultus  of  the  Ljiciniiin  Hem  at  the  promontory  near  Crottni 
brought  all  the  Greek  communities  of  Magna  Graeci;i  together  at  her  festival.-  We 
migh't  then  have  had  a  Panhellenic  Hem  as  the  presiding  Hellenic  divinity ;  and  Zeus 
might  possibly  have  found  his  place  as  Consort  to  the  Queen  of  the  gods. 

Of  this  primitive  divinity  we  can  single  out  seveml  clear  chamcteristics,  some  of 
which  the  subseipient  adaptiition  to  the  pi-evailing  theology  accentimted  or  repressed. 

That  Hera  was,  as  we  have  sjiid,  the  chief  divinity  of  the  peoples  who  dwelt  in  the 
Argolic  plain,  and  of  those  who  were  derived  from  them,  is  evident  from  the  simple  fact 
that  her  winship  remained  supreme  in  this  region  through  all  times.  She  is  then  the 
chief  guardian  of  the  city  and  the  citiidel,  and  from  this  conception  must  lie  derived  the 
epithet  Acria,  which  maintiiined  itself  at  Argos=*  and  jdaces  which  derive  their  cult 
from  Argolis.^  For  as  the  selection  and  fortification  of  such  a  citjulel  was  one  of  the 
first  acts  of  a  community  which  had  come  to  occupy  fixed  habifcitions,  so  the  consecra- 
tion to  the  national  divinity  would  be  a  necessjiry  consequence.  There  can  Ik*  but  little 
doubt  that  Tiryiis  and  Midea  had  a  worship  of  Hera  on  their  citiulels ;  thougli  the 
importance  of  these  cities  and,  in  consequence,  of  the  worship  on  their  citjidels  was 
destroyed  at  a  comparatively  early  date.^ 

Jhiis  we  may  supjiose  that  the  Argive  Hera  guarded  the  land  and  the  life  and  prosr 
perity  and  presided  over  the  occupations  of  the  jieople  who  spread  about  the  foot  of  this 
fortified  stronghold.  The  dwellers  in  the  lirirofioTov  and  noXvirvpov  Argive  jilain  clearly 
led  a  pastoral  and  agricultural  life.  The  name  Euboea  '  given  to  the  hillock  upon  whicli 
the  Heraeum  stood  clearly  iioints  to  it  as  a  favorable  site  for  the  grazing  of  cattle,  and 
the  intimate  connection  with  the  cow,  the  siicred  herds  at  the  temple,''  the  position 
of  the  white  cows  in  her  rites,"  and  perhaps  the  immediate  relation  of  the  ^owtti^ 
goddess  herself  to  the  cow  into  which  she  is  once  changed  and  with  which  the  myth 
of  lo  is  so  curiously  connected,  and  finally  the  transpliinting  of  these  associations  into 
the  Hera-cult  of  other  districts,  —  all  this  clearly  indicates  the  original  life  of  the  early 


»  C.  I.  A.  172  KKfiSuvxos  $aai\Tiiioi  'Hpas.  Cf.  Pilld. 
Nein.  i.  r)9(39);  Horn.  Ilifmn.  xii.  1  seq.;  Nuiiiius,  Diimifs. 
viii.  2()7;  Kaibel,  Epig.  2G8.  3;  82*2  a,  7;  Kiukel,  Epic. 
Gnuc.  Fnififf.  |>.  211. 

-*  Aristot.  Mirab.  9G  ;  Strab.  VI.  1. 11  (Kramer);  Dion. 
Perieg.  371. 

3  Pans.  II.  24.  1;  Hesyeh.  .«.  r.  tucpia.  Cf.  Paiiofka, 
•  Die  Gottheiten  auf  Larissa,  der  Iluchbiirg  von  Argos,' 
Ahh.  (I.  Bed.  Mad.  18.")4,  pp.  5.j2-i>.">4.  It  is  a  notewor- 
thy fact  that  the  district  of  the  Heraeum  was  divided  into 
Euboea,  Acraca,  and  Prosy mna  ;  Paus.  II.  17. 

*  Among  these  the  most  ini]>ortant  is  the  one  on  the 
Acmpolis  of  Corinth  (Apollod.  I.  9.  28;  Eurip.  Med. 
1379;  Musaeus  ap.  Schol.  Eur.  Med.  10;  Didymus  and 
Creophylus  np.  Srhol.  Eur.  Med.  273.  Another  very  ancient 
sanctuary  "f  Hera  Acraea  lay  between  I^chaeum  and  Pa- 
gae,  probably  the  same  as  the  one  mentioned  in  Strabo 


(VIII.  0.  22),  whicli  was  an  ancient  orach',  ami  thus 
]toiuts  to  a  primitive  goddess  of  the  land.  Liv.  XXXII. 
:«;  Xen.  Hell.  IV.  .">.  ."».  Cf.  Itoueh^U'cIerc*!,  Hist,  de 
la  divination  dam  VAnttij.  II.  pp.  39r»  f. 

6  Paus.  II.  17.  1.  The  whole  island  of  EulMx-a  was 
sacred  to  Hera  (Apoll.  KIkmI.  iv.  1138),  and  here,  too,  the 
Up>>s  yiitos  takes  an  imi>ort)Uit  place.  She  is  esiM'cially 
associated  with  the  mountains  Ocbes  and  Dirphys.  It  is 
also  worthy  of  note  that  similar  importance  is  given  to 
her,  and  similar  rites  are  found  in  lioeotia,  especially  on 
the  Cithaeron  (Eurip.  Phoen.  24).  Cf.  Cephal.  ap.  Malal. 
p.  4.">,  and  Schol.  to  24  as  well  as  1700.  Cf.  also  Pint. 
ap.  Euseb.  I'r.  Ev.  III.  83;  Pans.  IX.  2,  7;  III.  1-9. 

«  Arg.  Pind.  Nevi.  iii.  p.  425  (Boeckb)  ;  Palaeph.  51  ; 
Herod.  I.  31. 

^  8em.  Again.  354. 


Fig.  1.  —  MaF   ok    THK    UK<iIU.\    AIIOUT   THK    IlKICAKt-M. 

Enlarged  from  Steffen's  Karten  run  Mykenai  (Argolis),  with  additions.     Heights  iu  metres.     The  rectan'Me  incloses 
an  enlarged  section  of  the  llemeum  .Site  as  indicated  on  the  Map  (see  Fig.  2). 

7 


■.> 


« 


(IKNKKAL   INTKODrrnoX 


1)11 
mi 


indications  seen  in  a  earetiil  study  of  the  material  nt)W  l>et'oie  us  point  to  Ileia 
amoni;  these  early  peoples,  not  as  the  spouse  of  the  supreme  Kinj;-,  hut  as  herself  the 
(iiieen,'  though  she  may  have  had  her  etinsort.  Had  these  peoples  dwelling;  in  the 
Ari»olie  plain  remained  in  supreme  and  unhroken  possession  of  the  land,  aiul  retanied 
the^  sway  over  it,  and  had  Arj>idis  maintainetl  its  hegemony  over  the  Greek  pe«.ples  in 
historic  times,  the  lleraeum  miuht  have  heeome  the  Olympia  of  Hellas,  and  would  have 
hrou^ht  the  Greek  peoides  toi«ether  in  the  highest  form  of  national  federation,  as  ni  the 
«d(h'sUi reek  colonies  the  cultus  of  the  Luinian  Hera  at  the  promontory  near  Croton 
hrought  all  the  Greek  connniiuities  of  Magna  Graecia  together  at   her  festival.       W  e 

glU  then  have  had  a  Panhellenic  Hera  as  the  presiding  Hellenic  <livinity  ;  and  Zeus 

ght  possihly  have  found  his  place  as  Consort  to  the  Queen  of  the  gods. 

Of  this  primitive  divinity  we  can  single  out  several  clear  characteristics,  some  of 
which  the  suhse«puMit  adaptation  to  the  prevailing  theology  accentuated  or  repn-ssed. 

That  Hera  was,  as  we  have  sjiid,  the  chief  divinity  <»f  the  peoples  who  dwelt  in  the 
Argolic  plain,  and  of  those  who  were  derived  from  them,  is  evident  from  the  simple  fact 
that  her  worshi|>  remained  supreme  in  this  region  thnuigh  all  tinu-s.  She  is  tlu-n  the 
chief  guardian  of  the  city  and  the  ciUidel,  and  from  this  conception  must  he  derived  the 
epithet  Acria,  which  maintained  itself  at  Argos  '  and  places  which  derive  their  cult 
from  Argolis.'  For  as  the  selection  and  fortification  of  such  a  citadel  was  one  of  the 
first  acts  of  a  connnunity  which  had  come  to  JKCUpy  fixed  hahitations,  so  the  «onM'cra- 
tion  to  the  naticmal  divinity  would  he  a  necessjiry  consequence.  There  can  he  hut  little 
douht  that  Tiryns  and  Midea  had  a  worship  of  Hera  on  their  citadels;  though  the 
inijMMtance  of  these  cities  and,  in  consequence,  of  the  worship  on  their  citadels  was 
♦lestroved  at  a  comparatively  early  date. 

Thus  we  may  suppose  that  the  Argive  Hera  guarded  the  land  and  the  life  and  pros- 
perity and  presided  over  the  occupations  of  the  people  who  sprea«l  ahout  the  foot  of  this 
fortilicd  stronghoM.  The  dwellers  in  the  Itttto^otoi/  and  iroXvnvpov  Argive  plain  ch'arly 
led  a  pastoral  and  agricultural  life.  The  name  Euhoea  '  givi'U  to  the  hilloik  upon  which 
the  Heraeum  stood  clearly  points  to  it  Jis  a  favorahle  site  for  the  gnizing  of  cattle,  and 
the  intiniate  connection  with  the  cow,  the  s;ured  lienls  at  the  temple,'  tin-  jiosition 
of  the  white  cows  in  her  rites,"  and  perluips  the  innnediate  relation  of  the  ^owttk; 
goddess  herself  to  the  cow  into  which  she  is  once  changed  and  with  which  the  myth 
of  lo  is  so  curiously  connected,  and  finally  the  transplanting  (»f  these  associations  into 
the  Hera-cult  of  other  districts,  —  all  this  clearly  indicates  the  original  life  of  tlie  early 

>   ('.   I.  A.  \1'2    K\tii.i>x'>^  flarr.AT|.'8«t  'Hpa*.     Cf.    1*111.1.  (VIII.  <J.  *-'-').    wliiili    was    all    aiui.iit    oiarl.-.  ami   llii.-* 

AV,».  i.  .-.!»  (:•.<»);  //.</«.  I/>im>,.  xii.  1  m'.|.;  Xoiiniis,  />/»/.»/.«.  iK.hits  to  a  piimilivf  j;o«Ule.s.s  of  tin-  laii.l.      Kiv.  XXXII. 

viii.  •.'«»7:    KallK-l,  E,>i<j.  2«W.  :i;   SJ'J  a,  7;  Kiiiktl,   /•>>.  'M;  Xeii.  Ht-ll.  IV. .",.  .",.     Cf.  l»oiichrf-Uil.'m|.  Ilisl.  >lr 

6/7/  <•.  Fmiiq.  p.   -Ml.  '"  '/«<•'■""''""  '/""•'«  /'••«'"/•  "•  l'l»-  •'*•••"''• 

-  Arist..t.'.U;m/».  JKi;  Strab.  VI.  1. 11  (Kramer);  Pioii.  *  Taus.  II.  17.  1.     TIh-  wIm.I..  i.laii.l  of  Kiiho.:,  xvmh 

Peri»'".  ;171.  sacred  t<»  Ih-r-.i  (.Xpoll.  IUmmI.  iv.  n:W),  ami  l..r»-.  t.M.,  tin- 

3   hiiis.   II.  24.  1;    Ilisyi'li.  s.  r.  Sutpia.     Cf.   Paiiofka,  Upi'S  7«tM»»  takes  an  iiiiiK>rtaiit   platf.     She  is  es|NeiaUy 

'Die  (Jottlieiteu  auf  Urissa,  (ler   H.Hliburfj  von  Arg.K«,'  nss.H-iatea  with  tlie  uioiiiitaiiis  Oelies  aii.l  Dirplivs.     It  'w 

Ahh.  <l.  Ilrrl.  Mu>l.  lH.-)t,  j.p.  .V)_'-.-v-)4.     It  is  a  iiotewor-  also  worthy  of  note  that   similar  im|.ortanee  is  ^iveii  lo 

thv  fa.t  that  the  .li>tiiet  of  the  Ilenieuin  wasdividwl  into  her,  aiul  similar  rites  are  foiiii.l  in  Il.Holia,  esineiallv  on 

Kuh.Ha,  .\er.iea,  ami  l'r.«*ymna  ;  I'ans.  II.  17.  the  Cithaeron  ( Knrij..  Phoe,,.  L'l).     Cr  Cei-hal. »./..  .Malal. 

•  .\mong  these   tin-  most  imiH.rtant  is  the  one  <m  the  y.  Vk  ami  Scbul.  to   24  as   well  as  X'VA).     Cf.  also  I'Int. 

.\ero,,oIis    of    Corinth  (ApollcMl.   I.    '.».  2S  ;    Eiirij).  Me,l.  ap.  Kiiseb.  J'r.  AV.  III.  8.1;   Pans.  IX.  2,  7;  III.  1   '.».  ^ 
VM'.);    .Miisaens  a,,.  SrU.    K.ir.  .l^</.  lO;    Di.lymus  ami  •"'  An/.  I'iml.  \,m.  iii.  \>.  425  (Iloeckh)  ;    I*alae|ih.  .M  ; 

Creojihyhis  «/».  NcAf*/.  Kiir.  Mfil.'^TX  Another  very  aneieiit  HenMl.  I.  'M. 
saiietnarv  of  Hera  Acrjiea  lay  between  Leebaeiini  ami  I'a-  '   Seni.  Atftim.  354. 

gae,  jirobalily  the  same  as  the   one  luentiuneil  in  Stmbo 


" —  i        TTTTTfTTrTrTTTy  V  -  ■  i    i  ■  ^  »  t 


Via.  1.  — M.\i'  OK  TiiK.  UnaoN  .viioit  tiik  IIkicakcm. 
Knlargeil  fi-oni  Steffeii's  K<irl»n  run  Mifkenui  {.\r<j«»lis).  with  additions.     Heights  in  metres, 
an  eiilaifjed  seetimi  of  the  lleiaeiim  Site  :is  indieated  on  tlie  Map  (see  Ki 

7 


Till-  leetangh-  incloses 
2). 


M 


II 


8  (iENEKAL   INTUODUCTIOX 

Hera-worsliii>ers  in  the  Argive  plain.  Perhaps  also  the  fact  that  saered  horses  were 
kept  at  Argos  for  Hera  points  to  the  same  oonehision.'  As  to  Hera  as  tlie  protectress  of 
vegetation,  the  epithet  *Ai/^€ia-  and  the  ceremonies  connected  with  this  aspect  of  the 
divinity,  as  well  as  the  snrvivals  of  ceremonies  connected  with  the  hiding  of  the  image 
nnder  the  Xvyo^  at  Samos  and  varions  customs  in  the  Upoq  ya/nos  —  all  make  her  out 
as  a  goddess  of  vegetation  and  vernal  i)ower. 

But  hesides  presiding  over  the  land  and  the  <Kcupation  of  if s  inhahitiints,  Hera  guarded 
and  regulated  the  social  and  domestic  life  of  her  jHJople.  By  itself  the  fact  that  the 
chief  divinity  of  these  early  i)eoples  was  a  goddess  indicates  that  the  woman  and  the 
mother  may  have  held  a  dominant  jMisition  in  the  family  and  trihal  history  of  these 
cimnnunities,  and,  in  the  beautiful  story  oi  Cleohis  and  Biton,  and  the  filial  piety  which 
it  illustrates,  Ave  may  see,  perhaps,  a  survival  of  the  supreme  ])osition  occupied  hy  the 
mother  in  Argive  tmdition.  In  the  Upos  ya/mo?  or  sjicred  marriage,  which  formed  a 
central  feature  of  the  gieat  festival  of  Hera  at  Argos  and  elsewhere,'  her  rehition  to 
Zeus  appears  to  reflect  a  change  of  classification  in  Gi-eek  theology  in  the  process  ot 
orgjiniziition  to  which  subsetpient  ages  led,  as  well  as  corresponding  social  changes  in 
the  domestic  and  tribal  life  of  the  Greek  nation  ;  but  that  side  of  Hera  which  makes  her 
preside  over  the  domestic^  and  family  life,  as  the  guardian  of  women  and  of  marriage, 
always  remains  prominent^ 

The  ceremonies  in  connection  with  this  icpo?  ydfio^*  were  repnxliutions  of  the  actual 
marriage  ceremonies  of  ancient  Greece,  in  which  probably  some  of  the  forgotten  customs 
of  a  ruder  nature-worship  of  agricidtural  jieoples  survived.  No  <loubt  the  young 
affianced  couples  made  dedications  at  this  temple  (and  hence  may  have  come  many  of 
the  votive  offerings  found  in  our  excavations),  as  the  affianced  girl  visited  the  temple 
and  performed  certiiin  functions  before  the  wedcKng.  Hera  was  thus  ab.o  the  protectress 
of  maidens.'^  But  it  was  chiefly  to  the  mother,  the  child-bearing  mother,  that  Hera  ex- 
tended her  helpful  protection  ;  and  this  she  does  as  Hera  Eileithyia.  There  is  but  little 
doubt  in  my  mind  that,  as  in  the  relation  of  Nike  to  Athene,  so  here  Eileithyia  was  Hera 
in  one  of  her  functions,  and  only  later  developed  into  a  separate  divinity.  Most  of  her 
temples  in  other  parts  of  Greece  and  those  of  Juno  in  Italy  were  centres  of  a  worship 
where  the  goddess  responded  to  the  prayers  and  offerings  of  the  women  who  required 
such  help ;  and  thus  the  Heraeum  of  Argos,  with  its  baths,  formed  a  kind  of  special 
sanitarium  for  women  in  their  troubles.* 

Besides  the  ceremonies  connected  with  the  tcpo?  ya/io?  at  the  Heraeum,  there  was  a 
great  public  offering  of  cows,  of  which  i)erhaps  even  one  hundred  were  offered  up  at  the 
chief  festival,  and  those  cattle  were  probably  taken  from  the  temple-herds  sacretl  to 
Hera.'     The  feast  was  thus  called  cKaro/x/Saia.^ 


•I 


'  Diodor.  IV.  1.",. 

2  Paiis.  II.  22.  1;  cf.  Pollux  IV.  78,  Cometas  Anthol. 
Or.  ix.  586. 

■  Ilennione,  Attica,  Boeotia,  Cithaeron  (the  Daidala), 
Eiiboea,  Samos,  Lcslws,  Cyme,  Cnossus,  etc. 

*  For  the  numerous  passages  on  this  subject  we  can 
best  refer  to  R.  Fiirster,  Die  Hochzeit  dea  Zeux  und  der 
Hera,  cited  above,  and  Roscher,  Lex.  I.  pp.  298  ff. 

5  A  very  curious  and  significant  feature  of  the  myth 
is  that  she  herself,  after  bathing  in  the  fountain  Canathus 
at  Nanplia  every  year,  became  a  virgin  (Pans.  II.  38.  2; 
Schol.  Pind.  (H.  vi.  149),  and  that  as  XlofSivox  she  protects 
maidens. 


'  Cf.  what  I  have  said  in  the  preriniinary  publication 
( Ezravation.i  of  the  American  School  of  Athens  at  the  He- 
raion  of  Argon,  1892),  p.  20,  and  note  the  terra-cotta,  PI. 
viii.  No.  19,  as  well  as  No.  8,  which  eorrespomls  to  an- 
other holding  the  bow  as  an  attribute  of  Hera  Kileitliyia 
—  the  latter  dating  from  almut  n.  c.  .KX). 

^  Pind.  Nem.  x.  22,  Bov»v(Tlap  "Hpat ;  Parthen.  A'arr. 
13  ;  Eurip.  Electr.  172  seq.  ;  St-n.  Agam.  '.WA. 

«  C.  I.  G.  l.">l.->  a,  1.  10,  b,  1.  8,  171o  ;  Schol.  Pind. 
CH.  vii.  152;  cf.  also  the  customs  at  the  Olympian  Ile- 
raetim  and  the  prize  of  olive  wreath  and  part  of  the  victim 
sacrificed  to  the  maiden  runners  (Paus.  V.  16  and  I'T). 


a 
ss 

3 

■A 


8  (iENKlJAL    INTUODrcTIOX 

Ilei"i-W(nsli;])ers  in  tlie  Aii-ive  i.laiii.  IViliaps  also  tin-  fact  tliat  sjicit'd  luuscs  wi'i-e 
la'[»t  at  Aii»os  for  Hera  iM>ints  to  tlu'  sjinie  coiKlusion.'  As  to  Hria  as  iUv  piott'ctivss  of 
vt'ovtatioii,  tlu>  t'pitlit't 'Ai^^cia-  ami  tlu'  ct'ivmoiiit's  comuMtcd  with  this  asptM-t  of  the 
(llvliiitv,  as  wt'll  as  the  survivals  of  cfrfinouifs  comu'tttMl  with  the  liidiiii;-  of  tlic  imaj^e 
uiuU'r  the  Xu'yo<?  at  Samos  and  various  customs  in  the  Upo<;  ydfioq  —  all  niakt'  hor  out 
as  a  i^inMcss  of  vci»vtation  an<l  vernal  power. 

IJut  hesides  presidinir  over  the  land  and  the  occupation  of  its  inhahitants,  Hera  i»iian led 
and  rei>ulated  the  social  and  donu*stie  life  of  her  people.  IJy  itself  the  fa<t  that  the 
chief  (livinitv  <d'  these  earlv  peoples  was  a  go(hless  indi«ates  that  tin-  woman  and  the 
mother  unv  have  hehl  a  (lominant  position  in  the  family  and  trihal  history  of  these 
connuunities,  and,  iu  the  heautiful  story  of  ('le«ihis  and  Hiton.  and  tlu-  Hlial  piety  whiih 
it  illustrates,  we  u>ay  see,  perhaps,  a  survival  of  the  suprenie  position  occupi«Ml  hy  the 
mother  in  Arrive  tradition.  In  the  Upos  yd/io?  or  sured  marriage.  \vhi«h  formed  a 
central  feature  of  the  ••reat  festival  of  llera  at  Ar<;os  and  t'lsi'where,'  her  relation  to 
Zeus  ai»i)ears  to  reHect  a  change  of  classiKcation  iu  Greek  theology  in  the  process  of 
ori;anlz;ition  to  which  suhsequent  ajjfes  led,  as  well  as  ciurespomliiii;-  social  chani;es  in 
the  (h)mestic  and  trihal  life  of  the  Greek  nation  ;  hut  that  side  of  Ilera  which  makes  her 
preside  over  the  domestic  and  family  life,  as  the  j-iiardian  of  women  and  of  marriai>^e, 
always  remains  prcmiinent. 

The  ceremonies  in  connection  with  this  lepo<;  ydfio<;*  were  reproductions  of  the  actual 
marriao:e  ceremonies  of  ancient  Greece,  in  which  pr<d»ahly  sonu*  of  tlu'  for«»;otten  customs 
of  a  ruder  nature-worship  of  agricultural  peoples  survived.  No  douht  the  ytuujji; 
affianced  couples  made  dedications  at  this  temple  (and  hence  may  have  come  many  of 
the  votive  otterinos  fouiul  in  our  excavations),  as  the  attianced  j^irl  visited  the  temple 
and  performed  certain  functiitns  hefore  the  weddin;^.  Hera  was  thus  ah.o  the  protectress 
of  maidens.'  But  it  was  chiefly  to  the  mother,  the  child-hearino-  mother,  that  Her.i  ex- 
tended her  helpful  protection  ;  and  this  she  does  as  Hera  Eileithyia.  There  is  hut  little 
douht  in  my  uiind  that,  as  iu  the  relation  «»f  Nike  to  Athene,  so  here  Eileithyia  was  Hera 
in  one  of  her  functions,  and  only  later  developed  into  a  separate  divinity.  Most  of  her 
temples  in  other  parts  of  Greece  and  those  of  Juno  in  Italy  were  centres  of  a  worship 
where  the  ooddess  responded  to  the  prayers  and  <»tt'erings  of  the  women  who  recpiired 
such  help;  and  thus  the  Heraeum  of  Argos,  with  its  haths,  fornu'd  a  kin<l  of  special 
sanitarium  for  women  in  their  trouhles.'" 

Besides  the  ceremonies  connected  with  the  icpo?  ya/xo?  at  the  Heraeum,  there  was  a 
(Treat  puhlic  olfering  of  cows,  of  which  ])erhaps  even  one  hundred  were  offered  up  at  the 
chief  festival,  and  those  cattle  were  ]nohahly  taken  from  the  temidi-herds  sjicred  to 
Hera.'     The  feast  was  thus  called  tKaTo/n/Saia."* 

1   l)io,l„r.  IV.  !."».  "  Cf.  wli.it  I  hnvv  said  iu  tin-  pri'limiiiary  ]>ii1i1ioittioii 

-  Pans.   II.  'J2.  1;  cf.  Pollux  IV.  78,  C'oinctas  AiithoL  (Exmmtiim.i  nf  the  .limriani  Srhml  „/ Alhinx  nl  the  He- 

Gr.  \\.  .">>><».  '■""*"  ']f' •irifit.t,  ISJt-J),  J).  "JU,  ami  note  tlif  ternwtJtta,  PI. 

3  Ilcrmiono,  .Vttit-a,  P.oeotia,  Citliacion  (the  Daidala),  viii.  No.  11>,  as  well  us  Xo.  8,  which  eornspoiids  to  nii- 

EiilMKa,  Sainos,  L(s1k)s,  t'yiiie,  Ciiossiis,  etc.  other  holding  the  bow  as  an  attril.nte  of  llcni  Kileith.via 

*  For  the  nmiierons  passages  on  this  snhjett   we  can  —the  latter  datin<j  from  alH>nt  n.  v.  ."»•«). 

b«st  refer  to   U.  Fi.rster,  Die  Ih^hzfll  ile.i  Zeus  und  iter  '  Pind.    Nem.    x.  •_'-J.  Bou«i;.n'av  "Hf«* ;    Purthen.  Sarr. 

Hera,  cited  above,  and  Roschcr,  Lex.  I.  pp.  2i«  tf.  VA  ;  Knrip.  Khctr.  172  >e<|.  ;  S-ii.  Atjiim.  '.MW. 

5  A  verv  cnrions  and  significant  feature  of  the  myth  **  (\  I.  G.  VtVt  a,  1.  10,    b,  1.  8,  171.".;  Srhi>l.  I'ind. 

is  that  she  herself,  after  bathing  in  the  fountain  Caniithus  01.  vii.  l.">2  ;  cf.  als.i  the  customs  at  the  Olympian   H.>- 

at  Naujdia  every  year,  Ixcanie  a  virgin  (Pans.  II.  :W.  1\  racum  and  tlu-  prize  of  olive  wreath  and  part  of  the  victim 

Srhnl.  Pind.  01.  vi.  1 1I>),  and  that  as  nopflfVot  she  protects  sacriRcetl  to  the  maiden  runners  (Pans.  V.  Hi  and  17). 
maidens. 


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9 

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^ 

^ 

*'    4 

, 

*N 

*j 

i-"v^-.'- 

fi  tf 

'Ji 


fa 
o 


-'■■   .-  '.">■--■•  III.'--;,,  I,  '.     '-,(*  rr.'-.kt,,^  "».-...■   ■-    ..    "    ?  ,  C  ? 


10  (JKNEKAL   INTKOnrCTIOX 

'  Anotlifi-  j;Teat  feature  of  the  chief  festival  at  the  Arj^ive  Heriieiiin  were  tlie  j^aiiies, 
whifli,  from  the  nature  of  the  prizes  olfereil,  were  called  da-nU  iv  "Apyci  or  c^  " Xpyov^ 
ao-TTi? '  »)r  ^a\K€o<i  dyutVj'  a  name  sometimes  jfiven  to  the  whole  festival.  The  prize 
to  the  victors  in  these  contests  consisted  of  a  hronze  shield  or  some  other  ohitH-t  in  hronze 
and  a  myrtle  wreath.'  This  may  in  jKirt  account  for  the  numerous  <»hjects  in  hronze 
f«>und  on  this  site  durinj»;  our  excavations.^  The  j^ames  were  supposed  to  have  heen 
founded  hy  Lynceus  or  Archinus,'"  and  in  historical  times  t<M)k  place  in  the  stiulium  of 
Ar«»;os.''  Then  followed  a  jjreat  nofinij'  or  procession  in  which  were  armed  y«niths, 
maidens,  etc.,  reminding  us  of  the  main  features  of  the  Panathenaic  prm^ession.  In  the 
times  of  the  sui)remacy  of  the  city  of  Arj»;os  this  pnK-ession  prohahly  traversed  the  whole 
distance  from  the  stadium  of  Arji^os  to  the  Heraeum,  a  featui-e  which  no  <louht  was  uitut- 
duced  when  the  chief  care  of  the  Heraeum  was  transferred  to  Arjjos  from  Tiryns  and 
Mycenae.  ~~! 

TOFOCiRAPHY. 

To  appreciate  the  historical  relation  which  the  Heraeum  ])ore  to  the  three  jifreat  cen- 
tres of  early  Greek  history  in  the  Arj^olid  we  must  consider  the  topoo;rapliy  of  the 
temple  precinct  (  Fij^s.  1-4).'* 

Pausjinias'*  tells  us  that  the  Henieum  is  fifteen  stiidia  from  Mycenae.  Str.iho,'"  on 
the  other  hand,  siiys  that  the  Heraeum  was  forty  sbulia  from  Arj^os  an<l  ten  from 
Mycen:ie.  Both  authors  underestimate  the  distance*  from  Mycenae,  which  is  ahout 
twenty-five  stiidia,  or  a  little  more  than  three  miles ;  while  the  distiince  from  Arjjos  is 
forty-live  stadia,  or  a  little  more  than  five  miles.  The  distance  from  the  Hemeum  to  the 
site  of  thu  ancient  Midea  is  slightly  greater  than  to  Mycenae,  while  that  from  the 
Heraeum  to  Tiryns  is  about  six  miles,  i.  e.  slightly  greater  than  to  Argos. 

Were  we  to  judge  merely  from  actual  distance,  the  Heraeum  would  thus  l)e  most  closely 
associated  with  Mycenae.  We  must,  moreover,  note  that  both  Pausanias  and  Stralxi 
appear  to  associate  the  Heraeum  only  with  Mycenae  and  Argos.  The  closer  association 
with  Mycenae  implied  in  the  notice  of  Pausiinias  is  to  l)e  ascrihe<l  simply  to  the  fact  that 
his  journey  naturally  took  him  from  Mycenae  to  the  Heraeum.  Straho,  on  the  other 
hand,  makes  Argos  his  centre ;  and  while  he  recognizes  the  priority  of  Mycenae  in  the 


TOP()(iKAPHY 


11 


1  r.  I.  a.  234  ;  10G8. 

-  I'iiid.  Nem.  x.  2*2  ;  Hesyeli.  s.  e. 
'  KailR'l,  Epiyr.  M6. 

'  An  t'pignim  on  the  Ikisc  of  a  statne  erected  to  King 
Nicwreon  of  Cyprus  mentions  as  the  cuuse  of  eri'ctinjj 
the  st.itne  the  sending  by  liini  of  brtnize  'Hpai  hw  *ls  (pomp 
■Kiii.wo[i>  it]9\a,  vioit,  Le  Bii»-Foucart,  Pilop.  122  ;  Roscher, 
L.T.  I.  ,).  2077. 

-  Hyg.  Fah.  275,  170 ;  Schd.  Find.  01.  vii.  152. 
«  Fans.  II.  24.  2. 

7  .\en.  Tact.  1.  17,  Enrip.  El.  172  ;  Dion.  Hal.  I.  21. 

*  The  chief  passages  in  ancient  authors  on  this  8u1>- 
ject  are  Pausan.  II.  15  ff.,  and  Stralni  VIII.  0. 

The  chief  modern  btniks  on  the  topography  are  these  : 
Steffen,  Knrten  eon  Mi/kenai,  Berlin,  1884,  and  pp.  30-42; 
Bursian,  Geogmphie  ron  Griecheidnnd,  II.  pp.  47  seij.  witii 
map  of  the  Heraeum  (Tapei);  W.  Vischer,  Erinnerunt/en 
und  Eindriicke  aiw  firiechenland,  pp.  316,  317,  and  the  ex- 
cellent short  account  in  Frazer's  Pau^tanian,  III.  pp.  165- 
181.    For  earlier  books  cf .  Leake,  Peloponnesiaca,  pp.  258- 


264  ;  Mure's  Journal,  II.  pp.  177-182  ;  Cnrtins,  /Vr  Peln- 
fMnnen,  II.  pp.  306—400,  560  ff.  ;  W.  G.  C'lark,  I'elu/nm- 
ue.swt,  pp.  81  ff. 

*  The  passage  in  Fansanias,  so  far  as  it  n-Iates  t«>  the 
topography  runs  (II.  17.  1  and  2):  Muttyiviy  Si  t¥ ipnrr*p^ 
Wrrf  (hr»xf  t  xal  8f «a  irriSia  rb  'Hpofof.  ^tt  8«  nark  ri)»  dtbn  SSmp 
'EAtvtft'piof  KaAovufKof  '  xp<*""'<"  '*  o"'''^  rpbs  ita$dp<ria  tu  wtfA 
rh  Upiiv  Hal  rwK  9v<nii¥  i%  t4<  kuopf^roui  avrh  8(  rh  iipcy  iarin 
iv  x^o/uoAtrrffi-w  rni  Ev/So/av.  rk  "^/kp  8^  upot  rovro  oirofiiCovouf 
Edfioiav,  Af'yovTfT  'Acrrfplmin  yti^a$ai  rf  voTaftf  Bvyartpas 
EC|9oiay  «rai  UpdiTv/ivay  ical  'Atcpa/av,  f  frai  8f  rpu^bf  r^t  'Hpa%  • 
Hal  av&  'AKpaias  tu  upat  itaAuMri  ri  awavrticpv  rod  'Hpalov,  awh 
ii  Eu/Soias  uffuf  w.pt  rb  itpbif,  Xlpiirvfiifay  8<  r^y  vrh  rh  'Hpa'ov 
X<ipay.  6  if  'Aartpimw  oiros  p*m¥  irwip  rb  'Hpaion  is  <t>ctpayya 
iffwiwrttf  ipaifi^trai. 

">  The  pas.sages  in  Stnibo  are  (VIII.  6.  2.  368)  :  4wi  H 
ToCApTovt  (II  rh  'Hpaion  rtootfiitowra,  tv9t¥  ii  (it  Mi/K^yai 
S^ita,  and  (VIII.  6.  10.  372)t«<t(  'Kpyoi  ica)  rkt  Mi/icWf, 
Kol  rb  '\iptuo¥  (Trai  KOif^v  itpb¥  rh  -rpbt  raU  Mvir^faif  dft^oir, 
K.  T.  A. 


phrase  to  npo^  raU  MvKijvai^y  in  other  re8i)ects,  when  dealing  with  the  history  of  these 
two  centres  of  early  history,  he  reverts  to  Argos  as  the  historical  protagonist  and  ignores 
the  historical  imjiortance  of  Tiryns  and  Midea. 

We  can  understtind  then  (see  Note  A)  why  we  find  no  mention  in  Strabo  of  the  rela- 
tion which  the  Heraeum  Indds  to  Tiryns.     The  importiince  of  this  remark  will  become 


Fig.  3.  —  Thk  Aroive  Flain  with  the  Second  Tkmplk  in  the  kokkgkuind. 
Argos  and  I.Arisa  are  at  the  upper  right-hand  corner,  the  Nauplian  Gulf  at  the  left. 

clearer  when  we  come  to  the  history  of  the  Heraeum  and  consider  the  archaeological 
evidence  which  the  excavations  have  yielded.  But  it  is  well  to  say  at  once,  what  will 
require  and  receive  fuller  confirmation  as  we  proceed,  that  three  main  periods  are  dis- 
tinguishable in  the  history  of  the  Heraeum :  the  first,  the  period  of  its  construction, 
and  its  conne(*tion  with  Tiryns ;  the  second,  the  Mycenaean  period ;  and  the  third,  that 
in  which  the  Heraeum  is  directly  under  the  influence  of  the  city  of  Argos. 

Though  nearer  in  space  to  Mycenae  and  to  Argos  than  to  Tiryns  and  Midea,  the 
Heraeum  is  not  so  as  regards  natural  connections.  It  is  most  improbable  that  the  site 
of  the  Heraeum  would  have  been  chosen  as  that  of  the  sanctuary  by  the  inhabitants  of 
either  Mycenae  or  the  city  of  Argos.  For,  as  regards  Mycenae,  far  up  in  a  moun- 
tiiinous  corner  at  the  northeast  extremity  of  the  Argive  plain,  it  is  not  visible  from  the 
Heraeum,  nor  could  the  Mycenaeans  see  their  sanctuary  from  their  citadel.  And  as 
regards  the  city  of  Argos,  the  Heraeum  is  separated  from  it  by  the  Iiiachus,  which  is  at 
times  unfordable,  and  the  two  have,  in  so  far,  no  immediate  connection.  The  Inachus 
divides  the  plain  into  halves,  and,  as  we  shall  see,  this  division  is  recognized  by  the  early 
traditions  of  the  Argive  region.  The  district  on  the  western  bank  is  well  defined,  and 
completely  commanded  by  the  heights  which  terminate  in  the  Larisa  or  citadel  of  the 
city  of  Argos,  jutting  out  into  the  centre  of  this  part  of  the  plain.     The  wider  eastern 


10 


(iKNKKAL    INTIJODIHTION 


AiiotluT  j-ivat  tVatiiif  of  tin*  rliit'f  tVstival  at  tlii'  Aii;ivi'  lloianim  wvvv  tin*  i^ann's, 
wliirli,  tio?ii  till'  iiatmi'  of  till'  pii/.i's  ollfi-nl,  wi'iv  i-alli'il  aurnU  tV  ".Xpyti  or  c^  'A^iyou? 
acrTTK  '  or  ;^ttXKCo'>  dycov,' n  iiaim*  sonu-tiiiu's  i;;ivi'ii  to  tiit'  wlioli*  ft'stival.  Tin*  |uiy.i' 
to  till'  virtors  in  tlu'st- »-oiiti*sts  consistcil  of  a  luonzi' sliii'M  or  some  other  oltjt'ct  in  Inon/i' 
anil  a  nivrtli'  wrrath;'  Tliis  may  in  part  arronnt  for  tlii'  nnnu'ions  ol»j»'rts  in  Inoii/i- 
foinhl  Oil  this  sitt'  iliirini^  our  exravatioiis.*  The  «;aiiit's  were  siipposi'd  to  have  het-n 
foiMided  h\  LviH-i'iis  or  Arehiinis,'  and  in  liistori«al  times  took  plaee  in  the  stadium  of 
Ari^«»s.''  Then  followed  a  ijreat  TTOfinrj'  or  |»roeession  in  wlii«li  were  armed  youths, 
maidens,  ete.,  remimlini«;  lis  of  the  main  features  of  the  Paiiathenaie  proeession.  In  the 
times  of  the  siipremaev  (d"  the  eity  of  Aii»i»s  this  profession  prohaldy  traversed  the  whole 
distanee  from  the  stadium  of  Art;os  to  the  lleraeiim.a  feature  whieli  no  doiiht  was  iiitro- 
diieed  when   the  ihief  lare  of  the   lleraeiim  w;is  transferred  to  Ar^os  from  Tirviis  and 


>I 


veenae. 


Tol'CMJHArilY. 


To  ap|>reeiate  the  Iiistori«aI  relation  whieli  the  Heraeiim  l»ore  to  the  three  i^reat  eeii- 
tres  of  earlv  (heek  historv  in  the  Aii»;olid  we  must  eoiisi<ler  tlu*  topoi;iaphy  of  the 
temple  preeiiiet  (  Fii»s.  1-4)/ 

I'aiisaiiias'  tells  us  that  the  Fleraeiim  is  fifteen  stadia  from  Myeeiiae.  Str.iho.'"  on 
the  other  hand,  savs  that  the  Ileraeum  was  forty  stadia  from  Ary;os  ami  ten  from 
Mveen:ie.  Both  authors  underestimate  the  distaiu  .■  from  Myeeiiae.  whieli  is  :ihoiit 
twi'iitv-Kve  stadia,  or  a  little  more  than  three  miles  ;  while  the  «Hstanee  from  Ari»os  is 
fortv-live  statlia,  or  a  little  more  than  Hve  miles.  The  distanee  from  the  Ileraeum  to  the 
site  of  thv'  aneient  Mi<lea  is  sli<»litly  ijreater  than  to  Mycenae,  while  that  from  the 
Ileraeum  to  Tirviis  is  ahoiit  six  miles,  i.  e.  slightly  «;reater  than  to  Ar»»os. 

Were  we  to  jud<»e  merely  from  aetual  distanee,  the  Ileraeum  would  thus  he  most  elosely 
assoeiatetl  with  Myeenae.  We  must,  moreover,  note  that  hotli  Paiisanias  and  Straho 
appear  to  associate  the  Ileraeum  only  with  Mycenae  and  Arjjos.  The  closer  association 
with  Mvceiiae  implied  in  the  notice  of  Paiisanias  is  to  he  ascrihed  simply  to  the  fact  that 
his  jouriiev  naturally  took  him  from  Mycenae  to  the  Heraeiim.  Straho.  on  the  other 
liami,  makes  Aii;"os  his  centre;  and  while  he  recon^ni/es  the  priority  of  Mycenae  in  the 


>  r.  /.  a.  'SM  ;  iiMW. 

-  I'iimI.  AV/m.  X.  '12  ;  Hesycli.  x.  t: 

•  K:iil>i-I,  Ei'i'jr.  ^H>. 

'  All  fpijjiiiiii  on  tin-  liaso  of  :i  st;ihM'  cn'ctfil  to  Kiiijj 
XiiMHTfoii  of  Cyprus  nifiitions  as  tin-  i-aiis*-  of  iTrrtiiij; 
tli«'  statue  tlie  sfiiiliiij;  l»y  liiiii  of  liroii/.f  "Hpai  tr  »i»  (portv 
TTffuro'i'  fi*|OAo  viois,  \a:  IJjis-Koiicart.  I'ilo/t.  l'J"J  ;  Uosulier, 
A-  r.  I .  p.  Mil. 

••  llvg.  Fnh.  -JT.",,  170;  Sri, J.  Piii.l.  (tl.  vii.  l.VJ. 

'    I'jiiis.  II.  L'l.  2. 

•  Aon.  Ta.t.  1.  17.  Knrip.  Kl.  IT'J  ;   Dion.  Hal.  I.  •_'!. 

'  Tlie  ciiiff  passap's  in  aiifii-iit  aiitliors  on  this  siil>- 
ji-ft  art'  Paii.saii.  II.  !.">  ff.,  and  .Stralio  VIII.  I». 

Tile  oliit'f  iiuMl<-rii  IxMiks  on  tin'  topo^jrapliy  are  tlii'se  : 
Sti'ffiMi,  Kiirliii  rihi  Miiki'iiiii,  I'MTlin,  1SX4,  ami  pp.  :M>-4'.i; 
Mnrsiaii,  (txii/ni/ilii''  run  (irifrheuliiiul,  II.  j»j>.  17  si-q.  with 
map  of  tlic  Ik'raeiini  (Tapei);  W.  Vischer,  ErininTHmjen 
mill  hymilriirki'  aus  firlfrheiiliintl,  p|i.  ',\U>,  'Ml.  and  tin*  ex- 
cellent sliort  account  in  Krazcr's  I'lmsiiuius,  III.  pp.  Kht- 
181.     For  earlier  buuks  ef .  Leake,  PelujMimesiaca,  pp.  258- 


'JTkI  ;  Mnre's  Journal,  II.  pp.  I77-1K-J  ;  Ciirtiiis,  /Vr  I'lh- 
/Hwn»s,  II.  pp.  :WMM«>,  rAiH  ff.  ;  \V.  (J.  (lark,  I'tlofn,,,- 
iifsus,  ]»p.  SI  ff. 

'••  The  passapfc  in  I'aiisanias,  so  far  a*  it  relates  to  tin* 
topojjraphy  runs  (II.  17.  1  and-):  yivKttfvyii  tfipurrtfia 
WfTf  av»x'<  *"■'  S*Ka  (rraSia  rh'Hpa'ov.  fiti  ii  nark  r^foSiiv  viuft 
'EA(i/0rf>i»<'  KaKoi'iutyoy  '  xpvyrai  8(  aiira  irpoi  KaBiftata  ai  wtpl 
rh  i*ftiiv  Koi  rwv  tfvtriiiiy  t%  rat  iwoftfrriTovf  aiirli  Si  t2i  itp)>tr  iirnw 
iv  xttaaaKwrify  r'lf  Ku0<iiav  t2)  'j/o.p  S>)  upo\  riivro  opofiaimnriy 
EC/3«iai-,  A«yiivTf5  'Airrtplwvi  y*y*iT0jn  rip  wuraftf  BuyaTtpai 
ECSuiaf  Hal  npotrvffay  Kai  '\Kp3.iav,  *li>ai  8f  r^'i^out  r^t  "Hpas  • 
Kai  diru  A/c^i'at  ru  up'it  KaKuim  to  awayriKitv  rov  'H^nh'iiv,  dir?i 
8(  Ev&ina\  'it(Tuv  w  fn  ru  iffiiiv,  riixoruufaf  8*  rify  Cirh  rb  H^m  ay 
XtifXiy.  o  S«  'ATTfptW  uiiTot  JMity  vwiii  ru  'Hpm»n  it  iftapayya 
itnriwraiv  iupayi(^*rai. 

'"  The  passa;jcs  in  Stralw)  arc  (VII I.  0.  *_».  .T««)  :  awl  Si 
roa'Apyovs  tit  rh  'Hpaioy  rtaat^oLKovra,  tv9*v  Si  fit  Mvir^fat 
Sf'nca,  and  (VIII.  ('.  10.  '.\Tl)r6Tt  'Apyu%  wal  rit  MuKhyat. 
ical  rh  'Hpaioy  thai  KOtyhy  itfiiy  rh  »p.'>t  to~s  Mvin7t'ai<  du^uiV, 

K.  T.  K. 


T()1*(m;haimiy 


11 


phrase  to  tt/jo?  rat*;  Mu»c>;Vai?,  in  other  respects,  when  dealini^  with  the  history  of  these 
two  centres  of  early  history,  he  reverts  to  Argos  as  the  historical  protajjonist  ami  i<;nores 
the  historical  importance  of  Tirviis  and  Midea. 

We  can  uiMh-rstaiul  then  (see  NoTK  A)  why  we  find  no  mention  in  Straho  of  the  rela- 
tion wliiili  the    Ileraeum   lndds  to  Tiryns.      The  importance  of  this  remark  will  hecome 


Ki«;.  .".  —  TiiK.  AKiavK  I»i..vin  with  tiik  Swond  Tkmplk  ix  tiik  KoKi-:iiKoi-M>. 
Argos  and  I.^irisa  are  at  the  upper  rijrht-hand  comer,  the  Nauplian  (inlf  at  the  left. 

clearer  when  we  come  to  the  historv  of  the  Heraeuni  and  consider  the  archaeidosrital 
evidence  which  the  excavations  have  vielded.  But  it  is  well  to  sjiv  at  once,  what  will 
ivipiiiv  and  receive  fuller  confirmation  as  we  proceed,  that  three  main  peri<»ds  are  dis- 
tin«<^iiishalde  in  the  history  of  the  Ileraeum :  the  first,  the  period  of  its  c»»iistruction, 
and  its  connection  with  Tiryns ;  the  second,  the  Mycenaean  period ;  and  the  third,  that 
in  which  the  Ileraeum  is  <lirectlv  under  the  influence  of  the  citv  of  Arjros. 

Thoit^h  nearer  in  space  to  Mycenae  and  to  Argos  than  to  Tiryns  and  Midea,  the 
Ileraeum  is  not  so  as  rejj^anls  natural  connections.  It  is  most  improhahle  that  the  site 
of  the  Ileraeum  would  have  heeii  chosen  as  that  of  the  sanctuary  by  the  inhahitants  of 
either  Mycenae  or  the  city  of  Arjijos.  For,  as  rejjards  Mycenae,  far  up  in  a  moun- 
tainous corner  at  the  northeast  extremity  of  the  Argive  plain,  it  is  not  visible  from  the 
Ileraeum,  nor  could  the  Mycenaeans  see  their  sjinctuary  fnmi  their  citiulel.  And  as 
regards  the  city  of  Argos,  the  Ileraeum  is  separated  from  it  hy  the  Inachus,  which  is  at 
times  iinfordahle,  and  the  two  have,  in  so  far,  no  immediate  connection.  The  Inachus 
divitles  the  i>lain  into  halves,  and,  as  we  shall  see,  this  division  is  recoffuized  hv  the  earlv 
traditions  of  the  Argive  region.  The  district  on  the  western  hank  is  well  defined,  and 
completely  coniinanded  hy  the  heights  which  terminate  in  the  Larisa  or  cifculel  of  the 
city  of  Argos,  jutting  out  into  the  centre  of  this  part  of  the  plain.     The  wider  eastern 


jjl  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 

half  occupies  the  greater  part,  and  while  it  directly  overlooks  the  sea,  the  best  means 
of  protecting  the  plain  were  found  in  the  fortresses  built  on  elevations  soniewhat  tarther 
inland,  namely,  at  Tiryns  and  Midea.     Furthermoi^,  the  marshy  nature  of  the  s.nl  close 
bv  the  sea  naturally  led  the  inhabitants  in  the  northerly  direction  n.land     We  thus  have 
a  well-defined  broad  plain,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  sea,  on  the  west  by  the  Inachus, 
on  the  east  and  north  by  the  Arachnaean  gioup  of  hills,  and  on   the  north  by  the 
Euboean  crroup.      This  northern  hill  projects,  moreover,  in  a  southerly  direction  into 
the  plain  fn  a  similar  manner  to  that  hi  which  the  Lycone-Urisa  hills  project  ni  an  east- 
erly direction  hito  the  western  portion  of  the  Argive  plain.     The  Heraeum  is  thus  the 
fittest  northern  ending  to  the  district  commanded  by  Tiryns  and  Midea  and  is  really 
most  accessible  from  Tiryns,  as  the  plain  is  comimratively  level  from  the  foot  of  Euboea 
to  Tiryns  itself.     Mvcenae  behind  its  hUls  is  a  kind  of  "  after-thought     built  m  this 
northeinmost  corner^ for  special  reasons  of  inland  defense,  and  the  earliest  tmditions, 
as  we  shall  see,  when  subdividing  the  regions  of  the  Argive  country,  do  not  know  even 


K,G.4.-AKtiIVE   PUUX   WITH    EXCAVATED   REMAINS   OF   THE   OlD  TeMPLE   IN   THE   »OKEOBOUND. 

Argos  and  Larisa  are  near  the  upper  left-hiiml  corner. 

its  name.  But  as  the  visitor  approached  from  the  south,  the  sanctiuiry  of  the 
Heraeum  in  its  commandhig  position  could  be  seen  from  every  point.  And  as  the 
visitor  stands  upt)n  its  platforms,  the  most  entrancing  survey  of  the  whole  plaui  lies 

before  him  (see  Note  B).  r  r,  i        »» 

According  to  Pausanias  the  Heraeum  stood  "on  one  of  the  lower  sloi>es  of  Euboea. 
The  term  Eriboea  did  not  designate  the  eminence  upon  which  the  Heraeum  is  placed,  or 


MOUNT   EUBOEA 


13 


Fig.  o.  —  View  ok  Mount  Euboea,  with  South  Stoa  in  the  kokkokoixd. 
The  fouuilations  of  the  Second  Temple  rise  above  the  South  Stoa,  and  above  these  the  Cyclupeau  supportiug 

wall  of  the  Old  Temple.     • 

only  the  mountain-top  behind  the  Heraeum ;  but,  as  Pausanias  distinctly  indicates,  the 
group  of  foothills  and  the  hilly  district  adjoinmg  the  mountain.  When  once  we  admit 
that  Euboea  desig^iated  not  only  the  hill  immediately  behind  (to  the  northeast  of)  the  He- 
raeum (Fig.  5)  which  is  532  metres  high,  but  also  the  hilly  district  adjoining  it,  the  gen- 
eral scale  of  distance  on  which  we  identify  the  sites  mentioned  by  Pausanias  must  grow 
larger.  He  divides  the  territory  of  the  Heraeimi '  into  three  parts,  viz.,  Euboea,  Acraea, 
and  Prosymna.  Two  of  these  (Euboea  and  Acraea)  are  manifestly  mountainous  districts; 
the  other  designates  the  plain.  We  should  thus  follow  Steffen  in  his  identification  of 
Euboeii  (see  Fig.  1),  which,  even  among  the  modern  inhabitants,  has  the  name  of 
Evvia,  while  we  should  see  Acraea,  lying  "  opposite  the  Heraeum,"  opposite  Euboea  to 
the  east,  in  the  mountain  now  called  Elias  Berbatiotikos.  While  it  is  difficult  to  define 
the  extent  of  each  hill-country,  it  is  still  more  difficult  to  fix  the  bounds  of  the  low- 
lying  land  Prosymna,  which  Pausanias  defines  as  "  the  district  below  the  Heraeum."  I 
am  inclined  to  believe  that  this  part  of  the  "  sacred  domahi,"  which,  though  below  the 
hill-land  of  the  Heraeum,  was,  relatively  to  the  plain,  nearer  Tiryns  and  the  banks  of 
the  Inachus,  "  lofty  and  green  "  as  Stjitius  calls  it,'  was  of  considerable  extent.  The 
passages  in  Strabo'  (ravrj;  [MiSe'a]  Bo^opoq  npoarvfjiva)  and  Stephanus  of  Byzantium 


'  The  land  belonging  to  the  sauctuary,  the  glebe  land, 
must  have  extended  far  beyond  the  ri^tpot  itself,  as  is 
already  suggested  by  the  fact  that  from  the  sacred  herds 
probably  one  hundred  head  were  sacrificed  at  the  festival 
alone.  In  the  passages  quoted  below  from  Statins,  the  poet 
it  dearly  speaking  of  large  and  wide  tracts  and  subdivi- 
sions of  points  on  the  whole  Argive  plain  :  Larisa,  Lerna, 
Prosymna,  Midea,  —  and  thus  evidently  implies  a  large 


tract  of  grazing  land  under  Prosymna.  So  too  in  the 
passage  quoted  from  Stephanus  Byz.,  his  definition  of 
rpoffvfwcuos  as  6  o'lKiirup,  shows  that  a  habitable  district  is 
meant.  Cf.  the  curious  epithet  wpotrifivri  of  Demeter  at 
Lerna.     Paus.  IL  37.  1. 

•■'  Thdt.  i.  383;  iii.  325;  iv.  44. 

«  VIII.  6.  11.  373. 


-- =^ 


13 


(iKNKHAL    INTKODrcTIDN 


half  occunies  the  on-atcr  part,  u.ul  wliile  it  directly  overlooks  the  sea,  the  hest  means 
of  on.teetino-  the  piain  were  found  in  the  fortresses  luiilt  on  elevations  somewhat  farther 
i„la„d,  nam'elv,  at  Tirvns  and  Midea.     Furthermore,  the  n.arshy  nature  ot  the  sod  close 
hv  the  st'a  na'turallv  led  the  iniuddtants  in  the  northerly  direction  ndand     We  thus  have 
.'well-defined  hroa'd  plain,  hounde<l  on  the  south  hy  the  sea,  <»n  the  west  hy  the  Ina.hns, 
on  the  east  and  north  hv  tiie  Araehnaean  -roup  of  hills,  and  on    the  north   hy  the 
EulMK.an   .n-oup.      This  northern  hill  pn.jeets,  moreover,  in  a  southerly  dnectmn   mto 
the  idain  hi  a  similar  manner  to  that  in  which  the  Lyn.iu^Lirisa  hills  project  in  an  east- 
erlv  direction  into  the  western  p.ntion  of  the  Ai-ive  plain.     The  lleraeum  is  thus  the 
fittest  northern  endin- to  the  district  c<mimanded  hy  Tlryns  and  Midea   and  is^  really 
most  accessihle  from  Tirvns,  as  the  plain  is  ccniiparativcly  level  from  the  t.M>t  .|f  Kuhoea 
to  Tirvns  itself.     Mvcenae  hehhid  its  hills  is  a  khid  of  "  after-thoui,dit,    hu.lt  u.  this 
northernmost  corner"  for  special  reasons  of  iidaml  defense,  and   the  earliest   traid.t.ons, 
as  wc  shall  see,  when  suhdividing-  the  regions  <.f  the  Argive  country,  <lo  not  know  even 


llG.  4.-AluaVE   PI.US    WITH    KXCAVATKD   REMAINS  OK  TIIK   Ol-I*  TkMII.K   IX    TIIK    foKK.lK..lSl>. 
Afos  and  Larisa  are  near  the  iipiwr  Itft-haiMl  corner. 

its  name.  But  as  the  visitor  ajiproached  from  the  south,  the  siinctuary  of  tlie 
Heraeum  in  its  commanding  p«.sition  could  he  seen  from  every  p<nnt.  And  as  the 
visitor  stands  upon  its  platforms,  the  most  entrancing  survey  of  the  whole  plain  lies 

hefore  him  (see  Note  B).  ,, 

A«-cording  to  Pausjuiias  the  Heraeum  stood  "  on  one  of  the  lower  slo|>es  of  Euhoea. 
The  term  Euhoea  did  not  designate  the  eminence  upon  which  the  Heraeum  is  placed,  or 


MOrXT   ErUOKA 


n 


FlO.  ."i.  —  ViKW   OK    MOCXT    KflJOKA,  WITH    SOCTH    STOA    IX    THK    H»KK;H<»rXI». 

Thf  fuuiidatiuiis  of  the  Second  Temple  rise  above  the  South  Stoa,  and  above  these  the  Cyclopean  supporting 

wall  of  tlie  Old  Temple. 

only  the  nu.untain-top  heliind  the  Heraeum;  hut,  as  Pausiinias  distinctly  indicates,  the 
group  of  footliills  and  the  hilly  district  adjoining  the  mountahi.  When  once  we  admit 
that  Euhoea  designated  not  only  the  hill  immediately  hehhid  ( to  the  northeast  of)  the  He- 
raeum (Fig.  '))  wiiicii  is  5132  metres  high,  hut  also  the  hilly  district  adjoining  it,  the  gen- 
eral scale  of  distance  on  which  we  identifv  the  sites  mentioned  hv  Paus;uiias  must  iiiow 
larger.  He  divides  the  territory  of  the  Heraeum '  into  three  })arts,  viz.,  Euhoea,  Acraea, 
and  Prosymiia.  Two  of  these  ( Euhoea  and  Acraea)  are  manifestly  mountainous  districts ; 
the  other  designates  the  plain.  We  should  thus  follow  Stett'en  in  his  identification  of 
Euhoea  (see  Fig.  1),  which,  even  among  the  modern  inhahitants,  has  the  name  of 
Evvia,  while  we  should  see  Acraea,  lying  "  opposite  the  Heraeum,"  opposite  Euhoea  to 
the  east,  in  the  nKUintain  now  called  Elias  Berhatiotikos.  While  it  is  difficult  to  define 
the  extent  of  each  hill-country,  it  is  still  more  difficult  to  fix  the  hounds  of  the  low- 
lying  land  Prosymiia,  which  Pausiinias  defines  as  "  the  district  heh)w  the  Heraeum."  I 
am  inclined  to  helieve  that  this  part  of  the  "  siicred  domain,"  which,  though  helow  the 
hill-land  of  the  Heraeum,  was,  relatively  to  the  phiiii,  nearer  Tiryns  and  the  hanks  of 
the  Inachus,  "  lofty  and  green  "  as  Statins  calls  it,"  was  of  considerahle  extent.  The 
passiiges  in  Straho^  (ravrrf  [MtSc'a]  S'o/io/jo?  Up6<rvfxva)  and  Stephanus  of  Byamtium 

•  Tl>e  land  U'longing  to  the  sanctuary,  the  glebe  land,  tract  of  grazing  land   under   Prosynina.     So  too  in  the 

must  have  extended  far  l)cyond  the  rtfityos  itself,  as   is  j>assage   tpioted    from    Stephanus  Byz.,  his  definition  of 

already  suggested  by  the  fact  that  from  the  sacred  herds  xpoffpfivalos  as  6  uUriTup.  shows  that  a  liabitable  district  is 

probably  one  hundred  lu-ad  were  sacrificed  at  the  festival  meant.     Cf.  the  curious  epithet  vpoainvx)  of  Demeter  at 

alone.   In  the  passages  tpioted  below  fr«>ni  Statins,  the  poet  Lerua.     Pans.  II.  ,'S7.  1. 

is  clearly  s|»eaking  of   large  and  wide  tracts  and  sulnlivi-  -  Theh.  i.  383;  iii.  325;  iv.  44. 

sions  «>f  |M>ints  on  the  whole  Argive  plain  :  Larisa,  Lerna,  '  VIII.  6.  11.  373. 
Prusymua,  Midea,  —  and  thus  evidently  implies  a  large 


1  s 


14  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 

(npotrv/xi/a,  iiolpa  toC  "Xpyov^Y  might  lead  one  to  helieve  that  it  bordered  to  the  south 
on  the  territory  of  Midea,  and  to  the  west  on  the  territory  of  the  city  of  Arjr<»s.  It 
would  thus  perhaps  have  included  the  site  of  such  modern  v-illages  as  Chonica.  Anyphi, 
and  Pasia.  But  it  is  uncertain  whether  we  have  any  right  to  include  tlie  passjige  from 
Strabo  as  applying  to  the  Prosymna  of  our  Heraeum.  The  i^issage  in  Strabo,  as  it  now 
stands,  tells  us  that  Prosymna  was  near  Midea,  and  als*)  confciined  a  temple  of  Hera.' 
And  thou<rh  the  coins  of  Midea  have  on  the  reverse  a  head  of  Hera  Argeiaj^*  and  that 
place  possibly  may  have  had  a  small  Hera  temple  of  its  own,  it  would  be  a  curious 
coincidence  if  it  also  had  a  district  bordering  on  the  Herneum  to  which  the  same  name 
was  given  as  to  that  of  the  adjoining  Heraeum  territory  ;  still,  the  Greek  of  the  iKisssige 
in  Strabo,  which,  moreover,  mentions  the  Upov  (and  he  has  l)een  sjieaking  uf  the  Heraeum 
but  a  page  before  this)  without  the  article,  points  to  a  separate  temple  and  a  seiKir.ite 
Prosymna.  In  the  time  of  Stephanus,  we  must  remend)er  (see  ab<.ve)  that  the  term 
Argos  might  well  have  been  used  to  include  Uie  great  siinctuary  of  that  city,  namely,  the 

Heraeum.  i     •  i      i  i 

Pausanias  begins  his  description  of  the  Heraeum  by  telling  us  that  "  beside  the  rtmd 
flows  a  water  which  is  called  the  Water  of  Freedom  (Eleutherion)."  And  he  subse- 
quently iiifonns  us  that  "  the  Asterion  [he  calls  it  a  river,  Trora/io?.  a  few  lines  before] 


THE   STREAMS   NEAR   THE   HERAEUM 


16 


Fig.  6.  —  Sitk  of  Hkrakim  kkom  thk  Ka8T. 
The  I-last  Revma  iu  the  immediate  foreground  ;  beyond  it  the  three  teri»ces  :  the  Old  Temple, 

the  Second  Temple,  and  the  South  Stoa. 

flowing  above  the  Heraeum  falls  into  a  gully  and  disapi)ears."  Early  travelers  and  top**- 
graphers  like  Mure,*  whose  whole  scale  of  identification  was  smaller,  sjiw  the  Asterion 
Tn  the  Glykia  stream  which  descends  from  the  mountain  behind  the  Heraeum,  and 
loses  itself  in  the  gully  or  Revnui  to  the  southeast  of  the  temple  rock ;  while  i\w  Elcu- 
therion  woidd  be  the  present  Revma-tou-Kastrou  bordering  the  nnk  on  the  northtust. 
This  view  was  held  also  by  us  when  we  began  our  work  at  the  Heraeum.'  Hut  Captain 
Stetfen's"  convincing  arguments  in  favor  of  his  new  identification  of  tliis  river  have 


) 


^  Steph.  Byz.  «.  o.  wpiffv/ira. 

■■'  Sj>eaking  of  Midea  he  continues:  rair^  Viftopos  llpi- 
ffufiM  [koI]  aSni  Ufitw  ^x<"^o*HfMf.  Unfortunately  there 
are  nine  or  ten  letters  missing  in  one  MS.  between  v/hntv 
and  aiJTTi.  Kramer's  note  says :  sed  au«  modo  sec.  m. 
restituit :  inde  itol  om.  cgh.  Videtur  autem  scriptuni 
f uisse  np6avtJivi  i<m,  x?)  tAr^  k.  t.  \.  —  ko)  —'Hpat  om.  B 
(sed  sec.  m.  iu  marg.  add.)  /.     Whatever  is  done,  the 


ofrni,  and  the  omission  of  the  article  Iw-for*'  Ut>if.  |M»iiit  lo 
a  second  temple. 

•  Head,  H'txtorin  Sumor.  j».  :i70. 

•  Journal,  II.  p.  1«0. 

■>  Cf.  C.  L.  Brownson,.4m^r.  Jimrn.  Arch.  Vlll.  (1«!)3), 
p. 'J06. 

•  L.  c.  pp.  40  ff. 


commanded  acceptiince.  He  identifies  the  Asterion  with  "  the  river  which  rises  among 
the  mountains  to  the  northeast  of  Mycenae,  flows  down  to  the  eastern  flanks  of  the 
Prophet  Elias  mountain  and  Euboea,  and  then,  after  traversing  the  narrow  glen  of 
tlie  KlLsura,  enters  tlie  Argolic  plain  about  two  and  a  half  miles  to  the  southeast  of  the 
Heraeum.  Many  small  tributiiries  descend  to  it  from  the  slopes  of  Mount  Euboea  and 
Acraea,  the  two  mount;iins  which  wei-e  mythically  represented  as  the  daughters  of  the 
river.  Pausanias's  stiitement  that  the  Asterion  dis{ipi)eared  in  a  gully  applies  well  to  the 
river  in  ipiestion,  the  water  of  which,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  its  entrancj' 


FlO.  7.  —  SiTK  OF  THE    HkKAKI'M    FROM   THK   SoUTHWKST. 

The  iievma-tou-Kastrou  in  immediate  foreground  ;  beyond,  the  succession  of  terraces.    Tlie  corner 
of  the  Southwest  Stoa  shows  in  tlie  foreground  ;  above  it,  in  the  middle,  the  West  liiiilding. 

into  the  nan-ow  Klisura  glen,  vanishes  wholly  among  the  shingle  and  boulders  of  its 
rugged  l)ed."  *  So  soon  as  we  interpret  Euboea,  Acraea,  and  Prosymna  as  larger  heights 
and  districts,  and  not  merely  as  the  inunediate  border-lines  of  the  temple  itself,  and 
remember  that  Asterion  was  considered  the  father  of  the  three  localities  personified,  we 
cannot  identify  him  with  the  small  Glykia  stream  (smaller  than  the  one  on  the  north- 
west), but  must  seek  him  in  one  of  the  hirger  rivers  of  the  whole  Argive  district.  When 
Pausanias,  moreover,  mentions  Inachus,  Cephisus,  and  Asterion  as  the  arbitrators  in  the 
legend  of  the  strife  between  Poseidon  and  Hera,"  this  river  must  be  on  a  scale  with 
Uie  other  two.    (Cf.  Figs.  G,  7.) 

The  same  claim  f<n-  size  does  not  hold  good  for  the  Eleutherion.  Pausjinias  at  once 
indicates  the  difference  in  speaking  of  the  Asterion  as  worafio^;,  while  the  other,  Eleu- 
therion, he  calls  vScjp.  We  must  first  examine  the  passiige  itself,  as  given  by 
Pausjinias,^  and  see  how  it  defines  the  exact  position  and  the  nature  of  the  Eleutherion. 
A  good  deal  will  de]>end  upon  how  we  transLate  the  phrase  Kara  ttjp  ohov.  As  Pausa- 
nias has  just  left  Mycenae,  and  s|)eaks  of  the  distance  between  it  and  the  Heraeum,  it 
is  but  natural  that  his  next  remark,  in  which  he  mentions  the  road,  is  made  as  if  from 
the  road.  The  usual  translation  of  the  phrase  in  question  would  be  "  beside  or  down 
by  the  road  flows,"  etc.  In  this  case  the  Eleutherion  would  be  identified  with  the 
Revma-tou-Kastrou  running  round  the  northern  side  of  the  Heraeum,  and  immediately 
below  its  western  |>eribolus  towards  the  south  of  the  plain. 


*  Frazer,  Pausauiaa,  vol.  III.  p.  181. 


=«  Paus.  II.  15.  5. 


Pans.  /.  c. 


14 


CiEXEKAL    IXTUOnrcTlON 


(npoavfiua,  /ioZpa  roC 'Apyov?) ^  inij?lit  lead  one  to  believe  that  it  l.onleie.l  to  the  south 
on  the  teiritorv  of  Mitlea,  and  to  the  west  on  the  teiiitorv  «.f  the  eity  of  Arjros.  It 
wouhl  thus  perhaps  have  inehidea  the  site  of  sueii  modern  villajres  as  Ch/.nic.i.  Anyphi, 
and  Pasia.  But  it  is  uneertiiin  whether  we  have  any  rij,d»t  to  in*  lu(U'  the  passiijr,.  f.oni 
Straho  as  applvinj-  to  the  Prosymna  of  our  Heraeuni.  The  pass;»jre  in  Straho.  as  it  now 
stands,  tells  us  that  Prosymna  was  near  Midea,  and  also  eontaine«l  a  tenjple  of  llera." 
And  thoujrh  the  eoins  of  Midea  have  on  the  reversi'  a  head  of  Hera  Arj^eia/'  and  that 
place  poss'ihly  mav  have  had  a  small  Hera  temple  of  its  own,  it  wouhl  he  a  enrious 
coineidenee  if  it  also  had  a  district  bordering  on  the  Heraeum  to  which  the  sjime  nan.e 
was  jviven  as  to  that  of  the  adjoininj?  Heraeum  territory  ;  still,  the  Greek  of  the  passjijre 
in  Stmbo,  which,  moreover,  mentions  the  Up6v(iiud  he  has  been  siK'akinj?  of  the  Heraeum 
but  a  pajre  before  this)  without  the  article,  points  to  a  separate  temple  and  a  separate 
Prosymuju  In  the  time  of  Stephanus,  we  must  remend»er  (see  above)  that  the  term 
Ar«ros  mi'Hit  well  have  been  used  to  include  the  j,neat  s;inctuary  t»f  that  city,  namely,  the 

Heraeum.  i      •  i      i 

Pausiinias  begins  his  description  of  the  Heraeum  by  telling  us  that  "  beside  the  rtM.I 

Hows  a  water  which   is  called  the  Water  <.f   Freedom  ( Eleutherion )."      And   he  sid.s,'- 

<piently  informs  us  that  "  the  Asterion  [he  calls  it  a  river.  7rora/xo?.  a  few  lines  b.dore] 


Fio.  0.  —  SiTK  OK  IIkrakcm  kkom  tiik  Ka«»t. 
riie  Kast  Keviim  ii>  tlie  inuiudiate  foreground  ;  Ijejoml  it  the  tlirt'o  t.rrat-cs  :  the  Old  Teiiii.l.-, 

the  Second  Temple,  and  the  South  St«):i. 

flowing  above  the  Heraeum  falls  into  a  gully  and  disjippears."  Kirly  travelers  and  top.»- 
graphers  like  xMure,'  whose  whole  scale  of  identification  was  smaller,  s;iw  the  Asterion 
iii  the  Glykia  stream  whi<h  descends  from  the  mounbiin  behind  the  Heraeum,  anil 
loses  itself  in  the  gully  or  Revma  to  the  southeast  of  the  tt'mple  rcM-k  ;  while  the  Eleu- 
therion wouhl  be  the  present  Revma-tou-Kastrou  bordering  the  rock  on  the  northeast. 
This  view  was  hehl  also  by  us  when  we  began  our  work  at  tln'  Heraeum.'  But  daptain 
Stetfen's"  conviming  arguments  in  favor  of  his  new  identification  of  this  river  have 

'  Stei»h.  Hyz.  >.  i\  wpiavfiya.  "I^nft  and  the  omission  of  th.-  aili«h-  Uf..!.-  Mp**-.  |MMnt  lo 

-  S|Makiii}rof  Mid»a  he  continues:  ra^ii  V inopos  n,>6-  a  second  temple. 

(TvAioa  I  (tail  aSr-n  Itphw  fxooca'Hpat.      Unfortunately  there  •  Head,  Histurio  y>im.,r.  p.  :»70. 

are  nin«'  or  ten  letters  iiiissinj;  in  one  MS.  Iietween  *poav  *  Jimnul,  II.  1>.  1>»0. 

and  aSrn.     Kriuner's  note   s;iys  :    sed  /iw  modo   sec.  ni.  ■  Cf.  C.  I..  Brown.sou,.l«er.  .A.«r«.  .^r^•A.  Vill    (\m\), 

rcstitiiit  :    inde  itol  om.   ajh.      Videtnr  autem    scriptuni  p.  -<N». 

fui.sse   nf»6<rvtiva  firri,  Kal  aurri  it  t.  K.  —  Koi  — 'H^hii   om.  B  *  L.  f.  pp.  40  If. 
(sed  sec.  m.   in  marj,'.  add.)  /.     Whatever  is  done,  the 


THE   STKE.XMS    XEAK    THE    lIEliAEl'M 


15 


connnanded  a«ceptance.  He  identifies  tiie  Asterion  with  ''  the  river  which  rises  among 
the  mountains  to  the  northeast  of  My<-enae,  flows  down  to  the  eastern  flaidvs  of  the 
Prophet  Elias  mountain  and  Euboea,  and  then,  after  traversing  the  narrow  glen  of 
the  Klisura,  enters  the  Argolic  plain  al)out  two  and  a  iialf  mih's  to  the  southeast  of  th<' 
Heraeum.  .Many  small  tributari«*s  th'scend  t(»  it  from  the  slopes  of  Mount  Kuiioea  and 
Ai'raea,  the  two  mountains  whi<h  were  mythically  represente<l  as  the  daughters  of  the 
river.  Pausjinias's  statement  that  the  Asterion  disappeared  in  a  gullv  applies  well  to  the 
river  in  «pi4'stion.  the  water  of  which,  about  a   quarter  of  a   mil«'  south  <d'  its  entrance 


Fio.  7.  —  Sny.  ok  tiik  IIkk.vkim  krom  tiik  Sol'tiiwkst. 

The  Kevina-tou-Kastf«>n  in  innncdiate  fore<rionnd  ;  iH'Vtnid,  the  succession  of  terraces.     Tin-  lornei- 

of  the  Southwest  Sttia  shows  in  the  foreirrounil  ;  aliove  it,  in  the  middle,  tin-  West  l>iiililin<r. 

into  tin*  narrow  Klisiira  glen,  vanishes  whoUv  amony:  the  shin<iK'  and  boulders  t)f  its 
rugged  bed."  '  So  soon  as  we  interpret  Euboea,  Acraea,  and  Prosymna  as  larger  heights 
and  tlistricts,  ami  not  merely  ;»s  the  imnuMliate  bonier-lines  of  the  temj>le  itself,  and 
remember  that  Asterion  was  considered  the  father  of  the  three  hwalities  personified,  we 
cannot  identify  him  with  the  small  Glykia  stream  (smaller  than  the  one  on  the  nortli- 
w«'st),  iuit  must  seek  him  in  one  of  the  larjier  rivers  of  the  whole  Artrive  di.strict.  When 
Paiis;inias,  m»)reover,  mentions  Inachiis,  Cephisn.s,  and  Asterion  as  the  arbitrators  in  the 
legend  of  the  strife  b<'tween  Posi'i»lon  and  Hera,'  this  river  mu.st  be  on  a  scale  with 
the  other  two.    (Cf.  Figs.  (>,  7.) 

The  same  claim  for  siz**  (hies  not  hold  go«)d  for  the  Eleutherion.  Pausanias  at  once 
indicates  the  difference  in  speaking  of  the  Asterion  as  7roTa/xo<?,  while  the  other,  Eleu- 
therion, he  calls  vhtop.  We  must  first  examine  the  pas.s;ige  itself,  as  given  bv 
l\iiisiinias,'  and  se«'  how  it  <lefines  the  exact  position  and  the  nature  of  tlH>  Eleutherion. 
A  good  deal  will  depend  upon  how  we  translate  the  phrase  Kara  rrji/  oSov.  As  Pausii- 
nias has  just  h'ft  Mycenae,  and  speaks  of  the  distance  between  it  and  the  Heraeum.  it 
is  but  natural  that  his  next  remark,  in  which  he  mentions  the  road,  is  made  as  if  from 
the  road.  The  usual  translation  of  the  phrase  in  (piestion  would  be  "'  beside  or  down 
by  the  road  flows,"  etc.  In  this  case  the  Eleutherion  would  be  identified  with  the 
Ilevma-tou-Kastroii  running  round  the  northern  side  of  the  Heraeiun.  and  immediatelv 
below  its  western  periboliis  towards  the  south  of  the  plain. 

*  KniJer,  J'iiusaniii.<,  vol.  III.  p.  ISl.  -  I'aus.  II.  l.l.  5.  Pans.  /.  c. 


16 


GENEKAL  DsTRODLXTION 


CISTERNS   AND   CONDUITS 


)t 


Those  who  would  look  for  the  Eleutherion  on  the  road  to  Myeeuae  at  some  distcinee 
from  the  Heraeum  may  well  point  to  the  phrase  airro  hf  to  Upov,  which  immediiitely 
follows  Pausanias's  words  on  the  Eleutherion,  and  which,  marking  this  phrase  as  the 
oi)ening  of  the  description  of  the  temple  itself,  implies  that  hi  the  piissage  preceding 
it  the  writer  is  not  yet  sui)i>osed  to  have  arrived  at  the  siinctuary.  Capt<iin  Steifen ' 
thus  supports  the  view,  first  expressed  hy  Lolling,  that  the  Eleutherion  is  to  he  found 
ui  a  well  which  flows  to  the  present  day  near  the  Panagia  cha}>el,  near  the  road  which 
leads  from  Mycenae  to  the  Heraeiun,  and  about  three  qiuirters  of  a  mile  from  the  latter. 
He  points  out,  further,  that  the  form  of  the  name  (Eleutherion)  is  not  suited  to  the 
designation  of  a  stream.  We  at  once  raise  the  (piestion,  "  Why,  then,  did  Pausanias 
not  use  the  tenn  Kptjvrjy  which  was  used  for  the  Eleutherion  drinking-fountiiin  hy 
Hesychius  and  Eustiithius  ?  "  -  The  answer  may  be  that  he  is  here  i-eferring  to  baths, 
while  the  others  refer  to  drinking-fountains ;  and  that  both  baths  and  drinking-foun- 
tiiins  were  supplied  by  the  water  in  the  stream.  But  Steffen  would  answer  this  by 
maintiiining  the  fact  that  the  stream  in  question  was  dry  for  the  greater  juirt  of  the 
year,  and  thus  would  not  yield  water.  On  the  other  hand,  the  well  near  the  Panagia 
chapel  "  on  the  road  "  is  a  branch  of  the  stream  which  is  fed  by  a  basin  from  which  the 
shepherds  now  take  their  water.  This  again  is  supplied  by  a  well  with  fine  old  masonry, 
a  little  higher  up,  about  which  are  grouped  ruins  of  very  ancient  dwelling-houses.  Steffen 
surmises  that  these  dwellings  belonged  to  the  Heraeum  and  served  for  the  attendants  of 
the  temple  as  well  as  for  the  freed  slaves  avIio  drank  from  the  well,  of  which  the  sjH^cial 
name  Avas  Cynadra.  In  sui)port  of  this  view  we  might  urge  that  during  our  excavations 
we  were  forced  to  get  oiu-  supply  of  drinking-water  from  a  dishince,  and,  finding  the 
water  of  this  very  Panagia  well  purer  and  cooler  than  that  of  the  well  in  the  vilhige 
of  Chonica,  the  continuous  journeys  of  the  donkeys  with  water-barrels  along  the 
Mycenae  "  road "  formed  one  of  the  many  picturesque  scenes  which  lent  a  j)eculiar 
charm  to  our  day's  work.  Furthermore,  if  in  identifying  the  landmarks  given  by 
Paus<inias,  we  arrange  our  topography  on  the  kirge  scale  which  we  have  adopted  as 
regards  Euboea,  Acraea,  Prosymna,  and  Asterion,  then  the  Panagia  well  and  stream,  on 
the  very  slopes  of  Euboea,  would  come  within  the  domaui  of  the  Siinctuary,  and  would 
not  appear  too  far  removed  from  the  temple. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  we  must  recall  the  definite  statement  of  Pausanias,  —  which, 
considering  the  paucity  of  his  remarks  on  the  great  siinctuary,  and  the  numerous  remains 
and  mteresting  works  and  records  before  bun,  throws  this  fact  into  the  strongest 
relief,  —  "  that  the  women  who  minister  at  the  sanctwiry  employ  it  (the  water  of  Eleu- 
therion) for  purifications  and  for  seci-et  sacrifices."  Now  it  seems  to  me  hard  to  believe, 
when  we  consider  the  integial  part  which  this  water  played  in  the  important,  nay  essen- 
tial, functions  of  the  temple,  in  the  rites  and  ceremonies,  by  the  very  nature  of  the  cult, 
that  we  must  look  for  it  over  a  hilly  jmth  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  Siinctiuiry 
itself.^'  And  this  doubt  is  gi-eatly  confinned  —  nay,  becomes  almost  insumi<»untjible 
—  when  we  consider  the  elaborate  system  (vf  water-works  Avhich  our  excavations  have 
so  clearly  laid  bare  within  the  sanctuary  itself,  and  which  are  manifestly  in  immediate 
relation  to  the  Revma-tou-Kastrou.  We  have  here  not  only  cisterns  and  aqueducts,  but 
also  baths  and  di-inking-fountams,  and  they  form  a  marked  feature  of  tlie  whole  site. 

*  Op.  cit.  pp.  41  and  42.  tion  we  often  experienced  at  the  delay  of  donkeys  and 

2  See  below,  p.  18.  chatting  agoyats  in  bringing  the  water  over  this  rough 

^  Especially  when  I  recall  the  impatience  and  irrita-      and  hilly  path  from  such  a  distance. 


17 


Indeed,  I  believe  that  the  extensive  early-Greek  Southwest  Stoa  (the  largest  building  on 
the  site),  the  Roman  house  on  the  west,  and  the  bath  and  well-house  on  the  west  sidL  of 
the  North  Stoa,  and  perhaps  also  the  West  Building,  were  in  more  or  less  direct  connec- 
tion with  these  water-works,  the  ceremonies  to  which  they  ministered,  and  the  character 
of  quasi  health-resort  which  the  sanctuary  must  have  had. 

Cisterns  are  scattered  about  the  siinctuary,  all,  however,  in  the  direction  of  the  bed 
of  the  stream.     With  the  exception  of  the  more  open  cistern  marked  A,  to  the  west  of 
the  Old  Temple,  they  are  cave-like,  or  in  the  forms  of  rock-cut  tombs.^     Among  these 
the  cross-shaped  one,  mentioned  by  earlier  travelers,  below  the  West  Building  (VII) 
and  the  northeast  end  of  the  L<,wer  Stoa  (X),  is  closest  to  the  actual  temple  butldings. 
Immediately  beside  this  is  the  semicircular  basin  cut  into  the  rock  -  in  which  a  strigil  was 
found,  and  which  was  probably  a  bath  adjoining  the  cistern.     Another  rock-cut  cistern 
running  far  into  the  hillside  is  below  the  northwest  slope  of  the  Heraeum  hill  towards 
the  bed  of  the  stream,  and  seems  to  have  been  fed  by  the  overflow  from  the  river.     For 
although,  as  is  the  case  even  with  the  Inachus  and  most  rivers  of  Greece,  the  bed  of  the 
stream^  is  generally  dry,  after  rains  the  streiim  swells  to  a  very  torrent  and  overflows  its 
banks.^'     Still  more  clearly  do  we  realize  this  intimate  connection  of  the  temple  with  the 
sti-eam  when  we  consider  the  underground  cisterns,  bath-like  chambers  cut  into  the  rock, 
and  rocktnit  aqueducts,  on  the  river  bank  about  two  hundred  yards  to  the  southwest 
of  the  temple,  at  which  Mr.  Brownson  *  and  Mr.  Fox  excavated  with  untiring  energy. 
Here,  also,  we  find  a  subterranean  conduit  (Fig.  8)  cut  into  the  solid  rock,  with  three 
"  avenues  leading,  one  toward  the  plain 
and    town    of   Argos,   the    second    back 
toward   the   temple,  the  third   at   right 
angles  to  the  direction  of  the  other  two, 
or   about  southeast."     The  second  and 
third   lead   back   into    the   bed   of    the 
river,  and  were  thus  evidently  feeders  for 
the  main  channel  of  the  waters  in   the 
stream.     The  fii-st    runs  back,  however, 
at  least  13.70  m.  towards  the  temple,  and 
was  followed  by  Mr.  Brownson  and  Mr. 
Fox  with  their  gang  of  "mhiers"  for 
34.70   m.   in    the    direction    of   Arjros. 
This  hard  work  was  not  carried  farther. 
Mr.  Brownson  suggests  that  this  might 
have  been  connected  with  a  system  of 
irrigation  for  the  plain.    There  is  another 
possibility  to  which  we  shall  return  pre- 
sently.    Meanwhile  I  must  at  once    re- 
mark that  this  rock-cut  watercoui-se   reminds   us   of  that  discovered   by  Dorpfeld  at 
Athens  in  connection  with  the  identification  of  the  Enneacrunus,  and  I  shall  have  to 
point  to  otiier  i-esemblances  between  the  waters  of  Eleutherion  and  those  of  Enneacru- 

»  We  at  first  considered  tlieni  such.     They  were  prob-  Athens  at  the  Heraion  of  Argos,  1892,  p.  4;  cf.  also  Brown- 
ably  used  as  dwellings  or  churches  in  Byzantine  times.  son,  /.  c.  pp.  210,  211. 

•  K  in  Mr.  Fox's  plan  of  the  excavations  of  1892.     See  •  Cf.  C.  L.  Brownson,  /.  c.  p.  206. 

Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  the  A  rch.  hiM.  of  America,  1894.  *  L.  c.  pp.  211 S. 
See  also  Waldstein,  Excavatiom  of  the  American  School  of 


Fig.  8.  —  Max-holk  and  rock-cut  Conduit  at 

8TKKAM-BED   OF   ReVMA-TOU-KaSTROU. 


10 


GEN KliA L    INTKUDLCTIUN 


CISTKKNS    AM)    CONDriTS 


Those  wlio  would  look  for  the  Eleutherlon  on  the  road  to  Mycenae  at  some  distanee 
from  the  lleraeiuii  may  well  j»>iiit  to  the  phrase  auro  8c  to  upov,  whieh  immediately 
follows  Pausanias's  words  on  the  Kleiitherion.  and  which,  markin*^*  this  |thrase  as  the 
openinj^  of  the  description  of  the  temple  itself,  implies  that  in  the  iKissiijje  preceding- 
it  the  Avriter  is  not  yet  supposed  to  have  arrived  at  the  s;inctuary.  Captain  StelVen  ' 
thus  su}»ports  the  view,  first  expressed  hy  Lolling,  that  the  Eleutherion  is  to  Im'  found 
in  a  well  which  Hows  to  the  present  day  near  the  Panagia  chapel,  near  the  roa«l  which 
leads  from  Mycenae  to  the  Ileraeum,  and  ahout  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  latter. 
He  points  out,  further,  that  the  form  of  the  name  (Eleutherion)  is  not  suited  to  the 
designation  of  a  stream.  We  at  once  raise  the  ipu-stion.  "  Why.  then,  ditl  I'ausanias 
not  use  the  term  Kprjvr],  which  was  used  for  the  Eleutherion  drinking-fountain  l»y 
Ilesvchius  and  Eustathius  ?  "  -  The  answer  mav  he  that  he  is  here  referring-  to  hatlis, 
while  the  others  refer  to  drinking-fountains  ;  and  that  hoth  haths  and  drinking-foun- 
tains  were  supplied  hy  the  water  in  the  stream.  But  Stelfen  wouhl  answer  this  hy 
maintaining  the  fact  that  the  stream  in  (|uestion  was  dry  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
year,  and  thus  would  not  yield  water.  On  the  other  hand,  the  well  near  the  Panaoia 
chapel  "on  the  road"  is  a  hranch  of  the  stream  which  is  fed  hy  a  hasin  from  which  the 
shepherds  now  take  their  water.  This  again  is  supplied  hy  a  well  with  fine  (dd  masonry, 
a  little  higher  up,  ahout  which  are  grouped  ruins  of  very  ancient  dwelling-houses.  StelVen 
surmises  that  these  dwellings  hehmged  to  the  Ileraeum  and  si-rved  for  the  attendants  of 
the  temple  as  well  as  for  the  freed  slaves  who  (hank  fnun  the  well,  of  which  the  special 
name  was  Cynadra.  In  support  of  this  view  we  might  urge  that  dining  our  excavations 
^ve  were  forced  to  get  our  supply  of  drinking-water  from  a  distance,  and,  finding  the 
water  of  this  very  Panagia  well  purer  and  cooler  than  that  of  the  well  in  the  vilhigc 
of  Chonica,  the  continuous  iournevs  of  the  donkeys  Avith  watei-harrels  alonir  the 
Mycenae  '"road"  formed  (me  of  the  many  pictures(pu'  sienes  which  lent  a  pe(  uliar 
charm  to  our  day's  W(uk.  Furthermore,  if  in  identifying  the  landmarks  given  hy 
Pausiinias,  we  arrange  our  tojiography  on  the  huge  scale  which  we  have  ad(»pted  as 
regards  Euhoea,  Acraea,  Prosvnnia,  and  Asterion,  then  the  Panagia  well  and  stream,  on 
the  very  slopes  of  Euhoea,  would  come  within  the  domain  of  the  sjinctuarv,  and  would 
not  appear  too  far  removed  from  the  temple. 

But.  on  the  other  hand,  we  must  recall  the  definite  statement  of  Paus;inias, —  whicli, 
considering  the  paucity  of  his  remarks  on  the  great  siinctuary,  and  the  ninnerous  remains 
and  interesting  works  and  records  before  him,  throws  this  fact  into  the  strongest 
relief,  —  ''that  the  women  who  minister  at  the  sjinctuary  employ  it  (the  water  of  Eleu- 
therion) for  purifications  and  for  secret  sjicrilices."  Now  it  seems  to  me  hard  to  l)elieve, 
when  we  consider  the  integral  part  whicli  this  water  played  in  the  important,  nav  essen- 
tijil,  functions  of  the  temple,  in  the  rites  and  ceremonies,  hy  the  very  nature  of  the  cult, 
that  we  must  hiok  for  it  over  a  hilly  path  three  (piarters  of  a  mile  fnun  the  siinctuary 
itself."  And  this  (h)id)t  is  i»Teatlv  confirnu'd  —  nav,  heconu's  almost  insurmountahle 
—  when  we  consider  the  elaborate  system  of  watei-W(uks  which  «mr  excavations  have 
so  clearly  laid  hare  within  the  sanctuary  itself,  and  which  are  manifestly  in  innnediate 
relation  to  the  IJevma-tou-Kastrou.  We  have  here  not  only  cisterns  and  a(pieducts,  hut 
also  baths  and  drinking-fountains,  and  they  form  a  marked  feature  of  the  wlnde  site. 

'  Op.  r!t.  ]^\^.  41  ami  42.  tioii  we  often  exp«Tioiu-e<l  at  tlie  iXiAny  of  donkeys  and 

-  Si-e  below,  ji.  IS.  cliattini;  ajjoyats  in  1)rin<jin<j  tlie  water  over  this  rou<;li 

"  KsiHicially  when  I  recall  the  imiMitieuce  aud  irrita-      and  hilly  path  from  sueh  a  distance. 


17 


Indeed,  I  believe  that  the  extensive  early-Greek  Southwest  Stoa  (the  largest  b..ildiiig  on 
the  site),  the  Roman  h.mse  on  the  west,  and  the  bath  and  well-house  on  "the  west  .sid"-  of 
the  N(.rtli  Stoa,  and  perhaps  als(,  the  West  Building,  were  in  more  or  less  direct  connec- 
tion with  these  water-works,  the  ceremonies  to  whi.h  they  ministered,  and  the  character 
of  (piasi  health-resort  which  the  siinctuary  must  have  had. 

Cisterns  are  scattered  about   the  s.nctuary,  all,  however,  in  the  direction  (.f  the  bed 
(.f  the  stream.      With  the  excepti(»n  of  the  n.ore  open  cistern   n.arked  A,  to  the  west  of 
the  Old  Temple,  they  are  cave-like,  or  in   the  fV.rms  of  n.ck-cut  tond»s.'      Among  these 
the  cross-shaped  one,  mentioned   by  earlier  travelers,   below    the   West   Building^  ( VII) 
and   the  northeast  end  of  the   Lower  Stoa  (X),  is  closest  t(»  the  actual  temple  buildings. 
Immediately  besi(h.  this  is  the  semicircular  basin  cut  into  the  rock  -  in  which  a  strigil  was 
found,  and  which  was  probably  a  bath  adjoining  the  cistern.      Another  rock-cut  cistern 
running  far  int<»  the  hillside  is  behiw  the  northwest  slope  of  the  Ileraeum  hill  towards 
the  bed  of  the  stream,  and  seems  to  have  been  fed  by  the  overflow  from  the  river.      For 
although,  as  is  the  case  even  with   the  Inachus  and  most  rivers  (.f  Greece,  the  bed  of  the 
stream  is  generally  dry,  after  rains  the  .stream  swells  t(.  a  very  torrent  and  overHows  its 
banks.'     Still  nuue  clearly  (h)  we  realize  this  intimate  connectiiui  of  the  temple  with  the 
stream  when  we  consider  the  underground  cisterns,  bath-like  chandjers  cut  int(.  the  rock, 
and  rock-cut  a(puMlucts,  on  the  river  bank  ab«.ut  two  hundred  yards  to  the  southwest 
(»f  the  temple,  at  which   Mr.  Browiison  ^  and   Mr.  F..x  excavated  with  untiring  energy. 
Here,  also,  we  find  a  subterranean   c(mduit  (Fig.  S)  eut   into  the  solid  rock,  with   three 
'*  avenues  leading,  one  toward  the  plain 

and    town    of    Arg(»s,   the    second    back 

toward    the    temple,  the   third    at    right 

angles  to  the  direction  of  the  other  two. 

or   about   southeast."     The   second   and 

third    lead    back    into    the    bed    of    the 

river,  and  were  thus  evidently  feeders  for 

the  main  channel  of  the  waters  in    the 

stream.     The  first    runs  back,  however, 

at  least  l.'J.TO  m.  towards  the  temple,  and 

was  followed  by  Mr.  Brownson  and  Mr. 

Fox   with  their   gang  of  "miners"  for 

34.70    m.    in    the    direction    of    Aruos. 

This  hard  work  was  not  carried  farther. 

Mr.  Brownson  suggests  that  this  might 

have  been  connected  with  a   system   of 

irrigation  for  the  plain.     There  is  another 

possibility  to  which  we  shall  return  pre- 
sently. Meanwhile  I  must  at  (»nce  re- 
mark that  this  rock-cut   watercourse    reminds    us    of  that   discovered    by  Diirpfeld  at 

Athens  in  connection  with   the  identification  of  the  Enneacrunus,  and  I  shall  have  to 

point  t(»  other  resenddances  between  the  waters  of  Eleutherion  and  those  of  Enneacru- 

»  We  at  first  eonsiiUn-d  them  smli.     They  wei-e  pr«)li-  Athens  at  the  Hiraioi,  o/Arrjos,  1891',  p.  4;  cf.  also  liiown- 

alily  nsed  as  dwellings  or  chnnhes  in  Byzantine  times.  .s(»n,  /.  ,:  jip.  I'lU,  211. 

»  K  in  Mr.  Fox's  plan  of  the  excavations  of  1S92.     See  »  Cf.  C.  L.  Brownson,  l.  c.  p.  206. 

Tirt-lfth  Annual  lie/mrt  of  (he  Arch.  Inst,  of  America,  1894.  *  L.  c.  pp.  211  ff. 

See  also  Waldstein,  Exaicutiuus  of  the  American  School  of 


Kl<;.  S. M.W-IIOI.K     VXK    KtKK-<lT    CoXlHIT    AT 

STKKAM-BKI)   OK    UkV.MA-TOU-KaSTKOC. 


18 


GENERAL    LNTKODUCTION 


THE   ELEUTIIEHIOX 


19 


I1U8  Besides  these  watei-works  iinineiliutely  c<>iiiieete<l  with  tlie  stream,  tliere  was  an 
elaborate  well-house  and  hath  with  chanihers  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  second  }»lat- 
f'onn,  abutthig  on  the  North  Stoa  (II).  Adjoinutg  this  well-house,  which  no  (K)uht 
contained  water  for  drinking  and  sacriticiiil  i>uriN)ses,  we  i'eco<rnized  a  hath  '  in  a  Hat, 
cemented  si|uare  with  a  channel  for  the  off-How  of  water,  found  during  the  fii*st  year  of 
our  work.  A  channel  of  terni-cottii  j)i|>es  ran  from  this  well-house,  lietween  the  north 
side  of  the  Second  Temple  and  the  North  Stoa  towards  the  northeast  end  of  the  temple. 
It  is  probable  that  the  sjicred  water  was  thus  conducted  to  the  east  platform  to  be  used 
in  the  sacrifices  and  ceremonies  which  took  )»lace  before  the  temple. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  show  how  elaborate  and  ini|N)rtant  wei-e  these  watei-works 
within  the  temple  precinct,  and  that  they  bear  some  immediate  relation  to  the  stream 
—  these  facts  all  being  in  favor  of  the  identification  of  the  latter  with  the  Eleutherion 
mentioned  by  Pausiinias.  It  is  {M)ssible  that  tlie  waters  of  the  stream,  store<l  in  these 
cisterns,  were  fed  also  by  some  other  watercourses  belonging  to  its  immediate  system," 
but  the  stream  itself  would  be  the  centre  and  bear  the  name ;  and  so  this  name  could 
not  be  given  to  the  Panagia  well. 

Mr.  Frazer^  strives  to  reconcile  the  two  conflicting  views  by  suggesting  that  |M>ssi])lv 
the  waters  from  the  Panagia  well  may  have  been  conveyed  in  the  rock-cut  aqueduct 
to  the  temple.  But  even  if  the  direction  of  our  aipieducts  did  not  contradict  this,  it 
would  not  solve  the  difficulty.  For  the  name  Eleutherion,  if  given  to  the  water  drunk 
at  the  Heraeum  and  led  in  the  conduits  by  the  stream-bed  "  which  Hows  by  the  road," 
would  have  to  apply  not  to  this  transported  water  but  to  the  stream  itself,  or  to  the 
distant  well.^ 

The  ])uzzling  question  is  further  complicated  by  the  jKissages  in  Eustathius"  and 
Hesychius,''  according  to  whom  this  water  of  freedom  came  from  a  well  called  Cynadra 
at  Argos,  of  which  the  slaves  drank  on  being  freed.  Not  much  weight  need  be  given 
to  the  term  Argos  as  used  loosely  by  these  late  writers.  Still,  if  their  evidence  stiinds, 
it  seems  to  me  worth  suggesting  that  the  rock-hewn  aqueduct  discovered  by  us  leading 
in  the  direction  of  Argos  may  have  taken  the  siicred  water  from  the  siinctuary  to  the 
market-place  of  Argos,  and  have  been  there  used  in  the  ceremony  of  freeing  slaves. 

The  water  of  Eleutherion  was  thus  used  primarily  by  the  priestesses  for  the  immediate 
ceremonies  of  their  own  cult,  and  secondarily  in  the  ceremony  of  freeing  slaves.  It  is 
worth  considering  for  a  moment  whether  there  may  not  be  some  inner  connection  be- 
tween these  two  uses. 

This  old  lustral  ceremony  of  the  temple  of  Argive  Hera  reappears  in  other  cults.  At 
the  temple  of  Artemis  Trichiria  at  Patrae  it  is  connected  with  the  offering  which  took  the 
place  of  human  sacrifice  and  with  the  beautiful  story  of  Comaetho  and  Melanippus.^ 
There  it  is  the  river  AmiUchus,  ^'  the  stream,"  in  the  waters  of  which  the  children  must 


'  See  first  Rqmrt  and  Excavations,  I.  c. 

^  I  was  told  by  some  workmen  that  there  was  a  vrisi 
and  wnlied  well  in  the  gully  immediately  to  the  north- 
west of  the  Heraeum  and  belonging  to  this  system,  and 
once  set  out  to  hunt  for  it  but  without  success.  Owing  to  the 
multifarious  and  continuous  tasks  before  me,  necessarily 
connected  with  the  work  of  directing  such  excavations, 
and  to  the  im{>os!sibility  of  realizing  at  the  time  how  impor- 
tant each  smallest  point  may  become,  I  did  not  sift  this 
question  to  the  bottom.  I  hope  some  member  of  the 
American  School  will  some  day  again  explore  the  whole 


neighborhood.  For  a  well  there  might  be  immediately 
connected  with  the  stream  —  or  {terhaps  there  may  have 
been  one  which  is  now  dried  up. 

'  Pausaniof,  vol.  III.  p.  IHl. 

*  See  also  Mr.  Frazer's  pertinent  criticism  (Pausanias, 
vol.  III.  p.  180)  of  Wilamowitz-Miillendorflrs  sugges- 
tions in  Hermen,  XIX.  (1884),  pp.  463-4(>5. 

^  Eustathius,  VIII.  408. 

'  Hesyeh.  .«.  r. 

»  Pau«.  VII.  l»-20,  2. 


bathe.  At  Lebadea  it  is  the  river  Hercyna  '  in  whose  waters  he  who  wished  to  consult 
the  oracle  of  Trophonius  had  to  bathe,  "  while  observing  strict  rules  of  purity  and  not 
Imthing  in  warm  water."  -  At  the  tenq)le  of  the  Cranaean  Athena  near  Ektea  the  boy 
priest  "  acts  sis  priest  for  five  yeai*s,  during  which  he  lodges  with  the  goddess  and  bathes 
in  tubs  after  the  «ancient  fa.shion."^ 

Now,  all  these  ceremonies  point  to  very  ancient  customs.     At  the  Heraeum  no  doubt 
these  were  connected  with  the  siicml  and  "  secret  sacrifices  "  of  the  Upoq  ydfio<;,  the 
tyi>e  of   actiuil    marriage  ceremo- 
nies.    It  is  well  to  remend)er  the 
import<int    part    which    the    bath 
played  in  the  wedding  of  the  an- 
cients.^     For   this    s()ecial    water 
was  u.sed.'^    The  kovrpov  vviKJiLKov 
was  tiiken  at  Athens  from  the  well 
Callirrhoe,  made  over  by  Pisi.stra- 
tu8   into    the    Enneiicrunus  ;*'    at 
Thel)es  the  water  was  t<iken  from 
the  Isnienus;'  at  Troy  from   the 
Scamander." 

This  lustral  use  of  the  water  in 
connection  with  marriajre  would 
precede  its  use  as  a  |Kirt  of  the 
ceremony  of  emancipation,  which 
already  presupiM)ses  a  thoroughly 
deveh)j)ed  and  complicated  civic 
orgiiniztition  ;   but  we  can  under- 

stiind  that  the  Eleutherion  water,  when  used  for  nuptial  ceremonies  at  Argos,  might  be 
used  also  in  the  emanciixition  of  slaves,  and  that "  drinking  the  water  of  freedom  "  might 
become  a  proverbial  phrase  for  being  freed.  Strange  as  it  may  appear  to  us,  the  act  of 
marriage  to  the  ancient  Greek,  especi<illy  to  the  Greek  maiden,  kept  in  the  strict  seclu- 
sion of  her  nap0€V(ot/y  the  step  which  made  her  yafierij  or  even  a  naXkaK-^,  was  one  of 
com|)arative  freedom  and  emancipation.^ 

While  the  balance  in  the  weight  of  evidence  thus  appears  to  us  to  incline  towards  the 
identification  of  the  Revma-tou-Kastrou  with  the  ancient  Eleutherion,  the  arguments  in 
fjivor  of  the  Panagia  well  appear  to  ils  still  to  be  very  strong,  and  we  can  therefore  not 
8i)eak  with  anything  approaching  to  cerfciinty  on  this  point  of  topogmphy. 


Fi«;.  y.  —  Dkcm  a.\i»  Capital  hcom  .Sf.cond  Tk.mplk,  as 

FOUND  UKHIND  THE  SOUTH  StOA. 


>  Pans.  IX.  39,  2-7. 

^  It  is  i>erhaps  worth  noting  that  the  older  city  of  le- 
badea "  originally  stood  on  high  ground,  and  was  named 
Midea,"  bearing  the  same  name  as  the  high  ancient  city 
in  the  Argive  plain. 

»  Pans.  X.  SI,  8. 

*  I  cannot  enter  here  into  the  interesting  question  of 
the  Kourpo^ipot. 

'  Cf.  I.Asaulx,  '  Zur  Geschichte  nnd  Philos.  der  Ehe 
bei  den  Griechen,'  Abh.  d.  k.  Hayr.  Akad.  18.^1,  phil.  cl. 
VII.  Abth.  1,  p.  73;  cf.  Becker,  CkariklcK,  III.  p.  300. 

''  Aristoph.  LysUtr.  378;  Thucyd.  II.  15;  Poll.  III.  43; 
—  IIar|Hx:rat.  s.  Aovrpo^Jpot. 

^  Kurip.  Phoen.  347. 


8  Athen.  X.  G80. 

^  The  passages  quoted  by  Athenaeus,  III.,  123,  from 
Antiphaues  or  Alexis,  in  which  a  woman  says  :  "may 
I  never  drink  of  the  water  of  freedom,  if,"  etc.,  is  prob- 
ably said  by  a  slave-woman  as  meaning  "  may  I  never  be 
freed."  But  it  is  just  conceivable  that  they  might  have 
been  used  by  a  girl  as  meaning  *'  may  I  never  find  a  hus- 
band." For  other  passages  referring  to  this  use  of  the 
term  Eleutherion  see  Casaubon  on  the  aliove  passage  of 
Athenaeus.  Attention  may  be  drawn  also  to  the  fact 
that  by  the  end  of  the  fourth  century  b.  c.  it  was  custom- 
ary for  freed  slaves  at  Athens  to  dedicate  to  Athene  silver 
saucers  which  were  known  by  the  name  of  fii\ai  t^f\tv0tpt. 
•fo/.     Cf.  e.  ^.  C. /.  .4.11.  2.  720. 


If 


18 


(iKNKUAL    INTKOnrcTlON 


TIIK    KLKrTIIKKIOX 


19 


mis  IJt'sides  tlwsv  watt'i-woiks  iiniiu'diatcly  comu'i'ti'il  with  tin*  str«'ain,  tiu'ir  was  an 
t'lalioiatr  wt'11-lnmst'  ami  iiatli  with  cliamhi'is  on  tlif  sjuithwest  nuinT  of  tin'  M'nnnl  plat- 
I'onn.  alnittin^-  on  tlie  Nortli  Stoa  (II).  Adjoining  tliis  wi'll-honsc,  wiiicli  no  (hniht 
contained  water  for  drinkin«^  and  siifriHciai  jMirposes,  we  reeo«»nized  a  hath  '  in  a  Hat, 
cemented  scpiare  witii  a  channel  for  tlu'  olV-How  of  water,  fonn<l  dnrin^'  tin-  first  year  of 
our  work.  A  channel  of  terra-cotta  pipes  ran  from  this  well-honse,  hetw«'en  the  north 
sitle  of  the  Secon«l  Temple  and  the  North  Stoa  towanis  the  northeast  end  of  the  temple. 
It  is  prohal)le  tiiut  the  sacred  water  was  thus  conducted  to  the  east  platform  to  he  used 
in  the  sacrifices  and  ceremonies  which  took  plac«'  hefor*'  the  temple. 

Knou*;'h  has  heen  siid  to  show  how  elahorate  and  important  were  these  water-works 
within  the  temple  precinct,  and  that  they  hear  some  immediate  relation  to  the  stream 
—  these  facts  all  hein«»-  in  favor  of  the  identification  of  the  latter  with  the  Kleutherion 
mentioned  hy  Pausmias.  It  is  possihie  that  the  waters  of  the  stream,  stored  in  these 
cisterns,  were  fed  also  hy  some  other  watercourses  helon«;in«»*  to  its  immediate  system," 
hut  the  stream  itself  would  he  the  centre  and  hear  the  name  ;  and  so  this  name  could 
not  he  y:iven  to  the  Panaj»ia  well. 

Mr.  Frazer  '  strives  to  rec«)ncile  the  two  conflictiuii^  views  hy  suj;;jjt'stin«'"  that  possihiv 
the  waters  from  the  Pana^ia  well  may  have  heen  conveyed  in  the  rock-cut  atpiediict 
to  the  temple.  But  even  if  the  direction  of  our  aipu'ducts  did  not  contradict  this,  it 
would  not  solve  the  difficulty.  For  the  name  Kleutherion.  if  «;;iven  to  the  watt-r  drunk 
at  the  Ileraeum  and  led  in  the  conduits  hy  the  stream-hed  "  which  flows  hy  the  road," 
wouhl  have  to  apply  not  to  this  transported  water  hut  to  the  stream  itself,  or  to  tilt* 
distant  well.' 

The  pu/zlin*;;  <pu*stion  is  further  complicated  hy  the  jtassjij^es  in  Kustathius''  and 
llesychius,'"  acc«M-din«'"  to  whom  this  water  of  free(hnn  came  from  a  well  called  (>vnadra 
at  Arj^os,  of  which  the  slaves  drank  on  heinj^  freed.  Not  ujuch  weij^^ht  need  he  j^ivtMi 
to  the  term  Ar«»os  as  used  loosely  hy  these  late  writers.  Still,  if  their  evidence  stands, 
it  seems  to  me  worth  su»^j»estinj;'  that  the  rock-hewn  a(|ueduct  discovered  hy  us  leadin<^ 
in  the  direction  of  Arj^'cjs  mav  have  taken  the  sicred  water  from  the  sinctuarv  to  the 
market-place  of  Ar»»os,  and  have  heen  there  used  in  the  ceremony  of  freein«j  slaves. 

The  water  of  Kleutherion  was  thus  used  ]n-imarily  hy  the  pri«'st«'sses  for  the  innnediate 
ceremonies  of  their  own  cult,  and  secondarily  in  the  ceremonv  of  freeinir  slaves.  It  is 
worth  considering^  for  a  moment  whether  there  may  not  he  some  inner  connection  he- 
tween  these  two  uses. 

This  old  lustral  ceremony  of  the  temple  of  Arj^ive  Hera  reapjH-ars  in  other  cults.  At 
the  temple  of  Artemis  Trichiria  at  Patrae  it  is  connected  with  the  ofl*erin«»;  which  took  the 
place  of  human  surifice  and  with  the  heautifid  story  of  Comaetho  an«l  Metanippus.* 
There  it  is  the  river  Amilichus,  "the  stream,"  in  the  watei*s  «)f  which  the  children  must 


'  See  first  Report  niitl  K.nnrnlions,  I.  r. 

-  I  was  ti>hl  l>v  some  workmen  that  tliere  was  a  rrisi 
uiul  walled  well  in  the  <;iilly  immediately  tu  tlie  north- 
west uf  the  Ileraeum  and  lielon<;in*;  tii  this  system,  and 
once  set  out  tu  hunt  for  it  but  without  sneeess.  Owing  to  tlie 
multifarious  and  eontinuous  tasks  In-fore  me,  neeessarily 
eonneete<l  with  the  work  of  direeting  sneli  exeavations, 
and  to  the  imjiossiliility  of  realizing  at  the  time  how  iniftor- 
tant  each  smallest  (mint  may  l)eeome,  I  did  not  sift  this 
question  to  the  bottom.  I  ho|ie  some  mendH'r  of  the 
Auieriean  Sehool  will  some  day  again  explore  the  whole 


neighborhoo<l.     For  a   well  there  might  Im>  immediately 
connected  with  the  stream  —  or  |M'rha|is  tliere  may  have 
been  one  whieli  is  now  dried  u|>. 
'  Piiusiiuins,  vol.  III.  |».  ISl. 

*  Sec  also  Mr.  Frazer's  |H-rtinent  eritieism  (/'nusaniait, 
vol.  III.  |>.  1K4I)  of  Wilamowilz-MollendortT's  sugges- 
tions in  I/trmes,  XIX.  (1HH4),  |i|>.  -ItKt—lUo. 

'  Kustathius,  VIII.  4UH. 

•  Ilesyeh.  .«.  r. 

•  rau.H.  VII.  iy-20,2. 


hathe.  At  Lehadea  it  is  the  river  Hercyna  '  in  whose  waters  he  who  wished  to  considt 
the  oracle  of  Trophonius  had  to  hathe,  "  while  ohservino-  strict  rules  of  piiritv  antl  not 
hathin;;-  in  warm  water."-  At  the  temple  of  the  Cranaean  Athena  near  Klatea  the  Ix.y 
priest  "  acts  as  priest  for  five  years,  <liirin«;  which  he  lodj^es  with  the  j-oddess  and  hathes 
in  tuhs  after  the  ancient  fashion."'' 

Now,  all  these  ceremonies  |>oint  to  very  ancient  customs.      At  the  Ileraeum  no  (hndit 
tiiesj'  wen*  ctmiiected   with   the  s;icre«l  and   "  .se«ret  .sjtcrifices  "  of  the  Upo^  ya'/xo«j,  the 
typ«*  of   actual    marria«;e  ceremo- 
nies.     It  is  Widl   to   remendter  the 
important    part    which    the    hath 
playe<l  in  the  weddini»'  of  the  an- 
cients.*      For    this    special    water 
was  used.'    The  \ovTpov  uvfiffuKoi' 
was  taken  at  Athens  from  the  well 
Callirrhoe,  made  over  hy  Pisistra- 
tu.s    into    the    Knneacrunus ;'"    at 
Thehes  the  water  was  taken   from 
the  Ismenus;'   at  Trov  from   the 
Scamander.'* 

This  lustral  use  of  the  water  in 
connection  with  marriai;'e  would 
precede  its  use  as  a  part  of  the 
ceremony  of  (>n:an(-ipation.  which 
already  presupposes  a  thorou«>-hlv 
di'veloped  and  complicated  civic 
or«^ani%iition  ;  hut  we  can  under- 
stand that  the  Kleutherion  water,  when  used  for  nui>tial  ceremonies  at  Ariros,  mi<»lit  he 
used  also  in  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  and  that  "  drinkin<»-  the  water  of  freedom"  mi«»ht 
become  a  jiroverhial  phrase  for  hein?;-  freed.  Strange  as  it  may  appear  to  us,  the  act  of 
marriaji-e  to  the  ancient  Greek,  especially  to  the  Greek  maitlen,  ke|>t  in  the  .strict  seclu- 
sion of  her  irapB(.voiv,  the  step  which  matle  her  yap.€Tri  or  even  a  iraWaK-q,  was  one  of 
com|»arative  freedom  and  emancipation.'* 

While  the  halance  in  the  wei«»ht  of  evidence  thus  appears  to  us  to  incline  towards  tlie 
iih'ntification  of  the  Uevma-tou-Kastrou  with  the  ancient  Kleutherion,  the  ar«»uments  in 
favor  of  the  Pana<;:ia  well  appear  to  us  still  to  he  very  stron<»-,  and  we  can  therefore  not 
S|M'ak  with  anythin*^  approaching-  to  certainty  <ui  this  point  of  topo<»ra|)liy. 

>  Pans.  IX.  :J9,  '1-1.  »  Athen.  X.  (>80. 

-'  It  is  |N>rha|is  worth  noting  that  the  older  city  of  Ix^-  •'  The   passages  quoted  by  Athenaeus,  III.,  123,  from 

bfidea  "  originally  stiMid  on  high  ground,  and  was  named  .\ntipliancs  or  Alexis,   in  which  a  woman    says:  "may 

Midea,"  bearing  the  same  name  as  the  high  aiicieut  city  I  never  drink  of  the  water  of  freedom,  if,"  etc.,  is  proli- 

in  the  Argive  plain.  ably  said  by  a  slave-woman  as  meaning  "may  I  never  be 

»  Pans.  X.  .'M,  8.  fi-eed."     Hut  it  is  just  conceivable  that  they  might  have 

*  I  e.innot  enter  here  into  the  interesting  question  of  been  used  by  a  girl  as  meaning  "  may  I  never  find  a  hus- 
the  Kovrpixpi^tt.  band."     For  other  passages  referring  to  this  use  of  the 

*  I'f.  Lasaulx,  '  Zur  (lesehiehte  und  IMiilos.  der  Klie  term  Kleutheriou  see  CasaulMin  on  the  alto ve  passage  of 
liei  den  (irieelien,'  Ahh.  il.  k.  lUti/r.  AhuL  1S.'.1,  phil.  el.  Atluitaeus.  Attention  may  be  drawn  also  to  the  fact 
VII.  Abth.  1,  p.  7.'J;  ef.  lU-eker,  C/iariUrs,  III.  p.  'MH\.  that  by  the  end  of  the  fourth  century  B.  c.  it  was  custoin- 

"  Arist<»pli.  Lti*istr.  .'178;  Tliueyd.  II.  15;  Poll.  III.  43;  ary  for  freed  slaves  at  Athens  to  dedicate  to  Athene  silver 
—  Ilarp<H-rat.  s.  A»i>Tp..^.(^i.  saucers  which  were  known  by  the  name  of  ^iaA.at  c{<\cu0cpi. 

^  Kurip.  PhiHh.  ;U7.  ifoj.     Cf.  /.  g.  C.  I.    III.  2.  720. 


Fii;.  1».  -^  DuiM  .\.M»  Cai'itai.  hsom  Sk.coxd  Tk.mi'i.i;,  .\s 

KOCNII   ItKIII.NU   TIIK   SoCTII   StOA. 


20 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


Pausiinias,  having^  fixed  the  general  topojjfiapliy  of  the  Heraeum,  proceeds  to  describe 
the  site,  and  what  he  considered  the  objects  of  chief  intei-est  there.  He  begins  with  the 
temple  which  he  saw  before  him  in  jHirfect  condition  in  his  own  day,  and  tells  us  that 
"  they  sjiy  that  the  architect  of  the  temple  was  Eupolemus,  an  Argive."  This  Argive 
architect  is  otherwise  unknown  to  us.  The  foundations  of  this  temple  (the  Second 
Temi)le),  which  was  built  innnediately  after  the  burning  of  the  Old  Temple  in  423  R.  v., 
were  laid  completely  bare  by  us  after  previous  excavatoi-s  had  made  shallow  cuttings 
at  the  east,  noi-th,  and  south  sides.  A  suilicient  niunber  of  architectunil  details  (cf.  Fig.  9) 
were  discovered  to  enable  Mr.  Tilton  to  draw  not  only  ground-plms,  but  also  elevations 
of  this  importiint  and  beautiful  building.'  The  temple,  as  far  as  the  south,  southwest, 
and  southeast  sides  are  concerned,  was  constructed  on  elaborate  foundations  of  limestone, 
rising,  at  the  southwest  corner,  to  a  height  of  about  three  metres.  The  rock  on  which 
the  temple  stood  was  cut  and  leveled,  especially  on  the  north  side  and  in  the  interior, 
while  the  i-emaining  inequalities  of  the  rocky  summit  of  this  "  platfonn  "  wei-e  i*enioved 
by  elaborate  filling  up  with  dry  rubbish,  similar  to  the  pn)cedui*e  on  the  Aci-opolis  of 
Athens  in  Cimonian  times.  Before  the  Second  Temple  was  built,  this  rocky  phitform 
must  have  been  used  fi-om  the  earliest  tinies.- 

Pausiinias  then  describes,  in  the  following  terms,  the  sculptures  which  decorated  the 
temple  :  ^  "  The  sculptures  over  the  columns  represent,  some  the  birth  of  Zeus  and  the 
battle  of  gods  and  giants,  others  the  Trojan  war  and  the  taking  of  Ilium."  These  sculi>- 
tures,  of  which  many  interesting  fmgments  have  been  found,  will  be  dealt  with  at  length 
in  the  special  chapter  on  Sculpture.  But  we  may  sjiy  here  that  the  expression  vnep  rov^ 
Kiovaq  refei-s  not  only  to  the  metopes,  of  which  there  were  sixty-two  in  the  temple, 
but  also  to  the  pediments,  from  the  sculptures  of  which  undoubted  frjigments  have  been 
discovered  by  us.  We  hope  to  prove,  also,  that  the  sculptured  decorations  of  the  temple 
illustrate  Polycleitjin  art  at  its  best. 

Having  described  the  outside  of  the  temj)le,  and  stinding  at  its  east  end,  or  entrance, 
Pausiinias  continues  :  "  Before  the  entr.ince  stand  stiitues  of  women  who  have  been 
priestesses  of  Hem,  and  stiitues  of  heroes,"  etc.*  Some  of  the  bases  for  such  statues 
have  been  found  in  our  excavations  to  the  northeast  of  the  Second  Temple  (see  Fig- 
ures 2  and  10).  It  is  importiint  to  note  that  there  are  no  traces  of  such  statues  at 
the  Avest  side  of  the  temple,  where,  moreover,  the  nature  of  the  space  would  not  have 
admitted  of  their  erection.      This   fact  alone  would  contradict    the   assumption   that 


.) 


'  See  chapter  on  Arcliitoctiire  (pp.  117  ff.). 

'^  Oue  or  more  lar<;e  altars  doubtless  stood  on  the 
site  later  occupied  by  the  Second  Temple.  Some  vestiges 
of  these  altars  may  remain  in  the  rough  masonry  within 
the  foundations  of  the  temple,  while  the  so-called  black 
layers  of  soil,  to  which  reference  will  be  made  below, 
though  almost  continuous  round  and  below  the  founda- 
tions of  the  temple  from  east  to  west  on  the  south  side, 
were  thicker  and  richer  in  finds  at  certain  points  or  "  ]>ock- 
ets,"  and  must,  as  at  Olympia,  have  marked  the  locality 
of  an  ancient  altar.  The  slight  remains  of  the  rudest 
form  of  early  walls,  to  my  nund  antedating  the  Cyclopean 
wall  of  the  upper  terrace,  to  be  seen  on  the  bed-rock  on 
the  sonthemmost  slope  and  to  the  west  of  this  temple 
platform,  also  confirm  the  earlier  use  to  which  this  part 
of  the  Heraeum  precinct  was  put  before  the  building  of 
the  Second  Temple. 

*  I  give  throughout  Mr.  Frazer's  translation. 


*  Cf.  also  Paus.  III.  '>,€>  ;Thucyd.  IV.  133;  Amob.  VI. 
23  ed.  ReiiT.  p.  tK)7.  Such  statues  were  certainly  placed 
there  before  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century  B.  c,  and 
probably  much  earlier;  for  ChryseVs  had  been  priestess 
for  forty-eight  years  at  the  beginning  of  the  IVlo|Kinne- 
sian  War  (Thucyd.  II.  2).  Moreover,  as  Curtius  (<»>*. 
Ahhandl.  I.  44)  has  drawn  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
Argives  did  not  remove  the  statue  of  Chrysek's  in  spite  of 
the  destruction  of  the  temple  through  her  negligence, 
such  statues  of  priestesses  must  have  been  erected  during 
the  lifetime  of  the  priestesses:  Hitzig-Bliimner,  Pau- 
mnias,  I.  2,  p.  508.  Similar  statues  are  mentioned  by 
Pausanias  at  Hermione  (II.  35,8)  and  in  Cynneia  in  Acliaia 
(VII.  2.^  7),  and  were  probably  placed  before  the  temple 
of  Asclepius  at  Epidaurus.  See  Cavvadias,  Fouille*  tV 
Eftidaure ;  Frazer,  PatuanUu,  III.  pp.  182  f.;  Uitzig- 
Bliiiniier,  I.  2,  p.  Mo. 


'  V\ 


THE   STATUE   OF   IIEUA 


21 


.such  stJitues  existed  at  the  west  end,  even  if  Pau-saniiis  did  not  distinctly  limit  them  to 
the  east  end. 

Now,  entering  the  temple,  Pausjinias  sjiys  :  "In  the  fore-temple  are  ancient  images  of 
the  Graces  on  the  left,  and  on  the  right  is  a  couch  of  Hera,  and  a  votive  offering  consist- 
ing of  the  shieKl  which  Menelaus  once  took  from  Euphorbus  at  Ilium."  He  then  enters  the 
i/ad?  proper,  and  is  there  at  once  confronted  by  the  great  gold  and  ivory  image  of  Hera 
by  Polydeitus,  the  culminating  work  of  art  of  the  whole  .sjinctuary,  of  the  whole  Argive 
district,  nay,  with  the  Olympian  Zeus  and  the  Athene  Parthenos  of  Phidiii.s,  of  the  whole 
of  ancient  Greece.  For  we  must  never  forget  that  ancient  authorities  use  terms  of  praise 
with  regard  to  this  work  (upon  which  the  fame  of  Polydeitus  to  a  great  extent  rested) 
which  correspond  to  those  applied  to  the  great  works  of  Phidias,'  and  that  one  authority, 
Strabo,-  calls  it  "  the  most  beautifid  work  of  all."     Though  colossiil  in  dimensions  the 


Fig.  10. —  Foundations  ok  the  Skc«».m>  Tk.»ii'lk,  showing  sTATUt-u.4st>  at  the  ka&tkun  i.xd. 


stiitue  of  Hera  was  not  so  kirge  as  either  the  Zeus  or  the  Athena  of  Phidias.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Tilton  ^  the  totiil  height  of  the  image,  including  the  base  and  the  top  of  the 
throne,  was  about  eight  metres,  the  seiited  figure  of  the  goddess  alone  about  5.50  metres. 
Pausanias  describes  it  as  follows  :  — 

"  The  stiitue  of  Hera  is  seated  on  a  throne,  and  is  of  colossal  size :  it  is  made  of  gold  and  ivory, 
and  is  a  work  of  Polydeitus.  On  her  head  is  a  crown  with  the  Graces  and  Seasons  wrought  on  it 
in  relief :  in  oue  hand  she  carries  a  pomegranate,  in  the  other  a  sceptre.  The  story  about  the 
pomegranate  I  shall  omit  as  it  is  of  a  somewhat  mystic  nature  ;  but  the  cuckoo  i>erched  on 
the  sceptre  is  explained  by  a  story  that  when  Zeus  was  in  love  with  the  maiden  Hera  he  changed 


*  See  Overbeck,  Schriftqtiellen,  pp.  166  and  167.  Lucian 
{Somn.  8),  while  referring  to  the  four  greatest  artists 
(Phidias,  Polydeitus,  Praxiteles,  and  Myron),  singles  out 
two  works  —  the  Zeus  of  Phidias  and  the  Hera  of  Poly- 
deitus.   Plutarch  (Perid.  2)  couples  the  same  two  statues, 


while    Martial  (X.  89)   says  Phidias    would    have   been 
glad  to  claim  the  Hera  as  his  work. 

2  VIII.  p.  372  (Overb.  Schriftquellen,  No.  933). 

»  See  his  own  account  of  the  temple  below,  pp.  117  T. 


'20 


GKNKKAL    INTKODrCTIOX 


TIIK   STATl'K   ()|-    I  IKK  A 


21 


PaiLsinias,  liavini*-  fixed  the  i;;»'iH'ral  topoi»iapliv  of  tlu'  ncraciiin.  |»i*(m*(h»(1s  to  <U*scnl)e 
tlu'  site,  aiwl  wliat  he  considrre*!  the  ol>ie«ts  of  ehief  interest  there.  He  ht'uins  with  tlie 
temple  which  lie  s;iw  hefore  him  in  perfect  condition  in  his  own  dav,  and  t**lls  us  tliat 
"*  tliey  siy  that  the  architect  of  tlie  temph' was  Enpolemns.  an  Arnive."  This  Ar«;ive 
architect  is  otiierwise  nnknown  to  ns.  The  foun«lations  of  tliis  temple  (the  Si'cond 
Temple),  which  was  huilt  innnediatily  after  the  hnrnini;-  of  the  Ohl  Temph*  in  42IJ  v..  r., 
were  laid  completely  hare  hy  ns  after  previous  excavators  had  ma(h'  shaUow  enttinj;s 
at  the  east,  north,  and  sonth  sides.  A  snfticient  nnndw-r  of  architectnral  <h'tails  (cf.  Fi«;.  IM 
were  discovered  to  enahh'  Mr.  Tilton  to  draw  not  only  »;;ronnd-plans,  hut  also  elevations 
of  this  important  and  heantifnl  hnildini;-.'  The  temple,  as  far  as  the  sonth,  southwest, 
and  southeast  sides  aiv  concerned,  was  eonstriu'ted  on  elahonite  foundations  of  linu'stone, 
risini;-,  at  the  southwest  conu'r,  to  a  height  of  ahout  three  metres.  The  rock  on  which 
the  temple  stood  was  cut  and  leveled,  especially  on  the  north  sidi'  and  in  the  interior, 
while  the  remainini;-  inequalities  of  tlu'  rocky  siunmit  of  this  "  platform  "  were  removed 
hy  elahorate  fillini»-  up  with  dry  ruhhish.  similar  to  the  procedniv  on  the  Acropolis  of 
Athens  in  Cimonian  tinu*s.  Before  the  Second  Temple  was  luiilt,  this  rocky  platform 
nnist  have  heen  used  from  the  earliest  times.-' 

Paus;inias  then  describes,  in  the  followini»'  terms,  the  sculptures  which  deconited  tlu' 
temple  :  '  ''  The  sjulptures  over  the  colnmns  represent,  some  the  hirth  of  Zeus  and  the 
hattle  of  oods  ami  i;iants,  others  the  Trojan  war  and  the  takin«»-  of  Ilium."  These  si-nlp- 
tures,  of  which  many  interestinji*  franinents  have  het'U  foun<l.  will  he  <h'alt  with  at  len^i'th 
in  the  special  chapter  on  Sculpture.  But  we  may  s,iy  heiv  that  tlu'  expression  vntp  toi»<j 
Kiova'i  refers  not  only  to  the  metopes,  of  which  there  w<'r<*  sixty-two  in  the  temple, 
hut  also  to  the  pedinuMits.  from  the  seul[>tures  of  which  nndouhted  fra«;;ments  have  heen 
discovered  hy  us.  We  hope  to  prove,  also,  that  the  sculptured  decorati<»ns  of  the  temph' 
illustrate  P<»lycleitau  art  at  its  hest. 

Ilavini;-  descrihed  the  outside  of  the  temple,  and  standin«»-  at  its  east  end.  or  entrance. 
Pausanias  continues  :  "  Before  the  entraui-e  stand  statues  of  wonu>n  who  have  he«*n 
priestesses  of  Hera,  and  statues  of  heroes,"  etc.^  Sonie  of  the  hases  for  such  statues 
have  heen  f<»inid  in  our  excavaticnis  to  the  northeast  of  the  Secontl  Temple  (see  V'v*,- 
ures  2  and  10).  It  is  important  to  ni>te  that  theiv  are  no  traces  of  such  statues  at 
the  west  side  of  the  temple,  where,  moreover,  the  nature  of  the  space  would  iH»t  have 
admitted   of  their  erectitin.      This    fact  ahme   wtuihl   contradict    the    assumption    that 

»  See  tliai.t«T  on  Arcliitrttiire  (pp.  117  ff.).  '  Of.  als..  runs.  III.  .-.,«  ;Tlm«-ya.  IV.  \X\;  Ani..l..  VI. 

-One   or   more    larjje   altars   «loiilitK-ss   stood   on  tlip  *_':{  e<l.  Ilciff.  p. 'JOT.     Siuli  statm-s  wen-  ffrtainly  placi'il 

sitf  later  oceupitd  by  the  Second  'IVniple.    Some  vestiges  there  Iwfore    tlie  middle  of    the  liftli  century  n.  »-.,  and 

of  thes«-  altars  may  n'main  in  the  ron!;h  masonry  within  i)rolmldy  much  earlier;  for  Cliryscis  had  U-en  priestess 

the  foundations  of  the  temple,  while  the  so-called  Mack  for  forty-eijjht  years  at  the  U-jjinning  of  the  I'elojM.nne- 

layers  of  soil,  to   which   reference  will  he  made  Itdow,  sian  War  (Thucyd.  II.  ti).     Moreover,  .-is  Curtius  (^V*. 

thoui,'h  almost  continuous  round  and  below  the  founda-  Ahhauilt.  I.  11)  has  drawn  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 

tions  of  the  temple  from  east  to  west  on  the  smith  side.  Arrives  did  not  remove  the  statue  of  Cliryseis  in  spite  of 

were  thicker  and  richer  in  finds  at  certain  points  or  "  pcM-k-  the  destruction    of   the  teinide  through    her  negligence, 

ets,"  and  must,  as  at  <>lym))ia,  have  marked  the  l<H-ality  such  statues  of  priestesses  must  have  lK>eii  erected  during 

of  an  ancient    altar.     The  slight  remains  of  the  rudest  the  lifetime  of    the    priestesses:    Ilit/ig-Uliimiier.  Aim- 

form  of  early  walls,  to  my  mind  antedating  the  Cyclopean  simlns,  I.  '2,  ji.   'AtH.     Similar  statues  art!  mentioned   by 

wall  of  the  upper  terrace,  to  \>c  seen  on  the  lM'd-r«>ck  on  ransanias  at  IIermi<me  ( II.  .Tj,  8)  and  in  Cynneia  in  .\cliaia 

the  southernmost  slope  and  to    the  west  of  this  temi>le  (VII.  'J.'.,  7).  and  were  jtrobably  placed  liefore  the  temple 

platform,  also  eontirm  the  earlier  use  to  which  this  part  of    Asclepius   at   Kpidaurus.     S«'e  Cavvadias,  Fouiflt*  tl' 

of  the  Ileraeum  precinct  was  put  liefore  the  building  of  K/iii/mirf  ;  Fnizer,   I'oHsnnins,  III.   pp.   182    f. ;    ilitzig* 

the  .'^ecfiiid  Temple.  Uliimner,  I.  'J,  p.  .">».">. 

'  I  give  throughout  Mr.  Frazer's  translation. 


.such    statues  existed  at  the  west  end,  even  if  l*aus;iMia>>  did   not   distinctiv  limit   them   to 
the  east  end. 

Now,  enterin;;  the  temph-,  Pausiinias  s;iys  :  "In  the  fore-temph'  are  ancient  imai;es  of 
the  (Jraces  on  the  left,  and  on  the  rii;ht  is  a  «ouch  of  Hera,  and  a  votive  oUVri mi;  consist- 
inj;-  of  the  shield  which  .Menelaus  once  took  from  Kujihorhus  at  Ilium."  He  tluii  inters  the 
I'tto?  pro|M'r,  and  is  there  at  once  confronted  hy  the  «;reat  ••old  and  ivorv  imai;e  of  Hera 
hy  Polych'itus.  the  culminatin««-  w«uk  of  art  (d"  tin*  whole  sanctuarv.  of  the  wh(de  Arrive 
district,  nay,  with  the  Olympian  Zeus  and  the  Athene  Parthenos  of  Phidias,  of  tiie  whole 
^t{'  anci«'nt  (Jreec*-.  For  we  nuist  never  forget  that  ancient  autlnuities  use  terms  <d'  praise 
with  rei;ard  to  this  work  (upon  which  the  fame  <»f  Polyehitus  to  a  ^reat  extent  rested) 
which  correspond  to  those  applied  to  tlu' i;reat  works  of  Phidias,'  and  that  one  authoritv, 
Straho,-  calls  it  "  the  most  heaulifid  work  of  all."     Though  c<dos.s;il  in  ilimensions  the 


In..    10.  —  KoU.NUATIONS    OK    TUK    .SkC<».\I»    Tk.»I1'I.K,    »iII«>\VI.\(i    .-T.V  1 1  K-i:.V.->K>    .V 1    TIIK    K.VMKII.N    INK. 

statue  of  Hei-a  was  not  so  lari;:e  as  either  the  Zeus  or  the  Athena  (»f  Phi<lias.  Accord- 
in*;;  to  Mr.  Tilton  '  the  total  heii;ht  of  the  imai;e,  includini;-  the  hase  and  the  top  of  the 
throne,  was  ahotit  eii-lit  nu'tres,  the  seated  fii;iue  of  the  goddess  ah)ne  ahout  .>.50  metres. 
Pausiinias  deserihes  it  as  foUows  :  — 

"The  statue  of  Hcru  is  .seated  on  a  throne,  and  is  of  colos.sal  size  :  it  is  made  of  gold  and  ivorv, 
and  is  a  work  of  Polvoleitus.  On  her  head  Is  a  crown  with  the  (i races  and  Seasons  wroiijrht  on  it 
in  relief:  in  one  hand  she  carries  a  poniegranate.  In  the  otiier  a  sceptre.  The  story  alioiit  the 
|>onie<;;ranate  I  shall  omit  as  it  is  of  a  somewhat  mystic  nature  :  Imt  the  ciu'ko(»  jHichod  on 
the  sceptre  is  ex]>lalned  hy  a  story  that  when  Zeus  was  in  love  with  the  maiden  Hera  he  ehanged 

>  SeeOverbeek,  .SV/<r{>?7w//e«,  pp.  KMJandKw.     Liieian  while    Martial  (X.  89)    says  Phidias    would    have    been 

{SitiHH.  8),  while  referring  to  the  four  greatest  artists  glad  to  claim  the  Hera  as  his  work. 

(Iliidias,  I'olycleitus,  Pra.\iteles,  ami  .Myr«»n).  singles  out  -  VIII.  p.  .•J7'J  (Overb.  Srhrl/h/uellen,  No.  1)33). 

two  works  — the  Zeus  of   Phidias  and  the  Hera  of  Poly-  »  See  his  own  account  of  the  tem|de  below,  pp.  117  r. 
cleitus.     IMutarch  (/'« rid.  "J)  coiiplesi  the  sitine  two  statues, 


"  r 


22 


(JENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


) 


II 


iM 


6 


Fig,  11  a,  b.  —  Two  Coins  of  Argos. 
Hkka  ok  Tolvclkitus. 


The 


himself  into  this  bird,  and  that  Hera  caught  the  bird  to  play  with  it.  .  .  .  It  is  wiid  tliat  Wsidc 
the  image  of  Hera  ouce  stood  an  image  of  Hebe,  also  of  ivory  autl  gold,  a  work  of  Naueydes." 

The  exact  position  for  the  base  of  this  sfcitue  of  Hera  is  shown  in  Mr.  Tilton's  phuis 
(cf.  Plate  XVI.).  We  are  heli>ed  in  forming  some  conception  of  the  general  coniiKisi- 
tion  of  this  great  sfcitue  by  extant  Argive  coins  ; »  though  we  must  remember  the  evident 
truth  that  small  coins  of  a  Liter  period  (these  belong  to  imperial  Rome)  can  hardly  convey 
any  adequate  idea  of  the  artistic  spirit  or  finish  of  such  colossiil  statues  by  a  master-hand. 
However,  these  coins  show  us  the  seated  Hera  on  her  throne,  and  even  represent  the 
pomegranate  in  her  right  hand,  and  tiie  sceptre  upheld  by  her  left  hand  (Fig.  11).    We 

naturally  c<ime  much  closer  to  the  artistic  spirit 
of  the  stiitue  in  such  coins  as  do  not  attempt  to 
render  the  whole  figure  and  throne,  but  merely 
give  the  head.  One  of  these  Argive  coins,"  in 
jKirticuLir,  has  been  recognized  by  all  authorities 
as  being  directly  inspired  by  the  gold  and  ivory 
stiitue  of  Polycleitus  (Fig.  12).  Furtwjingler* 
goes  so  far  as  to  consider  it  a  direct  copy  of  the 
stiitue.  If  this  be  so  (and  I  am  inclined  to 
agree  with  him)  we  must  alwiiys  allow,  esi)ecially  in  the  rendering  of  detiiils  and  oniii- 
ments,  for  the  necesstiry  modifications  to  be  made  in  reducing  a  head  and  neck  from  iit 
least  four  to  five  feet  in  height  to  a  flat  relief  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  We  are,  then, 
not  suri>ri8ed  that  the  elaborate  decoration  of  the  arafxiinf  with  Graces  and  Seasons,' 
should  be  reduced  to  a  decoration  of  flowers  and  honeysuckle  scrolls.  To  realize 
how  this  reduction  in  ornament  occurs,  we  need  only  comjMire  with  one  another  the 
several  coins  of  this  series,"  which  present  this  siime  tyi>e  in  varying  degrees  of  artistic 
accuracy  and  excellence,  to  find  how  the  (TTt<f>dtrrj  becomes  smaller  and 
less  significaut,  and  reduces  its  ornament.  But  in  view  of  the  evidence 
furnished  by  the  coiii  as  to  the  ornamentiition  of  the  <rr€<f}dirq  on  the 
gold  and  ivory  statue,  it  may  i>erhaps  be  advisiible  t(i  compare  a  jms- 
sage  ill  TertiUlian  =  with  the  description  of  Pausiinias.  If  Tertullian 
is  referring  to  the  Polycleitan  Hera,  he  implies  in  his  vine-wreiith  ii 
plant-ornamentation  about  the  head.  The  band  jiart  of  the  crown 
possibly  — or  even  probably  — was  decorated  with  such  a  scroll  jwt- 
tern;  while  the  Graces  and  Seasons  (omitted  fi-om  this  coin)  were 
fashioned  in  the  roiuid  or  in  high  relief,  and  projected  as  iM)ints  to 
this  crown.     The  coins  which  give  the  whole  figure  show  such  jMiints. 

The  importance  of  this  fact  and  its  bearing  upon  the  results  of  our  excavations  will 


THE   HEAD  OF  POLY'CLEITUS'S   HERA 


23 


Fio.  12.  — Coin  OK 
Aroos.  The 
iiKAi>  ok  Poly- 
cleituh'm  IIkra. 


h 


*  See  Imhoof-Bliinier  and  Gardner,  Xuminmatic  Com- 
mentary on  Pausanias,  p.  34,  pi.  i.  12,  13,  14,  15;  Gard- 
ner, Types  of  Greek  Coins,  p.  137,  and  pi.  viii.  13;  Over- 
beck,  Kunstmythologie,  III.  p.  41,  and  MunUafel  ii.and  iii.; 
Head,  Historia  Nummorum,  p.  367;  Frazer,  Pauaanias,  III. 
p.  184,  fig.  29;  Hitzig-Blumner,  op.  cit.  i.  2,  pi.  xvi.  No.  18. 

'  Imhoof-Bliinier  and  Gardner,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  14;  Over- 
beck,  op.  cit.  Miinztafel  ii.  6;  Hitzlg-Bliimuer,  op.  cit.  pi 
xvi.  19. 

■  Meisterwerke,  p.  413. 

*  Cf.  the  several  types  as  given  in  Gardner,  Types  of 
Greek  Coins,  pi.  viii. 


*  De  Cor.  Mil.  7.  Botticber,  KiuLitmifth.  II.  288, 
and  Brunu,  Gesch.  der  Griech.  Kiimtler,  1.  p.  21.3,  refer 
this  passagt;  to  the  Polycleitan  Hera,  though  others  doubt. 
Cf.  Hitzig-Bliiiuuer,  op.  cit.  I.  2,  p.  560  :  these  same 
scholars  (p.  567)  <i«ote  several  authorities  in  support  of 
their  view  that  theantheniia  (/^a/inW/m)  ornament  is  in- 
timately related  to  Graces  and  Seasons  :  "  In  der  symbo- 
lischen  Bedeutung  stimmen  freilich  beide  Uberein  ;  denn 
wie  die  Chariten  und  Horen  Bliiben  und  Anrauth  bedeu- 
ten.  so  geht  auch  das  Anthemien-Ornament  atif  vegeta- 
bilischeu  Segen." 


become  evident  when  we  coiiipjire  the  ornamentation  on  the  crrc<^aVr/  of  the  coin  with 
the  marble  nima'  from  the  second  temple,  which  once  contained  this  statue,  and  sev- 
erjil  pieces  of  which  we  discovered  in  our  excavations  (see  Architecture,  Fig.  53).  For 
it  will  readily  Ikj  seen  tliiit  the  scroll  pattern  with  honeysuckle  is  the  same  in  both. 
Niiy,  it  is  possible  that  even  a  marked  and  individual  feature  of  our  sima  ornament  recurs 
in  the  ornament  on  the  crrc«^aVT;  of  the  coin  ;  for  in  the  left-hand  upi>er  corner,  between 
the  two  honeysuckles,  there  are  individiuil  traces  of  what  I  believe  to  be  a  bird,  perched 
on  ii  smaller  volute  of  the  scroll  pattern,  exiictly  in  the  phice  where  such  a  bird  appears 
in  our  nlma,  fi.rming  the  most  distinctive  and  characteristic  feature  of  this  Heiiieum 
marble-work  (see  Figures  12  and  53). 

It  will  rejidily  be  seen  of  what  greiit  importiince  this  observation  of  a  detiiil  is  in  its 
bcjiring  upon  iill  the  sculptures  which  we  discovered  in  the  Heraeum.  For  if  the  sculp- 
tured decoration  of  the  temple  and  its  stone-ciirving  show  such  immedijite  dependence 
upon  the  sculpture  in  the  temple-stiitue  by  Polycleitus,  we  have  a  strong  bit  of  evidence 
from  the  works  themselves  that  the  sculptures  which  ornamented  the  temple  itself  stood, 
as  regards  tiieir  authorship,  in  immediate  relation  to  the  temple-stiitue.  Such  evidence^ 
arising  directly  out  of  the  works  themselves,  has,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  never 
lK?fore  api»eiired,and  it  is  manifest  what  light  by  analogy  this  nmy  throw  upon  the  great 
question  of  the  rehition  which  Phidiiis  held  to  the  Parthenon  sculptures  —  nay,  upon  the 
whole  question  of  the  authorship  of  sculptured  decorations  in  Greek  temples. 

This  Argive  coin  is  thus  the  most  authentic  illustration  exfcint  of  the  type  of  Her.i  as 
embodied  by  Polycleitus  in  his  gold  and  ivory  statue.  For  many  years  attempts  have 
been  made  to  identify  extiuit  miiri)le  heads  with  this  great  work  of  Greek  sculpture. 
The  fjimous  Juno  Ludovisi  has  had  to  cede  her  place  to  the  Hera  Farnese;  -  nor  could 
the  bust  of  Hem  from  the  Egreniont  collection,  now  in  the  British  Museum,^'  maintiiin 
its  claim.  The  beautiful  marble  head  (Frontispiece)  discovered  in  our  fii-st  year's 
excavation  *  api»eared  and  still  appejirs  to  me  to  reflect  the  style  of  Polycleitus  most 
dii-ectly,  iind  to  have  been  in  so  far  influenced  by  the  great  statue.  But  I  never  meant 
to  maintiiin  or  imply  that  it  aimed  in  any  Wiiy  at  being  a  direct  copy  or  reproduction 
of  the  gold  Jind  ivory  stiitue  in  the  temple.  On  the  other  hand,  I  must  lay  stress  upon 
tiie  fact  that  it  was  in  studying  the  style  of  this  and  other  heads  from  the  Heraeum 
sculptures  that  I  was  able  to  single  out  a  bust  in  the  British  Museum  (hitherto  known 
as  a  head  of  Aim>11o,  Biicchus,  or  Dionysus  °)  iis  reproducing  the  chief  characteristics 
of  this  style.  This  done,  a  confrontation  of  the  profile  of  this  bust  with  the  Argive 
coins  led  to  the  identification  of  a  marble  reproduction  of  the  Polycleitan  Hera  which 
will,  I  believe,  be  universiilly  accepted.     This  I  hope  to  establish  in  some  other  place.'' 

By  the  side  of  the  colo.ssiil  statue  of  Hera  there  once  stood  a  gold  and  ivory  statue  of 
Hebe.     This  statue,  standing  beside  the  seated  goddess,  is  reproduced  on  coins  of  Argos 


'  One  piece  of  this  was  first  published  in  my  Excava- 
tions at  the  Uerainn  of  Argos,  1892,  pi.  vii.  This  sima  will 
lie  more  fully  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Tilton  in  the  chapter  on 
Architecture  (pp.  123  f.). 

"  Lucy  M.  Mitchell,  Ilixtorif  of  Anc.  Sculpture,  pp. 
3«)  ff.  ;  Murray,  History  of  Greek  Sculpture,  I.  pp.  305 
ff.  ;  Collignon.  Histoire  de  la  Sculpt,  grecque,  I.  pp.  511 
ff.  ;  Overbeck,  Gesch.  d.  Griech.  Plast.,Uh  ed.,  I.  pp.  509- 
51 1  ;  Friederiehs-Wolters,  Gypsabgusse,  Nos.  500,  501  ; 
Baumeister,  Denkmiiler,  p.  1352. 

•  Archiiol.  Zed.  XXVII.  p.  32. 


*  See  my  Excavations,  p.  11.  Though  I  do  not  think 
it  "  quite  certain "  that  this  head  is  that  of  Hera,  it 
corresponds  more  to  that  divinity  than  to  any  other  ;  and, 
in  spite  of  what  Furtwangler  says  {Meisterwerke,  pp.  557 
and  576  ff.),  I  hold  the  same  as  regards  the  Farnese  bust. 

■'  No.  140  in  the  Graeco-Roman  Guide  to  the  British 
Museum  (Xewton)  ;  Museum  Marbles,  XI.  pi.  5  ;  Ellis, 
Townley  Gallery,  I.  p.  322. 

«  Since  this  was  written  (in  1898),  I  have  established 
this  identification  in  the  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies,  vol. 
XXI.  (1901),  pp.  31  ff.,  pis.  ii.,  iii. 


T 


9'7 


(iKNKKAL    INTHODrcTION 


Fig.  11  a,  h.  —  Two  Coins  ok  Akc.os. 

HkKA   ok    l*OI.YLl.KITLS. 


TlIK 


liimself  into  tills  I>ir.l,  ami  that   Ihra  caujjlit  the  l»ir»l  to  play  with  it.  .  .  .   It  is  saiil  that  hositlc 
the  iinagf  of  Jlera  once  stoml  an  inia<,'e  of  Hebe,  also  of  ivory  an<l  gohl,  a  work  (.f  Naiuytles." 

The  exatt  position  for  the  hase  of  this  statue  of  Hera  is  shown  in  Mr.  Tilton's  plans 
(cf.  Platk  XVI.).  We  are  helped  in  fonnino;  some  conception  of  the  o:eneraI  composi- 
tion of  this  great  statue  hy  extant  Arj,nve  coins  ; '  tIiouj,Hi  we  nuist  rememher  the  evident 
truth  that  sniall  coins  <.f  a  later  period  (these  helonj;  to  imperial  Rome)  can  hardiv  convey 
any  a«le(piate  idea  of  the  artistic  spirit  or  finish  t»f  such  colossjd  .statues  l»y  a  master-hand. 
However,  these  coins  show  us  the  si-ated  Hera  on  her  throne,  and  even  represent  the 
pomegranate  in  her  right  hand,  and  the  sceptre  upheld  l.y  her  left  hand  (Fig.  11).     We 

naturally  come  much  clo.ser  to  the  arti.stic  spirit 
of  the  statue  in  such  coins  as  do  not  attempt  to 
render  the  whole  figure  and  throne,  hut  merely 
give  the  head.  One  of  these  Argive  coins,'  in 
particular,  has  heen  recognized  l»y  all  authorities 
as  lu'ing  «lirectly  inspired  by  the  gold  and  ivory 
.statue  of  Polycleitus  (Fig.  12).  Furtwiingler  =' 
goes  so  far  as  to  consider  it  a  direct  copy  of  the 
statue.  If  this  he  so  (and  I  am  incline<l  to 
agree  witli  him)  we  must  always  allow,  especially  in  the  rendering  of  details  and  orna- 
ments, for  the  necessjiry  n.odifications  to  he  made  in  re«lucing  a  head  and  neck  from  at 
least  four  to  five  feet  in  height  to  a  fiat  relief  half  an  inch  in  dianu-ter.  We  are,  then, 
not  surprised  that  the  elaborate  decoration  <.f  the  (TT€<j>dt^r)  with  Graces  and  St'a.siin.s 
shouhl  he  reduced  to  a  decoration  of  fiowers  and  honeysuckle  .sirolls.  To  ivalizt' 
how  this  reduction  in  ornanu-nt  occurs,  we  need  only  compare  with  one  another  the 
several  coins  of  this  series,^  which  juesent  this  .siune  iy\K'  in  varying  <legrees  of  artistic 
accuracy  and  excellence,  to  find  how  the  aTofxivq  becomes  smaller  and 
less  significant,  and  reduces  its  ornanuMit.  But  in  view  of  the  evidence 
furnished  hy  the  cohi  as  to  the  ornamentation  of  the  (m^dvq  on  the 
gold  and  ivory  statue,  it  may  perhaps  he  advisjihle  to  compare  a  pa.s- 
siige  in  Tertullian  ^  with  the  description  of  Pausiinias.  If  Tertullian 
is  referring  to  the  Polycleitan  Hera,  he  implies  in  his  vine-wreath  a 
plant-ornamentation  about  the  head.  The  band  |Kirt  of  the  crown 
possibly  —  or  even  probably  —  was  dec<uiited  with  such  a  scroll  pat- 
tern; while  the  Graces  and  Sea.sons  (omitted  from  this  coin)  weiv 
fashioned  in  the  roun<l  or  in  high  relief,  and  projected  as  points  to 
this  crown.     The  coins  which  give  the  whole  figure  show  such  points. 

The  nnportance  of  this  fact  and  its  bearing  upon  the  results  of  our  excavations  will 


Knj.  12.  —  luixoK 

AlltiOM.  TlIK 
nK.*l»  OK  Toi.Y- 
CUJTls's  IIkua. 


*  See  IiiihtHtf-Hliinier  and  Giinlmr.  Nnmisinntic  Cnm- 
mentanf  on  rnmnnias,  p.  'M,  j,l.  i.  l'_>,  i;j,  M,  ir>;  (;ar(l- 
ner,  Ttf/ies  „/  Greek  Coin.*,  \>.  l.'JT,  and  pi.  viii.  i;{;  Over- 
beck,  KunMmythMgie,  III.  p.  41,  and  Miinitafel  ii.atid  iii.; 
Heail,  Iligtoria  Nummornm,  p.  :«J7;  Frazer,  Pnusanias,  III. 
p.  1H4,  fig.  21);  Ilitzig-Hliiiuuer,  op.  cit.  i.  L»,  pi.  xvi.   No.  18. 

*  Indiuof-Hluiner  and  Ganhier,  o/,.  rit.  pi.  i.  14;  Over- 
beck,  op.  cit.  Miknztafel  ii.  G;  Ilitzlg-liliiuiuer,  op.  cit.  pi. 
xvi.  19. 

•  MeiMerwerke,  p.  413. 

♦  Cf.  the  several  types  as  given  in  Ganlncr,  Types  of 
Greek  Coins,  pi.  viii. 


•  I)e  Cor.  .Mil.  7.  Huttielier,  Knnstmnth.  II.  288, 
and  Hrnnn,  6V.«rA.  der  flriech.  Kihmtler,  I.  p.  21.'»,  refer 
this  passagf  to  the  Tul}  eleitan  lleni,  though  others  doubt. 
Cf.  Ilitzig-Kliininer,  op.  cit.  I.  2,  p.  7M(\  -.  these  .same 
sfholars  (|».  r>H7)  (piotc  several  authorities  in  support  of 
their  view  that  tlieantheuiia  (I'almtlfrn)  uruanieut  is  in- 
timately related  to  (;niees  and  .Seasons  :  "  In  der  syndio- 
lischen  liedentung  stiinmen  freilich  beide  iilicrein  ;  denn 
wie  die  Chariten  und  Iloren  Itlulien  und  Aninutli  liedeu- 
ten,  so  geht  aueh  das  Anthemien-Ornament  anf  vegeta- 
bilischen  .Segvu." 


TlIK    IIK.M)   OF   I'OLVCLKITrss    IIKH.V  23 

become  evident  when  we  compare  the  ornamentation  on  the  trr6f/>aV>7  <>!'  the  «oin  with 
the  marble  .sinin '  from  the  second  temple,  which  once  contained  this  statue,  and  .sev- 
eral pieces  of  whi<li  we  discovered  in  oin-  excavations  (see  Arciiite«ture,  Fig.  .'j.'i).  For 
it  will  readily  be  se«'n  that  the  scroll  pattern  with  honeysuckle  is  the  sjuue  in  both. 
Nay,  it  is  possibh-  that  even  a  marked  and  individual  featme  of  oiu-  shua  ornament  recurs 
in  the  ..rnament  on  the  (rTeffidurj  of  the  coin ;  for  in  the  left-hand  ujiper  corner,  between 
the  two  honeysiickh's.  then'  are  in<livid.ial  traces  of  what  I  believe  to  be  a  bird,  perched 
on  a  smaller  volute  of  the  scroll  pattern,  exactly  in  the  place  where  such  a  bird  aj.pears 
in  our  suno,  forming  the  most  distinctive  and  characteristic  feature  of  this  Heiaeum 
marble-work  (see  Figures  12  and  .">.'{). 

It  will  readily  be  .seen  of  what  great  importance  this  observation  of  a  detail  is  in  its 
bearing  upon  all  the  sculptures  wlii«h  we  <liscovere«l  in  the  Heraeum.  For  if  the  .scidp- 
t.ired  decoration  of  the  temple  and  its  stont-carving  sln.w  siuh  innnediat*-  (h'pen.lence 
upon  the  siulpture  in  the  tempk-statue  by  Polycleitus,  we  have  a  strong  bit  of  evi<lence 
from  the  works  themselves  that  the  sculptures  which  ornamented  the  temple  itself  stoo<l, 
as  ivgards  their  authorship,  in  innnediate  relati«»n  to  the  temple-statue.  Such  evidence, 
arising  directly  <mt  of  the  w.nks  themselves,  ha.s,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  never 
before  appeared,  an<l  it  is  manifest  what  light  by  anah.gy  this  may  throw  upon  the  great 
tpiestion  of  the  relation  which  Phidias  held  to  the  Parthenon  .scidi»tures  —  nay,  up«»n  the 
whole  ipu'stion  of  the  authorship  of  .sculptured  decorations  in  Greek  temples. 

This  Argive  coin  is  thus  the  most  authentic  illustration  extant  of  the  type  of  Hera  as 
embodied  by  P.»Iycleitus  in  his  gol.l  antl  iv<»ry  statue.  For  many  years' attempts  have 
been  made  to  identify  extant  marble  heads  with  this  great  W(uk  of  Greek  sculpture. 
The  famous  Juno  Ludovisi  has  had  to  cede  her  place  to  the  Hera  Farnese ;  '  nor  coidd 
the  bust  of  Hem  from  the  Kgremont  collecti(»n,  now  in  the  British  Museum,'  maintain 
its  claim.  The  beautiful  marble  head  (Fuontisimkck)  discovered  in  our  first  year's 
excavation  '  appt-ared  and  still  a|>pears  to  me  to  refiect  the  style  of  P«.lycleitus  most 
tlirectly,  and  to  have  been  in  .so  far  iuHuenced  by  the  great  statue.  But  I  never  meant 
to  maintain  or  imply  that  it  aimed  in  any  way  at  being  a  direct  copy  or  i-epro<luction 
of  the  gold  and  ivory  .statue  in  the  temple.  On  the  other  hand,  I  must  lay  stress  upon 
the  fact  that  it  was  in  studying  the  style  of  this  and  other  heads  from  the  Heraeum 
sculptuivs  that  I  was  able  to  single  <.ut  a  bust  in  the  British  Museum  (hitherto  known 
as  a  head  <.f  Apollo,  Bacchus,  or  Dionysus  ^)  as  re[uodiuing  the  chief  characteristics 
of  this  style.  This  done,  a  c<»nfrontation  of  the  profile  of  this  bust  with  the  Argive 
coins  UmI  to  the  identification  of  a  marble  rei.rodiution  of  the  Polycleitan  Hera  which 
will,  I  believe,  be  univers;illy  accepted.     This  I  hope  to  establish  in  s«nne  other  place.« 

By  the  side  of  the  colossjil  statue  of  Hera  there  once  stood  a  gold  and  ivory  statue  of 
Hebe.     This  stiitiie,  standing  beside  the  seated  goddess,  is  reproduced  on  coins  of  Ari-os 

•  One  pieee  <.f  this  was  first  published  in  my  Krcaca-  *  .See  n.v  Excu-ntions,  p.  11.     Thou-rh  I  do  not  think 
imnsalthe/lenuonor  .lr;^,s,lH:)^2.i>\.yii.     This  ../,««  will  it  "  quite  certain "  that    this  head    is    that    of    Hera     it 
Ih.  mor..  fnlly  .lealt  with  by  Mr.  Tilton  in  the  chapter  on  corresponds  nu.re  t..  that  .livinitv  than  to  any  other  ;  and 
Aixlutecture  (pp.  12;{  f.).  j,,  ,,,1^^  „f  „,,,,jt  KurtwiingKr  sa; s  (Mei.*t,ncPrke.  pp.  5.-,7 

■«-    «       ,.   ■    ^*'^'''"'"'    ''""'"■''   "^'  •'"'•   •'»''•"//'""•''.  VV  a»'>''7<iff.),  I  hold  tiie  .same  as reganls  the  Farnese  bust. 
.  .«»  ff.  :    .Murray.  Ii,.s,or,,  ../  tire,k  Srulplnre,  I.  pp.  .TO.",  ■•  No.  140  in  the  Graeco-Uotmn  Gni.h  to  the  British 

n.  ;  (  ollignon.  Ha,to,re  ,le  la  Scnipt.  greapie,  I.  pp.  .',11  Museum  (Newton)  ;  Museum  Marbles,  XI.  pi.  5  •  Ellis 

ff.  ;  <  >verlK'ck,  Gesch.  ,1.  firierh.  Plnsl.,  4th  «'d.,  I.  pp.  Tm-  Tofrnle,,  Galler;,,  I.  p.  .322. 

511  ;  Fri.>derielis-Wolters,  G;,ps„hg,isse,  Xos.  .iOO,  .-,01  ;  «  Since  this  was  written  (in  1898).  I  have  established 

BaumeisU-r,  lienkmoler,  p.  i:i-,2.  this  i.b.ntification  in  the  ./ournnl  of  Hellenic  Studies,  vol 

*  Arvhaol.  Zeit.  XXVII.  p.  SI.  XXI.  (11)01),  pp.  31  If.,  pis.  ii.,  iii. 


•u 


GEXKKAL   IXTlfODL'CTlOX 


H 


II 


ih 


of  the  Roman  iiiiperial  times.'  The  iKissage  rehitiiijr  to  it  in  Pausjinias  is  very  obscure. 
Mr.  Frazer  translates  it :  "  It  is  siiid  that  beside  the  imaj^e  of  Hem  once  stood  an  imajje 
of  Hebe,  also  of  ivory  an«l  gold,  a  work  of  Naueydes."  In  view  of  the  date  and  evi- 
dence of  the  above-mentioned  coins,  it  luis  been  remarked  that  the  expi-ession  of  doubt 
(Xcycrai)  refei-s  to  the  authorship  of  Naucydes  and  not  to  the  existence  of  the  stiitue.  I 
might  add  that  if  it  does  not  refer  to  the  existence  of  the  stiitue,  it  might  ai)j)ly  to  the 
identiHcation  of  the  stiitue  as  Hebe —  nay,  to  identification  and  artist  together.  Thus 
either  Pausanias  did  not  see  the  statue  (which  appears  to  cj>nform  to  the  usual  reading 
of  the  Greek);  or  he  refers  doubtfully  to  its  being  a  work  of  Naucydes;  or  he  doubts 
whether  it  is  a  stiitue  of  Hebe ;  or,  finjilly,  he  doubts  whether  the  stiitue  beside  Hem  is 
the  Naucydean  Hebe.  This  Njiucydes  is  recognized  as  the  son  of  Piitrocles,-  nephew  and 
probiibly  pupil  of  the  great  Polycleitus.  His  brothers,  also  well-known  sculptoi-s,  were 
Daediilus  jind  the  younger  Polycleitus.  He  niiiy  in  his  youth  hiive  been  an  assistiint, 
besides  being  the  pupil  of  Polycleitus,  jind  hence,  as  is  the  case  with  the  pupils  jind 
assistiints  of  Phidiiis,  the  ascription  to  him  of  part  of  the  gold  and  ivory  stiitues  in  the 
Hemeum  mjiy  have  been  open  to  doubt. 

The  mind  of  Pausiinias  is  evidently  still  in  the  tem])le  when  he  j)roceeds  to  descril)e 
more  arcluiic  inuiges  of  Hera  such  as  the  one  he  mentions  as  being  on  a  pillar.  This 
statue  nuist  not  be  confused  with  the  earliest  syndxiliciil  pillar  repi-esenting  Hem  men- 
tioned by  Clement  of  Alexandria.^  Of  this  earliest  syndiolical  i)illar  we  shall  ha\e 
nu)re  to  siiy  when  we  deal  with  the  sculpture ;  for  it  is  highly  prolmble  that  we  have 
discovered  a  portion  of  it  in  our  excavations  (see  Fig.  15).  The  pillar  may  not  luive 
stood  within  the  second  temple.  The  most  ancient  initige  seen  by  Pausjinias  in  the 
temple  was  "  made  of  the  wood  <if  the  wild  peai-tree :  it  was  dedicjited  in  Tiryns  by 
Pimsiis,  son  of  Argus,  and  when  the  Argives  destroyed  Tiryns  they  brought  the  image 
to  the  Hemeum :  I  siiw  it  myself."  The  early  term-cottiis,  which  we  have  found  in 
great  nund)ers  during  our  excavations,  will  perhaps  throw  some  light  on  the  njitui-e  of 
the  earliest  inuige  seen  by  Pausanias  j  and  hi  the  chapter  on  term-cottas  we  shall  tigjiiu 
refer  to  this  wooden  imjiire. 

Pausiinias  then  notes  '•  some  other  i-emarkable  dedicatory  offerings  "  in  the  temple, 
such  as  an  altiir  of  silver  with  reliefs  i-eiii-esenting  the  marriage  of  Hebe  and  Hemcles, 
and  a  golden  pejicock  Jidorned  with  "  shining  stones,"  dedicated  by  the  Emi^ror  Hadrijin. 
A  peacock,  this  bird  being  siicred  to  Hera,  is  figured  on  the  Argive  coin  with  Hem  jind 
Hebe  referred  to  above.  Geneml  Gordon  (see  p.  G;>),  in  his  account  of  his  excavations 
at  the  Heraeum,  mentions  ji  part  of  ji  marble  jieiicock  which  he  exciivated  thei-e.  I  no 
h)nger  believe  tluit  the  bronze  bird  we  found  at  the  end  of  our  first  year,  and  which  I 
described  jis  a  jwiicock,*  is  really  a  peacock.  Pjiusjinias  further  mentions  "a  golden 
crown  and  purple  robe,  offerings  of  Nero,"  jimong  the  votive  offerings  in  the  temple. 

The  Periegete  then  leaves  the  interior  of  the  temple  and,  unfortunately  for  us,  brejiks 
off  his  description  of  the  site  \\\Hn\  which  were  at  lejist  nine  buildings  besides  the  second 
temple.     But  we  nuist  be  gmteful  that  at  least  he  did  refer  to  "  the  foundations  of  the 


'h 


1  Inilioof-Bluiner  and  Gardner,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  LI ;  Ilitzijj- 
Rliinmer,  op.  cit.  I.  p.  ofiT,  where  esi>eti,il  stress  is  laid 
upon  the  unusual  position  of  rixyyi  NawicuJowi. 

-  See  Murray,  Hist,  of  Gr.  Sc.  II.  p.  2M  ;  Collijfnon, 
Hist,  de  Satlp.  grecque ;  E.  Gardner,  Gr.  Sndpt.  II.  p. 
338;  Kurtwiingler,  Manlerpiects,  p.  225  ;  see  also  Frazor's 
note  on  Pausan.  VI.  1.  3,     The  passages  which  refer  to 


the  work  of  this  eminent  artist  are  in  Overbeck,  Schrifl- 
rpiellen,  etc.  No.  095  to  1001,  as  well  as  Noa.  983,  932, 
fAl.  For  the  inscription  on  the  extant  base  of  the  Olym- 
pian victor  Eucles,  see  Die  Inschrijien  v.  Olifmpia,  No. 
irt9  ;  Liiwy,  Ituckr.  Gr.  Bildk.  No,  86  ;  and   Frazer,  /.  c. 

»  Strom.  I.  24.  151.  from  the  Phoronis. 

*  Excavations,  etc.  p.  5. 


THE   EARLY   IIISTOKY  OF  THE   HERAEUM  25 

fonner  temple  above  this  [second]  temple,  together  with  the  few  other  remains  of  it 
which  escaped  the  flames."  F(n-  it  wjis  the  extiint  Cyclopean  supporting  wall  above  the 
Second  Temple  phitform  which  put  the  identificjition*  of  this  site  beyond  a  doubt,  espe- 
ciiilly  when  in  our  excavations  we  found  the  hiyers  of  charred  wood  and  other  remains, 
clearly  bearing  out  the  Jiccount  of  its  burning.  With  the  record  of  the  accident  caused 
by  the  carelessness  of  the  juiestess  Chrysei.s,  the  chapter  ends,  jind  Pausiinias  dismisses 
the  Hemeum.  We  shall  often  refer  to  the  Old  Temple,  and  its  remains  will  be 
described  by  Mr.  Tilton  in  the  cluipter  on  Architecture.  He  will  there  also  treat  of 
the  numerous  other  buildings  of  which  Pausjinijis  nuikes  no  mention. 


THE    EARLY   HISTORY  OF  THE   HKRAEUM 

We  have  seen  that  geographicjilly  and  topographicjilly  the  Heraeum  bears  the  closest 
relation  to  the  phiin  defined  on  the  south  and  east  by  Tiryns  and  Midea,  while  it  is  less 
closely  connected  with  Mycemie  and  the  city  of  Argos.  The  original  estiiblishment  of 
the  earliest  temple  of  Hem  on  the  site  which  it  occupies  would  thus  come  from  Tiryns 
and  Mideii,  neither  from  Mycenjie  nor  from  the  city  of  Argos.'  This  conclusion  is 
borne  out  by  all  the  results  of  our  excavjition,  the  evidence  of  the  architectuml 
remains  on  the  site,  as  well  as  of  jill  the  individujil  finds  there  made,  and  also  by  the 
tmditions  of  the  eariiest  history  of  the  Argive  Phiin.  In  fact,  a  careful  consideration  of 
all  the  material  before  us  forees  us  to  this  conclusion." 

The  chronology  which  I  venture  to  give  in  the  following  pages  does  n<.t  aim  at  being 
absolute,  but  only  compamtive.     I  follow  the  genejilogical  system  of  Pausiinias,  believing 

>  As   will  be  evident  from  passages  below,  there  are      good  summary  ..fSchliemann's  own  monographs  on  Troja, 


tnices  of  a  pre-Tirynthian  occupation  of  the  Heraeum 
site.  I  have  in  the  first  instance  been  mainly  concerned 
with  showing  that  the  Heraeum  is  prc-Mycenaean  and 
bears  an  earlier  relation  to  Tiryns.  I  was  unwilling  at 
the  time  to  complicate  the  presentation  of  this  view  by 
the  introduction  of  further  hypotheses.  But  there  can 
hardly  be  any  doubt  that  there  was  a  pre-Tirs-nthian 
]>criod  of  the  Heraeum  —  in  fact,  it  looks  as  if  this 
was  the  citadel  of  the  earliest  community  in  the  Argive 
country.  I  have  since  this  was  written  publishecl  my 
views  on  this  subject  in  an  article  on  '  The  Earliest  Hel- 
lenic Art  and  Civilization,  and  the  Argive  Heraeum,' 
Amerittm  Journal  of  Archaeology ,  vol.  IV.  (1900),  pp.  40  ff. 
Compare  alsii  an  article  in  the  North  American  Reiuetc, 
vol.  CLXXII.  No.  532  (1901),  pp.  431  ff.,  on  •  Kecent 
Di.scoveries  in  Greece  and  the  Mycenaean  Age,*  as  well 
as  the  Classical  Review,  Dec.,  1900,  pp.  473  ff.,  on  'The 
Argive  Heraeum  and  Bacchylides  (xi.  43-84).' 

*  It  would  incumber  this  exposition  too  much  were  I 
to  attempt  to  give  the  various  views  of  all  the  authori- 
ties who  have  written  on  the  Mycenaean  and  Pre-Myce- 
naean  age.  I  must  remain  content  with  naming  a  few 
of  the  chief  works  to  which  I  have  referred  and  which  the 
reader  will  find  most  useful.  Perrot  and  Chipiez'  VArt 
dam  VAntiquitc  contains  a  masterly  synthesis  of  all  the 
material.  Mr.  Tsountas's  articles  in  the  Ephemeris  have 
licen  summarized  in  his  own  book,  which  has  been  trans- 
lated and  reedited  in  Tsountas  and  Manatt's  The  Myce- 
naean Age.  Schachhardt's  Schliemann's  .iusgrabungen  has 
passed  through  two  editions  and  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  Mrs.  Eugenie  i>ellers-Strong.  This  book  gives  a 


Mycenae,  and  Tiryns.  To  these  must  Ikj  added  Diirp- 
feld's  more  recent  articles  in  the  .4 then.  Mitth.  vols.  III. 
1878),  pp.  1  ff.,  and  VIII  (1882), pp.  241  ff.  ;  Ilelhig,  Das 
Ifomerische  E/xts ;  Milchhoefer,  Die  Anfdnge  der  Kunst. 
More  recent  works  of  importance  have  lieen  contributed 
by  Diimuiler,  Alhen.  Mltth.  XI.  (1880),  pp.  1  ff.,  44  ff. ; 
XII.  (1887),  pp.  1  ff.;  XIII.  (1888),  pp.  273  ff. ;  Percy 
Ganlner,  Neio  Chapters  in  Greek  History  ;  Frazer's  Pau- 
sanias, vol.  III.  pp.  98  ff.,  containing  an  excellent  critical 
summary  of  Mycenaean  Anti«piities  ;  Reisch,  Die  Myke- 
nische  Frage.  Professor  Kidgeway  has  raised  a  most  im- 
portant issue  in  his  article,  '  What  People  pr<Hluced  the 
Objects  called  Mycenaean?'  (Journal  of  Hellenic  Stud. 
XVI.  [1896],  pp.  79  ff.),and  has  long  been  engaged  on  a 
comprehensive  work  dealing  with  this  question,  entitled 
the  Early  Age  of  Greece,  of  which  the  first  volume  has 
recently  been  juiblished.  I  can  say  with  confidence 
that  his  studies  must  command  most  serious  attention. 
In  my  own  conclusions  here  given  I  have  endeavored 
conscientiously  to  put  from  my  mind  all  wider  problems 
based  upon  a  wider  sphere  of  induction.  The  very  first 
year  of  our  excavation  produced  material  which  showed  me 
that  many  accepted  views  would  have  to  be  reconsidered. 
Since  then  I  have  limited  myself  to  allowing  the  actual 
facts  revealed  by  our  si>ades  to  speak  for  themselves,  and 
have  introduced  other  spheres  of  study  and  inference  only 
as  they  affect  the  body  of  evidence  which  I  can  actually 
control.  I  venture  to  believe  that  our  work  will  be  the 
more  useful  in  its  liearing  upon  wider  questions  from 
being  thus  centralized.  Individual  references  to  other 
works  will  be  made  as  the  occasion  arises. 


l\ 


II 


GENERAL   IXTHODUCTION 

him  to  liave  secured  his  accounts  from  the  most  trustworthy  sources,  —  at  the  Ilenunnu 
and  at  Argos.  I  am  well  aware  that  a  vast  amount  of  wholly  imaginative  matter  has 
been  mingled  with  these  myths,  but  I  believe  that  a  residuum  of  historical  truth  is 
not  only  contiiined  in  the  stories  but  is  attainable  by  us.  I  am  not  here  concerned  with 
any  individual  name  or  figure,  not  with  Phoroneus,  Proetus,  etc. ;  but  what  I  do  feel  is 
that  the  succession  of  Argive  rulers,  as  handed  down  in  the  genealogy  given  by  Pausanias, 
confirms  the  evidence  we  derive  from  other  sources,  —  that  there  was  a  continuous 
"  jMditical"  community  in  the  Argive  Plain  huig  before  the  advent  of  the  Atridae. 

The  first  importiint  evidence  as  to  the  age  of  the  Heraeum  is  to  Ik*  derived  from  the 
comparison  of  the  walls  of  Mycenae  with  those  of  Tiryns.  All  authorities  to  my  know- 
ledge are  agreed  upon  considering  the  circuit  wall  of  Mycenae  later  than  those  of  Tiryns 
and  Midea.  To  quote  the  words  of  Schuchhardt :  '  "  The  walls  of  Tiryns  jrive  one 
the  impression  of  being  older  than  even  the  oldest  part  of  the  circuit  wall  of  Mycenae. 
They  consist  of  colossal  blocks  very  httle  hewn  and  show  no  trace  of  having  l)een 
restored  at  a  later  time.  The  circuit  wall  of  Mycenae,  on  the  other  hand,  was  built  origi- 
nally of  somewhat  smaller  stones,  and  has  been  subsequently  strengthened  and  conq>lete<l 
at  various  times  with  carefully  executed  ashlar  and  polygonal  masonry." 

Now  the  Cyclopean  supporting  wall  of  the  older  Heraeum  corresponds  to  the  oldest 
IKirts  of  the  wall  of  Tiryns.  The  colossiil  unhewn  blocks —  some  of  which  are  as  much 
as  thirteen  and  eighteen  feet  long,  larger  than  any  I  have  seen  at  Tirjns  —  are  piled  up 
one  upon  the  other,  supported  in  places  by  smaller  stones  inserted  between  them,  and 
tiix  our  imagination  to  suggest  the  methods  ap]die<l  by  the  early  peoples  in  moving  them 
about.  We  can  well  understand  how  in  the  minds  of  the  Greek  ])eople  the  legends  con- 
cerning the  Lycian  Cyclopes  should  have  been  grouped  round  such  structures.  Now,  as 
we  shall  see,  according  to  tradition  it  was  Proetus  who  brou<rht  these  Lycian  craftsmen  to 
build  the  walls  of  Tiryns,  and  to  the  siime  hands  are  to  be  ascribed  the  foundation  walls 
of  the  temple  of  the  Heraeum.  On  the  other  hand,  as  we  shall  see,  tradition  placed  the 
founding  of  Mycenae  two  generations  later  than  Proetus,  —  ascribing  it  to  Perseus. 

The  remains  which  our  excavations  have  kid  bare  confirm  the  earlier  date  of  Tiiyns 
in  a  striking  manner.  The  upper  platform  upon  which  the  Old  Tenqde  stoo<l,  facing  t<» 
the  east,  with  the  broad  flattened  sjwce  in  front,  overlooked  the  plain  towards  Tiryns 
and  Midea.  Access  to  this  front  was  g-ained  either  over  the  lower  hills  to  the  east, 
from  the  northeast,  or  from  the  southeast,  where  the  present  path  from  Chonicii  leads 
up  to  the  temple.  The  entrance  to  the  older  siinctiuiry  at  this  s<uitlieast  corner  jmssed 
over  the  elevation  upon  which  the  Second  Temple  was  subseipiently  built,  either  at  the 
east  or  more  probably  at  the  west  end;  and  it  is  here,  on  the  slope  of  the  Second 
Temple,  that  we  found,  below  the  remains  of  the  steps  that  in  later  times  of  Argive 
supremacy  were  built  for  the  Second  Temple,  a  large  number  of  very  early  objects, 
especially  primitive  teri-a-cottas. 

The  buildings  below  the  original  temple  platform  veer  round  more  and  more,  as  it  were, 
towards  the  west.  Here  they  extend  down  towards  the  stream,  not  only  because  of  the 
Eleutherion  rites,  to  which  reference  has  been  made  above,  but,  as  is  clearly  the  case  in 
building  VHI,  which  distinctly  reminds  one  of  a  propylaeum,  because  we  liei-e  aj)proach  the 
road  leading  from  Mycenae.  It  is,  moreover,  on  this  site,  about  two  hundred  yards  along 
the  road  to  Mycenae,  that  we  discovered  three  beehive-shaped  tombs,  with  "  Alycenaean  " 
objects  that  are  cerfciinly  connected  with  the  Heraeum.     Thus  in  this  second  period  of 

'  Schliemann\t  Amtgrahunpeu.  2(1  eil.,  p.  119. 


THKEE   PERIODS   IN   THE   HISTORY  OF  THE   HERAEUM  27 

the  architectural  history  of  the  Heraeum,  as  manifested  by  the  remains  before  us,  there 
is  an  inclination  towards,  an  attraction  to, Mycenae ;  and  while  the  Eiist  Building  (IV)  and 
maiiy  of  the  buildings  at  the  exti-eme  eastern  angle  of  the  Second  Temple  pirtform  still 
point  to  a  living  relation  with  Tiryns,  the  three  large  Western  Buildings  (VII,  VIII, 
and  X)  distinctly  show  the  growing  preponderance  of  Mycenae.  This  is  the  Mycenaean 
Period.  But  at  the  risk  of  appearing  fanciful  and  exaggerating  the  import  of  the  mere 
position  of  such  buildings,  we  wouhl  point  out  that  the  West  Building  (VII)  and  the 
I>)wer  St<w  (X),  while  placed  at  the  west  or  Mycenae  end,  sIk.w  a  tendency  towards  the 
south  or  Argos  side,  as  they  undoubtedly  belong  to  a  period  in  which  the  power  of 
Argos  asserted  itself  moi-e  and  more. 

When,  however,  the  second  [jlatform  was  cleare<l  and  filled  in  to  the  level  and  the 
temple  of  Eui)olemus  was  built,  about  B.  c.  420,  the  edifices  of  this  period,  the  tenq)le 
itself  (V),  the  chand)ers  and  buildings  at  the  northeast  of  the  second  terrace  (II),  and  the 
South  Stoa  (VI),  with  the  elaborate  terrace  and  steps  below  it,  and  the  others  to  the  east 
of  it,  all  change  their  c(miinon  orientiition,  and  the  splendid  entrance  to  this  temple,  on 
the  south  slojie,  distinctly  faces  the  city  of  Argos,  which  now  reigns  supreme  over  the 
land  and  has  complete  charge  and  patronage  over  the  Heraeum.  In  the  topograi)hical 
history  of  the  sjicred  precinct  itself,  the  loc<ition  of  the  buildings  thus  indicates  three 
main  periods,  — the  Tiryntliian,  the  Mycenaean,  and  that  of  the  city  of  Argos. 

The  point  which  concerns  us  most  at  present  is  the  origin  of  the  early  temple,  which 
leads  us  back  to  Tiryns  and  to  Proetus. 

But  the  site  which  we  have  excavated  has  yiehled  monumentiil  evidence  pointing  to  an 
earlier  date  for  the  occuiKition  of  this  site  by  a  tem])le  of  Hera  than  the  erection  of  the 
Cychqwan  walls.  Objects  which  show  the  existence  of  inhabitiints  possessing  distinct 
forms  of  civilized  life  have  been  found  below  these  Cyclopean  walls.  We  have  also 
come  upon  a  system  of  ruder  and  smaller  walls,  which  point  to  a  period  anterior  to  the 
building  of  the  Cychq)ean  foundation  wall ;  for  the  walls  in  question,  built  of  rude 
unhewn  small  stones,  which  probably  formed  the  foundation  for  sui>eradded  Avails  of  sun- 
dried  brick  or  mud,  correspond  to  the  walls  found  by  Schliemann  at  Hissjnlik  in  his  First 
and  Second  City.  Now  if  the  palace  in  the  Second  City  of  Hissjulik  corresponds  to  the 
Tirynthian  Palace  of  Proetus,'  then  the  structures  corresponding  to  the  earlier  His- 
sjiriik  settlements  must  be  eariier  in  date  than  the  foundation  walls  built  for  Proetus  at 
Tiryns  or  the  Heraeum.  I  am  here  referring  to  the  slight  remains  of  walls  inmiediately 
Mow  the  Cychq)ean  foundation  wall  on  the  rise  above  and  to  the  east  of  Stoa  II  as  well  as 
t<i  a  series  of  such  primitive  walls  found  by  us  in  excavating  down  to  the  bed-rock  behind 
the  South  Stoa  and  between  the  West  Building  and  the  Second  Temple.  These  rude 
walls  from  their  primitive  construction  were  readily  destroyed,  and  we  must  consider 
ourselves  fortunate  in  having  found  so  many  clear  traces  of  them.  The  mass  of  these 
beh)w  the  Cycl(q)eiin  foundation  wall  were  mentioned  by  me  in  my  Annual  Report  for 
1892-93.-      Since  within    these   we  found    the  most   primitive    form  of  cooking-pot, 


*  This  Second  City  was  formerly,  with  great  assur- 
ance,—  evidently  nnwarrante<l  seientificully  in  view  of 
the  complete  reversal  of  the  last  opinions  expressed  by 
Diirpfeld, — identifie<l  with  the  Homeric  city.  We  now 
hear  that  it  is  the  sixth  city  which  can  "  with  certainty  " 
be  identifie<I  with  the  Homeric  Troy.  If  this  be  the  case, 
then  a  Jhrtiori  must  tlie  palaces  of  Tiryns  and  perhaps 
Myceuae,  which  correspond  to  the  second  city  of  Hissar- 


lik,  be  older.  To  nse  Diirpfeld's  own  words  :  "  The 
second  stratum  must  be  «»lder  than  this  stratum  with  the 
Mycenaean  vases  [Sixth  City]  —  how  much  older  it  is  im- 
])ossible  to  say,  but  the  interval  cannot  have  been  a  short 
one,  as  between  the  two  lie  two  otlier  strata  of  poor 
settlements."     Cf.  Tsountas-Manatt,  op.  cit.  p.  3C8. 

2  Twelfth   Annual  Report  of  the  American    School  at 
Athens,  pp.  30,  31. 


1' 


28 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


DR.  PENROSE  ON  THE  DATE  OF  THE  OLD  TExMPLE 


29 


tt 


I  then  surmised  that  they  might  have  been  dweUing-houses  for  the  priestesses  of  the 
early  temple.  This  may  be  m ;  but  they  at  all  events  api)ear  to  me  now  to  antedate  the 
supporting  wall  of  the  Proetean  temple.  The  rude  h.wer  walls  of  this  class  run  with 
fair  continuity  from  east  to  west  on  the  lower  southern  s\o\)e  of  the  Second  Temple  plat- 
form behind  the  South  Stoti ;  but  what  remains  of  them  now  (ni  the  west  side  of  the 
sloi>e  abutting  on  the  supporting  wall  which  separates  the  West  Building  from  the  Second 
Temple  platform  presents  an  unintelligible  line,  and  certiiinly  one  which  has  n<»  i-elation  to 
the  later  structures  of  the  West  Building  or  of  the  Second  Temple  platform.'  Outside 
of  these  walls  were  found  the  small  "  Salaminian  "  shaft-tond)s  ( Fig.  13),  an<l  these  tond»s 
were  evidently  put  there  after  the  walls  had  been  erected.  It  apjiears  to  nu'  that  these 
walls  mark  the  peribolos  of  the  earliest  sanctuary  when  the  Second  Temple  was  not 
thought  of,  when  the  site  upon  which  it  was  erected  was  uneven  ground  containing 
merely  an  altar,  and  that  the  Cyclopan  foundations  were  not  yet  built  in  the  time  of 
Proetus.     Mr.  Tilton,  moreover,  succeeded  in  discovering  some  plan  in  the  present  indi- 


cations. 


At  all  events,  it  is  highly  probable  that  l)efore  the  erection  of  the  temjde  to  which 
the  Cycloi)ean  supporting  wall  and  polygonal  idatform  behnig  (which  wouM  hardly  have 
been  built  on  this  site  unless  for  a  long  time  before  it  had  been  associated  with  the 
cult  of  the  goddess),  there  was  some  form  of  sjinctuary  on  this  spot." 

All  tliese  considerations  lead  us  back  to  times  long  anteri<u-  to  the  date  hitherto  assigned 
to  the  beginnings  of  Greek  civiHaition  ;  that  is,  earlier  than  the  Mycenaean  iHM-iod,  gen- 
erally grouped  round  the  fifteenth  century  n.  c.  We  must,  moreover,  always  War  in 
mind  that  the  Argive  Heraeum  is  distinguished  from  Ilissjirlik-Troy,  in  that  it  is  not 
only  a  site  in  the  heart  of  Greece  pro])er,  but  is  in  a  district  associated  with  the  earliest 
records  and  traditions  of  the  Hellenic  jieople,  nay,  it  was  the  spiritual  centre  of  the 
earliest  Hellenes  of  whom  we  have  knowledge.  The  i-emains  of  the  temple  belonging 
to  the  Cycloi>ean  wall,  which  we  are  justified  in  assiM-iating  with  Proetus  of  Tiryns,  thus 
form  a  central  point  for  the  dating  of  the  earliest  iieriod,  with  evidence  of  preceding 
and  succeeding  occuiwtion.  Now  the  method  of  dating  Greek  temples  by  means  of  their 
orientation,  as  applied  by  Dr.  F.  C.  Penrose,^'  has  provided  us  with  definite  dates  ft)r 
these  buildings;  and  I  have  heard  from  the  most  competent  astronomical  authorities 
that,  as  regjirds  the  astroncmiical  side,  his  computations  rest  on  a  sound  scientific  Iwsis. 
In  the  case  of  our  Heraeum  such  inference  is  much  strengthened  in  that  we  have  two 
temples,  one  above  the  other,  the  date  of  the  later  one  absolutely  fixed  in  historical  times, 
and  that  these  two  temples  show  mme  divergence  in  the  line  of  their  orientation.  Dr. 
Penrose  has  concluded  that  the  earlier  Heraeum  is  one  of  the  two  oldest  temjdes  in  the 
ancient  Greek  world,  the  other  being  the  earliest  temple  of  Athena  on  the  Acropdis  of 
Athens,  and  he  assigns  to  these  two  temples  the  date  of  B.  c.  1830.  I  here  give  Dr. 
Penrose's  letter  on  this  subject :  — 


*  Since  I  wrote  this  I  have  conferred  with  Mr.  Tilton, 
our  architect,  who,  working  independently  on  the  archi- 
tectural remains,  has  come  to  the  same  conclnsion  as  to 
the  early  date  to  be  assigned  to  these  walls,  lie  has 
succeeded  further  in  discovering  indications  in  the  vestiges 
of  these  walls  at  the  west  end  which  point  to  what  was 


•  See  my  articles  cited  in  note  1  on  p.  25. 

='  'On  the  Orientation  of  Greek  Temples  and  the 
Dates  of  their  Foundation  derived  from  Astronomienl 
Considerations,  l»eing  a  Supplement  to  a  Paper  published 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Kciyal  Society  in  ISlKt,'  by 
F.  C.  Penrose,  F.  K.  S.,  in  PkllMophical  Tmntadiom  of 


prolmbly  a  tower  marking  the  entrance  to  the  second      the  Royal  Society  for  1SU7,  London,  1898,  vol.  190  (A), 
terrace  here.     This  will  be  made  clearer  in  the  introduc-      p.  43. 
tion  to  the  section  on  Architecture  (pp.  108  ff.). 


"  In  answer  to  your  qut'stious,  the  most  ancient  temples  as  derived  from  the  orientation  are 
(that  is,  acconlinjj;  to  the  arbitrary  constants  I  have  used  in  the  calculation,  which,  however,  admit 
of  certain  allowances  which  I  will  refer  to  afterwards)  :  — 


B.  C. 

1830 


1580 
1445 
1370 
1000 


The  Archaic  Temple  on  the  Acro|)olis  ) 
The  Heraenni  of  Argos  ^ 

3.  The  Athena  Temple  at  Tegea   ..... 

4.  The  1  leraeum  at  Olympia 

5.  The  Asclepienm  at  Kpidaurns    ..... 
G.   The  Olympieum  at  Athens  ;  i.  e.  iVncalion's  f«>nndations 

The  later  Argive  Heraeum   is  not  connected  in  its  orientation  with  the  .same  star  as  theOhl 

Temple.     The  arbitrary  constants,  as  1  have  called  them  —  and  esi>ecially  one  of  them,  namely, 

the  depression  of  the  sun  below  the  horizon  when  the  star  conld  he  recognized,  is  a  subjective 

matter  which  wouUl  allow  of  a  little  variation.     In  my  schenie  I  do  not  allow  of  any  capricious 

variation   of    this   constant  —  and    by   so 

doing  I  hold  that  I  get  a  tok-rably  rigid  ex-  y 

pi-ession  for  the  rchitive  dates  of  the  foun-  "h  it 

dations;  but  thei-e  wouhl  be  no  great  <lis- 

turbancc  of  the  i)rinciple  if  we  allow  a  little 

more  depression  of  the  sun  than  would  be 

abs»»lutely  necessiuy  for  a  clear  visioneil  observer  to  siglit  the  stiir  in  average  fine  weather. 

"  By  allowing  an  additional  degree  of  solar  depression  in  the  case  of  your  Heraeum  before  the 
star's  api»earance  was  to  l>e  announced,  the  18.30  would  l>ecome  15)10.  This  arrangement  would  l>e 
very  easily  managed  in  practice,  for  insUmce,  by  allowing  it  to  rise  to  the  height  of  some  mark 
[see  cut]  before  it  was  said  to  be  heliacal." 

This,  then,  —  b.  c.  li)l(>-1830,  —  is  the  date  which  we  adopt  for  the  Proetean 
Heraeum,  and  we  have  indications  at  the  Heraeum  of  long-continued  habitation  before 
this  tlite.  We  are  thus  driven  biick  to  dates  much  earlier  than  those  hitherto  assumed 
for  the  beginnings  of  Hellenic  civilization.  The  oidy  fixed  (kite  connected  with  the 
Argive  i-egion  which  we  find  is  that  a.s.signed,  according  to  Acusilaus,  to  Plioroneus,  i.  e. 
10*20  yeai-s  before  the  first  Olympiad,  which  brings  us  close  to  the  year  b.  c.  1800.  For 
the  present  it  is  enough  to  s;iy  that  this  computation  of  Acusilaus  seems  to  have  been 
made  on  some  good  grounds ;  but  I  should  be  inclined  to  pUice  the  period  marked  by 
Plioroneus  much  earlier. 

But  evidently  it  is  necessjiry  to  weigh  critically  the  ancient  genealogies  of  the  Argive 
rulers  handed  down  by  tradition,  pi-eserved  to  us  in  greatest  completeness  by  Pausiinias ; 
and  our  main  contention,  of  the  existence  of  a  Pre-Mycenaean  period  of  Greek  civiUzii- 
tion,  towards  which  all  our  evidence  converges,  will  be  strongly  supported  by  such 
critical  study.  It  will  be  finally  confirmed,  I  believe,  by  the  objects  of  earliest  art  and 
craft  which  we  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  on  this  site. 

In  tiiking  serious  account  of  the  local  traditions  of  earliest  Greek  history  handed 
down  in  ancient  literature,  and  in  weighing  and  sifting  them  critically,  we  must  feel  a 
general  misgiving  as  to  whether  we  are  justified  in  attiiching  any  weight  to  them  for 
the  purposes  of  historiciil  research.  This  doubt  is  caused  by  the  intrusion  of  so  many 
myths  and  legends  grouped  round  certain  individiuil  names  which  in  themselves  form  a 
rational  and  simple  genealogical  table.  But  these  misgivings  will  be  greatly  allayed 
when  we  consider  the  parallel  instances  within  oiu-  well-authenticated  historical  ken  to 
some  of  which  my  friend  Professor  Ridgeway  has  drawn  my  attention.  It  will  then  be 
seen  that,  by  what  might  aUnost  be  called  a  mythogenetic  kw,  popidar  legends  have  an 


,^i 


so 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


THE   ARGIVE   GENEALOGIES   IN   PAUSANIAS 


SI 


inherent  tendency  to  •»i(»n|)  round  the  most  famous  imd  historical  fi«>ures.  Tliere  can, 
for  uistance,  be  no  douht  that  Charlemagne  and  Arthur  and  Vergil  and  Alexander  the 
Great  are  historical  figures,  with  a  continuous  roll  of  sober  historical  records  preceding 
their  own  lives  and  times  and  following  upon  them.  And  yet  tliere  is  a  rich  mine  of 
legend  clustering  al>out  the  name  of  Charlemagne,  the  Arthurian  C<>urt,  about  Alexander 
the  Great  and  Vergil,  and,  I  might  add,  the  Greek  philosopher  Pythagoras.  These 
legends  were  s<nnetimes  formed  by  slow  growth  centuries  after  the  period  in  which  the 
central  hero  lived.  Nay,  we  can,  in  our  own  day,  immediately  about  us,  study  and  realize 
the  process  by  which  story  and  legend  are  formed  and  crystallized  about  one  central 
figure,  when  we  but  notice  or  recall  how  striking  incidents  or  deeds,  clever  or  epigram- 
matic siiyings,  witty  or  comic  remarks  or  actions,  show  a  natural  tendency  to  be  fathered 
u}M)n  persons  whom  we  have  known  oui'selves,  and  who  were  remarkable  for  any  one  of 
the  (pialities  or  actions  mentioned  above.  So  the  imaginative  and  woiulei-loving  mind 
of  the  i)eople  spins  its  web  of  legend  round  the  solid  core  of  some  prominent  personality 
in  the  actual  tradition  of  its  past ;  and  if  not  round  a  person,  then  round  a  striking 
object  or  hicality.  As  Belger  has  shown  in  discussing  Mycenae,'  this  is  esi>ecially  the 
case  with  graves  and  sepulchral  monuments.  Aiul  he  has  shown  this  process  in  a  com- 
paratively recent  instiuice  in  the  case  of  the  tond)  of  a  certain  Count  Gleichen.  We  can 
furthermore  hardly  be  charged  with  arguing  in  a  circle  if,  in  considering  carefully  and 
«rivin«»  due  weiirht  to  the  earliest  Argive  chronologies  as  i)reserved  in  the  traditions 
handed  down  especially  by  Pausiinias,  we  lay  stress  upon  the  fact  that  the  i-esiduum  of 
fact  which  we  tlius  obtain  is  strengthened  by  all  colhitenil  evidence  in  exbint  literature 
and  in  the  ancient  monuments  at  our  disposiil,  and  is  supported  by  all  the  results  of  our 
excavations  at  the  Heraeum.  When  once  we  grasp  and  control  the  confused  mass  of 
literary  traditions  concerning  this  earliest  period  of  Greek  history,  and  cai-efully  sift  the 
crude  statements,  placing  them  side  by  side  in  an  (»rderly  manner,  the  logical  sobriety, 
the  sidient  figures,  and  their  org-anic  relation  to  one  another  become  manifest  and  ctiu- 
vincing. 

As  regards  the  earliest  Argive  geneahjgies,  Pausiinias  is  and  will  ever  remain  the  chief 
and  siifest  guide.  His  account  in  the  sixteenth  and  eighteenth  chai)ters  of  the  second 
book  was  evidently  derived  from  the  best  traditions  extiint  in  the  localities  themselves  in 
his  day  —  and  this  at  a  time  when  the  printing-press  had  not  yet  destroyed  the  yter- 
sistence  and  accuracy  of  individual  as  well  as  tniditional  memory.  Moreover,  the  student 
of  Pausiinias  must  realize  that  this  very  sphei-e  of  antiquarian  i-esearch  was  the  one  in 
which  that  author  was  most  interested  and  showed  considerable  critical  caiwcity.  In 
this  very  (sixteenth)  chapter  Ave  are  struck  by  the  critical  selection  he  makes  of  what 
is  on  the  face  of  it  the  soundest  tradition,  and  then  adds  the  ])opuhir  variants.  Take, 
for  instiince,  the  cai-eful  manner  in  which  he  rendei-s  the  doubtful  record  ascribed  to 
Acusilaus  concerning  an  eponymous  hero  of  Mycenae,  —  Mycenaeus  as  a  son  of  a  simi- 
larly fictitious  Sjjarton  —  and  then  rejects  it.  "  I  cannot  accept  the  account  which  they 
attribute  to  Acusilaus,  that  Mycenaeus  was  a  son  of  S{)arton,  and  Siwrton  a  son  of 
Phoroneus ;  for  the  Lticedaemonians  themselves  do  not  admit  it.  The  LiicedaenM)niau8 
certiiudy  have  in  AmycLie  a  stjitue  of  a  woman  Simrtii ;  but  it  would  surprise  them  even 
to  hear  of  Sparton,  son  of  Phoroneus." 

At  first  sight  we  must  be  somewhat  confused  by  the  two  different  accounts  of  the 
genealogy  of  Argive  riders,  as  given  in  the  sixteenth  and  eighteenth  chapters  of  Pausa- 

•  Die  Mtjkenische  Lokalsagc,  pp.  1  ff.    Cf.  also  article  "  Heros,"  iu  Kusc-lier's  Leiiim,  and  Rhode's  Psyche,  pp.  164  ff. 


niiis.  As  there  given  they  apjiear  to  be  entirely  disconnected,  while  dealing  with  the 
same  region.  But  a  moi-e  cai-eful  study  will  show  that  they  supplement  one  another. 
We  understiind  this  best  when  we  realize  what  Pausiinias,  the  traveler  and  iintiquarian 
in  the  time  of  the  Antonines,  really  did  to  c<illect  this  information,  and  what  sources  of 
informati<»n  he  Imd  at  his  disposiil  on  the  spot. 

In  his  journey  in  the  pi-evious  chiijitei-s  Pausiinias  had  come  southwards  from  Sicyon, 
Titiine,  Phliiis,  iind  Nenieii,   to  the   northern  opening  of  the  Argive  plain  nearest  to 
Mycenae,  just  as  the  modern  r.iilwiiy  traveler  iipproiiches  this  district.     Of  the  great 
centi-es  of  early  Greek  civiliziition  in  this  plain  three  were  practically  destroyed  and 
deserted,  namely,  Myceuiie,  Mideii,  and  Tiryns.     The  centres  which  he  found  flourishing 
were  the  city  of  Argos  and  the  Heraeum.     Of  these  two  the  city  of  Argos  had  not 
always  possessed  supi-eme  iind  prunary  importiince  in  the  history  of  the  plain,  or,  as  we 
shiill  i-ealize  more  and  moi-e,  it  had  not  gained  its  prominent  jjosition  until  a  compara- 
tively bite  jKiriod  of  this  early  history.     The  Heraeum,  on  the  other  hand,  had  retained 
its  essential  iind  intrinsic  importiince  in  an  unbroken  sequence  from  the  earliest  times  to 
the  yeiir  in  which  it  Wiis  visited  by  Pausiiniiis.     This  intrinsic  importiince,  moreover,  was 
knit  up  with  the  very  function  of  keeping  siici-ed  and  traditional  records  of  the  past,  not 
only  by  meiins  of  the  list  of  priestesses  there  deposited,  which  served  as  the  chronological 
foundation  for  the  i-eckoning  of  the  people,  but  iilso  the  function  of  preserving  with  piety 
the  honor  of  the  greiit  goddess  and  the  memory  of  the  heroized  ancestoi-s  of  the  people 
who  founded  her  worship  and  were  alwiiys  intimately  iissociated  with  it.     At  the  close 
of  the  fifteenth  chapter,  where  he  leaves  the  Corinthian  and  Sicyonian  regions  to  enter 
the  Argive  pkiin  proper,  he  nuikes  some  })reliminiiry  remarks  referring  to  the  worship  of 
Hera  in  this  pLiin,  and  about  the  fii-st  figure  in  the  genealogical  series  of  Argive  rulei-s, 
Phoroneus.     Entering  the  pLiin,  the  fii-st  point  he  arrives  at  naturally  is  Mycenae,  of 
which  he  gives  ii  comiKiKitively  meiigre  description  in  the  next  chapter,  after  which  he 
proceeds  to  the  Heraeum  and  then  continues  his  journey  to  Argos.     It  is  thus  at  least 
unlikely  that  he  would  have  found  in  the  deserted  vilLige  of  Mycenae  living  records  of 
etirly  history,  or,  if  he  had,  that  he  would  have  remained  content  with  those  that  he 
found  there  in  view  of  the  living  traditions  in  the  most  competent  hands  among  the 
priestesses  of  the  thriving  siinctiuiry  which  he  at  once  visits.     From  the  Heraeum  he 
agiiin  joins  the  niiiin  road,  where  he  sees  and  describes  the  tomb  and  shrine  of  Perseus, 
and  then  enters  the  city  of  Argos.     Now  it  is  in  this  chapter  that  he  gives  us  the 
genealogy  of  the  rulers  of  the  city  of  Argos. 

The  genealogy  which  Pausiinias  gives  in  the  sixteenth  chapter  he  received  at  the 
Heraeum,  while  that  of  the  eighteenth  chapter  he  gathered  in  the  city  of  Argos.  We 
are  not  astonished,  then,  to  find  that  the  Argtis  tradition  only  begins  with  Megai)enthes, 
the  fourteenth  link  in  the  chain  of  Argive  rulers  preserved  in  the  Heraeum  tradition  ; 
while  the  Heraeimi  tradition  leads  us  much  farther  back.  The  relative  lateness,  more- 
over, of  the  foundation  of  this  Argos  dynasty,  as  compared  with  the  history  of  the  whole 
Argive  pLiin,  is  confirmed  by  all  other  evidence.  To  gain  a  comprehensive  view  of  this 
chronology  before  entering  into  details,  I  will  at  once  give  the  following  table  of  the  two 
traditions  and  their  relation  to  one  another :  — 


32 


(lENEKAL   INTRODUCTION 


VARIANTS   IN  THE   LEGENDS 


33 


II 


,1 


HERAEl'M   TRADITION 

B.  c.    Phoroneus 

Daughter  of  Plioroiieus 

Argus 

Pirasus  ami  Pliorb;i8 
Triopas 

lasus  Agenor 

lo  Crutupus 

Stlieiielas 
(ic'lanur 


AIt»08  TUADITION 


Danaus 
Lynceus 
Abas 
circ.  1830  b.  c.    Acrisius  and  Prortus  (Tiryns 
and  lleraemn) 
Danai',  Megaiienthes  (Argos) 
Perseus  (Mycenae) 
Four  generations 
Agaiueuiuou 


MegapenthoH 


Argus 
Auaxagoras  (Melauipus  aud  liias^ 
Alector 
(Ipliis,  Capaneus) 
Stheuelus 
(Agjunenuion)  Cylaraljes 
Orestes  (  "  Master  t»f  Argos,  for  lie  dwelt  near," 
and  added  the  larger  jiart  of  Arcadia  to  his  do- 
main, Spartii,  etc.) 

Tisanienu:; 

(  Dorians ) 

Tenienus  and  Cresphontes 

etc 

The  first  person  we  meet  with  in  the  genealoj^y  of  PunsiiniuK,  Phoroneus,  is  prohaldy 
the  native  founder  of  the  Ar«pve  j)eo})le,  or,  inoi-e  probably,  the  i-hieftiiin  who  raised  the 
people  out  of  their  "  unpolitieiil "  stiite  into  one  of  coin)Kirative  soeiiil  order  and  unity. 
As  Pausjinias  siiys  : '  "  he  brouj^ht  mankind  together  for  the  first  time,  for  hithei-tu 
they  had  lived  scattered  and  solitiiry,  and  the  pUice  whei-e  they  fti*st  assembled  was  naineil 
the  eity  of  Phoronieum."  That  he  was  native  born  is  siiown  by  the  fact  that  he  is  called 
the  son  of  the  river  Inachus.  Now  his  act  of  civiliaition  consisted,  in  the  fii-st  place,  in 
brin«>;ing  the  people  toj^ether  in  a  city,  a  phice  of  union  within  and  a  place  of  sti-enjfth 
towards  the  outside  world.  The  sjiine  act  of  civiliziition  is,  as  i-ej»;jirds  the  Attic  i>e<»ple, 
thei-e  ascribed  to  Theseus  in  his  Sifuoikismoffy  an  event  i>eri)etuated  in  the  history  of 
Attica  by  the  Panathenaic  Festival.-  Similar  memorials  of  this  definite  step  in  civiliza- 
tion may  be  found  in  other  Greek  centi-es. 

Besides  this  act  of  political  union,  Phoroneus  jpive  spiritiud  and  social  unity  to  the 
inhabitants  by  the  establishment  of  the  worship  and  the  cult  of  Hem.'  His  p-ave 
was  shown  at  Arj^os  in  later  days,  and  he  was  there  worshij)ed  as  a  hero.  EusebiiiH, 
quotinj]^  fnnn  Acusilaus,*  estiimites  his  date  as  havinj^  been  1020  years  l)efore  the  fii-st 
Olympiad,  which  would  brinjj  us  to  about  the  year  n.  c.  1800.  We  must  assipi  a  much 
earlier  date  to  him,  on  the  ground  of  the  genealogy  of  Pausanias,  —  about  2200  B.  c. 

>  II.  15.  5.  ■  HyR.  Fah.  143  ;  Tatian,  Or.  adv.  Graeco*,  60 ;  and 

*  Cf.  Waldstein,  Essays  on  the  Art  of  Pheidias,  Note      39,  p.  1-W.    I'aiisaniaH,  /.  c,  ascribes  this  to  luacbus. 
E,  p.  255.  *  Praep.  Eo.  X.  10. 


In  the  case  of  Phoroneus,  as  well  as  of  the  subse<iuent  Argive  rulers  mentioned  above, 
the  different  ancient  authors  present  variants  as  to  the  exact  relationship  which  they  held 
to  one  another.  But  I  maint^iin  emphatically  that  such  variation,  so  far  from  proving  the 
purely  fictitious  nature  of  these  personalities,  is  evidence  of  their  real  existence  in  remote 
antiquity.  It  shows  the  vitiility  of  ancient  tradition,  and  illustrates  the  living  manner 
in  which  it  is  handed  on.  For,  if  such  st<»ries  and  genealogies  were  the  pure  figment  of 
some  jM)etic  or  imaginative  brain,  they  would  then  be  more  likely  to  show  complete 
unanimity  and  logical  consistency  in  the  presentjition  of  the  individual  lives  as  well  as  of 
the  set|iience  in  the  genealogical  series.  The  variation  brings  home  to  us  and  illustrates  the 
actiml  process  by  means  of  which  these  traditions  were  kept  alive  and  handed  on  in  the 
different  localities.  And  it  is  in  this  natur.il  process,  in  the  popular  growth  of  tradition, 
that  some  deviation  and  confusion  will  arise  as  it  is  handed  on  in  distinct  localities. 
Thus  we  hear '  that  Phoroneus  was  the  brother  of  Aegialeus,  or  Pegeus,  and  the  husband 
of  Peitlio.  And  we  have  still  greater  confusion  in  that  Peitho  is  made  the  mother  of 
Aegialeus  and  Appia.  The  jMisition  held  by  Ni<d)e  is  also  confusing.  In  ApoUodorus,-' 
Phoi-oneus  is  the  husband  of  the  nymph  Laodice,  and  thus  the  father  of  Apis  and  Ni<d)e. 
Still  another  authority^  makes  him  the  father  of  Pelasgus,  lasus,  and  Agenor,  and 
attributes  to  him  the  subdivision  of  the  Argive  district  among  his  sons,  which,  we  shall 
see  in  the  account  of  Pausiinias,  takes  place  eleven  generations  later  under  Abas.  The 
confusion  which  thus  arises  is  no  doubt  attributiible  to  the  inaccunicy  of  various  local 
traditions,  increased  by  the  jM>etic  remoulding  when  once  the  rhapsodist  and  the  artist 
puts  his  fashioning  hand  to  the  rough  material  of  popular  tradition.  In  the  case  of 
Phoroneus,  we  know  that  this  was  the  case,  and  that  there  existed  an  ei)ic  poem  called 
Phoronis.* 

It  is  a  significant  fact  that  the  inheritance  seems  to  have  passed  on  from  Phoroneus  to 
his  grandson  through  the  mother.  According  to  Apollodorus  (/.  f.),  the  next  ruler  was 
the  son  of  Phoroneus's  daughter,  by  Zeus,  here  called  Niobe.  This  second  Argive  ruler 
is  called  Ai-gus,  a  name  which  naturally  is  common  within  these  genealogies,  and  is  found, 
also,  at  a  later  jieriod,  in  the  tradition  of  the  city  of  Argos.  He  is  mentioned  by  most 
of  the  authorities  quoted  abf)ve,  as  well  as  by  Herodotus  °  and  the  Scholiast  to  Euripi- 
des." He  is  readily  confused  with  the  other  Argus  Panoptes,  the  great  grandson  of  this 
Argus,  son  of  Agenor,  whose  story  is  so  fancifully  interwoven  into  the  legend  of  lo. 

According  to  the  geneahigy  of  Pausanias,  Argus  has  two  sons,  Pirasus  and  Phorbas. 
Pirasus  is  interestinjr  to  us  inasmuch  as  it  is  to  him  that  the  very  ancient  wooden  image 
which  Pausanias  saw  at  the  Heraeum "  is  ascribed.  Phorbas,  who  becomes  the  father  of 
the  next  ruler,  Trioi)as,  and  the  gi-andfather  of  lasus  and  great-giandfather  of  lo,  is  con- 
fusingly merged  into  the  whole  lo  gioup  of  storiis,  as  his  own  name  and  the  name 
Euboea  all  i)oiiit(see  above,  p.  G)  to  legends  giouping  round  the  cow  and  the  pasture-land 
of  the  Hei-aeum.  But  this  distinctly  lies  beyond  our  province.  It  is  enough  to  say  that 
this  name  would  lead  us  towards  Rhodes,  which  archaeologically  shows  an  interesting 
connection  with  the  Argive  district,  as  well  as  with  Thessaly  and  Messene.  These 
remarks  apply  also  to  Triopas,  the  son  of  Phorbas. 


»  Schol.  Eurip.  Or.  G32. 
«  ApoIIod.  II.  1.  1. 
'  Hellanicus  ap.  Kustath.  p.  38.'),  38. 
«  Sc*o/.  Apoll.  Rhod.  i.  1129  ;  Clem.  Alex.  Strom.  I.  25, 
p.  380.     Cf.  Kinkel,  Epic.  Graec.  Fragg.  pp.  209-212. 
*  Herod.  VI.  8. 


«  Eur.  Phoen.  11 IG. 

"  Pans.  II.  17.  5.  See  also  passages  in  Overbeck's 
Srhriftqrtellen,  etc.  143-146.  We  attach  some  importance 
to  tliis  tradition  as  regards  tbe  earliest  images  of  Hera, 
and  shall  refer  to  it  when  dealing  with  tbe  terra-cottas 
from  the  Heraeum. 


W*' 


Wi. 


34 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


THE   ADVENT   OF  THE   ATRIDAE 


35 


II 


The  sons  of  Triopas  are  lasus  and  Agenor.  In  the  case  of  lasns  we  ajpiin  have 
traces  of  great  confusion  of  tradition,  inasmuch  as  he  is  alternately  called  the  son  of 
TriojKis,  the  son  of  Phoroneus,  and  brother  of  Pebisgus  and  Agenor '  son  of  Argus 
and  Evadne  or  Peitho,  etc."  He  is  father  of  lo.  We  dare  not  enter  here  into  the 
problems  gi-ouping  round  lo,  in  whose  story  we  cannot  go  far  wrong  if  we  see  either 
an  indication  of  the  spread  of  the  Argive  jieojde  far  into  the  distiince,  to  Byziintium, 
Ethiopia,  and  Egypt,  —  or  at  least  some  indication  of  intereourse  l)etween  the  Argive 
people  and  those  of  these  distant  realms.  Nor  can  we  here  decide  the  puzzling  (piestion 
of  lo's  relation  to  the  Hem  cult  in  Argos  and  in  Euboea,  her  identification  with  the  cow, 
or  even  her  possible  identification  with  Hera  herself.  We  can  only  point  to  the  more  sol)er 
records  concerning  her,  which  identify  her  with  the  first  priestess  of  Hera  under  the 
name  of  Callithoe  who  headed  the  list  of  priestesses  preserved  at  the  Heraeum.'  It  is 
she  who  decorates  the  earliest  image  of  Hera  at  the  Heraeum  in  the  form  of  a  jjillar 
(kCuv)  with  ribbons  and  wreaths.*  Thus,  leaving  all  the  fanciful  legends  aside,  we  have 
a  j>ersonality  intimately  connected  with  the  worship  of  Hem  in  the  Argive  district. 

The  line  of  rulers  j)roceeds  in  the  son  of  lo's  uncle  Agenor  to  Crotojius,  her  cousin, 
who  is  succeeded  by  Sthenelas,  a  name  which  we  meet  with  in  a  slightly  different  form 
in  the  subse(pient  tradition  of  the  city  of  Argos  and  which  again  ap]>ears  in  the  Homeric 
story  associated  with  this  district. 

With  Gelanor  we  c<mie  to  a  j>eriod  which  undoubtedly  has  indications  of  troubled 
times  and  the  jKissing  of  Argive  sway  into  (»ther  hands, —  from  Gelanor  to  Danaus. 

But  Danaus  in  jill  traditions  is  of  the  blood  of  Argive  kings,  though  he  comes  fnmi 
abroad.  As  the  tradition  grouping  round  him  ])oints  to  a  violent  change  in  the  ordinary 
succession  of  previous  rulers,  it  also  confirms  the  ])revious  existence  of  generations  of 
indigenous  rulers.  This  im])ortiint  figure,  who  undoubtedly  c<mies  in  or  returns  from 
abroiid,  probably  from  Egypt,  illustrates  the  mythogcnetic  "  law,"  which  we  referred  to 
above,  in  concentrating  upon  himself  a  rich  layer  of  myths.  This  is  es|>ecially  the  case 
with  the  Danaids,  his  daughters,  who  are  ultimately  identified  with  the  nymphs  guanling 
the  wells  by  means  of  which  an  early  ruler  increased  the  fertility  of  the  dry  Argive  plain. 

It  is  with  one  of  his  daughters,  Hy]>ennnestra,  that  Lynceus,  the  only  survivor  among 
the  sons  of  Aegyptus,  is  wedded.  Lynceus  succeeds  Danaus,  either  in  the  natural  course 
of  events  or  by  slaying  him,  and  is  in  turn  succeeded  by  his  son  Abas. 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  what  is  the  lehition  of  this  Abas  to  the  warlike  tribe,  the 
Abantes,  localized  in  Euboea.  But  the  connection  between  Euboea  and  Argos  is  fully 
indicated  throughout  all  traditions.  It  is  to  Abas  that  his  father  Lynceus  gives  the 
shield  of  Danaus  which  strikes  terror  among  his  enemies,'"'  and  it  is  owing  to  this  relic 
shown  in  the  Heraeum  that,  tradition  has  it,  bronze  shields  were  given  to  the  victors  in 
tlie  games  and  that  these  games  received  the  name  of  ao-TTi?  iv  'Apyti. 

As  Danaus  marked  a  change  in  the  noimal  development  of  Argive  rule,  so  another 
new  era  opens  at  the  death  of  Abas,  who,  ficcording  to  the  account  given  in  Pausiinias, 
divides  the  Argive  district  between  his  two  sons,  Acrisius  and  Proetus.  The  district  is 
naturally  divided  by  the  Inachus,  Acrisius  taking  the  western  half,  aiul  Proetus  the  eastern 
half.     But  the  brothers  are  from  the  very  beginning  '^  inimical  to  one  another.     Proetus 


»  Eiistath.  p.  389,  39. 

2  Schol.  Eiirip.  Phoen.  1151  (1123,  etc.). 

•  Cf.  Rosclier,  Lex.  s.  r. 

*  Phm-onis  (fr.  4)  ap.  Clem.  Alex.  Strom.  I.  25,  p.  418. 


»  IIvRin.  Fab.  170  and  273. 

*  AecortlinfT  to  A|m>1Im1.  II.  2.  1.  these  twin  brotben 
were  at  variance  even  before  they  were  actually  burn. 


has  to  leave  the  country,  and  finds  a  shelter  with  lobates  of  Lycia,  whose  daughter 
Antea  or  Sthenoboea  he  marries.  He  then  returns  and  holds  his  portion  of  the  plain. 
He  brings  with  him  the  Lyciaii  masons  who  build  for  him  his  fortress  and  palace  at 
Tiryns.  These  foreign  artisjins  thus  introduce  a  new  form  of  architecture  and  forti- 
fication among  the  connnunities  civilizetl  by  Phoroneus.  It  is  important  to  remark  that 
no  such  act  is  attributed  to  Acrisius  at  Argos,  and  that  we  have  no  ground  for  believing 
that  up  to  this  time  the  city  of  Argos  had  such  fortifications.  It  is  two  generations 
later  that  Perseus  builds  the  walls  of  Mycenae ;  and  we  are  thus  not  astonished  to  find 
that,  while  the  Iliad  speaks  of  Tiryns  as  TipvvOa  Tci;(toccro-ai'  and  of  Mycenae  as 
ivKTifitvov  TTTokUOpov  aiid  €vpvdyvi.a  MvKijvr)  and  of  Ilios's  Kkvra  reix^a  or  of  the  city 
as  evTtCxeov,  etc.,  there  is  no  attribute  of  this  kind  atfciched  to  the  term  Argos  in  the 
Homeric  |H>ems.'     Acrisius  is  followed  by  his  grandson,  the  son  of  his  daughter,  Perseus. 

In  connection  with  this  prominent  figure  of  Perseus  again  legend  and  myth  have  been 
freely  develojHjd.  But  the  account  of  his  life  and  deeds  points,  on  the  one  hand,  to 
foreign  travel  (Seriphus  and  Ethioi>ia)  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  Argos  and  Thessjily. 
The  story  of  his  accidentiilly  killing  his  grandfather  Acrisius  at  Ljirisii  in  Thessiily,  or 
at  Argos-Lirisji  (the  early  name  for  the  city  of  Argos),  points  to  an  ethnical  connection 
i»etween  Thessiily  and  Argos.  He  then  exchanges  territories  with  the  son  of  Proetus, 
Meg.iiHjuthes,  or  wrests  the  district  from  him.  And  we  now  find  Megapenthes  esfcib- 
lished  on  the  Lirisji- Argos  side,  and  Perseus  on  the  other  or  Tirynthian  side.  The  latter 
now  goes  farther  inland  to  the  north  end  of  the  pkiin,  and  there  founds  the  fortress-city 
of  Mycenae."  As  with  Acrisius  and  Proetus  we  had  the  foreshadowing  of  a  political 
division  of  the  Argive  district,  wliicii  before  had  a  unity  of  rule,  so  n(iw  we  have  a 
distinct  and  clear  dualism  fixed  by  definite  fortified  cities.  The  tradition  concerning 
Acrisius  and  Proetus  seems  to  be  based  upon  disunion.  It  leads  to  the  building  of  the 
Tirynthian  fortress ;  then  follows  the  fortification  of  Mycenae ;  and  with  Megapenthes 
l)egins  the  real  estciblislunent  of  the  city  of  Argos.  For  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the 
genealogical  tiible  which  Pausanias  derives  from  the  city  of  Argos  does  not  begin  with 
Acrisius  or  Abas  but  with  Megapenthes. 

It  is  not  necessjiry  for  us  to  continue  a  detailed  consideration  of  the  succeeding  rulers 
at  Mycenae  and  the  city  of  Argos  as  illustrated  in  the  fcible  given  above.  It  continues 
from  Meg.i|)entlies  for  at  least  seven  generations,  with  the  indications  of  internal  dissen- 
sions and  changes,  until,  in  the  time  of  Cylarabes  at  Argos,  Agamenuion  takes  posses- 
sion of  Mycenae,  and  his  son  Orestes  extends  his  rule  over  the  city  of  Argos,  over  Arcadia 
and  into  Liiconia. 

The  advent  of  the  Atridae  thus  marks  another  epoch,  which,  however,  does  not  bear 
such  clear  traces  of  foreign  irruption.  But  it  may  be  admissible  to  adduce  even  a  poetic 
tradition  in  so  late  an  authority  as  Dictys  Cretensis  (I.  16)  to  show  that  the  Heraeum 
maintained  its  religious  sway  during  the  j)eriod  of  the  Atridae  at  Mycenae,  For  it  is 
at  the  Heraeum  that  Agamemnon  is  reported  to  have  been  chosen  leader  of  the  expedi- 
tion against  Troy. 

The  great  change  in  the  leadership  of  the  Argolid  takes  place  when  in  the  time  of 
Tisiimenus  the  Dorians  flood  the  country. 

In  giving  this  genealogy  of  riders  in  the  city  of  Argos  as  it  is  linked  to  the  earlier 
series  of  indigenous  rulers  which  we  found  preserved  in  the  Heraeum  tradition,  the  link 

^  Sec  my  note  on  '  The  Argive  Heraeum  and  Bacchy-  *  Paus.  II.  16. 

lides,  xi.  43-84,'  Classical  Review,  December,  1900. 


\] 


II 


36  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 

being  in  Megapenthes,  I  have  not  considered  the  house  of  Melaniptis,  who,  as  Pjiusanias 
tells*'us,  was  the  ancestor  of  six  kings  in  six  generations  down  to  Amphiloclius,  son  of 
Amphiaraus.  I  have  not  done  this  because,  as  Pausaniiis  continues,  "  the  native  dynasty 
of  the  house  of  Anaxagoras  outlasted  the  other  two."  Nor  have  I  referred  to  that 
splendid  figure  in  the  Homeric  poems,  Diomed,  who  is  probably  connected  with  the 
house  of  Bias,  inasmuch  as  the  name  Aegialeus  occurs  in  the  genealogy  and  Aegiiilea 
was  the  wife  of  Diomed.  I  am  not  here  concerned  with  an  indei>endent  study  of  these 
Aroive  genealogies.  The  mahi  i-eason  why  I  have  entered  ujMJn  this  topic  at  all  is  that 
any  account  of  the  striking  evidence  which  our  excavations  yield,  as  i-egards  the  earliest 
monuments  found,  would  be  imperfect  unless  the  literary  traditions  of  these  remote  ages 
were  considered  and  studied  in  the  light  of  these  finds,  and  the  indications  which  they 
afford  were  used,  to  a  certain  extent,  as  guides  in  our  threading  of  this  labyrinth. 

The  main  results  which  these  early  traditions  thus  yield  us  are,  first,  the  confirmation 
in  a  striking  manner  of  the  chronological  sequence  in  the  history  of  the  Argive  idain  — 
first  Tiryns,  then  Mycenae,  and  then  Argos ;  secondly,  the  confinnation  of  the  evidence 
presented  by  our  excavations  of  a  considerable  iHjriod  of  compiratively  civilized  life  at 
the  Heraeum,  not  only  before  the  so-called  Mycenaean  i>eriod,  but  also  before  the  building 
of  the  Cyclopean  temple  ascribed  to  Proetus  of  Tiryns.  The  study  of  these  geneah»gies, 
moreover,  confirms  our  belief  that,  though  around  many  of  these  figures  is  groujied  a 
rich  and  variegated  mass  of  legend,  and  though  there  be  variants  and  divergencies  in 
the  account  of  the  succession  among  these  rulers,  the  list,  taken  as  a  whole,  distinctly 
points  to  the  existence  of  organized  social  communities  in  this  district  long  before  the 
political  life  described  by  Homer. 

With  the  death  of  Orestes  and  the  reign  of  Temenus  the  hegemony  in  the  Argive 
plain  is  transferred  from  Mycenae  to  the  city  of  Argos ;  and  here  it  remains  ever  after, 
until  the  whole  district  loses  its  prominent  position  in  Greek  history  when  the  leadership 
is  transferred  to  Athens  and  Sparta. 

We  can  hardly  doubt  that  the  city  of  Argos  obtained  its  real  preeminence  with  the 
conquest  of  the  land  by  the  Dorians.  What  became  of  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  in  this 
period,  it  is  difficult  to  detenuine  exactly.  On  the  one  hand,  we  hear  that  all  the  inhal)- 
itants  of  the  Argive  district  subdued  by  the  Dorians,  whose  political  centre  was  in  the 
city  of  Argos,  were  repressetl  into  a  position  corresponding  very  much  to  that  of  the 
Lacedemonian  helots  and  were  called  yvfjLvrJTe^  or  yu/xi/T/Vioi.'  As  contrasted  with 
the  inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Argos  they  became  metics,  or,  as  they  were  called  from 
the  first  of  these  subdued  centres,  Orneae,  ircpiotKot  'Opvearair  Mycenae  certainly 
appears  after  this  time  to  have  held  a  dependent  relation  to  the  city  of  Argos.  On  the 
other  hand,  both  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  must  have  retained  a  considerable  amount  of  inde- 
pendence ;  this  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  Mycenae  sent  eighty  men  to  Thennopylae, 
and  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  together  400  men  to  Plataeae,  while  Argos  sent  none.  At  the 
close  of  the  sixth  century  B.  c,  moreover,  we  find  that  the  slaves  at  Argos,  the  f/t/wnesiif 
after  their  successfid  revolt,  settled  at  Tiryns  and  held  this  i)lace  against  the  Argives 

for  some  time.' 

During  the  whole  of  this  Argive  period  the  Heraeum,  no  doubt,  retained  its  religious 
importance  over  the  weakened  centres  of  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  as  well  as  over  the  Dorian 


THE  DORIANS  AND  THE  HERAEUM 


37 


city  of  Argos.  But  we  must  not  forget  that,  with  the  rise  to  power  of  Temenus  at 
AnroH  and  the  prominent  position  which  that  city  held  as  the  capital  of  the  Dorian  con- 
federacy or  "  amphictyony,"  new  temples  and  new  cults  were  established  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Inachus  and  in  closer  proximity  to  the  city  itself ;  and  that,  moreover,  as 
was  indicated  above  (p.  4),  the  new  national  religion  and  divinities  of  the  victorious 
inva<ler  were  naturally  pushed  forward  as  much  as  possible.  Thus  a  more  or  less  con- 
scious attempt  would  be  made  to  give  prominence  to  such  a  cult  as  that  of  Apollo 
Pythaeus,  who  was  the  religious  expression  of  the  distinctly  national  Dorian  supremacy, 
and  whose  temple  on  the  Larisji  of  Argos  was  the  local  centre  for  the  Dorian  league  of 
cities  (Cleonae,  Plilius,  Sicyon,  Epidaurus,  Troezen,  and  Aegina).  We  can  thus  under- 
stiind  how  under  the  Dorians  there  may  have  been  a  tendency  to  counteract  the  dominant 
supremacv  of  the  Heraeum.  Perhaps  it  was  this  spirit  of  Dorian  separatism  which  still 
survived  into  the  fifth  century  b.  c.  and  caused  the  city  of  Argos  to  refrain  from  sharing 
the  gh»rv  of  Thermopylae  and  Plataeae  when  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  entered  the  lists. 

Still,  as  was  remarked  above  (pp.  4-0),  the  overiM)wering  prestige  of  the  Heraeum,  the 
most  ancient  of  the  great  centres  of  ancient  Hellas,  withstood  all  these  temporary  attempts 
at  repression,  and  itretiiined  its  supreme  sway  and  its  high  position  in  the  Greek  religious 
world  so  hmg  as  the  Argive  district  itself  remained  a  place  of  importance.  With  the 
successoi-s  of  Temenus,  however,  the  Dorians  could  not  retain  for  any  great  period  the 
preeminence  which  Argos  had  i)reviously  enjoyed.  For  after  Medon,  who  succeeded 
Cisus,  as  second  after  Temenus,  the  power  of  Argos  began  to  wane.  It  is  then,  about 
the  ninth  century  B.  c,  that  the  great  struggle  with  Spai-ta  began  for  the  possession 
of  Cynuria,'  and  it  is  well  known  who  ultimately  carried  off  the  victory  and  gained 
undoubted  preeminence  in  Peloponnesus.  The  rulers  following  Medon,  Thestius, 
Merops,  Aristodamidas,  Eratus,  maintained  this  struggle.  Then  followed  one  great 
figure  who  again  gave  preeminence  to  Argos,  namely,  Phidon.  Under  this  powerful 
ruler,  Arg()s  revive<l  its  supremacy.  He  is,  however,  especially  interesting  to  us  for  his 
more  peaceful  deeds  in  the  history  of  ancient  civiliziition ;  for  to  him  is  attributed,  not 
only  the  estiiblishment  of  a  standard  of  fixed  weights  and  measures,  but  also  the  coin- 
age of  money.  His  activity  probably  belongs  U)  the  second  half  of  the  eighth  century 
B.  C,  though  according  to  some  it  may  have  extended  into  the  seventh  century.  We 
shall  see  of  what  interest  he  is  in  connection  with  the  results  of  our  excavations,  when 
we  come  to  give  a  summary  account  of  the  metal  work  there  found. 

A  few  words  may  suffice  to  indicate  the  subsequent  history  of  the  Heraeum  in  strictly 
historical  times.  After  Phidon  the  power  of  Argos  declines  steadily  during  her  struggle 
with  Sixirtii.  The  crushing  victory  which  Cleomenes  of  Sparta  gained  over  the  Argives 
about  B.  c.  r)20  is  immediately  connected  with  the  Heraeum.  For,  as  we  are  told  by 
Plutiirch,-  when  the  SjMirtiin  had  reduced  the  plain  he  mockingly  asked  for  the  keys  of 
the  temi)le  that  he  might  sjicrifice  to  Hera.  But  the  doors  remained  locked,  and  the 
heights  were  guarded  by  the  enemy.  So  he  had  to  remain  content  with  sacrificing 
below  the  temple.  Herodotus  '  makes  him  justify  himself  to  his  accusers  after  his 
return  to  Sparta  by  referring  to  an  oracle  and  the  miraculous  phenomena  on  the  image 
of  Hera  in  whose  sanctuary  he  had  sacrificed.* 

If  Argos  lost  its  poUtical  preeminence  after  the  age  of  Phidon,  it  on  the  other  hand 


1  Poll.  III.  83. 

«  Herod.  VIII.  73  ;  cf.  also  Strab.  VIII.  6.  11.  372  and 
P*u».  V.  23.  2. 


■  Herod.  VI.  83. 


»  Paus.  II.  19.  2. 

«  Plutarch,  Cleom.  26. 

•  Herod.  VI.  76,  82. 


*  Pausanias  (II.  20)  gives  other  reasons  why  be  did 
not  actually  take  the  city. 


-.-*  I  >■■   ■  im 


'p 


'}      I 


8S  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 

always  retained  its  high  position  among  the  communities  of  Greece  as  a  centie  of  the 
highest  culture,  its  preeminence  in  music  and  in  art.  In  the  first  half  of  the  fifth 
century  B.  c.  it  Avas  the  home  of  the  most  famous  school  of  sculptui-e,  for  it  is  to  the 
sculptor  Ageladas  at  Argos  that  the  three  nu>st  prominent  artists  of  that  age  are  reported 
to  have  gone  to  learn  their  craft,  namely,  Myron,  Phidias,  and  Polycleitus.  Under 
Polycleitus  the  fame  of  Argive  sculptors  rivaled  that  of  Athens,  and  stood  alone  in  its 
supremacy  after  the  death  of  Phidias.  These  traditions  of  art  maintiiined  themselves 
through  many  generations  of  artists  after  Polycleitus.  And  when  in  42:J  «.  c.  the  old 
temple  was  hurned  and  the  new  temple  erected  by  Eupcdemus  was  adorned  with  the 
sculptures  of  Polycleitus,  the  Heraeum  received  an  importance  and  a  splendor  which, 
to  some  extent,  counterbalanced  the  loss  of  pi-eeminence  which,  as  the  religious  centi-e, 
it  had  held  in  the  centuries  when  the  term  "  Argos  "  stood  for  the  nuist  representjitive 
jMirt,  nay  for  the  whole,  of  the  Hellenic  world.  With  the  growth  and  preponderance  of 
other  pcditical  centres  in  the  subsequent  history  of  Greece  and  the  rising  pi-eeminence, 
not  only  of  the  (►ther  religious  centres  themselves,  but  also  of  the  religious  imporbmce 
and  weight  of  other  divinities  —  a  process  which  strikingly  follows  in  the  wake  of  political 
changes  in  the  history  of  Greece  —  the  Heraeum  did  not  retjiin  the  highest  pjsition  in 
the  ancient  religious  world.  It  is  after  the  downfall  of  Greek  indei>endence  that,  under 
the  Romans,  the  Argolid  agjiin  receives  compjirative  political  importance,  and  by  accounts 
of  the  gifts  of  Hadrian  and  Nero,'  and  by  the  vestiges  of  Ronum  buildings  which  our 
excavations  have  laid  bare,  we  have  evidence  of  this  late  revival. 

We  cannot  follow  the  history  of  the  Heraeum  through  the  Byzjintine,  Mediaeval, 
Frankish,  Venetian,  and  Turkish  times.  If,  however,  we  can  picture  in  our  imagination 
the  ten  or  more  splendid  buildings  erected  on  its  lofty  site,  gleaming  with  their  white 
marble  over  the  distant  plain,  we  can  well  understand  how  these  late  "  Vandals,"  whether 
Christians  or  Moslems,  were  attracted  by  it,  and  how  it  had  to  jwy  the  i)enalty  of  its  i)re- 
eminence  and  beauty  by  becoming  the  quarry  from  which  they  di-ew  the  material  for  the 
erection  of  their  churches,  fortifications,  and  dweUiugs  in  the  modern  Naupliii  an<l  Argos 
and  in  the  villages  of  the  plain. 

THE  EVIDENCE  OF  THE  FINDS  AS  TO  THE  AGE  OF  THE  HERAEUM. 

The  records  of  ancient  traditions  which  we  have  just  examined  thus  confinu  the  e\\- 
dence  furnished  by  the  general  topography  of  the  sanctimry  as  well  as  by  the  special 
topography  of  the  site  as  revealed  in  the  relation  of  extant  buildings  to  one  another  and 
their  relative  changes.  The  general  conclusions  to  which  these  sources  of  evidence  jMiint 
are  further  strengthened  when  we  examine  the  finds  of  individual  objects  made  on  the 
site  during  our  excavations.  In  the  examination  to  which  I  wish  to  subject  these  finds 
in  this  place  I  am  far  from  aiming  at  any  complete  accoiuit  of  these  various  objects  in 
themselves,  nor  do  I  projKise  in  any  way  to  give  a  complete  list  of  what  has  thus  been 
found.  These  will  be  separately  dealt  with  by  myself  and  the  various  colkborators  at 
our  excavations.  But  in  this  place  I  am  considering  these  finds  in  their  totidity,  in  the 
relation  which  the  several  groups  of  objects  bear  to  one  another,  and  in  the  ultimate 
light  which  they  can  thus  shed  uiwn  the  history  of  the  Heraeum  as  a  whole,  and  hence 
upin  the  relation  which  the  sanctiuiry  and  what  it  contained  held  to  the  general  history 
of  Gi-eek  civiUzation  and  art. 

»  Pans.  II.  17. 


PAUCITY   OF  ORTECTS  OF  THE   CLASSICAL   PERIOD 


39 


When  we  consider  the  totidity  of  our  finds  in  individual  objects,  one  striking  fact  at 
once  impresses  itself  upon  us  from  the  very  outset  —  a  fact  which  I  mentioned  at  once 
in  the  report  of  the  first  year's  digging  as  well  as  in  subsequent  yeai-s,'  —  namely,  the 
iKiucity  of  objects  dating  from  the  classical  and  later  jMiriods  as  compared  with  the  vast 
luunber  of  primitive  and  pre-classical  objects.  Of  marble  sculptures  we  have,  of  course, 
the  largest  nund)er  tilting  from  the  construction  of  the  Second  Temple,  about  420  n.  c. ; 
and  the  dis{ip|)earance  of  other  marble  works,  such  as  inscriptions,  as  well  as  of  larger 
bronze  fi'aues,  will  be  readily  accounted  for  when  we  come  to  consider  these  objects. 
But  the  paucity  of  works  from  the  "  classical  "  and  later  periods  becomes  more  striking 
with  regard  to  vases,  terra-cottas,  small  bronzes,  engraved  stones,  etc.  Here  we  should 
certiiinly  have  been  justified  in  exi)ecting  to  find  objects  counting  at  least  by  hundreds 
when  cmupared  with  the  mass  of  pre-classical  objects,  which  are  nund>ered  by  thousjinds. 
Yet,  as  we  shall  see,  we  have  but  few  si>ecimens  of  these  objects,  —  in  fact  they  are 

counted  by  units. 

To  account  for  this  striking  phenomenon  I  would  make  the  following  suggestions :  — 
1.  The  jMisitiou  of  the  sjinctiwry  itself  on  the  hill-slopes,  in  a  district  whei-e  the  occa- 
sional rains  sweep  down  with  sudden  violence  and  wash  all  before  them,  would  naturally 
cause  all  smaller  objects  on  the  innuediate  surface  to  be  washed  down  the  slopes  and  to 
spi-ead  far  afield  over  the  plain.    And  this  would  be  the  case  especially  after  the  masonry 
and  stones,  massed  on  the  surface,  which  would  have  arrested  the  downward  How  of 
portable  objects,  had  been  carried  away  as  building  material  by  the  later  hordes  that 
passed  over  the  Argive  plain.     The  peculiar  situation  of  the  Heraeum  would  thus  favor 
the  dispersion  of  the  later  objects  as  compared  with  objects  originally  on  a  level  site. 
But  even  on  such  level  sites  the  sjime  conditions  have  been  found  to  prevail,  and  have, 
for  instiince,  been  noticed  by  the  German  excavatoi-s  at  Olympia."     In  speaking  of  the 
large  proportion  of  pre-classical  smaller  objects  there  found,  Furtwangler  sjiys:    "By 
far^the  greater  portion  of  our  bronze  finds  are  votive  otterings  or  fragments  of  these 
of  the  early  i)eriod  which  had  already  found  their  place  below  the  earth  before  the 
classical  eiH>cli.     That  it  was  just  the  lowest  layers  which  were  richest  in  l)ronzes  is  to 
l)e  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  simple,  and  partly  rude,  votive  offerings  of  the  oldest 
times  had  subsequently  made  room  for  others,  and  had  come  under  the  protecting  cover 
of  the  earth  at  an  early  iKjriod ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  votive  offerings  of  the 
classical  i)eriod  were  highly  valued  and  carried  off  or  cast  in  the  melting  pot  in  later 
ages  by  people  who  prized  them,  at  least  for  their  metallic  value." 
'^  We  must  i-emend)er,  moreover,  that  the  chief  places  in  which  we  found  these  smaller 
objects  were  all  far  below  the  level  of  the  stylobate,  i.  e.  below  the  actual  necessary 
foundations  of  the  Second  Temple. 

Tluiugh  this  fact  undoubtedly  accounts  for  a  good  deal,  we  must  still  feel  astonished 
that  on^various  iHiints  of  the  site  we  did  not  come  upon  a  greater  number  of  objects 
Iwlonging  to  the  classical  and  subsequent  i>eriods. 

2.  To  account  for  this  we  nuist  consider  also  the  possibility  that  in  classical  times, 
with  the  rise  of  the  city  of  Argos  and  its  political  sui)remacy  over  the  district,  as  well 
as  with  the  numerous  other  sanctuaries  there  built,  the  Heraeum  may  have  lost  the  posi- 
tion of  vnique  inq>ortiince  which  it  had  previously  occupied,  and  may  thus  not  have 
attracted  the  sjime  number  of  pious  donors  as  was  previously  the  case. 

>  See  Reports,  1892-05.  *  Olffmpia  {Architectur,  Dorpfeld),  vol.  II.,  and  espe^ 

cially  Die  Brmizeti  (Furtwangler),  vol.  IV.  pp.  1  £E. 


40 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


CHRONOLOGY   AS   INDICATED   IJY   THE   FINDS 


41 


i 


il 


if 


4 


3.  Finally,  we  must  not  overlook  a  very  importiint  point  which  applies  not  only  to  the 
Henieum,  but  to  the  whole  of  Peloponnesus  and  of  Greece.  If  the  hiter  hordes  carried 
off  the  metal  they  found,  as  well  as  objects  of  intrinsic  value,  we  cannot  l>elieve  that  they 
would  have  tiiinspoiied  or  annihilated  ceramic  works,  both  vases  and  terKi-cottiis.  Now 
it  is  with  regard  to  these  that  the  puzzlintj^  phenomenon  which  we  are  endeavorin«r  to 
account  for  most  clearly  presents  itself  to  us.  Is  it  not  jM)ssible,  and  even  ]>robable, 
that  the  early  style  of  working  cheap  objects,  manufactui'ed  by  inferior  artisiins  and 
sold  by  small  hucksters  at  the  gates  of  the  temple-precinct,  continued  and  iixed  to  some 
extent  the  ruder  ancient  style  of  workmanshi})  handed  down  from  the  earliest  ages? 
This  makes  it  all  the  more  incumbent  u})on  us  to  bear  in  mind,  that,  though  such 
objects  probably  continued  to  be  made  in  later  times,  they  even  then  illustnite  the  earlier 
and  cruder  phases  of  art  and  craft  which  they  continue.  Some  can  be  proved  to  be  of 
earliest  date,  some  may  be  of  a  later  origin ;  but  the  style  of  both  is  the  sjnue,  and  the 
Liter  are  merely  a  continiuition  of  the  earlier.  But  when,  for  inst<iiice,  we  find  on  this 
site  comimratively  so  few  vases,  both  black-figured  and  red-figiu*ed,  of  the  ordinary  Greek 
type,  while  we  find  later  developments  of  the  Argive  (or  so-called  Proto-Corinthian)  and 
Corinthian  styles  which  mark  the  supreme  finish  of  Liter  dates  —  may  we  not  then  conclude 
that  these  typical  black  and  red  figured  Vcises  were  never  manufactured  in  the  Argive 
district?'  With  the  exception  of  Corinth  they  were  perhaps  never  made  in  Peloponnesus, 
and  found  the  real  centre  for  their  industrial  ))rodiiction  at  Athens,  Eretria,  Corinth, 
and  in  Apulia,  Campania,  Etruria,  and  other  Graeco-Roman  centres. 

Perhaps  all  these  three  causes  together  may  have  had  their  influence  in  affecting  the 
general  proportion  of  the  objects  we  have  found.  Yet,  as  I  have  siiid  before,  by  far  the 
greater  number  of  these  objects  were  found  in  layers  which  obviously  antedate  the  build- 
ing of  the  Second  Temple  —  nay,  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  Still  it  would  be  rash  to  say 
that  the  actual  provenience  {FnH(lf<tef/e)  was,  in  the  case  of  most  of  these  objects,  a  safe 
guide  to  their  chronology  within  the  broad  outer  limit  I  have  just  given.  For  we  must 
consider :  (1)  the  rimgh,  uneven,  and  shiping  ground  occupied  by  these  various  buildings ; 
(2)  the  fact  that  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  these  objects  were  found  in  the  ground 
surrounding  the  Second  Temple  pLitform,  which  ground  was  evidently  made  even  and 
smooth,  strengthened  by  supporting  walls,  for  the  prei)anition  of  the  building ;  and  the 
hollows  and  sides  of  the  terrace  were  filled  with  what  buildei-s  call  "  dry  rubbish,"  prol>- 
ably  taken  from  the  site  of  the  burnt  and  destroyed  temple  above  and  packed  with 
objects  which  had  accumulated  during  centuries;  and  (3)  that  the  more  rugged  second 
platform  before  the  building  of  that  temple  served  for  simie  sjicred  function  in  the  eai*- 
liest  times,  and  most  probably  contained  a  great  altar,  and  that  thus  it  would  accumuLite 
such  objects  round  it  in  the  "  bLick  layei*s,"  which  we  found  here  like  those  foiuid  bv  the 
excavatoi-s  of  Olympia  round  the  altars  there.  When  we  consider  thesi'  facts,  we  have 
even  less  ground  for  using  the  provenience  as  a  definite  means  of  fixing  the  date  than 
the  Gennan  excavators  had  at  Olympia.  But  even  there  Furtwjingler  -  has  conscien- 
tiously remarked  :  "  Though  the  general  characteristics  of  the  Liyei-s  as  defined  by  us 
were  easily  recognizable  throughout,  they  are  still  individimlly  and  sharply  defined  at  but 
few  points  to  allow  of  more  definite  chronological  distinctions.  Generally  these  layt^rs 
gradually  run  into  one  another,  and  often  their  reguLir  succession  is  disturbed.     This 

^  Herod.  V.  88  amply  accounts  for  this.  The  Argives  •  The  Argive  Exclusion  of  Attic  Pottery,'  Clns.timl  Ue- 
instituted  an   embargo  on  Attic   pottery.     Cf.  Hoppin,      view,  1898,  p.  8C. 

*  L.e. 


1                   '^ 

1    -'.^rsJ'A---'".^^         .  ■'--■--  ■ 

Fig.  13.  —  Kakly  Shakt-tumii  ct»XTAixix«j  V'asi-»  ok  nL'Li.-c-oi.oKKi) 

"  MvcKSAKAx  •'  Styli-;. 


couhl  hardly  be  otherwise  with  the  gradiuil  construction  of  larger  and  smaller  buildings 
and  bases,  of  a<iuediicts  and,  at  List,  even  of  Christian  graves.  For  these  all  necessi- 
tiited  an  upheaval  of  the  lower  layei*s.  It  could  thus  happen  at  any  time  that  older 
objects  were  transported  from  the  lower  to  the  higher  layei-s,  also  that  Liter  objects  found 
their  way  to  greater  depths.  The  individual  occurrence  of  objects  in  this  or  that  Liyer 
can  therefore  only  be  used  with  great  caution  for  chronological  conclusions."  Furt- 
wjingler finds  such  conclu- 
sions admis-sible  onlv  when 
there  is  a  regiiLir  itn-urrence 
<»f  objects  in  a  definite  Liyer. 
Finally  he  points  to  a  ditti- 
culty  which  n  fortiori  a|>- 
plies  to  the  conditions  of  oiir 
excavation  :  "  For  only  in 
comparatively  few  instiinces," 
he  sjiys,  "  have  we  accurate 
re<*ord  of  observations  in  in- 
dividiuil  finds  of  this  kind. 
In  order  to  carry  this  out 
systematically  at  every  point 
in  an  excavation  of  such  ex- 
tent, it  would  have  re(juired 
a     sjHK'ial      stiiff,     spe<-ially 

trained  for  this  purjiose,  and  a  slow  and  very  careful  peeling  off  of  single  layers.     Unfor- 
tunately the  conditions  of  our  excavations  did  not  admit  of  such  care." 

With  these  limit<itions  we  can,  however,  point  to  certain  facts  which  may  be  cLiimed 
as  chronological  landmarks  beyond  the  broad  distinctions  of  the  earlier  and  Liter  temples 
and  buildings. 

1.  Many  of  the  earlier  objects  discovered  on  the  upper  terrace  were  found  not  only 
below  the  burnt  layer  which  marked  the  destruction  of  the  early  temple,  but  below  the 
portion  of  the  extiint  wall  of  this  temple  which  was  visible  when  the  temple  was  com- 
plete. The  small  piece  of  styhibate,  which,  fortunately  for  us,  still  remains  standing  on 
the  Old  Temple  })latform,  is  reguLirly  and  smoothly  cut  half  way  down ;  but  below  this 
jjoint  it  remains  rough.  It  is  manifest  that  the  rough  portion  was  not  meant  to  be  seen 
when  the  temple  was  comjdete.  We  are  thus  justified  in  claiming  for  the  objects  found 
below  this  jniint  a  jKjriod  ante(Liting  the  first  temple.  Objects  Avere  also  found  below 
the  huge  Cyclopean  stones  of  the  supporting  wall. 

2.  The  rude  smaller  and  earlier  walls,  referred  to  above  as  being  on  the  south  slope  of 
the  Second  Temple  platform,  evidently  belonged  to  a  period  when  this  platform  was 
in  all  probability  used  as  an  altar.  Portions  of  these  walls  were  built  on  the  bed-rock ; 
and  the  objects  found  on  this  bed-rock  level  most  probably  beL)nged  to  the  earliest  period 
of  their  construction. 

3.  The  small  horizontal  tomb  (Fig.  13)  found  immediately  to  the  south  of  these  walls 
contiiined  quaint  vases  decorated  with  linear  ornaments  in  dull  (mattfarbige)  colors  (see 
below.  Fig.  22);  while  the  rock-cut  beehive  tombs  (Fig.  14)  found  by  us  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Mycenaean  Road  contained  Mycenaean  vases  *  of  Furtwiingler-Loeschcke's  third 
or  fourth  periods. 

*  These  will  be  described  by  Dr.  Hoppin  in  the  section  on  Vases. 


40 


( i EN KKA L    I NTKUDrcTION 


3.  Finally,  we  must  not  overlook  a  very  iuiportant  point  wliicli  applies  not  only  to  the 
Hemeuni,  hut  to  the  whole  of  Pehiponnesus  and  of  (in't'ti-.  if  tlu*  latiT  hordes  cariii'd 
oil'  the  metal  they  found,  as  well  as  <d»jeets  «>f  intrinsic  vahu-,  we  eannot  helit'Ve  that  thry 
would  have  transported  or  annihilated  t-framic  works,  hoth  vaM's  and  tcrra-rottas.  Non- 
it  is  with  rei;ard  to  these  that  tlu'  pu//lini>-  pluMiomcnon  which  \\v  an-  cndcavorinyf  to 
account  for  most  clearly  presents  itself  to  us.  Is  it  not  possihh'.  an<l  even  prohahle, 
that  the  early  style  of  workinjf  cheap  ohjei-ts,  manufactured  hy  inferior  artisins  and 
sold  hy  small  hucksters  at  the  ••ates  of  the  temple-precinct,  continued  and  lixe«l  to  sonu* 
extent  the  ruder  aiuient  style  of  workmanship  handed  down  from  the  e.irliest  ai;;es? 
This  makes  it  all  the  more  incundient  upon  us  to  hear  in  mind,  that,  thon«;li  snch 
jdijects  prohahly  continued  to  he  matle  in  later  tinu's,  they  even  then  ilhistrate  the  earlier 
and  cru<ler  phases  of  art  and  craft  which  they  continue.  Some  can  he  proved  to  he  of 
earliest  (hite,  some  mav  he  of  a  later  origin  ;  hut  the  style  of  hoth  is  the  sime,  and  the 
later  are  nu'rely  a  continuation  of  the  earlier.  But  when,  for  instance,  wj'  find  on  this 
site  comparatively  so  few  vases,  hoth  hlack-H«;;ured  and  red-Kjiured,  of  the  ordinary  (Jreek 
type,  while  we  Hnd  later  developments  of  the  Ari;;ive  (or  so-calh'd  Proto-Corinthian  I  and 
Corinthian  styles  which  mark  the  suprenu'  finish  of  later  dates  —  may  we  not  then  conclude 
that  these  typical  hlack  and  red  finured  vast»s  were  never  manufactured  in  the  .\rj;ive 
district  ?  '  With  the  exception  of  (Jorinth  they  were  perhaps  never  made  in  Peloponnesus, 
and  found  the  real  centre  for  their  industrial  production  at  Athens,  Kretria,  Corinth, 
and  in  Apulia,  Campania,  Etruria,  and  other  Graeco-lvoman  centres. 

l*erha|»s  all  these  three  causes  to<»ether  may  havt'  had  tiieir  inHu(>nce  in  affect inj;-  tlu* 
»»eneral  proportion  of  the  ohjects  we  have  fountl.  Yet,  as  1  have  said  hefore,  hy  far  the 
«»;reater  nund>er  of  these  <d>jects  were  fouml  in  hiyers  which  ohviously  antedate  the  huild- 
iuii"  of  the  Second  Temple  —  nay,  the  fifth  century  v..  r.  Still  it  would  he  rash  to  say 
that  the  actual  provenience  (Ftimlstilh)  was,  in  the  case  of  most  of  these  ohjects,  a  s;jfe 
j;;uide  to  their  chronology  within  the  hroad  outer  limit  I  have  just  i;iven.  For  we  nuist 
consider  :  (  1 )  the  roui>'h.  uneven,  and  sIopin«>'  i>round  oceupie<l  hy  thes<'  various  huildin«;;s  ; 
(2)  the  fact  that  hy  far  the  «|fieater  portion  of  these  ohjects  were  found  in  the  <>-round 
surroundin*;'  the  Sec<md  Temple  platform,  which  <»round  was  evi<lently  made  even  and 
smooth,  streuiithened  hy  supportini»"  walls,  for  the  preparation  of  the  huildini;-:  and  the 
hollows  and  sides  of  the  terrace  were  filled  with  what  huihlers  call  "  dry  riddush,"  proh- 
ahly taken  friun  the  site  of  the  hurnt  and  destroyed  temple  ahove  and  packed  with 
ohjects  whi<h  ha<l  accunndated  duriu}^  centuries;  and  (IJ)  that  the  m«u-e  rui'«;ed  secon<l 
platform  hefore  the  huildin<>'  of  that  Temple  si'rved  for  some  suri'd  function  in  the  eai*- 
liest  tinu's,  and  nu)st  prohahly  contained  a  <^reat  altar,  and  that  thus  it  would  accumulate 
such  ohjects  round  it  in  the  "  hlack  layers,"  which  we  found  here  like  those  found  hv  the 
excavatoi-s  of  Olympia  round  the  altars  there.  When  we  consider  thes«'  facts,  we  have 
even  less  ••round  for  usin<»-  the  provenience  as  a  (h'finit**  means  of  fixiiii;'  the  date  than 
the  German  excavators  had  at  Olympia.  But  even  there  Furtwiinu'ler  "  has  conscien- 
tiously remarke<l  :  "  Thou}»h  the  <>eiuMal  characteristics  of  tin-  layers  as  (h'iined  hy  us 
were  easily  re<'oo;nizjd»le  throughout,  they  are  still  individually  and  sharply  defined  at  luit 
few  points  to  aUow  of  more  definite  chron<do4;;ical  distinctions.  Generally  th»'s«'  layers 
iiradually  run  into  one  another,  ami  often  their  reuular  succession  is  disturhe<l.     This 


'   llerixl.  V.  S8  amply  accounts  for  tliis.     The  Arjjivcs      •  Tlie  Ar<;ive  Kxeliisiuu  of  Attic  I\)ttt'rv,'   TYimxiVyi/  /,V- 
iiisttitiitetl   an    embargo  on   Attic    jtottcry.     Cf.  Iloppin,      vifii;  1H{)8,  p.  86. 

■'  L.  c. 


CIIKONOLOdV    AS    INDICATED    liY    THE    EINDS 


41 


I  Hi.  i;{. 


K.VK1.V    SlIAKT-TOMIJ   COXTAIXINU    V.VSKS    OK    lUI.I.-t  ol.oKKI* 
••  MVCKXAKAX  "  STVI.K. 


could  hardly  he  otherwise  with  the  ^'radual  coustru<tion  of  laruer  and  smaller  huildinu^s 
and  has**s,  of  aipieducts  and,  at  last,  even  of  (Christian  •••raves.  For  tlu-se  all  n«*cessi- 
tJited  an  uplu'aval  of  the  lower  layei-s.  It  <-oid<l  thus  ha|>|>en  at  any  time  that  older 
ohjects  weiv  transported  from  the  lower  to  the  hi«»her  layers,  also  that  later  ohjects  found 
their  way  to  j;;i-eater  depths.  The  in<lividual  occurrence  of  ohjects  in  this  or  that  layer 
can  therefore  only  he  used  with  ••reat  caution  for  chrono]o«>'ical  conclusicMis.  "  Eiirt- 
wiinuler  fin<ls  such  coiiclu- 
sions  admissihle  only  when 
tlu're  is  a  re«;ular  recurreme 
of  ohjects  in  a  delinitt'  layer. 
Finally  he  points  to  a  difli- 
cidtv  which  n  fortiori  ap- 
plies to  the  conditi«>nsof  our 
excavation  :  **  For  only  in 
comparatively  few  instances." 
he  sivs.  ••  have  wi*  accurate 
record  of  ohservations  in  in- 
dividual finds  of  this  kind. 
In  order  to  carry  this  out 
systematically  at  every  point 
in  an  <'Xcavation  of  such  ex- 
tent, it  would  have  retpiired 
a      special      staff.     spe«ially 

tniined  for  this  purpose,  and  a  slow  and  very  careful  peel in«»"  off  of  sin»»le  layers.      I'nfor- 
tunatclv  the  conditions  of  our  excavations  di<l  not  admit  of  such  care." 

With  tlies*'  limitations  we  can.  howevi'r.  p<»int  to  certain  facts  which  may  he  claimed 
as  chronolo<;'ical  landmarks  heyond  the  hroa<l  distiiutions  of  the  earlier  ami  later  tem}»les 
an<l  huildin*;s. 

1.  Many  of  the  earlier  ohjects  discovered  «in  the  upper  terra<e  were  foun«l  not  only 
helow  the  hurnt  hiyer  whi«li  marked  the  destruction  of  the  early  temple,  hut  helow  the 
portion  of  the  extant  wall  of  this  temple  which  was  visihie  when  the  temple  was  com- 
plete. The  small  piece  of  stylohate,  which,  fortunately  for  us,  still  remains  standini»"  on 
the  Old  Temple  platform,  is  re«»ularly  and  snu>othly  cut  half  way  (h»wn  ;  hut  helow  this 
point  it  ivmains  rou«»h.  It  is  manifest  that  the  rou«>h  portion  was  not  nu*ant  to  he  seen 
when  the  tt-mple  was  <-ompIete.  We  are  thus  justified  in  clainnn*;'  for  the  ohjects  found 
helow  this  point  a  jHMiod  ante<latin<^  the  first  temple.  Ohjects  were  also  found  heh>w 
the  hu«;;e  Cyclojiean  stones  of  the  supportinjn;  wall. 

2.  The  rude  smaller  and  earlier  walls,  referred  to  ahove  as  beinjjf  on  the  south  slope  of 
the  Second  Temple  platform,  evidently  l)elon«»ed  to  a  period  when  this  })latform  was 
iu  all  probability  used  as  an  altar.  Portions  of  these  walls  were  built  on  the  bed-rock  ; 
and  the  obje<-ts  found  on  this  bed-r«M-k  level  most  juobably  belon»»ed  to  the  earliest  period 
of  their  construction. 

*\.  The  small  horizontal  tond>  (Fijr.  V.i)  found  innuediately  to  the  s(uith  of  these  walls 
contained  «piaint  vases  decorated  with  linear  ornaments  in  dull  {tn(tff/(trbi(/e)  cohus  (see 
below,  ¥\*r.  22);  while  the  rock-cut  beehive  tcnubs  (Fi<r.  14)  found  by  us  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Mycenaean  Road  contained  Mycenaean  vases '  of  Furtw;in«»ler-Loesehcke's  third 
or  fourth  periods. 

*  These  will  lie  dcscribetl  by  Dr.  Iloppiii  in  the  section  ou  Vases. 


w 


42 


(JENKKAL    INTRODUCTION 


PRE  MYCENAEAN   TERRA  COTTA   IMAGES 


43 


li 


II 


!i' 


4.  Besides  stone  implements  which  point  to  the  Neolithie  jMriod,  copiier  and  hionze 
were  found  in  every  jKirt  of  the  excavation.  Iron  was  found  in  jrieatest  profusion  at 
the  northeast  corner  of  the  Second  Temple  i)latform,  as  well  as  at  the  Simthwest  Stoa. 
We  have  thus  traces  of  the  Neolithic,  the  Bronze,  and  the  Iron  Ages  on  this  site. 

With  these  facts  before  us  we  must  bej^in  a  jreneral  survey  of  the  individual  objects 
foinid,  in  view  of  the  light  which  they  may  throw  upon  the  general  historical  (juestions 
before  us. 

TKHKA-COTTA   IMAGES. 

In  dealing  with  the  sunnnary  evidence  of  the  terr.i-cottiis  we  must  premise  a  few  words 
on  plastic  art  in  general.  Besides  the  sculptures  of  the  Second  Temple  we  found  a  few 
isolated  fragments  of  archaic  or  transitional  sculpture  in  stone,  but  no  actual  stone 
sculptines  of  the  earlier  dates.  Though  there  is  one  exception  in  carvetl  stone-work 
to  be  found  in  the  block  whicli  was  subsequently  used  in  one  of  the  walls  to  the  nortli 
of  the  Second  Temple  upon  which  the  early  waved  pattern  has  been  carved,  tiiere  is  no 
instance  of  such  early  sculpture  in  stone.     From  the  |KUicity  of  even  primitive  terra- 

cottii  images  on  the  Old  Temple  platform 
we  may  naturally  conclude  that  the  l>egin- 
nings  of  woi-ship  on  this  site  were  in 
an  aniconic  form.  The  first  step  to  the 
civation  of  an  image  was  the  erection  of 
the  pillai-s  or  kiones  which  Paussinias  still 
sjiw  there  in  his  time,  and  of  the  existence 
of  which  in  other  centres  of  Gi-eek  wor- 
ship we  have  ample  evidence.' 

Now,  as  I  ventured  to  sunnise  at  the 
tinie  of  its  discovery,"  it  is  liigldy  proba- 
l)le  that  in  the  lower  fragments  of  a  hirge 
limestone  "  pillar  "  we  have  preserved  to 
us  the  very  kion  which  Pausiinias  saw, 
and  which  syndiolizes  the  fii-st  image  to 
Hera  on  this  ancient  site  (see  Fig.  15). 
The  stone  in  question  is  carve<l  into  a 
pilliir  t«ii)ering  towards  the  top  in  tlie 
rudest  manner,  evidently  with  primitive 
to(ds,  the  marks  of  which  can  still  Ik?  jier- 
ceived.  At  the  brcKider  "  foot "  there  is  a  projection  forward  which  serves  as  a  plinth 
to  keep  the  pillar  in  an  upright  ]M>sition,  the  projection  being  merely  in  front  and  not 
behind.  It  thus  corresjMUids  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  rudest  images  in  stone  and 
eliiy  of  which  we  have  cogniamce.     The  edges  at  either  angle  ui  front  are  leveled  off 

•  Pausaiiias  (II.  9.  6)    mentions  one  representing  Ar-  fonn  of  two  pillars  (Overbeck,  /.   r.  I.   p.  5).     So  also 

temis  Patrtia  at  Sicyon.     He  also  saw  thirty  of  these  at  Zeus  is  represented  as  a  8<piare  pillar  on  a  vase  ((lcrhar<l, 

Pharae  in  Achaia,  eaeh  having  the  name  of  a  god  (VII.  Akadem.  Ahhnndl.  p.  .TO,  Xos.  2,  3,  4,  7  ;  cf.  Colligiion, 

22.  4).    Coins  and  vases  give  us  later  renderings  of  these  Hut.  Sculpt.  Gr.  p.  10.3). 

early  objects.     So  an  Apollo  on   a  coin  of   Ambracia  *  See  Repnri,  1892,  and  my  Ezrnvationn  of  the  Ameri- 

(Overbeck,  Griech.  Kunstmyth.  V.  pp.  l-o,  Miinztafel  i.  can  School  at  the  Heraion,  etc.  p.  19. 
Nos.  1-7).     A  coin  of  Ceos  has  Her.i  and   Zeus  in  the 


Fks.  14.  —  Ukk.iiivk  Tom«  nk.xk  tiik  IIkkakim,  on 

THK    KOAD   TO    MyCKNAK. 


s(»  as  to  make  it  hexagonal.  This  pillar  could  have  served  no  architectural  purpose  of 
which  we  know,  and,  standing  upright  as  it  does,  with  all  the  marks  of  the  most  primi- 
tive workmanship,  we  are  justified  in  believing  that  such  an  object  of  no  intrinsic  value, 
which  survived  to  the  second  century  of  our  era,  might  be  and  is  preserved  to  us  now. 

Of  primitive  idols  in  stone  and  marble  chips,  such  as  were  found  at  His.sarlik,  Paros, 
Naxos,  Amorgos,  etc.,  we  have  no  specimens 
here  at  the  Her.ieinn.  On  the  other  hand, 
we  have  the  richest  collection  ever  found 
of  terra-cottii  i(h)ls,  presenting  a  new  and 
unbroken  series  from  the  very  earliest  to 
the  classical  times,  and  though  these  terra,- 
cotttis  will  receive  more  detailed  treatment 
iu  a  sjiecijil  chapter  by  Dr.  Chase  and  myself, 
we  must  now  consider  them  in  their  general 
connection,  and  their  bearing  upon  the 
main  point  before  us. 

I  may  sjiy  at  once  that  we  find  tyj^es  of 
"  Mycenaean  "  figurines  at  the  Heraeum, 
but  we  also  find  a  much  larger  nund>er  of 
ty|K»s    distinctly    earlier    in    an    unbroken 


series,  among  which  we  can  distinguish  at 


Fig.  15.  —  Eaki.y  8tunk  "  Pillak  Imauk." 
From  the  Heraeum. 


least  two  categories. 

Tlie  fii-st  and  earliest  type  was  probably  develojied  out  of  the  symb<dic  k'lon  (Fig.  1(5). 
The  primitive  coroplast  has  merely  taken  small  lunijis  of  clay,  and  has  fashioned  them 
into  a  mere  suggestion  of  a  human  form  by  indicating  projections  for  the  arms.  The 
lower  portion  of  the  body  remains  in  rude,  uneven  roundness,  and  for  the  head  he  has 
merelv  allowed  the  upi)er  |M>rtioii  to  be  squeezed  into  an  almost  conical  shape.  There  is 
no  furtlier  articulation,  and  no  distinction  of  sex.  But  this  primitive  coroplast  is  not  as 
vet  tied  down  to  any  fixed  conventionalized  tyj)e,  and  so  there  is  a  gradual  development 
and  progress  in  his  naturalism  within  the  narrow  range  of  his  artistic  power  (Fig.  17). 
Gradually  the  arms  become  more  extended,  the  clay  is  pinched  more  firmly, 
accentiuiting  the  waist  still  further,  until,  at  last,  the  workman  gives 
another  pinch  between  his  two  fingei-s  to  the  portion  which  he  has  left 
for  the  head,  and  proceeds  to  add  two  minute  globules  of  clay  on  either 
side  of  this  protuberance  of  the  head  to  indicate  the  eyes.  From  this 
moment  he  proceeds  to  ekiborate  this  bird-like  face,  adding  a  round 
circle  of  clay  to  the  top,  which  is  meant  to  indicate  either  the  hair,  or 
more  probably,  in  this  case,  the  imlos  or  early  diadem  of  the  goddess 
Hera.  Without  indicating  the  sex  of  the  figurine  by  means  of  modeHng, 
lie  does  so  by  the  indication  of  dress  ;  and  to  the  bird-like  head  is  added 
a  series  of  ornate  decorations  runnhig  round  the  neck  and  breast  from 
Flu.  Hi.  -  pRiMi-  shiudder  to  shoulder,  which  soon  becomes  one  of  the  most  striking 
11  FiuuRiNK  features  in  these  Heraeum  terra-cottiis.  In  the  special  chapter  on  terra- 
From  the  Heraeum.  t^^t^iSj  we  shall  deal  with  the  question  whether  these  ornaments  are 
necklaces  with  brooches  at  the  shoiUders,  or  scarves,  or  even  wreaths 
of  flowers,  or,  finally,  indicate  an  elaborate  folding  and  ornamentation  to  the  top  of 
the  low-necked  dress.  We  have  summarized  m  a  few  words  what  really  represents  a 
most  varied  series,  illustrative  of  a  very  long  and  continuous  development. 


•  iHinK 


kc- 


4-2 


(iKNKNAL    INTKOnrCTION 


4.  IJesMh's  stoiu'  iinplcnu'iits  wliuli  jMnnt  to  tlu'  NVoIitliir  |K'ri<Ml,  rojUMM-  :iii«l  l.nmz.^ 
wfiv  t'ouiul  ill  I'Vfrv  pait  of  tlic  fxcjivatlon.  Iron  was  fomul  in  i>:ivat«'st  jirolnsion  at 
t\\v  noitlu'ast  coiiu'r  of  tlir  SimoimI  Tcinph'  platfoiin,  as  wfll  as  at  tlu-  Sontliwest  Sttwi. 
Wt'  have  thus  traces  of  tlie  Neolitliie,  the  Hroii/e,  aiul  the  lion  Aj;es  on  this  site. 

With  tiM'se  fa«ts  h«'foie  us  we  must  hejjin  a  «;eneial  survi'V  of  tlie  iinli\l«hial  ohjeets 
fouiul,  in  vii'w  of  the  ni;ht  whieh  they  may  throw  upon  tlie  j^eiieral  historical  4Uestioiis 
hefore  us. 

TKHUA-C'Ol  TA    IMACJKS. 

In  (haliiii-  with  the  summary  evidence  of  tlie  terra-«ottas  we  must  uremise  a  few  wonis 
on  plastic  art  in  i^eiieral.  Hesitles  the  sculptures  of  the  Secoml  Teniph'  we  fouinl  a  few 
is.>late«l  frannients  of  archaic  or  transiti<mal  sculpture  in  stone,  hut  no  actual  stone 
sculptures  of  the  earlier  dates.  Thouj-h  there  is  one  exception  in  carved  stoiii-work 
to  he  foumi  in  the  hlock  which  was  suhse(|uently  used  in  one  of  the  walls  to  the  north 
of  the  Second  Temple  uptui  which  the  early  waved  pattern  has  lu'cn  carved,  there  is  no 
instance  of  such   early  sculpture   in  stone.      From   the  paucity   of  even   primitive  teir.i- 

eotta  iiiiaj^es  <mi  the  Old  Temple  platform 
we  may  naturally  conclude  that  the  lM'<»in- 
niiii»s  of  worship  on  this  site  were  in 
an  aiiic<uiic  form.  The  first  step  to  the 
creation  of  an  iiiia«»;e  was  the  erection  of 
the  pillars  or  ki(ni(s  which  I'ausinias  still 
siw  there  in  his  time,  and  of  the  existence 
of  which  in  «»ther  centres  <»f  Greek  woi- 
ship  wi'  have  a»nple  evidence.' 

Now,  as  I  ventured  to  sunni.s(>  at  the 
time  of  its  discovery,'  it  is  hii»lily  proha- 
hle  that  in  the  h>wer  fra«»ineiits  of  a  lar«;e 
limestone  "  pillar"  wv  have  jueserved  to 
us  the  very  kion  which  Pausiiiias  sjiw, 
and  which  symholizes  the  first  imajie  to 
Hera  on  this  ancient  site  (see  Fi»»*.  !.">). 
The  stone  in  (piestion  is  carved  into  a 
pillar  taperinj;'  towards  tin*  top  in  the 
rudest  manner,  evidently  with  primitive 
to«ds,  the  marks  of  which  can  still  he  per- 
ceived. At  the  hroader '*  foot "  theiv  is  a  projection  forward  wlii«li  serves  as  a  plinth 
to  keep  the  pillar  in  an  upright  p<»sitioii,  the  projettion  heiiij;;  merely  in  front  and  not 
heliind.  It  tlius  corresponds  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  rudest  imaj^es  in  stone  and 
elav  of  which  we  have  co^nizjince.      The  ed«;es  at  either  anj^le  in   front  are  leveled  off 

'   Puiisanias  (II.  9.  0)    iii*-iiti<)iis  oiio  lejircseiitiiifj  Ar-  form  of  two  pillars  (Overl»o»'k,  /.    r.  I.   |».  r,).     Si»  also 

teiiiis  Patroa  at  Sicyoii.     He  also  »aw  thirty  of  these  at  Znis  is  rp|»rt'seiittMl  as  a  sqiian-  pillar  on  a  vas*-  ((Jfrhanl, 

Phar.ic  ill  Acliaia,  each  liaviiij;  the  name  of  a  ginl  (VII.  Mndem.  Ahhnudl.  p.  .')•),  Xos.  1,  '\  \,  7  ;  ef.  Colli;;non, 

'_"J.  t).    Coins  and  vas«'s  fjive  ns  later  ri'inlerings  of  these  Hist.  Sculpt,  fir.  p.  IfKl). 

early   ohjeets.     So   an   Aik)11o   on   a   ct)in    of    .Vinhracia  *  See  /if^/wrf,  IWI-J.  and  my  Kjtimntmit.*  of  the  Ameri- 

(OverWck,  driech.  Kumtmijth.  V.  pp.  1-.'),  Miinztafel  i.  row  School  at  the  Heraiun,  etc.  p.  10. 
Nos.  1-7).     A  eoiu  of  Cetw  has  Hem  aiwl    Zeus  in  the 


Kl(i.    11.—  llKK.IIIVK     ToMI;    XK.\i:    illK    HkICAKIM,   O.N 
TIIK    l:o.\I)   TO    MVCK.N.VK. 


1»KK  MYCKNAKAN    TKHKA  COTTA    LMA(iKS 


43 


Km.  1.-,. 


K.XKI.V    SKiNK    ••  1'ILI..\K    l.M.VUK." 

From  the  lleraeum. 


s*t  as  to  make  it  hexao^onal.  This  pillar  ciudd  have  served  no  architectural  |uir[>ose  of 
which  we  know,  and,  standiii"^  uprijj^ht  as  it  does,  with  all  the  marks  of  the  most  primi- 
tive workmanship,  we  are  justifie<l  in  helievino;  that  such  an  ohject  of  no  intrinsic  vahu*, 
which  survived  to  the  .second  century  of  our  era,  mi«;ht  h»*  and  is  preserve*!  to  us  now. 

Of  primitive  i(hds  in  stone  and  niarhle  chips,  su<-li  as  were  found  at  Hissarlik.  l*aros, 
Naxos.  Amor«;os,  etc.,  we  have  no  specimens 
here  at  the  lleraeum.  On  the  other  hand, 
we  have  the  richest  collection  ever  found 
of  terra-cotta  iihds,  presentinj;"  a  new  and 
unhrokeii  series  fr<»m  the  very  earliest  to 
the  ela.ssi«al  tiim's,  and  thou«»h  these  terra- 
cottas will  re<-eive  more  detailed  treatment 
in  a  special  chapter  hy  Dr.  Chase  and  my.self. 
we  must  now  c<uisi<ler  them  in  their  general 
connection,  and  their  hearin««'  upon  the 
main  point  hefore  us. 

I  may  siiy  at  tuice  that  we  find  types  of 
'•  Mycenaean  "  fijiurines  at  the  Heraeum. 
hut  we  also  find  a  much  hiri^er  numher  of 
typ«'s  distinctly  earlier  in  an  unhroken 
series,  anionj;'  which  we  can  distinjiuish  at 
least  two  categories. 

The  first  and  earliest  type  was  prohahly  developed  «Mit  of  the  symlxdic  I'ifni  {Fi<»-.  KJ). 
The  primitive  ciuophist  has  merely  taken  small  lumps  (»f  day,  ami  has  fashioned  them 
into  a  mere  su«;j;'estion  of  a  human  form  hy  indicatin*;'  projections  for  the  arms.  The 
lower  portion  of  the  hody  remains  in  rude,  uneven  roundness,  and  for  the  head  he  ha.s 
merely  allow(>d  the  upper  portion  to  he  s«|ueezed  into  an  almost  conical  shape.  There  is 
no  further  articulation,  and  no  distinction  of  .sex.  But  this  primitive  corojilast  is  ii<»t  as 
vet  tied  down  to  any  fixed  conventionalized  type,  and  so  there  is  a  «»Tadual  development 
aiul  progress  in  his  naturalism  within  the  narrow  ran«»e  of  his  artistic  power  (Fi»;'.  17). 
(jiadually  the  arms  hecome  more  extended,  the  clay  is  pinched  nunc  firmly, 
acceiituatiii«^  the  waist  still  further,  until,  at  last,  the  workman  j»ives 
another  pinch  between  his  two  fin<>ers  to  the  portion  which  he  has  left 
for  the  head,  and  proceeds  to  add  two  minute  <»lohules  of  clay  ou  either 
side  of  this  protuherance  of  the  head  to  indicate  the  eyes.  Fr<mi  this 
moment  he  proceeds  to  elalMuate  this  bird-like  face,  addiiia;-  a  round 
circle  of  clay  to  the  top,  which  is  meant  to  indicate  either  the  hair,  or 
more  probably,  in  this  case,  the  j}oh.s  or  early  diadem  of  the  jijoddess 
Hera.  Without  indicatin«»-  the  sex  of  the  figurine  by  means  of  nuKlelinj;-, 
he  does  so  by  the  indication  of  dress  ;  and  to  the  bird-like  hea<l  is  added 
a  series  of  ornate  decorations  running  round  the  neck  and  breast  from 
In.  Hi.  -  I'ki,mi-  shoulder  to  shoulder,  which  soon  becomes  one  of  the  most  striking 
...  v.     ..  y      features  in  these  Heraeum  terra-cottas.     In  the  sjiecial  chaiiter  on  terra- 

I  A    r  Mil  KINK.  *  • 

Fioni  the  Heraeum.  f^ttiis.  We  shall  deal  witli  the  (piestion  whether  these  ornaments  are 
necklaces  with  brooches  at  the  shoulders,  or  scarves,  or  eyen  wreaths 
of  flowers,  or,  finally,  indicate  an  elab<uate  folding  and  ornamentiition  to  the  top  of 
the  low-necked  dre.ss.  We  have  summarized  in  a  few  words  what  really  represents  a 
most  varied  series,  illustrative  of  a  yery  long  and  continuous  development. 


h 


4' 

/ 


44 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


mycp:naean  terra  cotta  images 


45 


!i' 


A  new staj^e  is  reached  when  these  figures  that  have  l)een  represented  as  stiindinj;  erett 

are  represented  as  seated  (Fig.  18).    This  is  done  in  a  ipmint  manner,  hi  that  the  Hat 

lower  portion  of  the  figure  is  hent  forward,  thus  fornung  a  stei>-Hke  projection,  and  then 

two  thin,  tusk-Uke  pieces  of  clay  are  stuck  on  hehind,  like  the  legs  of  a  chair,  which 

made  it  possible  for  the  figurine  to  he  set  down  in  this  (piasi- 

seated  posture.     In  technicpie  and  detail  work,  this  second  class 

is  also  much  further  advanced.     Besides  the  elaborate  ornamen- 

tiition  round  the  shouldei-s,  the  arms  are  in  many  cases  actu- 

allv  modeled,  and  the  waist  is  indicated  with  greater  njituralism. 

A  few  more  ambitious  coroplasts  have  attempted  to  nM>del  the 

whole  chair  or  throne,  and  actually  to  place  one  of  these  figures 

upon  it.     When  we  recall  the  fact  that  the  erection  of  a  seated 

ima«''e  in  wood  is  attributed  to  Pirasus,'  the  sou  of  Argus,  and 

that  Pausiinias  saw  this  early  image  made  of  i>eai-ti-ee  at  the 

Ileraeum,  whither  it  had  been  brought  from  Tii-yns,  and  tiiat, 

further,  this  sacred  image  was  seated,  —  we  may  attribute  the 

innovation  in  our  terra-cott<is  which,  from  this  point,  belong 

chiefly  to  the  seated  type,  to  the  influeiue  of  such  an  image 

endowed  with  great  siinctity.     But  the  id<ds  of  this  class  do  not 

rise  above  the  bird-shaped 
head  ;  and,  in  spite  of  the 
prominent  influence  of  some 
such  seated  examples,  even 
upon  the  standing  tyjws  of 
this  period,  there  is  no 
hard  and  fast  conventional- 
ized tyjKJ  to  be  found.  I  mean  by  this,  that  with 
all  the  quaint  and  crude  artistic  imperfections  of 
the  primitive  coroplast's  work,  there  is  a  free  and 
naturalistic  tendency,  which  leads  him  to  pnxluce 
varieties,  with  marked  diiferences  in  the  extent  to 
which  he  indicates  articulation  and  individual  details 
among  these  tyi^s. 

It  is  important  to  note  that  specimens  of  these 
two  earliest  tyi)es  were  found  by  Schliemann  at 
Tiryns,"  but  that  to  my  knowledge  few  have  been 
found  at  Mycenae.^  We  thus  call  this  second  cate- 
gory, marked  by  the  seated  figure  of  earliest  tech- 
nique, Tirynthian-Argive. 

The  next,  or  third  category  with  which  we  have 

to  deal,  the   Mycenaean   t\\H'  (Fig.  19),   is  found 

chieflv  at   Mvcenae  and  Mvcenaean   centres ;  and 

has  been  found  also  at  Tiryns  and  the  Heraeum. 

As  in  the  "-raves  of  Mvcenae,  so  in  the  rock-cut  beehive  tond)s  with  Mycenaean  pottery, 

1  See  above,  p.  24.  '  Since  I  wrote  this,  Dr.  Cliiise  has  inforiiie.l  me  that 

«  rir>im,  pp.  150  ff.,  figs.   77-93;  p.  359,  fig.  159;      iu  one  "exceptional"  grave  at  Mycenae,  Tsountas   has 
and  Perrot-Chipiez,  vol.  VI.  p.  750.  found  isolated  specimens  of  such  terra-cottas. 


Kicj.  17.  —  Kaki-y    Fk.mai.k 
KnaRK,  siiowixtj   Dkvki.- 

UI>MKNT   OK    DkAPKKV. 

From  the  Ilerai-nm. 


Fig.  18.— Early  Skatki>  Fkji'kk. 
From  the  Ileraeum. 


discovered  by  us  in  close  proximity  to  the  Henieum,  these  early  images  are  found  with 
the  nuist  beautiful  si>ecimens  of  Mycenaean  ware  in  pottery  as  well  as  other  materials. 

At  first  sight  it  might  appeiir  that  these  thoroughly  conventional  figurines  are  earlier 

than  some  of  those  we  have  just  described.     They  consist,  in  form,  generally  of  a  round 

elongated  foot,  like  that  of  a  cup,  a  flattened,  moi-e  or  less  circular  or  semicircular  body 

above  it,  agsiin  reminding  us  of  a  Mycenaejin  cup,  and  an  upper  portion  which  generally 

curves  outward  and  leaves  the  top  like  the  lip  or  rim  of  a  vase.    This  general  outline,  in 

si)ite  of  all  detiiiled  variation,  is  kept  in  a  fixed  and  stereotyped  manner,  and  is  adhered 

to  as  a  convention  by  the  modeler  in  so  manifest  a  way,  that  he  clearly  tells  us  he 

does  not  intend  to  follow  nature,  though  he  is  well  able  to  do  so.     Thus  in  their  bare 

outline  they  are  further  removed  from  naturalism  than  many  specimens  of  the  primitive 

tyjH?  we  have  just  examined.     On  the  other  hand,  the  fine  clay  of  which  they  are  made, 

tlie  certiiinty  of  touch  and  neatness  with  which  they  ai-e  modeled  in  this  conventionalized 

form,  and,  above  all,  the  modeling  and  painted  decor.ition  on  any  portions  which  the 

artist  chose  thus  to  decorate,  show  a  degree  of  artistic  skill  and 

a  suppressed  power  of  naturalism  which  is  never  to  be  met  with 

in  the  works  of  the  previous  cks.s,  and  is  not  always  found  in 

some  of  the  succeeding  classes.     W^ithin  the  circumference  of 

this  rounded,  shield-.shaped,  flattened  surface  which  represents 

the  torso,  the  female  breasts  and   the  arms  hidden  under  the 

drapery  (coiniKire  Fig.  19)  ai-e  indicated  with  great  delicacy  and 

skill,  and  are  certjiinly  out  of  keeping  with  the  stiff  convention 

of    the   outline    form.      Moreover,    the   painted    ornamentiition 

shows  a  power  of  free-hand  brush-work,  a  fluency  and  variety  of 

line,  which  are  the  revei-se  of  conventional,  and  which,  together 

with  the  fflazed  color  used,  are  to  be  found  onlv  in  vases  of  the 

Mycenaean  order. 

We  are  here  brought  face  to  face  with  a  most  curious  pheno- 
menon :  whereas  the  chief  distinctive  cliaracteristic  of  Mycenaean 
art  in  other  spheres  is  its  naturalism  (especially  when  contrasted 
with  the  "  Geometric  "  style  which  succeeds  it),  we  have  the 
most  pronounced  instance  of  stereotyped  conventionalism  in  the 
fonn  of  these  figures.  But  this  archaeological  paradox  is  most 
rejidilv  accounted  for  by  the  explanation  which  the  facts  invari- 
ably attending  their  discovery  necessarily  force  upon  us.  These 
figurines  are,  we  may  say,  almost  always  found  together  with 

Mycenaean  vases  ;  and  their  painted  decoration  betrays  the  hand  of  the  maker  of  tlie.se 
vases.  Their  shai)e,  moreover,  is  constructively  and  hitrinsically  "  vase-like."  They  are 
distinctly  ceramic  figurines,  and  not  coroplastic  figurines.  Now  it  was  the  Mycenaean 
potter  who  produced  the  greatest  innovations  and  marks  the  greatest  advance  in  ceramic 
art,  —  we  may  siiy  for  all  times.  But  besides  his  chief  characteristic  of  naturalistic 
jminting  and  his  introduction  of  glazed  color  into  ceramic  painting,  there  is  one  thing 
which  appeai-s  to  me  almost  greater  and  more  important,  —  he  was  the  fii-st  really  to 
estiiblish  constructive  and  final  ceramic  forms  and  shapes  for  the  vessels  that  were  to 
receive,  retain,  and  preserve  fluids.  And  it  is  this  central  tectonic  attitude  of  nund  of 
the  cerami.st  which  has  influenced  him  in  fashioning  these  Mycenaean  figurines,  and  in 
giving  them  the  stereotyjied  form  to  which  he  adheres.     We  have  this  mteresting  phe- 


FlG.    19.  —  M  Y  C  K  X  A  K  a  N 

Typk  ok  Tkrka-cotta. 

From  a  Tomb  near  the  Ile- 
raeum. 


44 


(JKNKKAL    INTKODrCTlOX 


MYCKNAKAN    TKKHA  COTTA    IMA(;KS 


45 


A  new  stai;('  is  roaclicil  wlicii  tlu'sc  Houivs  tlmt  liave  lu-i'ii  rcpn'st'iitc*!  as  standiii;;  rmt 
aiv  rquvseiiU'd  as  scatcil  ( Fijv.  IS).    Tliis  is  Aouv  in  a  quaint   niannt-r,  in  tliat   tin-  Hat 
lower  portion  of  tlu'  ti.nnre  is  hent  tonvaid,  thus  foijuin.i;-  a  step-like  piojtHtion.  an<l  tlu-n 
two  thin,  tusk-like  pieees  of  elav  are  stuck   on   liehind.  like   the   le^s  of  a  ehair,  which 
made  it  possible  for  the   Hi^iuine  to  he  set  (h)wn  in  this  tpiasi- 
seated  jiosture.      In  teehniipu'  and  detail  work,  this  sei-ond  class 
is  also  nnicli   further  advanced.     Besides  the  elalnuate  ornamen- 
tation  round  the  shoidders,  the  arms  are  in  many  eases  actu- 
ally nuuleled,  and  the  waist  is  indicated  with  j^reater  naturalism. 
A  few  more  amhitious   coroplasts  have  attempted  to  model  the 
whole  chair  or  tluone,  and  actually  to  place  one  of  these  li«;ures 
upon  it.      When  we  recall  tlie  fact  that  the  erection  of  a  seated 
ima«»e  in  wood  is  attributed  t«»  Pirasus,'  the  son  of   Arj^^us.  an<I 
that   rausiinias  siw    this  early    ima«;;e  made   of  pear-tree  at  the 
Ileraeinii.  whitlier  it  had  heen  brought  from  Tiryns.  and  that, 
further,  this  sacred   ima«>;e  was  seated, —  we   may  attribute  the 
innovation   in  our  terra-cottas   which,  fnun   this  point,  behmn; 
chieriv  to  the  seated  ty[>e.  to   tlie   influence  of  such  an   ima«;»' 
endowed  with  great  siinctity.     But  the  i(hds  «(f  this  class  i\o  not 

rise  above  the  bird-shaped 
head  ;  and,  in  spite  of  the 
prominent  intluenceof  some 
such  seated  examples,  even 
upon  the  stan«linj;-  types  of 
this  iKM'iod,  there  is  no 
hard  and  fast  conventional- 

i/e«l  tyiK'  to  be  fouml.  1  mean  by  this,  that  with 
all  the  (plaint  and  crude  artistic  imp»rfections  of 
the  primitive  coroplast's  work,  there  is  a  free  and 
naturalistic  tendency,  which  leads  him  to  produce 
varieties,  witii  marketl  ilillerencis  in  the  extent  to 
which  he  indi<ates  articulation  and  individual  details 
among'  these  ty|>es. 

It  is  important  to  note  that  s|H'«imens  of  these 
two  earliest  types  were  found  l»y  Schli«'mann  at 
Tirvns,-  but  tliat  to  my  knowledge  few  have  been 
found  at  Mycenae.'  We  thus  call  this  second  catt*- 
jrory,  marked  by  the  seated  ligure  of  ♦arliest  teeh- 
ni<pie,  Tirynthian-Argive. 

The  next,  or  third  category  with  wliich  we  have 

to   deal,   the    Mycenaean    type  (Fig.    llh,    is    found 

chieHv  at    Mycenae   and    My«enaean    centres ;   and 

has  been   f<unjd  also  at  Tiryns  an«l   the  lleraeum. 

As  in  the  graves  of  Mycenae,  so  in  the  rock-cut   beehive  tond»s  witii  Mycenaean  pottery, 

1  Si-e  alM)v.',  |).  24.  '  ••>>"««  I  wn.te  tliis,  Dr.  CImsi'  lias  iiif.)niMil  me  that 

-   ri,y„s,  pp.  150  flf.,   Hfjs.    7--l«;   p.  3.j9,  Hjj.   1.->9  ;      in  one  " exct-ptioiiar'  gnivt-  at  .Myifiiao,    rsoiiiitas    lias 
and  IVrrot-Chipitz,  vol.  VI.  p.  750.  f«>nn.l  isolati-.l  siwciuiens  of  such  teira-vottas. 


Kh;.   17.  -    Kaim  V    Ki  m\ik 
I'na  UK.  simwiNt,    hi  \n.. 

OI-.MKNT    OK    Iht.VfKUV. 

rioiii  tlio  llor.ii-uiii. 


Vui.  IS.—  K.VUI.V    Sk.\TKI>    KHiCKK. 

From  tlio   lloiaeiiin. 


\ 


discovered  by  us  in  cIos4'  luoximitv  to  the   Heraeum,  these  earlv  images  are  found  with 
the  most  beautiful  specimens  of  Mycenaean  ware  in  pottery  as  well  as  otlier  materials. 

At  iirst  sight  it   might  appear  that  these  tiniroughly  conventional  lignrines  are  earlier 

than  some  of  those  we  liav»-  just  described.      They  consist,  in  form,  generally  of  a  round 

eloiigateil   foot,  like  that  of  a  cup,  a  Hattened,  more  or  less  circular  or  semicircular  body 

above  it,  again  reminding  us  o!'  a  Mycenaean  cu|>,  aiul  an  ujnier  portion  wiiich  g«'nerally 

curves  outward  and  leaves  the  top  like  the  lip  or  rim  of  a  vase.     This  general  outline,  in 

spite  of  all  detailetl  variation,  is  kept  in  a  Hxed  and  stereotyped  maniu'r.  an<l  is  adherecl 

to  as  a  c«)nvention   by   the  uiiMleler  in  so  manifj'st   a   way.  that   he  clearly   tells   us   he 

does  not  inten<l  to   follow  natur*-,  though   he  is  well  able  to  «lo  so.     Thus  in  their  bare 

tnitline  they  are  further  removed  from  naturalism  than  many  specimens  of  the  prnnitive 

tvpe  we  have   just  examined.      On  the  other  hand,  the  tine  clay  of  which  they  ar«'  made. 

the  certainty  of  touch  an<l  neatness  with  which  they  are  modeh'd  in  tiiis  conventionalized 

form,  and,  above  all.  the  modeling  and   painted  «UM-orati<»n   on  any  p<utions  which   the 

artist  chose  thus  to  deccnate,  sh«»w  a  «legree  of  artistic  skill  and 

a  suppressed  power  of  naturalism  which   is  never  to  be  met  with 

in  the  w«nks  of  the  previous  chiss,  and  is  n«>t  always  found  in 

84nne  of  the  suc<-eeding  classes.     Witiiin  the  »ircumferenc«'  of 

this   rounde<l.   shield-shaped,   Hattene<l  surface   which    represents 

the  tor.so.   tlu-    female  breasts   and    the   arms  hid<len   under  the 

drapery  (ecnnpare  Fig.  lih  are   indicate<l  with  great  delicacy  and 

skill,  and  are  certainly  (uit  of  keeping  with   the  stilf  convention 

of    the    outline    form.      Moreover,    the    painted    ornamentation 

hIiows  a  ])ower  of  free-hand  brush-work,  a  Huen<y  and  variety  of 

line,  which  are  the  reverse  of  conventional,  and  which,  together 

with  the  iilazed  color  used,  are  to  be  found  only  in  vases  of  the 

Mycenaean  «M<l«'r. 

We  are  hen*  brought  face  to  face  with  a  most  curious  phen<H 
nienon  :  whereas  the  chief  distinctive  cliaracteristic  of  Mycenaean 
art  in  otiier  spheres  is  its  naturalism  (especially  when  contrasted 
with  the  '-Geometric"  style  which  succeeds  it),  we  have  the 
most  ])ronounced  instance  of  stereotyped  conventionalism  in  the 
form  of  these  figures.  But  this  archae«)logical  paradox  is  most 
readily  accounted  for  by  the  ex}danation  which  the  facts  invari- 
ably attending  their  discovery  necessjirily  force  upon  us.  These 
figuriui's  are.  we  may  sjiy.  almost  always  found   together  with 

Mycenaean  vases  ;  and  their  painted  decoration  betrays  the  hand  of  the  maker  of  these 
vases.  Their  shape,  moreover,  is  constructively  an<l  intrinsically  "  vase-like.  They  are 
distinctly  ceranne  figurines,  and  not  coroplastic  figurines.  Now  it  was  the  Mycenaean 
potter  who  pro<luce«l  the  greatest  innoyati<ujs  and  marks  the  greatest  advance  in  ceramic 
j,it,  —  we  may  sjiy  for  all  times.  But  besides  his  chief  characteristic  of  naturalistic 
painting  and  his  introduction  of  glazed  cohir  into  ceramic  painting,  there  is  one  thing 
which  appears  to  nie  almost  greater  and  more  important,  —  he  was  the  first  really  to 
establish  constructive  ami  final  ceramic  forms  and  shapes  for  the  yessels  that  were  to 
receive,  retain,  and  preserve  fluids.  And  it  is  this  central  tectonic  attitude  of  mind  of 
the  ceramist  which  has  influem-ed  him  in  fashioning  these  Mycenaean  figurines,  and  in 
giviiij;  them  the  stereoty[»ed  form  to  which  he  adheres.     We  have  this  interesting  phe- 


Fi»;.  IM.  —  .M  vc  K  N  A  I  A  X 

I'VIM     MK    'iKIiltA  roll  A. 

rroiii  a  Toiiih  iiciir  tlio    lle- 
raiMiin. 


*~~. 


46 


GKNEKAL   INTRODUCTION 


TKHHA COTTA    FKUTKINKS 


47 


H 


II 


)p 


if 


nomenon  in  the  early  history  of  clay-work  :  the  primitive  clay-worker  is  before  all  a 
coroplast,  and  actiuilly  models  his  vessel  with  his  hand.  He  is  thus  sometimes  mis<ruided 
into  giving  eccentric  animal  or  human  shapes  to  some  of  his  early  vessels.'  The  Myce- 
naean clay-worker  is  before  all  a  ceramist,  and  thus  introduces  ceramic  conventionalism 
into  his  terra-cotta  fijjurines. 

It  is  curious  to  note  how  the  vase-rimmed  head  is  even  introduced  into  a  most  complex 
terra-cotfci  of  this  Mycenaean  class,  in  which  a  female  fi«^ii-e  is  represented  as  hoKlin«r  an 
infant  in  her  arms." 

This  third  Mvcenaean  class  was  not  |M>werful  enough  to  drive  the  pi-evious  classes  out 
of  the  Held,  for  these  show  a  continuous  development. 

It  is  to  Dr.  Chase  that  I  owe  the  identiHcation  of  a  "  Dipylon  "  class  <if  figurines, 
recognized  by  him  as  such  chiefly  by  the  colored  ornament<ition  on  the  dresses  which 
indicate  the  Dipylon  style  (Fig.  20).     These  ty|)es,  while  pi-esenting  the  sjime  marked  c(U»- 

trasts  to  those  of  the  Mycenaean  onler  as 
the  previous  classes,  and  showing  a  genei-jil 
relation  to  the  more  primitive  figurines,  ai-e 
more  advanced  in  the  treatment  of  the  liead, 
in  which  they  do  not,  however,  attiiin  the 
distinct  naturalism  of  the  succeeding  class. 
The  most  marked  fact  to  be  noticed  in  this 
category  is  the  exti*eme  jKiucity  of  the  spe- 
cimens of  human  figures,  —  there  is  com- 
jKiratively  a  greater  abundance  of  animal 
term-cottas  of  this  class.  This  fact,  it 
ajuieai-s  to  me,  can  be  explained  by  one  of 
two  causes :  either  the  human  figure  was 
not  fit?(piently  represented  liy  the  "  artists  " 
of  the  Dipyh)n  |>eriod,  or  the  j)eople  to 
whom  they  belonged  did  not  dwell  for  a 
long  j)eriod  in  the  Argive  district,  nor  exei- 
cise  great  influence  upon  the  artistic  life  of 
the  place. 

When   we    realize    how   imperfect    and 
wooden,  how  completely  "  decorative  **  and 
conventionalized  is  the  treatment  of  human 
figures  on  the  Dipylon  vases,  we  must  at 
the  sjime  time  realize  that  this  purely  con- 
ventional and  decomtive  tivatment  does  not 
lend  itself  to  the  spirit  of  art  production  in 
plastic    works,  —  either    in    terr.i-cottii    or 
stone.     The  statue  and   statuette  as  such, 
which  arise  out  of  a  naturalistic  as  opposed  to  a  decorative  impulse,  are  not  likely  to  l>e 
developed  by  such  workers.     In  bronze,  we  might  more  readily  find  them,  l)ecause  the 
maker  of  bronze  vessels  and  implements  of  jHjace  and  war  wouhl  use  the  sjime  technitpie 


Fio.  20.  —  FitJURK  or  thk  "  Dipylon 
From  the  Heraeiim. 


CLASS. 


»  See  Scblieinann's  Ilios,  pp.  340-345 ;  375,  377,  etc. ;      op.  cit.  VI.  p.  743,  and  Colligiioii,  Hist.  d.  I.  Siulftt.  fir.  I. 
Rayet-Collignon,  Hist.  d.  I.  Ceram.  Gr.  pp.  1  and  7. 
3  'E^/i«f>'i.  1888,  pi.  ix.  fig.  16  ;  cf.  also  Ferrot-Chipiez, 


of  l>eating  the  metcil,  and  might  make  such  figures  as  ornaments  or  appendages  to  the 
impk'ments. 

When,  however,  we  consider  according  to  what  I  hear  from  Mr.  De  Cou,  tliat  there 
wei-e  also  comparatively  few  specimens  of  bronzes  in  the  Dipylon  (i.  e.  the  "  Attic 
Geometric  ")  style,  and  that,  as  I  hear  from  Dr.  IIop])in,  even  the  vases  of  this  stvk'  are 
of  small  number  compared  to  those  of  the  other  classes,  we  are  tempted  to  conclude 
that  the  j>eople  who  represented  this  techni<|ue  did  not  dwell  so  long  on  tliis  site,  and 
were  either  assimilated  rapidly,  or  were  not  adapted  to  leave  a  la.sting  stani[)  upon  art 
production. 

The  fifth  stiijre  is  reached  in  that  a  marked  advance  is  made  amon*>'  the  seated  idols : 
namely,  the  bird  face  is  supei*- 
.seded  by  the  human  face  (Fig. 
21 ).  To  the  profusi'  and 
elaborate  deconitions  rtunid 
neck,  bi-east,  and  shouldei-s  of 
the  second  tyjw?,  we  here  have 
added  most  elaborate  head- 
dresses, in  which  I  can  see  not 
only  varieties  of  the  y>o/o.s, 
but  also  floral  ornamentations 
which  j)robably  refer  to  the 
Antheia  side  of  the  Hera  cult, 
and  for  which  flowers  from  the 
river  Asterion  were  woven 
into  wreaths.  How  long  this 
human  shape  of  Heraeum  fig- 
urines continued  we  cannot 
determine.  We  are,  however, 
actually  at  the  g*ates  of  re- 
corded history  when  we  learn ' 
that  the  Argive  tyi>e  of  the 
human-shai)ed  Hera  was  car- 
ried to  Sjimos  by  Procles,  the 
son  of  Pityreus,  when  the  lat- 
ter was  expelled  by  the  Dori- 
ans from  £pidaurus.  This 
would  bring  us  to  about  the  year  1000  b.  c.  This  human-.shaped  image  superseded  the 
stnils^  or  board-shaped  id(d,  which  was  i)reviously  woi-shiped  at  Samos.- 

The  next  (sixth)  class,  though  not  numeroits,  shows  in  subject,  technique,  and  style 
the  infusion  of  orientid  influence. 

After  this  sixth  category,  our  terra-cotfcis  lead  us  to  the  archaic  Greek  type  of  figurine 
corres|KUuling  to  the  erect  bretas-ii\ia\)ed  stiitues  of  the  class  of  the  Artemis  found  at 
Delos." 

An  eighth  class  is  distinguished  from  this  as  marking  the  advanced  archaism  of  the 
close  of  the  sixth  and  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  centuries  n.  c. ;  until,  finally,  we  have 


KllJ.  21.  —  FiGCKK   or   ADVANCKD   ARGIVK   STYU:  (with    IICMAN    FACK). 

From  the  Heraeum. 


p.  52. 


'  PiiiiK.  VII.  4.  4;   Menodotiiii  uf  Samoa  up.  Athen. 
XV.  672*. 


«  Clement  Alex.  Protrepl.  IV.  18,  p.  184. 


m. 


40 

iionu'iion  in 


(IKNKRAL    INTKODrCTION 


the  eailv  histoiv  of  clav-wnrk  :  tlu'  piiinltiv*'  rlav-woiktT  is  liffoio  all  a 
foioplast,  and  actually  uumU'Is  his  vessel  with  his  hand,  lie  is  thus  sonM'tinit's  niisi»ni«UMl 
into  ni\  in«;"  crcfntric  animal  or  human  shajM's  to  soinr  of  his  «'arly  v»'ss«'ls.'  Thr  Myci'- 
naean  elav-wtukfr  is  ht-foiv  all  a  eeianiist,  and  thus  introilutvs  coiainif  ronvi'iitionalisni 
into  his  ttMra-r«»tta  fii;urin«'s. 

It  is  curious  to  note  how  the  vas«-rinnncd  head  is  even  introduced  into  a  most  com|de\ 
tena-cotta  of  this  Mycenaean  class,  in  which  a  female  ti«;iiie  is  represented  as  holdin*;-  an 
infant  in  her  anns.- 

This  third  Mvtenaean  class  was  not  powerful  enou«»h  to  <lrive  the  previous  classes  out 
of  the  Held,  tor  these  show  a  continuous  devtdopment. 

It  is  to  Dr.  Chase  that  1  owe  the  identification  of  a  "  Dipylon  "  class  of  tii;urin<'s, 
recoi»ni/ed  bv  him  as  such  «hieHy  hy  the  colored  ornamentation  on  the  dresses  which 
indicate  tlu'  Dipvlon  stvK'  (  Fii;.  20).  These  types,  while  presentinj;- the  sime  marked  con- 
trasts to  those  of  the  Mycenaean  order  as 
the  previous  classes,  and  showini»'  a  ••eneral 
relation  to  the  mon*  primitive  finuriiu's,  are 
more  a<lvanced  in  the  treatment  of  the  lu-atl, 
in  which  they  do  not,  luAvever,  attain  the 
distinct  naturalism  of  the  succee<lini»'  class. 
The  most  marke<l  fact  to  he  noticed  in  this 
(.'ate«»orv  is  the  extreme  pau<ity  of  the  s|m»- 
cinuMis  of  human  H«;ures,  —  there  is  com- 
paratively a  «;;reater  ahundance  of  animal 
terra-cottas  of  this  class.  This  fact,  it 
appears  to  me,  can  he  explained  hy  one  of 
two  causes  :  either  tin*  human  fi«»ure  was 
not  fre<piently  repri'sente<l  hy  the  "artists" 
of  the  Dipylon  period,  or  the  people  to 
whom  they  heh)n«»ed  did  not  dwell  for  a 
lon<»"  period  in  the  Ar«^;ive  district,  nor  I'xei- 
cise  <»reat  iuHuence  upon  tin*  artistic  life  of 
the  place. 

When  we  realize  how  imperfej-t  ami 
wooden,  how  completely  "  decorative  "  and 
conventionalized  is  the  treatnu'ut  of  hinnan 
fii^ures  on  the  Dipylon  vases,  we  must  at 
the  same  time  realize  that  this  purely  con- 
ventional and  decorative  treatment  does  n<it 
len«l  itself  to  the  spirit  of  art  production  in 
plastic  works,  —  either  in  terra-cotta  or 
stone.  The  statue  and  statuette  as  such, 
which  arise  out  of  a  naturalistic  as  opposed  to  a  decorative  impulse,  are  not  likidy  to  he 
develoued  hv  such  workers.      In  hronze,  we  mi*rht  more  readily  Hud  them,  hecause  the 

J.  «  ~  ■ 

maker  of  hronze  vessels  and  implements  of  peace  and  war  would  use  the  sjime  technitpu* 


Kni.  jn. 


FnaUK    OK    Till'.    '•  DlI'VI.O.N 

Fruiu  the  lli'nieiiiii. 


«  I.ASS. 


•  See  Sc-hlieinaiiirs  Jlios,  \>\t.  'M()-'M~j ;  ;i7."i,  377,  etc.;      «/>.  <•«/.  V'l.  p.  7411,  ami  C'lilligiioii,  Hisf.  il.  I.  SmlfiL  f,'r.  I. 
Ravft-Collitjiion,  /list.  d.  t.  Cfnim.  (ir.  pp.  1  aiitl  7. 
-  'E<f)i),ufpis.  18S8.  pi.  ix.  Hjj.  IG  ;  c-f.  also  i'errut-Chipiez, 


p.  32. 


TKi{i:.\  conw  I'KiruiNKs 


of  heatin<;'  the   metal,  and   mi«>ht   make  such  li*;-ures  as  ornaments  or  a|»p<'nda«>-(>s  to  the 
implements. 

When,  howt'ver,  w»*  consider  according"  t<»  what  I  lu-ar  from  Mr.  De  (Jou.  that  thcii' 
were  also  comparatively  few  specimens  of  bronzes  in  the  Dipylon  (i.  e.  the  ••  Atti<- 
GeouM'tric")  style,  and  that,  as  I  hear  from  Dr.  Iloppin.  ivcn  the  vases  (d  this  st\ic  arc 
of  small  nnudter  compare<|  to  tJiose  of  the  other  classes,  wc  ;ire  tempted  to  conchi<lc 
tiiiit  the  people  who  represented  this  techiiiipie  di<l  nut  dwell  so  |nni>  on  this  site.  an<l 
were  either  assimilated  rapidly,  or  were  not  adapte<l  to  leave  a  lasting-  stamp  upon  art 
production. 

Tlu*  fifth  sta«»«*  is  iea<hed  in  that  a  marked  advance'  is  made  aiiioui;  the  seated  idols: 
namely,  the  bird  face  is  supei- 
seded  by  the  human  face  (  Ki^'. 
"IX  I.  To  the  pnd'use  and 
elaborate  (h'corations  roinid 
neck,  breast.  an<l  shoulders  of 
the  s«*cond  type,  we  here  have 
added  most  elaborate  hea<l- 
dresses,  in  which  I  can  see  not 
oidy  varieties  of  the  y>o/o.s-, 
but  also  tloial  (unamentations 
which  probably  refer  to  the 
Antheia  side  of  tlu'  Ilera  «ult, 
and  for  which  flowcMs  from  the 
river  Asterion  were  woven 
into  wreaths.  How  Ion<;'  this 
human  shape  of  Ileraeum  fi<>'- 
urines  continued  we  cannot 
determine.  We  an*,  however, 
actually  at  the  «»ates  of  re- 
corded history  when  we  learn  ' 
that  the  Ar«;iye  type  of  the 
human-shape<l  Hera  was  cai^ 
ried  to  Samos  by  Procles,  the 
son  of  Pityreus,  when  the  lat- 
ter was  expelled  by  the  Dori- 
ans from  Epi(hiurus.  This 
would  brin«»'  us  to  alMUit  the  y<'ar  1(MM)  n.  c.  This  hnman-shape«l  imam*  snpersedt'd  the 
soiiis,  or  b«Kird-shaped  idol,  which  was  previously  worshiped  at  Samos.- 

The  next  (sixth)  class,  though  not  numerous,  shows  in  subject,  techniijue.  and  style 
the  infusion  td'  oriental  influence. 

After  this  sixth  cate«»ory,  our  terra-cottas  lead  us  to  the  archaic  Greek  type  of  figurine 
Ciuivspondinj;"  to  the  erect  />/v7^(.s-shaped  statues  of  the  class  of  the  Artemis  foinid  at 
Deh»s.^ 

An  eiiihth  class  is  distin<>'uishe<l  fronj  this  as  markini>  the  advanced  archaism  (d'  the 
eh»se  of  the  sixth  and  the  be«»innin«>  of  the  fifth  centuries  15.  c. ;   until,  finally,  we  have 

'    I'aiis.   VII.  4.  4  ;    M.iUMlotiis  .if  Samos  ,i/,.   Atheii.  -  Cljiiiiiit  Al.x.  /'r»ln,,r  IV.  IS,  p    1S4. 

XV.  «7Ja. 


Fu;.  1!1. —  FhauK  ok  .vdvaxckd  .\i»avK  .•iTvi.K  (with  ui.man  k aci  ). 

From  the  Ileraeum. 


'*• 


48 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


THE  VASES 


49 


III 


a  few  fine  specimens  of  heads  forming  a  ninth  class,  and  illustrating  good  Greek  art  of 
the  fifth  century  b.  c. 

Before  drawinjr  the  conclusions  to  which  this  survey  of  our  terra-cottiis  leads  us,  I  must 
point  to  the  interesting  collateral  evidence  furnished  by  the  earliest  tyjies  of  bronzes 
found  at  Olympia  and  classified  in  so  thorough  a  manner  by  Professor  Furtwiingler.  We 
cannot  but  regret  that  the  terra-cotta  figurines,  of  which  he  tells  us  large  numbers  were 
found  in  the  lowest  Liyers  round  the  Heraeum  at  Olympia,'  did  not  receive  the  sjime 
thorough  treatment  at  his  hands,  and  ai-e  not  represented  in  a  sufficient  number  of 
s})ecimens  in  the  plates  which  illustrate  the  German  j)ublication.  On  ])lates  xviii.  and 
xix.  of  the  Olympia  Bronzes  he  has  presented  a  most  instructive  series  of  bronze  animals 
from  the  earliest  primitive  class  to  the  fixed  type  of  Geometrical  style,  the  so-called 
Dipylon  horse.'- 

The  earliest  and  rudest  primitive  bronzes  representing  animals  are  made  out  of  thin, 
flat  sheets  of  bronze,  and  have,  like  our  earliest  terra-cottas  i-ei>resenting  human  figures, 
only  the  vaguest  suggestion  of  natural  forms.  The  thin  sheets  of  metiil  ai-e  cut  to  indi- 
cate legs  and  head,  and  are  then  twisted  in  various  directions.  The  style  of  this  rudest 
class  is  called  by  Furtwiingler  the  "sheet-style"  (lihchstyl).  Then  follows  a  very 
numerous  class  which  evidently  has  been  influenced  by  the  jirocess  applied  in  fashion- 
ing such  primitive  figurines  in  terra-cotta,  to  which  he  gives  the  name  the  "  Terror 
cottensti/l."  ^  More  and  more  within  this  long  series,  presenting  a  most  intei-estiug 
evolution,  the  early  bronze-worker  is  trying  to  develop  a  style  suited  tectonically  to  his 
manipulation  of  bronze  in  beating  and  casting,  until,  at  last,  he  arrives  at  a  fixed  settled 
shape  of  hoi-se  from  this  technical  point  of  view  which,  irresi)ective  of  natuniHsm  or  the 
exact  imitation  of  what  he  saw  in  nature  before  him,  satisfies  his  artistic  instinct  and 
becomes  a  fixed  type  for  the  small  bronze  horse.  This  stereotyping  of  bronze  technique 
in  this  direction  checks  development  and  free  effort  in  the  tendency  towards  naturalism 
which  is  noticeable  in  the  earlier  primitive  ware ;  and  apparently  for  many  generations 
after  this  establishment  of  the  Dipylon  horse,  that  form  holds  the  ground  and  practically 
ends  the  series  as  far  as  these  early  layers  of  discoveries  at  Olympia  are  concerned.^ 

Somewhere  within  this  series  is  to  be  placed  a  comparatively  small  number  of  animal 
representations,^  into  which  the  goat  seems  for  the  first  time  to  have  been  introduced, 
which  are  strikingly  contrasted  with  the  main  continuous  series  in  that  they  possess 
advanced  naturalism.  I  would  suggest  that  these  are  the  strictly  "  Mycenaean"  tyjies 
which  apparently  were  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pelopeum  wall. 

Now  the  excavators  of  Olympia  tell  us  that  the  terra-cottas  come  from  the  very  earliest 
layers,  and,  as  far  as  their  position  in  the  earth  is  concerned,  corresj)ond  to  the  very 
earliest  bronze  figures  found  there.  These  terra-cotta  human  figures,  to  judge  from  the 
specimens  which  are  published,''  mark  a  later  stage  than  our  earliest  figurines.  They 
are  much  more  advanced  in  articulation  and  the  sex  is  clearly  indicated.  All  these  terra- 
cottas and  bronzes  were  found  in  the  "  black  layers  "  surrounding  the  earliest  altar  to  the 
south  of  the  Heraeum  wall  at  Olympia,  towards  the  wall  of  the  Peloj)eum.  The  lowest  of 
these  layers,  and  partly  the  second  as  well,  are  earlier  than  the  building  of  the  Heraeum 
of   Olympia."      The  earliest  layer  runs  beneath  the  foundation  walls  of  that  temple. 


»  See  Olympia,  IV.,  Bronzen,  pi.  xvii.  Nos.  279,  280, 
281,  283,  284,  iu  which  a  few  specimens  of  terra-cottas 
are  given. 

^  Op.  cit.  pis.  X.,  xi.,  xii.,  xiii.,  xiv.,  xr.,  and  xvi. 

=  Op.  cit.  pi.  X.  Nos.  106-133,  pi.  xi.  to  about  Nos. 
177  ur  178. 


•  Pis.  xiii.,  xiv. 

•  Pis.  xi.  and  xii.  Nos.  178-196. 

•  PI.  XTii.  Nos.  279,  280,  281,  283,  284. 

'  Furtwiingler,  Olympia,  IV.,  Bronzen,  p.  2. 


Now  the  Heraeum  of  Olympia,  which  is  the  oldest  temple  there,  and,  by  these  finds 
beneath  it,  points  to  a  worship  of  Hera  on  this  site  before  the  woi-ship  of  Zeus  was 
there  introduced,  —  this  Heraeum  of  Olympia,  we  are  told,'  was  built  by  Scilluntians 
eight  yeai-s  after  Oxylus  had  taken  possession  of  Elis,  which  would  lead  us  back  to  the 
Dorian  invasion  (between  B.  c.  1100  and  1000)  for  the  building  of  the  temple.  The 
renuirkable  replacing  of  the  old  wooden  pillars  by  later  stone  ones  has  been  carefully 
noted  by  Di»rpfeld.-  Dr.  Penrose  assigns  this  temple  to  the  year  1445.  The  date 
given  by  Pausjinias  may  refer  to  the  erection  of  the  stone  jrillars  in  the  early  temple, 
which  retained  its  original  orientation  and  was  built  there  by  Pre-Dorian  people. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  we  know  that,  long  before  the  foundations  of  this  Olympian  temple 
were  erected,  the  remains  of  the  altar  and  the  accumulation  of  primitive  votive  offerings 
in  the  black  layers  surrounding  it  point  U)  many  generations  of  Hera  cult  on  this  very 
8|M)t.  The  terra-cottas  found  in  these  early  layers  are  much  later  in  style  than  Class  I. 
and  II.  of  our  Heraeum  terra-cottas.  Thus  the  bronzes  and  terra-cottas  of  Olympia 
confirm  the  early  date  which  we  assign  to  our  Pre-Mycenaean  terra-cottas  from  the 
Argive  Heraeum. 

VASES. 

The  finds  of  early  ceramic  ware  at  the  Heraeum  are  so  numerous  and  complete,  and 
have  such  important  bearings  upon  the  earliest  art  of  Greece,  that,  in  dealing  with  them 
here,  we  cannot  confine  ourselves  to  their  consideration  merely  in  the  light  of  the  strik- 
ing illustration  they  offer  to  the  main  point  which  we  have  hitherto  considered  in  the 
history  of  the  Heraeum.  For  their  bearing  upon  the  early  history  of  ceramic  art  in 
Greece  is  such  that  I  venture  to  maintain  they  will  lead  to  a  new  classification  of  this 
importiint  branch  of  archaeological  evidence,  or  at  least  to  a  thorough  reconsideration 
of  the  classification  hitherto  accepted.  Nay,  beyond  this  I  believe  that  these  finds  furnish 
most  invaluable  material  f<ir  the  study  of  the  origin  and  development  of  art  in  general. 
But  while  this  latter  asi)ect  is  most  important,  so  that  we  can  hardly  resist  drawing 
conclusions  which  the  objects  presented  by  our  spades  have  revealed  to  us,  we  feel  that 
the  introduction  of  so  \^'ide  and  far-reaching  a  topic  would  lead  us  too  far  and  would  be 
out  of  proportion  to  the  main  scheme  of  this  publication.  We  must  therefore  reserve 
the  treatment  of  this  aspect  of  our  finds  for  some  future  occasion.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  would  be  impossible  for  us  to  utilize  our  collective  material  of  vases  for  the  infomia- 
tioii  they  give  as  to  the  earliest  history  of  the  Heraeum  without  considering  the  new 
light  which  these  finds  throw  upon  the  whole  classification  of  early  Greek  pottery.^ 

At  the  close  of  our  first  year's  digging  (in  1892)  one  fact  of  fundamental  importance 
impressed  itself  upon  me.  And  though  I  ventured  to  give  partial  pubHcation  to  these 
views  at  the  successive  public  meetings  of  the  American  School  at  Athens,  I  did  not  feel 
justified  in  fixing  them  in  print  until  the  huge  number  of  specimens  which  we  had  trans- 
ported to  Athens  had  been  cleaned,  and  to  some  degree  classified  by  the  inteUigent 
industry  of  my  coUeague,  Dr.  Hoppin.*  After  careful  observation  of  the  material  thus 
before  us  and  the  mature  application  of  inductive  principles,  I  now  feel  confirmed  in  the 


>  Paus.  V.  16. 1. 

»  Olympia,  II.  (Architecture),  p.  35. 

"  Since  this  was  sent  to  the  printer,  among  other  impor- 
tant discoveries  and  publications,  the  striking  discoveries 
of  Messrs.  Evans  and  Hogarth  in  Crete  and  the  publica- 
tion of  Professor  Ridge  way's  Early  Age  of  Greece  mark 


a  new  departure  in  such  inquiry.  I  am  happy  to  find 
that  these  results  in  the  main  confirm  the  conclusions  to 
which  the  Heraeum  discoveries  led  me. 

*  The  detailed  classification  of  all  the  rich  finds  in 
vases  will  be  given  by  him  in  the  special  chapter  devuted 
to  these  works. 


60 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   EARLY   VASES 


51 


II 


!l' 


Fui.ytJ.  —  Myi'knakas  Vask,  with 

IU'LL   rSOLAZKI*   Coi.OK. 
Fruiii   Fiirtwiingler   aiul   Loc!«vli«-ke, 
Mjfkeinnvke  TVui^n,  pi.  xxiv.  Nu.l75. 


Hrst  impression  wliich  the  excavations  themselves  forced 

upon   me,  and  feel  justified    in  submitting  them   to  the 

judgment  of  archaeologists. 

The    preponderance  on   this  site   of    so-called   "  Proto- 

Corinthian  "  ware  attracted  our  attention  at  the  very  l>e- 

«»inninir  of  the  excavations.     And  when  further  the  fact 

forced  itself  upon  our  notice  that  in  the  distinctive  chai^ 

acteristics  of  this  ware  there  was  a  continuity,  not  only  in 

its  development  from  the  earhest   primitive  to  the  latest 

vases,  hut  also  from  the  most  inferior  and  cheapest  hand- 
made vessel  —  prohahly  sold  for  the  smallest  coin  in  the 

booths  of  the  local  potter  hefoi-e  the  walls  of  the  sjinctuary, 

together  with  the  cheap  and  rude  id(ds  —  to  the  most  j>er- 

fect  specimen  of  delicate  ceramic  work,  I  then  felt  that  we 

here  had  to  deal  with  local  manufacture  j>eculiar  to  the 

Heraeum  or  the  Argive  plain,  to  which  I  propose  to  give  the  name  of  Arijire-Lhiear. 

But  if  this  he  true,  then  the  current  and  estiiblished  classification  of  all  the  early  Givek 

jHittery  will  have  to  be  reconsidered, 
and  the  nu>difications  thus  caused  in 
this  important  class  of  archaeological 
evidence  will  tend  to  nuxlify  our  views 
with  regjird  to  the  early  history  of  the 
Gi-eek  people. 

The  current  view  most  widely  ac- 
ce])ted  by  aix-hawdogists  for  the  his- 
torical classification  of  early  Gi-eek 
pottery  is  chiefly  based  upon  the  fun<la- 
mentiil  work  done  by  Furtwiingler  and 
Loescheke  '  on  Mycenaean  vases.  In  a 
lirief  f<»i-m  this  classification  is  marked 
by  the  following  subdivisions.- 

Primitive  ware,  for  which  we  ]U"ic- 
tically  rely  ujmui  the  finds  of  Hissiii^ 
lik,  consists  chiefly  of  rough  hand- 
made jM»tterv,  either  of  the  simplest 
rounded  bowl  shape,  with  holes  f<»r 
suspension  by  means  of  a  cord  instead 
of  handles,  or  eccentric  human  and 
animal  forms,  which  I  woidd  call  the 

Ki«.  I'a.  — Myiknakan  Va»k(kmom  Iai.ysis),  NATiKAu»ru,     roroplustlc  jthasc    of   early   jMittery. 

The  decorations  upon  these  are  chiefly 
those  modeled  or  incise<l.  This  cate- 
gory receives  scant  treatment  at  the 

hands  of  most  writei-s  on  Greek  ceramics,  and  is  practically  left  as  an  unknown  (puintity^ 


WITH    I.rSTKUl'8    (iLAZK. 

Frwin  Furtwiingler  aiul  I^<N-sflu'ki',  Mffkfiiisrke  Vfuten,  pi.  v. 

No.  'J81. 


'  Ftirtwiiiigler  ami  L«»eselit'ke,  Mykfui^ehe  Vaaen  and      Klassinrken   Allerthims,  article  'VaseiikiiiMle  ;'  Knyet  et 
MyLeuiicke  Thonyefiisse.  CoUipnon,   Hint.  <l.  I.    Ctramitfue    (iria/ue ;    Uuiuunt   et 

•  Cf.   Vou    Roktleu   in   I*anmeister's    Denkmiiler  des      Chaplain,  Les  Ceram.  d.  l.  Gr'tce  Propre. 


preceding  the  second  class  with  which   the  spe»-ifically   Greek   antiquities,  as  well   as 
traditional    history,  have    been  supposed  to  begin,  —  namely,  Mycenaean  ware.     This 
broad  and  divei*sified  chi.ss  includes  a  very  early  form  of  vase,  decorated  in  color,  which, 
especially  in  the  tvi^s  of  Them  (Santmini),  forms  a  transition  from  th'j  primitive  to  the 
Mycenaean.     As  a  matter  of  fact  the  Santorini  vases  cannot  be  distinguished  in  their 
eK.sential    (pialities    fnnn    tiie  earliest    specimens  included  among  the  Mycenaean  vases. 
Fii-st,   tliei-e  are  vasses   with  dull,  unglazed  color  ( Fig.   22).      From  these  rudimentary 
beirinninsrs  the  Mvcenaean  vases  rise  through  manv  categories,  minutelv  distinguishe«l 
by  Furtwiingler  and  <»thers,  to  a  very  high  form  of  ceramic  perfection.     Tliis  is  especially 
the  case  when  the  new  featui-e  of  glazed  or  lustrous  color  is  added  (Fig.  2IJ),    which 
gives  such  variety  to  their  painted  decorations  and  fores]iad<>ws  the  most  beautiful  vases 
of  the  later  historical  Greek  periods.     These  vases  found  at  Mycenae  and  on  Mycenaean 
sites  in  com|)Jiny  with  beautiful  work   in  gold  and  other  materials  have  hitherto  been 
connected  with  the  Homeric  descriptions  of  the 
surroundinirs  in  which  the  Atridae  and  their 
fellow  heroes  lived  at  Mycenae  and  elsewhere. 
Tiie  third  category  (Fig.  24)  diffei-s  essentially 
from    the    Mycenaean    class;    and    though    it 
maintjiins,  as  ivgards  the  actual  performance 
of  the  jMitter's  skill,  a  very  high  stan<lard,  the 
|»eculiar  t«i.ste  in  the  forms  a(h)pted  by  him,  as 
well  as  the  peculiar  system  of  painted  orna- 
mentation,  mark  a   distinct   change  or  break 
from  the  previous  traditions  which  appear  to 
vani.sh   wiien   this   third   class  comes  into  the 
field.     And    as    ivgards    artistic     feeling    this 
third  class  distinctly  shows  a  retrograde  move- 
ment of  a  moi-e  inartistic  people.     This  period 
has   been    identified  with    the    inroad     if    the 
Dorians  which  swept  away  the  Achaean  civili- 
Ziition  preceding  it.     From  the  i)eculiar  style 
of  ornamentation  on  these  vases  they  ai-e  known 
jis  "  Geometric,"  or,  as  some  of  the  most  strik- 
ing examples  were  fii-st  found  about  the  Dipy- 
lou  gate  of  Athens,  as  "  Dipylon  "  ware  (Fig.  2.")).     Next  follows  a  fourth  class  of  gen- 
erally smaller  va.ses  of  jieculiar  shape  and  refined  workmanshii».  with  neat  linear  orna- 
mentation (Fig.  2()),  into  which  subsecpiently  friezes  of  certain  animals  are  introduced 
(Fig.  27),  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  ware,  for  which  Dr.  Hoppin  has  with  good  rea- 
son proposed  the  name  "  Argive."  '     This  gradually  becomes  more  elaborate  and  redun- 
dant in  its  decoration,  until  it  naturallv  leads  over  to  a  class  intimatelv  related  to  it, 
namely,  the  fifth  cla.ss,  or  Corinthian  ware.     It  is  at  this  point  that  orientiil  influences  are 
manifest  in  the  wealth,  as  well  as  in  the  sj)ecific  detiiils,  of  ornamentiition.     But  in  time 
these  foreign  characteristics  ai-e  eliminated  in  this  Corinthian  ware,  and  the  final  emanci- 
pation  from  archaic  conventionalism  as  well  as  from  alien  influences  is  gradually  worked 
out  in  the  estiiblishment  of  the  typical  Greek  style  of  historical  times.     This  is  done 
chiefly  at  Athens  in  the  earlier  black-figui-ed  and  then  in  the  beautiful  red-figured  ware 

•  See  /Iw.  Jour.  Arch.  IIHM).  p.  UTt. 


Fig. '^4.  —  Myi'k.xakax  Vask,  with  i.istuocs 

(Jl.A/.K,    CO.NVKNTIOXAI,. 

From  Furtwiingler  and  Lm'scluke,  Mi/keuixcfie  Vusen, 
p.  29,  Hg.  17. 


\ 


Al 


)0 


(; KN KKA L    IN  rH(  )]W{ TI(  )N 


Kl<i.ti*J.  —  MYfKXAK.AN   Vaj»K,  WITH 

Kii.i.  rx«ii..\/>i»  Coi.uu. 
Fiimi    Kiiitwiiii<;1t'r    aiitl    LtR-sclicki-, 
Mfiki'itisrlir  Vtisiii,  jil.  xxiv.  N«».  17."i. 


liist   iinpirssion    wliicli   tin*  excavations  tlii'inst'lvfs   t'nrcjMl 

ii|MMi    nu',  and  iVcl   jiistiticd    in   sulnnitting   tlu'ni    to   tlie 

judgment  <»£  ar(Iiacoloi»ists. 

Tlu'    ]nv|)ontU*rancf   on    tliis   site   of    so-tallrd    "  Proto- 

Corintliian  "  waiv  attracted  onr  attention  at  the  verv  l»e- 

ijinnini;-  of  the  excavations.      An«l  wlien  fnither  the  fact 

forced  itself  uj>on  our  notic*'  that  in   the  distinctive  ehai^ 

acteristics  of  this  ware  tliere  was  a  continuity,  not  only  in 

its  devehnnnent   from   the  earhest    |»riniitive  to   the  latest 

vases,  hut  als(>  from  the  nu>st  inferior  and  cheapest   hand- 
made vessel —  lUithahlv  s<dd   f\>r  the  smallest  coin   in  the 

hoothsof  the  hnal  jtotter  hefore  the  walls  of  the  sjinctuary, 

too-ether  with   the  cheap  and  rude  idols  —  to  the  most  pei- 

fect  specimen  of  tlelicate  <eramic  w«»rk,  I  then  felt  that  we 

iu're  had   to  tleal  with   hual   manufacture  peculiar  to  the 

lleraeum  or  the  Ariiive  ]>lain.  to  which   1   propose  to  j»ive  the  name  «d'   Artfirr-Lltnnr. 

JJut  if  this  he  true,  then  the  current  and  estahlished  classiHcation  of  all   the  early  Clreek 

jM)ttery  will  liave  to  he  reconsi<lere«l, 
an<l  the  nuxlitications  thus  caused  in 
this  im]>ortant  class  of  archaeological 
evidence  will  tend  to  modify  our  views 
with  reuard  to  the  earlv  historv  of  tlie 
Greek  people. 

The  cmrent  view  most  wi(h'ly  a<- 
cepted  hy  archaeoloo;ists  for  the  his- 
torical  classification  of  early  (Ireek 
I'ottery  is  chiefly  ha seil  upon  the  funda- 
mental work  done  hv  Furtwiin<>'ler  and 
I.oeschcke  '  on  Mycenaean  vases.  In  a 
hrief  form  this  classification  is  marked 
hv  the  folhfwinn"  sulMlivisions.- 

Primitive  ware,  for  which  we  prae- 
ticallv  relv  uiion  the  finils  of  llissii- 
lik,  consists  chieffy  of  rouj;li  hand- 
made pottery,  either  of  the  simph'st 
rounded  howl  shape,  with  holes  for 
suspension  hy  means  of  a  cord  instead 
of  handles,  or  eccentric  human  and 
animal  forms,  which  1  would  call  the 
rot'opfosftr  jt/tosi  of  i-arlv  potterv. 
The  <lecorations  upon  these  are  chii'fly 
tiiose  mo<leled  «u-  incis«'d.  This  cate- 
gory receives  s»-ant   treatment  at   the 

hands  of  most  writers  on  Greek  ceramics,  and  is  practically  left  as  an  unknown  (piantity, 

'    Kiirtwiinjjler  aii«l  L«>fsclii'k»-,  Mi/kmisrhe    Vitsfu  anil       KlnssinrhHt   .Mtrrthums,  article  '  ViiSi-iikiiiHlf  ; '   Kayct  rt 
}-1  •fkiu'isrhi-  Thouiiffii.ts)'.  ('(illi;r|iiiii,    ///.</.    tl.   I.    Ci ritmiiiuf    (I'rfri/uf  ;    l>utii(ilit    et 

'■^  Cf.    Noll     Kohtlfii    in    Itaiiincister's    Ihutmidtr  dea      Ckaplaiii,  Le.i  t'entin.  d.  I.  (Jrtce  J'ropre. 


I  i«..  ::;».       .M\iiN\f\N  \' \>K  ( i-i;i»M  I  \i.^>i>).  .\\n  i:\i.imu  , 

Willi     l.rSTKoCS    (iLAXK. 

Kruiii  FiiilwiiiijjltT  uutl  LtM-.M-litkr,  Mifimisfhr  Vum^ii.  |>I.  v. 

No.   "JSl. 


I 


("LASSJFICATION    OF    KAKJ.V    \  ASi:S  r,l 

precedinjj^  the  second   class   with   which    tiic   specilically    Greek    anti(piities.    as    well    as 
traditional    historv.   have    he«'ii   supposed   to   he^iii,  —  namelv.   Mvci'iiaeaii    ware.      This 
hroad  and   diversifieil  class  includes  a  very  earlv  form  <d'  vase,  dccoiated  ni  color,  which. 
I'speciallv  in  the  tvpes  of  Thera  (Santorinil.  forms  a  transition  from  th;*  primitive  to  tiie 
Mvcenaean.      As  a  matter  of  fact    the  Santorini    \ases  cannot    he  distinmiished    in   their 
essential    ipialities    from    tlu*  earliest    specimens   inchidiMl   amon;4"  the   M\ccnaean    vases. 
First,    tlu'ie  are   vasi's    with    dull,   unnla/.ed   color  i  KiiL;.    -'2\.       From    these    rudimentary 
h«'«»innini>s  the   Mvc«'naean   vases   rise  through    manv   cateii(uies.  minutelv  <listini»uished 
hv  Furtwiiiii>ler  and  others,  to  a  very  hi^h  form  (d  ceramic  perfection.      This  Is  especially 
the  case   when   tlu*   new  feature  of  i;la/,cd   or  lustrous  color   is  added   (  Fi^.  '2'.)),    which 
i»"ives  such   varit'tv  to  their  painted  decorations  and   foreshadows  tlu*  most  heautiful  \ases 
of  the  later  historical  Greek  pi'iiods.      These  vases  found  at  M\cenae  and  on  Mycenaean 
siti's  in  <-ompanv  with  ln-antifnl   work    in   i^old   and   other  materials  ha\e  hitherto   heen 
conn»'cted  with  the  Ihmieri*-  descriptions  id'  tlu' 
surroundin*>'s  in   which   the   Atridae  and   their 
fellow  heroes  lived   at   Mycenae  and  elsewhere. 
The  third  catei««My  (  Fi«;-.  24  I  dillers  essentially 
from    the    Mvcenaean    class;    and    thoie^h     it 
maintains,  as  regards   the  actual    |»erforman<e 
of  the  potter's  skill,  a  very  hii;h  standard,  the 
peculiar  taste  in   the  forms  adopted  hy  him.  as 
well  as   the   peculiar   system   <d    painte<l    orna- 
mentation,   mark    a    distinct    chani;('   or    hieaU 
from   the   prevituis  traditions  whi<-h   appear  to 
vanish    when    this   thir<l    class   comes   into   the 
field.      And    as    rei;ards    artistic     feelini;    this 
third  class  «listinctly  shows  a  retroi;ra<le  move- 
ment of  a  more  inartistic  peoph*.     This  jieiiod 
has    heen    identified   with    the    inroa<l     d"    tlu' 
Dorians  which   swept  away  tlu'  Achaean   civili- 
zjition  precedini;'  it.     From  the  pe»uliar  style 
of  ornanu'ntation  on  these  vas«'s  they  an*  known 
us  *'  Geonu'tric,"  or,  as  s<nne  of  tin*  most  strik- 
inj""  examples  were  first   found  ahout  the  Dipv- 
lon  «;ate  of   Athens,  as  "  Dipylon  "  ware  (  Fii;-.  '2')).      Next  follows  a  fourth  class  <d'  nen- 
erallv  smaller  vases  id'   peculiar  shape  and  refined   workmanship,   with   n«'at   linear  orna- 
mentation  (Fiir.  -<> I.  into  which   suhseiiuentiv  frie/es  of  certain  animals  are   intr<Kluced 
(Fi«»-.  27),  the  so-called    Proto-Corinthian  ware,  for  which  Dr.  lloppin  has  with  «;-ood  rea- 
son proposed  the  nann-  '•  Arrive."  '      This  gradually  heconu's  nuu-e  elahorate  and  redun- 
dant  in   its  decoration,  until   it   naturally   leails  over  to  a   class  intimately  related   to  it. 
namely,  tin*  fifth  class,  or  Corinthian  ware.      It  is  at  this  point  that  oriental  influences  are 
manifest  in   the  wealth,  as  well  as  in  the  specific  details,  of  ornamentation.      Hut  in  time 
these  foreiirn  characteristics  aiv  eliminated  in  this  Ciuinthian  ware.  an<l  the  final  emanci- 
pation  fronj  archai*-  conventionalisuj  as  well  as  from  alien  influences  is  L»Tadnally  worked 
out  in   the  estahlishment  of  the  typical   Greek  style  of  histori<al   times.     This  is  done 
chiefly  at  Athens  in  the  earlier  hlack-lii;nred  an<l   tlu'n  in  the  heautiful   red-fii;ure<l  ware 

'  See  Am.  Jimr.  A  nit.  I'.MMl.  p.  44."i. 


i'l«i.   •_'!.  -     .M^^  I  NAI  AN     \    \>l  .    Willi     IISIKOIS 
(il    \/l  .    <  itW  I  Mli.NAI.. 

I'luiii    l'"iilt\\:ilii;liT  :ilnJ   I.ocsriii-kr,   Mi/Lniisrlu     \asni, 
y.  -Jl*,  tij,r.  17. 


h 


li 


•II 


52  GENKKAL   IXTHODLX^TION 

of  the  classical  \>er'uH\  (7  aiul  8).     In  this  rapid  survey,  1  liave  (.f  toui-se  omitted  the 
minor  intermediary  subdivisions  loeaUzed  in  the  Greek  islands  and  elsewhere. 

What  we  are  here  ehietly  eoneerned  with    is  the  relation  whiih  the  Mycenaean  vases 
and  the  stvle  they  represent  hold  to  those  forms  with  which  in  time  and  sjnue  they  ccnne 

into   inunediate   contjut.     The   chief 
and    most    strikinj;    characteristic  of 
Mycenaean    ware,   besides   the  j^reat 
advance  that  is  made  in  the   refine- 
ment   and    elahoKition    of    the    clay 
itself,  and   the  char.icteristic  variety 
of  beautiful  shapes  which  are  j;^iven 
to  the  vases  as  such,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  distinct  artistic  quality  of  the 
painte<l  decoration,  which  (piality  c<u- 
responds  to   that  of  the   desijj^ns   in 
pivcious  met<d,  in  cut  stones,  jjems, 
and    other    materials.      This   charac- 
teristic is  the  free  naturalism  both  in 
the  fcelini";  for  line  as  well  as  in  tiie 
fonns,  an<l   in   the  life   which  these 
lines  and    colors   render.     And    this 
freedom    of    naturalistic    drawinj;;   is 
directlv  oppostnl,  and  marks  an  anti- 
thesis, to    the    jreometrical    or    moi*e 
mechanical  feelinj;;  of  ornamentation  ; 
and  thus  the  decorations  on  the  typi- 
cal Mycenaean  vase  can  be  appreciated 
in    their   chanicteristic    (pialities    by 
eontrastinj;   them  with  those   of  the 
Geometric   vase    by   which    they    are 
succeeded,    and    by    the    nu'chanical 
feelinj?  <d'  primitive  decor.ition  in  the 
vases    which     j)recede    them.       The 
Mycenaean   principle  would   thus  In? 
naturalistic  as  opposed  to  decorative  and  linear,  and  fi-eehand  in  drawinjr  as  opposed  to 
the  more  conventional  decorative  feelinji;  and  mechanical  drawinjj  of  the  j,reometric  order. 
While  a<lmittino-,  nay,  contirmini,^  this  distinctive  attribute  of  Mycenaean  vase-<lecora- 
tion,  1  on  the  one  hand  nmintain  that  it  does  not  apply  to  the  earliest  j^roups  included 
in  this  subdivision,  namely,  the  dull-colored  vases,  nor  to  a  jj^ieat  nund)er  of  later  dis- 
tinctly Mycenaean  vases,  esi)ecially  small  vases ;  and  on   the  other  hand,  1  would  insist 
uiM)n  the  fact  that  at  no  time  was  a  certiiin  jreometrical  element  entii-ely  excluded  from 
the  ornamentiition  of  the  Mycenaean  vases.     I  niay  at  once  say  now,  what  will  receive 
fuller  confirmation  as  we  juoceed,  that,  though,  in  the  latest  fonns  <»f  Mycenaean  vases 
showin*'-  si«rns  of  dejreneracv,  the  jj^rowth  of  conventionalism  juepares  the  way  for  their 
supei-sedence  by  the  Dipylon  vases,  and  shows  transitional  stiiges  between  the  two,  1  inain- 
tiiin  that  also  at  the  other  end  of  the  Mycenaean  scale,  at  its  earliest  beginnings,  we  have 
a  preponderance  of  geometric  feeling. 


DIPYLON    VASES 


53 


Fig.  *J."».  —  Dii'VLoN  Vask. 

Fn>m.l/u/<.  '/.  Inst.  IX.  pi.  :». 


Fig.  *JG.  —  Ar<;ivk  (Pkoto-Couinthiax) 

Vask,  Link.ar  stylk. 

Fi-oiii  tlie  rieraeuiu. 


The   greatest  confusion  has  been  caused  by  the  misnomer  "  Geometric,"  '  applied   to 

the  so-called  Dipvhin  vases.     As  we  shall  see,  the  geometric  feeling  of  ornamentation 

prevails  in  the  earliest  times,  and  is  never  lost  in  any 

|K*riod   within   the  history  of  all  these  early  vases. 

The  characteristic   difference  in   the  a})plication  of 

this    principle  in  the  s«>-called  Dipylon   va.se  is  not 

8o  much    in  the  linear,  meaningless  decoration,  as 

contrasted  with  the  rendering  of  life  and  nature,  as 

in    the  redundancy  of    geometrical    ornament    over 

the  whole  vase,  which  is  thus  subdivided  by  these 

designs  into  "  compartments  "  that  hold  a  mathemat- 
ical relation  to  one  another  ;  and  in  the  fact   that 

these  crowded  elements  of  decoration  are  repeated, 

if  not  always  with  identity,  at  least  with  the  greatest 

similarity  of  character.     It  has  thus  been  justly  i-e- 

marked  that  this  style  of  ornamentiition  on  painted 

va.ses  seems  to  have  been  borrowed  from  some  other 

form  t)f  manufacture  in  which  the  design,  owing  to 

the  mechanical  system  of  its  production,  neces.sjirily 

leads  to  this  redundancy,  and  to  this  repetition.    This 

is  to  be  found  chiefiy  in  the  art  of  weaving  j)atterns 

or  of    basket-work,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that 

these  crafts  had  their  influence  upon  the  decorative  feehng  of  the  Dipylon  vase-painter. 
The  iinpiutant  \nm\t   upon  which  I  wish   to  insist  is  that  the  geometric  feeling  as 

expressed  in  regular  and  symmetrical  lines,  whether  straight  or  curved,  irrespective  of  any 

iinihition  of  objects  in  nature  or  of  any  meaning  beyond  the  direct  ajipeal  to  the  aesthetic 

sense  of  vision  as  such,  was  always  luesent  as  a  prominent  element  in  the  decoration  of 

Mycenaean  vases,  and  that  at  the  earlier  stiiges  it  was  predominant,  because  these  earlier 

sta«»-es  were  the  direct  and  natural  development  of  the  same  luinciple  in  primitive  art. 
Among  the  various  groups  into  which  Mycenaean  vases  have  been  divided, 
m  -^         there  is  not  one  in  which  we  could  not  find  vases  the  decoration  of  which 

I        \  consists  solely  of  linear  or  geometrical  ornaments.     This  is  especially  the 

ca.se  with  the  Mvcenaean  vases  of  smaller  size,  —  in  fact,  it  is  generally 
only  in  the  Lirger  and  finer  specimens  that  the  more  elaborate,  natural- 
istic ornament  is  introduced.  And  where  this  naturalistic  ornament  is 
present,  we  must  not  forget  that  it  is  set  off  by  a  series  of  lines  drawn 
round  the  vase,  the  most  importiint  part  of  its  general  ornament,  which 

Fi<;.  '21.  —  .\KGivK  is  so  much  like  the  Argive-Linear,  hitherto  called  Proto-Corinthian  deco- 
(l'KoT«»-i'oKiMiii-  i-ition,  that  when  we  merely  find  fragments  of  Mycenaean  vases  contain- 
A.>)  Vask:,  latkk  .^^^^  j.^^^_^^  ornaments,  it  is  extremelv  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to 

Fruui  the  lleraeuiii.  decide  whether  they  belong  to  a  vase  of  the  naturalistic  Mycenaean  class 
or  to  the  Argive-Linear  class.  This  is  still  more  difficult,  if  not  impos- 
sible, in  the  case  of  small  vases,  wliere  we  merely  have  a  shape  that  has  been  assigned 
to  them  as  distinctly  Mycenaean,  but  which  does  not  seem  to  me  to  justify  us  in  classing 
them  as  Mycenaean  instead  of  our  advanced  Argive-Linear  (Proto-Corinthian). 

»  I   sincerely   hope    that   the   term  "Dipylon,"  which      "Mycenaean,"  will  be  henceforth  used  instead  of  " Geo- 
in    itii   connotation   of    locality  corresponds  to  the  term      metric." 


:)-j 


(JKNKK'AL    INTK'OnrcTlON 


of  tlu'  (lassiral  |M'iio.l  (7  aiul  SK      In   tliis  i;.].!.!  sunt y,  I    liavc  of  .oui-sj'  omitt*-*!   the 
minor  inttniUMllarv  sulxlivisioiis  locallztMl  in  tlir  (M«'«'k  islands  an<)  ;'ls«\\ In-rt'. 

What  Nv»>  ail'  hi'if  cliittlv  loncciiM'tl  witli    is  tliv  nlation  wliirli  tlu-  Myrrnai-an   vas«'s 
and  tlu'  styl«'  tiny  n'pn-M'nt  lu»M  to  tln»sr  forms  witli  whirli  in  tinn-  and  span-  tln-y  <onu' 

into    imnu'diatr   rontart.      Tin*   rliit-f 
and    most    stiikinn"    rliaiartnistif  of 
Mvrt'naran    wan*,    ln-sidrs    tin*   ;;irat 
advanri-  that   is  niad«*  in   thr   rrtim- 
mcnt    and    i-hdnnation    of    th«'    rlay 
itsrlf.  and    tin*   rharartt'iistir   vaiit-ty 
of  hrautifnl  sliapi's  wliich   air  i;iv«'n 
to  the  vas«'s  as  snth.  is  to  Iw  foninl 
ill  thr  distiiut  artistir  ijnality  of  tin' 
jiainti'd  dcroiation.  which  «|nality  coi- 
n'sponds  to   tliat   of   tlu'   dt'siuns   in 
prcrions  mrtal.  in   «nt   stonrs.  n«'ms. 
and    other    materials.      'I'his    j-harac- 
tci-istir  is  the  free   natnraiisin  Itotii  in 
the  fi'elini»-  for  line  as  well  as  in   the 
forms,   and    in    the    life    whieh   thes*' 
lines   and    eolors    rend«'r.      And    this 
freedom    of    natnralistie    jlrawini*    is 
direetlv  o|i|iosed.  and   marks  an  anti- 
thesis, to    the    i»-eometrieal    or    mon* 
ineehanieal  feelin*;- id'  ornamentation  ; 
and  thns  the  deeoratiitns  on  the  typi- 
eal  Mveena«'an  vas««  ean  Ueapjneeiated 
in     th«'ir    eharaeteristie    <|naliti«'s    hy 
eontrastini*    them    with   thos«'   of  tlie 
(Jeometrie   vasj-    l»y    whi<h    tlu'y    an* 
sm-eeedt'd.    and     hy    the    meehanieal 
feelini*"  of  primitive  deeoration  in  the 
vas«'s     whieh      pretede    them.        The 
Mveenaean    principle   wonid    thus  he 
natnralistie  as  opposed  to  decorative  and  linear,  and   freehand   in   drawing  as  oppowd   to 
the  more  conventional  decorative  feelinj--  and  mechanical  ilrawini;-  of  the  oeonutric  order. 
While  admittin--.  nay.  conlirminL--  this  distinctive  attrihnte  of  My«-ena»'an  vaM-deconi- 
tion.  I  on  the  one  haml   maintain  that   it   does   not  apply  to  the  earlM'st  «;T«Mips  imhnh'd 
in  this  snhdivision.  namely,  the  didl-colored  vases.  n..r  to  a   .ureat   nnml.er  of   later  dis- 
tinctly Mveenaean  vases,  especially  small  vases;  an«l    on    the   other   hand.  I  w«nild    insist 
upon  the  fact  that  at  no  tinu'  was  a   «ertain   neonutrical  eh'inent  entirely  excluded  troni 
the  ornanu'iitation  n\'  tin*  Mycenaean  vases.      I  may   at   once   siy  now.  what  will    receive 
fuller  coidirmation  as  we  pnueed.  that.  thon«rh,  in   the   latest    forms  of  >[ycena<'an  vasi-s 
showing-  si<;ns  of  deoeneracv.  the  urowth   of  convj'ntionalism  prepares  the  way  for  tlu'ir 
snpersedeiMi'  hv  the  Dipvlon  vases,  and  shows  transitional  stages  lutween  tin'  two.  1  main- 
tain that  also  at  the  other  end  of  the  Mycenaean  scale,  at  its  earliest  hei; innings,  we  have 
a  preponderance  of  geometric  feelini»-. 


From  Mi'ii.  'I.  /"<'■  IX.  i»l.  :VX 


DIl'VI.ON    VASK.-^ 


-  AlKilVK  (l'ltoT«(-('oKINTIII.\X) 

Vask.  I,im  \i:  >tyi.k. 
From  tin.'  llciufiiiii. 


The    i;reatest  ionfnsion   has  l»eeii   caused   hy  the   misnomer  "  (Icometric." '  apjdied    to 

the  s«M'all»'d  Dipvlon  vases.      As   we   shall   see.  the   geometric    feeling   of  ornamentation 

prevails  in  the  earliest  times,  ami  is  never  lost  in  any 

pericul    within    the   history  of  all   tln's«'   early   vases. 

The  characteristic    dilVereiice   in    the  applic;iti<ni    <d' 

this    principle  in   the  so-caUed   Dipyloii    vase  is   not 

so  much    in    th«'   linear,   meaningless   decoration,  as 

contrasted  with  the   ren<leriiii»-  of  life  and  natme.  as 

in    the   redundancy  of    j;-eometri«al    <»rnameiit    over 

tin*  winde   vas«'.  which    is  thns  siilMlivided    hy   tln-se 

desii;ns  into  "  compartments  "  that  hold  a  mathemat- 
ical  relation   to  one  aiiotlu'r  ;  and   in   the   fact    that 

these  crow  (led  elements  of  decoration   are    repeated, 

if   not  always  with  i«lentity,at  K-ast  with  the  j;r«atest 

.similaritv  of  character.      It   has  thus  hei-ii  justly  re- 
marked that  this  style  of  ornameiitati i   |>ainted 

vases  sei'Uis  to  have  heen  horrowed   from  some  <»ther 

form  of  manufacture  in  which   the  «lesii;n.  owini;  to 

the  mechanical  system  of  its  pr<Mluction.  necessirily 

leads  to  this  redundancy,  and  to  this  n-petition.    This 

is  to  Im'  found  chieHy  in  the  art  «d"  weavini;  patterns 

or  of    haski't-work.  and   it    is  hii;hly   prohahle  that 

tiiesi'  crafts  had  their  iidlnence  upon   the  dec<uative  fet'lim;  <d*  tin-  Dipyhui  vase-painter. 
The   important    point    upon    whi<h  1  wish    to   insist    is   that    the   n«'ometric   feeling;   as 

expresM'd  in  re^iularand  synimetri«al  lines,  whether  straii;lit  (»r  curved,  irrespective  of  any 

imitation  of  ohjects  in  nature  or  of  any  meaniii;^-  heyond  the  direct  ajipeal  to  the  aesthetic 

s*'iis4'  of  vision  as  siuh,  was  alwavs  present  as  a  prominent  element  in   the  decoration  of 

.Mveenaean  vasj-s.  and  that  at  the  earlier  sta,«;es  it  was  predominant.  Incause  these  earlier 

.stai;es  were  tin-  ilirect   and  natural  devlopineiit   «d'  the  s;im«'  principle  in   primitive  art. 
Amonin  the  various  i;roups  into  which  Mycenaean  vases  have  heen  divided, 
there  is  not  one  in  which  we  could  not  find  vases  the  <lecoration  (d'  which 
consists  s<delv  of  linear  or  i»eometrical  ornaments.     This  is  es[>ecially  the 
case  with  the  Mycenaean  vases  of  smaller  size,  —  in  fact,  it  is  i;fnerally 
onlv  in  the  lari;('r  and  finer  specimens  that  the  more  elahorate,   natural- 
istic ornament  is  introduced.     And  where  this  naturalistic  «»rnament  is 
present,  we  must  not   forj;et  that  it  is  set  off  hy  a  series  of  lines  drawn 
round  the  vase,  the  most  important  part  <d*  its  general  ornament,  which 
Ki.;.  -JT.  -  Au'.iv.    is  so  uiiu-h  like  the  Ar«;ive-Linear.  hitliert<»  called  I'roto-Corinthian  deco- 
(I'lcio-CoiiiMiii-   ,.;,tion,  that  when  we  merely  find  frai-nients  of  Mycenaean  vases  contain- 
VN)  \  ASK,  I.ATIK   .^^^  ^j^^^^   Wm^ny  oruainents.  it  is  extremely  diflicult,  if  not  imp«>ssihle,  to 
From  tlK-  lliiacu,.,.  «lecide  whether  they  heloiij--  to  a  vase  of  the  naturalistic  Mycenaean  class 
or  to  the  Ariiive-Linear  class.     This  is  still  more  difficult,  if  not  impos- 

Kihie,  in  the  ease  of  small  vases,  where  we  merely  have  a  shape  that  has  heen  assijrned 
to  them  as  distinctly  Myc<-naean.  hut  which  <loes  not  seem  t<»  me  to  justify  us  in  elassin«r 
tliein  as  Mycenaean  instead  of  our  advanced  Ari»ive-Linear  ( Proto-Corinthian ). 

»  I    siiKMrrly    1i..|k'    that   tlie    term  "Dipvlon,"  wliuh       '  Myifiiacaii,"  will  be  hcucefoitli  used  instead  of  "  (ieo- 
iu    its   i-unntitatittn   of    lot-ulity  corresponds  to  tlie  term      metric." 


i 


I 


f)l 


!l» 


54 


(iENERAL   INTRODITCTION 


But  it  may  l>e  mixed  that  these*  smaller  Mycenaean  vases  eonfciininjr  linear  ornaments 
like  that  of  the  Argive-Linear  elass  helong  to  a  late  and  degenerate  iHniod,  when  Myce- 
naean naturalism  was  dying  out,  and  having  passed  into  the  stiige  of  growing  conven- 
tionaliziition,  left  the  field  open  to  pure  geometric  design.  To  this  1  answer  that  the 
pure  linear  geometric  feeling  is  present,  and  runs  si<le  hy  side  with  the  most  complete 
naturalism  on  the  hest  specimens  of  all  classt's  of  Mycenaean  vases,  that,  as  we  shall  see, 
the  earliest  dull-colored  class  is  purely  linear,  and  that  instiinces  of  undouhte<lly  Myce- 
naean ware  can  he  found  in  which  linear  «unamentation  is  demonstrahly  earlier  than 
naturalistic  ornamentation  found  on  the  sjinie  site.  1  will  here  give  a  most  striking  and 
conclusive  instance  of  such  evidence  furnished  hy  the  actual  conditions  of  excavations. 
Tsountas*  discovered  a  most    importiint  tondi  at  Mycenae,  in  which,  hesides  numerous 

other  ohjects  of  distiiutly  Mycenaean  ware,  were  vases 
that  are  decidedly  not  of  the  latest  jieriod  of  Mycenaean 
vase-painting.     The  end  of  the  drohtos,  at  the  entrance 
to  the  t(md)  proi)er,  was  hlocked  up,  as  is  frequently  the 
case,  hy  stones,  among  which  was  made  the  happy  dis- 
coverv  of  a  stone  hearing  a  jKiinted  procession  of  warriors 
(Fig.  28)corresp«»n(hng  to  those  that  were  already  known 
from  Mycenaean   vase-paintings.      But  this  discovery  is 
still  more  important  fr<mi  the  fact  that  helow  the  stucco 
which  had  hcen  applied  to  the  surface  of  the  stone  to 
juepare  it  fin-  the  painter,  in  the  upper  portion,  where 
this  is  chipped  away,  are  the  remains  of  earlier  carved 
decoration,  and  this  decoration,  corres}M>nding  to  that  of 
sever.il   Argive-Linear  jdates   and  vases  which    we    have 
ftiund,  consists  of  simple  straight  hues  connected  with 
circles,  —  a  purely  Hnear  and  geometrical  ornamentiition. 
Now  there  can  he  no  d«ud>t  that  the  juiinted  stone,  which 
was  thus  used  with  other  materials  at  hand  to  stop  up  the 
entrance  to  the  tond),  and  so  must  have  been  Ijnng  about 
useless  for  some  time   (there  is  no    sign  of   its  having 
fornu'd  an  integral  jwirt  of  the  decoration  of  the  tomb), 
must  have  been  considerably  earlier  than  the  objects  in 
Fig.  '28.  —  Myckxakan  Tombstonk     the  tond)  itself.     The  structure  which  it  embellished  had 
WITH  cARVKi.  AM»  PAixTKi.  ut.co-    |^^j^,^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^      ^^^^  y^r\^^,^^  ^his  stone,  embelUshed 

ir"*^^  .  ,on..        bv  jreometrical  ornaments,  was  covered  with  stucco  uimui 

which  hgures  were  jKinited,  it  had  again  completely  lost 
its  original  use  to  make  it  thus  available  as  raw  material  for  the  piinter.  This  again 
implies  a  considerable  interval.  Evidently,  therefore,  the  linear  ornament  on  the  stone 
antedates  the  Mycenaean  painting  upon  it,  and  l»y  a  still  greater  \tev'\od  the  Mycenaean 
vases  in  the  t(md>.- 

So  far  horn  linear  ornament  marking  a  later  degeneration  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  1 
maintain  that  that  class  of  ware  which  has  hitherto  been  considei-ed  the  earliest  stage  of 

»  'E4h,^€p.'5,  1896,  pp.  1  ff.  pis.  i.,  ii.  *  VI.,  V.)   are  either  completely  geometrical  iii  tlie  caae 

'  I  would  ills.!  draw  attention  to  the   fact  that   the  of  the  architectural  carvings,  or  are  subdivided  by  geo- 

stone  carvings  found  at  Mycenae  (Schliemann,  Mycenae  ;  metrical  decorations,  as  in  the  case  of  the  rudely  carved 

Tsountas-Manatt,  pp.  5)1,  119,  I'JO,  etc.  ;  Pern>t-Chipiez,  tombstones  with  human  and  animal  figure*. 


LINEAR   ORNAMENT 


55 


that  style,  namely,  the  class  with  dull-cohu-ed  paintings,  shows  throughout  nothing  but 
this  linear  system  ;   while  the  prevalence  of  hand-made  ware,  the  ruder  material,  and  the 
incompleteness  in  the  devehipmeiit  of  ceramic  forms  in  these  vases,  urge  us  to  classify 
them  in  the  Pre-Mycenaean  rather  than  in 
the  distinctly  Mycenaean  class. 

If  this  system  of  linear  decoration  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  Mycenaean  period  and  can 
in  its  purity  be  traced  also  in  vases  that  be- 
long to  the  Dipyh)!!  period,  so  that  it  always 
will  be  difficult  to  distinguish  some  speci- 
mens of  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  ware  from 
vases  that  nuiy  be  ascribed  to  both  these 
<»tlier  categories,  the  Ileraeum  finds,  espe- 
cially in  small  vases,  show  that  this  system 
presents  an  ludu'oken  develoiunent  from  the 
earliest  primitive  forms  to  the  hitest  sjKJci- 
nieiis  of  perfect  ceramic  craft.  In  drawing 
attention  to  this  development  as  illustrated 
by  ()ur  finds,  I  will  exclude  the  consideration 
of  the  eccentrically  shaped  primitive  vases. 
F(»r,  as  has  been  sjiid  above,  the  impulse 
which  led  to  the  creation  of  these  vases  comes 
from  the  coroplast  rather  than  from  the 
ceramist.  To  introduce  them  into  this  (pies- 
tion  at  this  stiige  would  only  confuse  mattei-s. 

The  earliest  ornamentiition  of  our  primitive  pottery,  as  in  the  primitive  ware  all  over 
the  world,'  consists  not  of  painted  decoration  but  of  incised  lines,  scratched,  pi-essed,  or 
cut  with  rude  instruments  and  with  uncertiiin  hand,  upon  the  clay  of  the  hand-made  pot, 
generally  in  its  softer  stage.  I  hei-e  give  a  few  specimens  (Fig.  29)  of  this  ornamentiition 
in  what  wei-e  meiint  to  be  straight  parallel  lines  or  zigaig  or  waved  ornaments.-  This 
rude  and  uncertiiin  decoration  corresponds  to  the  work  of  the  potter  who  did  not  use  the 
wheel.  We  find  the  same  kind  of  pottery  and  ornament  on  all  the  earliest  sites  of  the 
ancient  world.^  Linear  decoration  in  the  sjinie  stage  of  incipient  development  is  found 
also  in  other  early  crafts,  such  as  in  what  might  be  called  gem-engraving,  of  which  our 


FUJ.  'J9.  —  EXAMI'I.KS  OK  IXCISK!)  LiNKAK  OKXA.MKNT. 

From  the  Heraeum. 


•  Cf.  Flinders- Petrie,  Egyptian  Decorative  Art,  pp.  9  ff. 

•  See,  for  instance,  for  the  pottery  found  in  the  lowest 
stratum  at  llissarlik  (Troy),  Schliemann,  Ilios,  pp.  216, 
217,  295,  354,  359,  etc.  ;  also,  p.  563,  and  Nos.  1817- 
2000. 

•  Tlie  early  graves  excavated  by  Diimmler  at  Amor- 
gos,  Athen.  Mittk.  XI.  pp.  15  ff.,  whether  "  pre-IIel- 
lenic "  or  not,  certainly  show  a  preponderance  of  the 
geometrical  ornamentation  in  the  pottery,  where  we  have 
not  the  "  coroplastic  "  eccentricity  of  the  primitive  cera- 
mist .  Compare  also  the  decorated  ware  found  in  tombs 
of  the  Neolithic  and  Kronze  periods  in  Sicily  by  Orsi 
{Qnaltro  Anni  de  Esplorazioni  SicuU  nella  Provincia  di 
Siracusa,  1890-93),  as  well  as  the  painted  vases  published 
in  that  volume,  which  show  striking  analogies  to  our 
own  finds.     It  is  also  interesting  to  study  the  ornaments 


of  purely  geometrical  design  on  the  rude  objects  in  pre- 
historic lake  dwellings  in  the  valley  of  the  Po,  such  as 
those  published  by  Striibel  and  Pigorini  (in  the  Bullet, 
di  paleotUol.  Italian.  I.,  II.,  III.,  especially  IV,  pi.  1,  1). 
Cf.  also  Helbig,  Italiker  in  der  Poebene.  The  remote  an- 
tiquity of  such  forms  of  ceramic  decoration  can  be  appre- 
ciated when  we  study  the  pottery  found  in  Egypt,  such 
as  that  of  which  Messrs.  Flinders-Petrie  and  Quibell  tell 
us  tliat  it  cannot  be  later  than  the  12th  dynasty,  which 
brings  us  to  the  second  half  of  the  third  millennium  B.  c. 
See  Petrie  and  Quibell,  Nagada  and  Ballan,  and  the 
other  interesting  Egyptian  discoveries  of  this  able  excava- 
tor, which  bring  us,  in  the  case  of  Tell-el-Amarna,  face  to 
face  with  Mycenaean  pottery.  Analogies  might  be  found 
in  every  centre  of  prehistoric,  nay  savage,  art  all  over  the 
world  ;  but  I  must  postpone  studying  this  wider  aspect. 


tflk 


54 


(JKNKIJAL    INTHOniTTIOX 


..^■ 


But  it  iiKiv  Ih'  uii;«(l  tliat  tlu'sc  smaller  Mvifnai'an  vast's  ruiitainint"  lintar  onianifiits 
likf  tliat  (»f  tlu'  Ar«;ivt'-laiu'ar  tlass  lu'lnn«»-  to  a  late  ami  «K'«;ciu'iatt'  pfiitMl.  wlii-ii  Mvi-i- 
iiacaii  naturalism  was  i\\\w^  .uit,  ami  liavinj;-  imsmm!  into  tlu*  stai-v  of  j^mjwinj,^  coiivrn- 
ti<.nalization.  K'ft  tlu-  fiil«l  opi-n  to  |»un'  i;voim'tric  <h'sii;n.  To  tliis  1  answtT  that  tin; 
luiiv  limar  nt'onu-trif  tVi-iini;  is  jmsrnt.  ami  runs  si«lf  l»v  sitlt-  with  thf  most  »ompK'te 
naturalism  on  tlu'  in-st  sptrinuiis  of  all  classes  of  My««'nacan  vasfs,  that,  as  wv  shall  S4'«s 
tlu-  t'ailit'st  (liiil-roloml  class  is  puivlv  linear.  an«l  that  instances  of  lUMlouhtiMllv  Mvct- 
iiaean  ware  can  he  fouml  in  which  linear  ornamentation  is  denmnstrahlv  earlii-r  than 
naturalistic  ornamentation  fouml  on  the  snne  site.  I  will  here  «,nve  a  most  striUin«;-  am! 
contlusive  instance  of  such  evi<lem  e  furnished  hy  the  actual  conditions  of  excavations. 
Tsountas'  ♦lis«oveicd  a    most    important    tond>  at   Mycenae,  in  which,  hesides   numerous 

other  ohiects   of  distinctlv   Mvcenaean    wans   were   vasi*s 
that  are  decidedly  not  of  the  latest   period  of  Mycenaean 
vase-pain tini;-.      The  end  of  the   dnumts,  at  the  entraui-e 
to  the  tond»  proper,  was  hlocked  up,  as  is  frequently  the 
ease,  hv   stones,  amonj;;  which   was  made   the   happy   <lis- 
eoverv  of  a  stone  heariny^  a  painted  protession  of  warriors 
( Fiij.  *JS)  correspondiiii;;  to  those  that  were  already  known 
fnnn    Mvcenaean    vase-pain tinn's.       IJut    this  discovery   is 
still  more  important  from  the  fact  that   helow  the  stucco 
which   had  heen   applied   to  the   surface  of  the  stone   to 
I     prepan-  it  for  the  painter,  in  the   upper  portion,  where 
^      this  is  <hipped  away,  are  the  remains  of  earlier  carved 
■\/t      decoration,  and   this  decoration.  «orrespondin«;-  to  that  of 
"^      several    Ariiive-Linear    plates    and   vases   which    we    have 
found,  consists   of  simple    straii^ht    lines  connected   with 
cinles.  —  a  purely  linear  and  <»eonu'tri«al  ornamentation. 
Now  there  can  he  no  <h»uht   that  the  painted  stone,  which 
was  thus  used  with  other  materials  at  hand  to  stoj)  up  the 
enti.iuce  to  the  tond»,  an<l  so  must   have  heeji  lyiuj^  ahout 
useh'ss    for   some   tinie    (there   is    no    sij^u   of    its   liavinj^ 
formetl  an  intenral   part  of  the  decoration  of  the  tondi), 
must   have   heen  considerahly  earlier  than   the  «»l»jects   in 
Fi...  js.  —  My(kn\kan  Tomhstonk     the  tond»  itself.      The  structure  whiih  it  endu-llished   had 
WITH  »  AuvKi.  AM.  lAiNTn.  i.M  o-     j^^^^^.  ^.^^j^^.  ^^^^^  ^^jf  ^j^.       jj„j  ^^ j,^.„   ^j,}^  stouc,  endK'llishe«l 

,  .,^.        hv  geometrical  ornanu'nts,  was  coveretl  with  stucco  upon 

From   Isoiintas. 'K^Tiju.  Apx     l^y<>.  •     ^.  •  i     •       i       i  •  i    ^    i      i      ^ 

which  tii;ures  were  painted,  it  had  a«;aiii  completely  lost 
its  orij^inal  use  to  make  it  thus  availahle  as  raw  material  for  the  painter.  This  a«;ain 
implies  a  considerahle  interval.  Eviilently,  therefore,  the  f:,nfir  ornament  on  the  stone 
antedates  the   Mycenaean    painting-  upon  it,  and  hy  a  still  <;reater   perio<l  the  Mycenaean 

vases  in  the  tomh.' 

So  far  from   linear  «»rnament  inarkin«;-  a  later  deoeiieration   of  tlu'  Mycenaean  style,  1 
maintain  that  that  class  of  ware  which  has  hitherto  heen  consith-red  the  earliest  sta«;e  of 


■>';-■':»- 


■5x'- 


%■<.■■.  r- -■;  J   In-.x   ■■■'■■      ■■»     v>    •'fc'^ 


»  -Epvi^fpii,  1«1»!,  l«l».  1  n.  i)ls.  i.,  ii.  VI..  V.)   are  eitl.er  coiiiplotely  {jcoiiutrical  in  llie  cane 

-  I   wouia  also  .haw  att»iitioii  to  the    t;ut   tliat    the  of  the  arfhitertiiraKarx ings,  or  are  siibtlivid.d  hy  };eo- 

stoiie  carvings  foiin.l  at  Mvi-.na.'  (Slilieiiiaiin.  M>i<;')mf  ;  nutriial  ihioratioiis,  as  in  th«'  lase  of  tlio  ru«ltly  tarved 

T>onntas->Ianatt,  |t|>.  in.   111».   I'JO,  .ti-.  ;   P.-riot-Chipit-/,  tonihstoni-s  with  hnnian  anil  animal  tigurvs. 


LINKAK    OKNAMKNT 


;>o 


tiiat  stvh*,  namelv.  the  class  with   dull-colored   paintini;s.  shows  throui;hoiit  nothini;   hut 
this  linear  svstem  ;    while  the  prevalence  of  hand-made  ware,  the  ruder  material,  and  the 
incompleteness   in   the  d«'Velopmeiit  of  ceramic   forms   in  these  vases.  uri»e  us  to  classify 
them   ill   the    l*re-Mycenaean    rather   than    in 
the  distimtly  Mycenaean  class. 

If  this  system  of  linear  «lecoration  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  Mycenaean  period  and  can 
in  its  purity  he  traced  also  in  vases  that  he- 
loiij;'  to  the  Dipvlon  period,  so  that  it  always 
will  he  diflicult  to  distinguish  some  speci- 
nn'iis  of  so-calle<l  Proto-Corinthian  ware  from 
vas»'s  that  may  he  ascrihe*!  to  hoth  these 
other  »-atc<;ories,  the  Ileraeum  finds,  espe- 
cially in  small  vases,  show  that  this  system 
presents  an  unhrok(>ii  <levelopment  from  the 
earliest  primitive  f<»rms  to  the  Litest  speci- 
mens of  perfect  ceramic  craft.  In  drawing 
attention  to  this  devehtpment  as  illustrate<l 
hy  «uir  finds,  I  will  exclude  the  consideration 
of  the  eccentrically  shaped  primitive  vases. 
For,  as  has  heen  sii<l  ahove,  the  impulse 
wiiich  led  to  the  creation  of  these  vases  comes 
from  the  c«>rophist  rather  than  from  the 
<*eraiiiist.  To  introduce  them  into  this  (|ues- 
tioii  at  this  stage  wouhl  only  confuse  matters. 

The  earliest  ornamentation  of  our  primitive  ijottery,  as  in  the  primitive  ware  all  over 
the  world,'  consists  not  of  painted  decoration  hut  of  incised  lines,  scratched,  pressed,  or 
<iit  w itli  rude  instruments  and  with  uncertain  hand,  upon  the  clay  of  the  hand-made  pot, 
generally  in  its  softer  stage.  I  here  give  a  few  specimens  (Fig.  21))  of  this  «»rnamentation 
in  what  were  meant  to  he  straight  parallel  lines  or  zigzag  or  waved  ornaments.-  This 
rude  and  uncertain  decoration  corresponds  to  the  work  of  the  potter  who  did  not  use  the 
wheel.  We  find  the  siiine  kind  «»f  pottery  and  ornament  on  all  the  earliest  sites  of  the 
ancient  world.'  Linear  dec«uation  in  the  siime  stage  of  incipient  development  is  found 
als«)  in  other  early  crafts,  such  as  in  what  might  he  called  gem-engraving,  of  which  our 

'  Cf.  Flinaers-Petrie,  Kgm'tian  Decnmllre  Art,  pp.  0  flf.  of  pnrcly  geometrioal  design  on  the  rude  ohjects  in  pre- 

-  See,  for  instanee,  for  the  pottery  found  iu  tiie  lowest  historie  lake  dwellings  in  the   valley  of  the  Po,  .such  as 

stnitum  at   llissarlik  (Troy),  .Si-hlieniann,  Ilios,  pp.  liKJ,  those  publislud  hy  Sthibel  and  Pigoriui    (in  the  Iiull,t. 

'J17,  '»X,,  354,  3oy,  etc.  ;  also,  p.  .jOa,  and   Xos,    1817-  di  jtakontol.  Ititllati.  I.,  II.,  III.,  especially  IV.  pi.  1,  1). 

2(K|0.  Cf.  also  Ilelhig,  Itnllker  in  iler  Poebene.     The  remote  an- 

•  The  early  graves  excavated  hy  Diiinnder  at  Anmr-  ti<piity  of  such  forms  of  ceramic  decoration  can  Ik"  appre- 

gos,   Athen.  Mitl/i.  XI.  pp.    lo    ff.,    whether    "  pre-llel-  ciated  when  we  study  the  pottery  found   in  Egypt,  such 

hnic  "    or  not,  certainly  show  a   preponderance  of   the  as  that  of  which  Messrs.  Klinders-Petrie  and  Quihell  tell 

ge«»metrical  ornamentation  in  the  lottery,  where  we  have  us  that  it  cannot  be  later  than  the  I'Jth  dynasty,  which 

not  the  "coroplastic  "  eccentricity  of  the  primitive  cera-  brings  us  to  the  second  half  of  the  third  millennium  B.  c. 

mist.     Compare  also  the  decorated  ware  foun«l  in  tondis  See  Petrie  and   (iuibell,    Nagada  and   liallas,    and  the 

of  the  Neolithic   and   Hrony-e  i»eriod»   in  Sicily  by  Orsi  other  interesting  Egyptian  discoveries  of  this  able  excava- 

(Qualtro   Anni  de  Ksidornzioni  Sinde  nella  Provincia  di  tor,  which  bring  us,  iu  the  case  of  Tell-el-Amarna,  face  to 

Siracum,  1S«)0-«KJ),  as  well  as  the  painted  vases  published  face  with  Mycenaean  pottery.    Analogies  might  be  found 

in  that    volume,  which    show   striking  analogies  to  our  in  every  centre  of  prehistoric,  nay  savage,  art  all  over  the 

own  linds.     It  is  also  interesting  to  study  the  ornaments  world  ;  but  I  must  postpone  studying  this  wider  aspect. 


Via.  '2'J. 


E.VAMI'I.l  S  Ol    IXCISKIt  LiNKAU  OllXA.MK.M. 

From  the  Heraoum. 


56 


(J  EN  ERA  L   INTKODrCTIOX 


"  VU(  no  C( ) K I NTI 1 1 A  \  "   W  A  K  E 


57 


« 


li 


-^ 


earliest  tyjie  ineiely  shows  a  rounded  stone  with  linear  s<'ratciiinj»s  u|N)n  it.'  In  early 
hronze  work  we  see  the  siinie  j^^eneral  system  ;  only  heix'  the  earliest  t'onn  of  deeoration 
is  produced  not  so  much  hy  seratehin*^  or  incisin*;'  as  hy  heatin*^  out  small  hosses.' 

Artistic  skill  and  feelin«»;  for  symmetry  j»;rew  and  wei*e  aided  es|»ecially  hy  the  intro- 
duction of  the  potter's  wheel.  For  the  mechanical  process  now  came  in  to  aid  the 
potter  in  producing  the  exactness  and  re»«;ularity  which  are  essential  to  linear  and  j;eo- 
metric  decoration.  And  thus  the  fnij^ments  which  I  liaye  placed  hehiw  these  earliest 
linear  scratchinj»;s  show  the  deyelopment  to  which  they  lead  after  the  |M»tter's  whwl  ih 
used.  For  the  incisinjjf  instrument  need  then  he  merely  held  firndy  while  the  cLiy 
revolves,  and  the  parallel  lines  are  accurately  i)roduced  without  further  effort.  The 
hi«»;her  standard  of  decorative  workmanship  which  is  thus  attained  drives  the  deconitinj^ 
potter  to  devise  means  of  producing;  the  same  exactness  in  other  linear  and  j^^eometrical 
forms,  whether  it  he  a  comhination  of  zij^aijj^  lines,  waved  |Kitterns,  ciivles,  or  a  succes- 
sion of  impressed  dots,  or  even  masses  of  chiy  applied  to  the  hody  in  8tnii«^ht  or  wavy 
lines  in  relief. 

When  color  is  introduced  and  painted  oniamentation  is  apjdied  to  vases,  we  luive  the 
Siime  development  as  the  one  I  have  just  noted  with  refeI^•nce  to  incisions.  The  earliest 
dull-colored  ornaments  are,  as  I  have  siiid,  linear,  and  helonj^  to  hand-made  vases ;  the 
geometric  design  is  thus  not  exact,  regular,  and  symmetrical.  With  the  introduction 
of  the  wheel,  not  only  does  the  form  of  the  vase  hecome  more  precise  and  symmetrical 
in  shape,  but  the  painted  decor.ition  follows  the  sjime  lines.  I  have  here  chosen  from 
among  our  finds  a  series  (Fig.  30)  of  the  simplest  and  earliest  forms  of  vases  of  which 
similar  specimens  have  heen  found  in  the  earliest  stratii  at  Hiss<irlik,  and  we  may  any  on 
all  ancient  sites.  It  is  the  simjile  sn)all  shell-like  round  howl,  with  a  hole  added  for 
suspension  in  the  earliest  specimens.  The  four  sj)ecimens  here  phiced  in  the  ujtpermost 
line  are  hand-made,  the  others  mark  the  introduction  of  the  wheel.  The  one  placed 
first  at  the  left-hand  corner  is  ornamented  in  the  most  elementary  way  hy  means  of 
incision.  Two  Hues  are  scratched  iii  the  inside  of  the  howl  cnissinir  each  other  in  the 
middle  in  the  simplest  shape  of  a  cross.  Besides  this,  small  notches  are  pressed  into  the 
rim.  The  next  marks  the  step  to  painte<l  ornamentation,  and  in  this  we  have  one  simple 
line  pahited  across  the  inside  of  the  howl ;  the  sjime  in  the  next  ;  while  the  fourth  has 
f(»ur  such  lines  crosshig  one  another.  But  these  lines  are  drawn  in  a  rude,  uncertain 
manner  —  freehand.  The  specimens  hehiw  them  have  the  sjime  Ihiear  ornamentation. 
But  the  potter  has  wisely  desisted  from  dniwing  stniight  lines  across,  and  has  given  a 
much  more  effective  and  constructive  ornament;ition  of  straight  lines  round  the  inside  of 
the  bowl,  thus  presenting  concentric  circles.  This  was  easier  for  him,  because  they  wei-e 
drawn  by  simply  holding  the  brush  in  the  inside  while  the  bowl  was  turned.  The  rough 
notching  on  the  rim  of  the  first  rude  specimen  is  i-ei>roduced  (»n  two  fragments  of  the 
second  line  by  reguhirly  jwiinted  dots  of  color  round  the  rim.  And  these  elements 
remain  continuous.  Now  the  sj)ecimens  on  the  third  line  would  at  present  be  classed 
as  Mycenaean,  and  they  certiihdy  l>elong  to  that  i>eriod  chronologically  ;  the  i-ounded 

'  Mr.    R.    Norton    will    give    a   full    aiul    systematic  corated  by  small  reptmsst   dots  meant  to  he   in  regular 

account  of  tlie  interesting  series  of  early  engraved  stones  «>Hler,  hut    really  in  wavy  and  uncertain  lines,  such    as 

discovere*!  in  our  excavations,  as  well  as  of  the   earlier  Nos.  3l&2-\i(Hi,  .VXi,  and  then  proceed  gradually  to  N«>s. 

bone  and  ivory  implements.  3()7, 309,  308.      ITiese  show  a  similar  process  of  technical 

*  A  most  interesting  series  might  also  be  made  if  we  development  such  as  I  am  here  endeavoring  to  demon- 
were  to  take  the  specimens  of   slieet    bronze    found    at  strate  in  our  pottery. 
01ympi;i  (Uronzen,  pi.  xviii.),  beginning  with  those  de- 


fniffments  am(»ng  them  are  identical  with  the  linear  <»rnamentation  on  most  Mycenaean 
vases.  The  s[>e<*inu'ns  on  the  lowest  line  are  also  distinctly  what  is  calle«l  Proto-Corin- 
thian.  But  thei-e  <'an  be  no  doubt  that  these  last  two  lines  belong  to  the  siime  system 
of  ornamentjition  and  nva  a  continuous  devehtpment  out  of  the  system  rudely  applied  in 
the  flat  cups  at  the  top. 

In  all  the  more  fully  developed  .specimens  of  the  form  I  have  just  enumerated,  glazed 
color  has  superseded  the  earlier  dull-cohned  decoration.  The  heritage  handed  on  by  the 
vase-jminter  from  the  early  dull-colored  style  is  the  art  of  fre(>hand  drawing  which  the 
Mycenaean  vase-painter  adopts  and  develops  still  further  in  his  naturalistic  freedom 
when  his  imitative  instinct  dii-ects  his  eye  to  natuiv,  and  the  <»Teater  luxury  of  the  life 
surrounding;  him  leads  to  more  richly  dwo- 
nited  vases.  But  the  «»ther  element  in  these 
dull-colored  vase-paintings,  the  geometrical 
element,  survives,  and,  following  the  more 
exact  method  suggested  by  the  improved 
(•eramic  ])rocess  in  the  use  <)f  the  wheel, 
surrounds  the  part  between  the  foot  and 
the  belly  of  the  vase  and  that  between  the 
belly  and  the  shoulder  with  a  perfected  sys- 
tem ((f  linear  ornaments. 

In  the  smaller  vases  this  latter  process  of 
lineiir  ornamenfcition  prevails,  and  a.s.serts 
itself  thnuigh  the  Mycenaean  and  the  Dipy 
h>n  |)eriods  down  to  the  latest  developnuMit 
of  Argive-Linear  ware,  the  so-called  Proto- 
Corinthian  vases. 

These  final  sj)ecimens  of  the  development 
of  the  Arjrive-Linejir  vase  are  always  small, 
an<l  correspond  in  their  es.sential  form  and 
dec<u-ation  to  the  earlier  specimens  of  small 
vases  wh'"li  run  through  the  preceding  pe- 
riods as  just  enumenited.  But  these  earlier 
small  vases  differ  from  these  later  ones  in 
that  they  jrenenilly  have  the  manifest  char- 

acteristic  of  cheapness  stiimped  upon  them,  as  wares  of  inferior  vahie  and  Innnbler  uses. 
We  are  thus  not  astonished  to  find  that  the  simpler  and  ruder  techniques  survive  in 
them.  For  it  must  never  be  forgotten  that  the  hiunbler  forms  of  indigenous  art  retiiin, 
even  in  the  latest  periods,  the  teehniipie  and  gener.il  charact<?ristics  of  the  earlier  art, 
and  this  is  true  not  only  in  ancient  Greece,  but  in  all  times  and  countries.' 

Now  the  advanced  Argive-Linear,  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  ware,  shows  the  most 
complete  mastery  over  the  potter's  techniciue,  and  the  greatest  cerfciinty  in  the  use  of  the 
brush  on  the  part  of  the  decorator.  Since  the  maker  of  the  earlier  small  specimens  of 
Argive-Linear  wai-e  was  probably  incapable  of  giving  to  his  cheaper  small  vases  the  fine 
brush-work  required  f<u-  further  ornamentjiti<m  which  the  skilled  vase-painter  of  the 
Mycenaejin  period  put  into  the  moi-e  costly  large  vases,  —  this  earlier  exponent  of  Argive- 
Linear  techni(pie  had  to  remain  content  with  mere  linear  decoration.     More  elaborate 

'  Cinnpare,  for  instance,  cheap  clay  figures  such  as  may  l»e  seen  in  poor  sliops  at  Florence,  or  the  art  of  the  baker. 


Flu.  30. 


KXAMI'I.KS   oy    I'AINTKI*    LiNKAK 

Ornamknt. 
From  the  Heraeum. 


•)6 


(iKNKUAL    INTUODrCTION 


"IM{()T()  (OK  I  NTH  IAN"    \\  WtK 


in 


rarlit'st  tv|)i'  nu'irly  shows  a  i-oiiii<li>(l  stoiu-  with  liiu-ar  s«iat«hiiii;s  iipoii  it.'  In  rarlv 
hioii/c  work  wt*  si'o  the  snuw  <»viitial  svsti'in  ;  onlv  ht'i*'  tho  railii'st  tnrni  of  (h'coiatioii 
is  itroddcinl  iM»t  so  iiiiuh  i>v  s(  ratrhiii<>'  or  iiicisiiii;-  as  hy  licatiii*;'  out  small  hosscs.' 

Aitistif  skill  ami  IVfliii«»"  for  syiniiu'trv  «»ivw  aiul  were  ai«le<l  es|MMiallv  hv  the  iiitr<»- 
<liu-tioii  of  the  potter's  wheel.  For  the  ineehaiiieal  proeess  now  eanie  in  to  aid  the 
potter  in  producinj;  the  exaetness  and  re«;nlaritv  which  are  essential  to  linear  and  j;eo- 
nietrie  decoration.  And  thus  the  fra;»nients  which  1  have  placed  helow  thes«*  earliest 
linear  scratchinj;s  show  the  development  to  which  thev  lead  after  the  pottt*r's  wheel  is 
nsi'tl.  For  the  ineisin<»;  instrument  need  then  he  nu-rely  held  firndy  while  the  elay 
revolves,  and  the  parallel  lines  are  accurately  product-d  without  further  ell'ort.  The 
hii;her  standard  of  decorative  workmanship  which  is  thus  attained  drives  the  decoratin;^ 
potter  to  devise  means  of  producing;  the  sime  exactness  in  other  linear  and  j»fom«'tricaI 
forms,  whether  it  he  a  condtination  of  zii»Ziii;;  lines,  wavetl  patterns,  circles,  or  a  succes- 
sion of  impressed  (h)ts,  or  even  masses  of  elay  aj>plied  to  the  hody  in  straight  or  wavy 
lines  in  relief. 

When  color  is  intro(hiced  and  painted  ornamentation  is  applied  to  vas<'s,  \\v  liave  the 
s;ime  deveK)[)ment  as  the  <Mie  I  havt'  just  noteil  with  n-ference  to  incisions.  The  earliest 
dull-colored  ornaments  are,  as  I  have  siid,  linear,  and  helonj;;  to  hand-made  vast's ;  the 
••eometric  desii;n  is  thus  not  exact,  rei»ular,  and  synnuetrical.  With  the  introduction 
of  the  wheel,  not  onlv  does  the  form  of  the  vast*  heconu'  mon*  precise  an<l  svnnnetrical 
in  shape,  hut  the  painted  decoration  follows  the  snue  lines.  I  have  heiv  chosen  from 
amoni*;  our  finds  a  series  ( Fij;;.  IJO)  of  the  simplest  and  earliest  forms  of  vases  of  whieli 
similar  specimens  have  heen  found  in  tin-  earliest  strata  at  IIiss;(rlik,  and  we  may  sjiy  on 
all  ancient  sites.  It  is  the  simple  small  shell-like  round  howl,  with  a  hole  added  for 
suspension  in  the  earliest  spe«inu'ns.  The  four  specinu'us  here  placed  in  the  uppermost 
line  are  hand-iuiide,  the  others  mark  the  introduction  of  the  wheel.  The  one  placed 
lirst  at  the  left-hand  corner  is  ornanuMited  in  the  niost  elenu-ntarv  way  hv  nu-ans  of 
imision.  l\vo  lines  are  scratched  in  the  inside  <»f  the  howl  tiossini;-  each  other  in  tlu' 
mithlle  in  the  simplest  sha|>e  of  a  cross,  liesides  this,  small  not<hes  are  pressed  into  the 
rim.  The  next  marks  the  step  to  {Kiinted  ornanu'utation,  and  in  this  we  Iiav*-  one  simple 
line  painted  across  the  inside  of  the  Ih»wI  ;  the  s;ime  in  the  next  ;  while  the  fourth  has 
four  such  lines  crossini;;  one  another.  But  these  liiu-s  ar»'  drawn  in  a  rude,  uncertain 
manner — freehand.  The  specim»'ns  helow  them  have  the  sune  linear  ornamentation. 
IJut  the  i)otter  has  wisely  desisted  from  drawin««-  straiuht  lines  across,  and  has  irivi-n  u 
much  nu)re  elVective  and  constructive  ornamentatitm  of  straiiiht  lint'S  nunid  the  insi<le  of 
the  howl,  thus  presenting-  concentric  circles.  This  was  easier  for  him,  hecause  they  >vere 
drawn  hy  simply  holdiui;;  the  hrush  in  the  inside  while  the  howl  was  turiu'd.  The  rou;;h 
notchinj;-  on  the  rim  of  the  first  rude  specimen  is  n'])roduced  on  two  fra^nu'uts  of  the 
second  line  hy  rei;idarly  painted  d.»ts  of  cohu*  round  the  rim.  And  thes*'  elements 
remain  continuous.  Now  the  specinu-ns  on  the  third  line  wouhl  at  juesent  he  classe<l 
as  Mycenaean,  and  they  certainly  helonj;-  to  that  period   chronoloj;ically  ;   the   rounded 

'   Mr.    \{.    Norton    will    jjivf    a    full     ami     systt'inatii-  coratrd  l>y  small  n/Mnixnr    dots  incaiit  ti>  Ik*    in  rr«jiilnr 

aceoiiiit  of  till- iiitfristiii>jsfrii-s  of  i-arly  fii^ravnl  >>toii('s  unlir,  liut    naliy  in  wavy  and  nnccrtain  lini-s.  siu-li   as 

disi-ovt-rtMl  in  our  exravatiuns,  as  wvll   :w  of  llio    larlier  Nos.  ."MH'  ;54M;,  ;MKt.  and  tii«-n  iiriK-ffd  jjradnally  to  Xos. 

iM.ne  and  ivory  ini|d»iiants.  ;«»7,  :MK»,  .'MW.      TIm's..  show  a  similar  i.riMcss  of  tiiliiiii-al 

*  A  most  intert'stiiijj  series  mi<,'lit  also  W  made  if  we  development  such  as  I  niu  hcrt-  endeuvorin<r  to  demun- 

were  to  take  tiie  s|K-eimens  of   sheet    hron/.e    fonnd    at  strate  in  our  jtuttery. 
Olyinpia  {Untnztin,  j»l.  xviii.),  Iiegiiiuiiig  with  those  dc- 


fraij^nuMits  ammii;'  them  are  identical  with  the  linear  ornamentation  on  most  Mycenaean 
vases.  The  specimens  on  the  l«»west  line  are  also  distinctly  what  is  called  l*roto-( /orin- 
thian.  Hut  there  can  he  no  douht  that  these  last  two  lines  heloni;  to  the  same  system 
of  ornamentation  and  ar(>  a  continuous  developnu'iit  out  of  the  system  rudely  applied  in 
the  Hat  cups  at  the  top. 

In  all  the  moil-  fully  developed  s|)ecimens  of  the  form  I  have  just  enumerated.  i;la/.ed 
coliu'  has  supersede<|  the  earlier  didl-colored  decoration.  The  heritai^e  handed  on  l)\  the 
vasi-painter  from  the  early  didl-colored  style  is  the  art  of  freehand  drawing;  whi<h  the 
Mycenaean  vas«-painter  adopts  and  «levelops  still  furthei  in  his  naturalistic  freedom 
when  his  imitative  instinct  dire<ts  his  eve  to  nature,  and  the  ureati'r  luxury  of  the  life 
surroundin<>  him  leads  to  more  richly  «h'co- 
rated  vases.  Hut  the  other  element  in  these 
dull-colored  vase-paint ini»s.  the  geometrical 
element,  survives,  and,  following  the  more 
exact  method  su«;j;'ested  hy  tlu'  improv«'d 
ceramit-  process  in  the  use  <d  the  wheel, 
surroinnis  the  part  hetw<'en  the  toot  and 
the  Ixdlv  of  the  vase  ami  that  lietwi*en  the 
helly  and  the  shotdder  with  a  perfected  sys- 
teni  of  linear  ornaments. 

In  the  smaller  vases  this  latter  pro<'«'ss  of 
linear  ornamentation  prevails,  and  asserts 
itself  throu<>ii  the  Mycenaean  and  the  Dipy- 
Ion  periods  down  to  the  latest  development 
of  Ari»ive-Linear  waiv,  the  so-ealle<l  l*roto- 
Oiuinthian  vases. 

These  final  specimens  of  the  development 
of  the  Ariiive-Linear  vase  are  always  small, 
and  correspond  in  their  essential  form  and 
d(H'oration  to  the  earlier  specimens  of  small 
vas<'s  wh'-h  run  throu«»h  the  precedini»-  pe- 
rioils  as  just  enumerated.  15ut  these  earlier 
small  vases  diHVr  from  thes<»  later  ones  in 
that   they  ucnerallv  have  the  manifest  char- 

ai-teristic  of  cheapness  stamped  upiui  them,  as  wares  <d'  inferi<u-  yalue  and  hinnhh 
We  aiv  thus  n(»t  astonished  to  fiml  that  the  simpler  and  ruder  techniques  siuvive  in 
them.  For  it  must  never  he  forj^otten  that  the  hmnhler  forms  of  indi««enous  art  retain, 
even  in  the  latest  periods,  the  teehniipie  and  «;eneral  characteristics  of  the  earlier  art, 
and  this  is  true  not  only  in  ancient  Greece,  hut  in  all  times  and  c«unitries.' 

Now  the  a<lvance«l  Aruive-Linear,  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  ware,  shows  the  most 
e<un|dete  mastery  over  the  potter's  te<hni(|ue,  and  the  «;reatest  certainty  in  the  use  of  the 
hrush  <ui  the  part  of  the  decorat<u-.  Since  the  maker  of  the  earlier  small  specimens  of 
Arj^ivj-Linear  ware  was  prohahly  incapahle  of  .ifivin«»-  to  his  cheaper  small  vases  the  fine 
hrush-work  re<piired  for  further  ornamentation  which  the  skiUed  vase-painter  of  the 
Mycenaean  |M'riod  put  into  the  more  costly  lari>e  vases,  —  this  earlier  exp<nient  of  Ari;iye- 
Linear  techniipie  had  to  remain  content  with   nu-re  linear  <leeoration.      M<ue  elahorate 

'  Coiii|i:ire,  for  in.stuuue,  eheap  elay  lijjures  sneli  as  may  l»e  seen  in  jioor  siiojis  at   Kloivn«-e,  or  the  art  of  the  haker. 


I-Hi.  ;M>. 


K\  AMPI.KS    OF    I'AIXTKIi    IjNKAK 

Okxamkxt. 
From  tiie  llenieuiii. 


uses. 


I-'    I 


58 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


CONTINUITY   OF  THE  ARGIVE-LINEAR 


59 


II 


•|i 


forms  of  decorative  work  are  thus  absent  from  the  earUer  Arjj^ve-Linear  ware.  But  in 
the  advanced  period  this  is  no  longer  the  case  ;  and,  by  successive  stiiges,  we  at  last 
arrive  at  those  most  perfect  specimens  of  ceramic  art  and  decoration,  unsurpassed  by  the 
best  work  in  any  jwriod,  which  culminate  in  the  miniature  "  Proto-Corinthian  I^ecy thos  " 
presented  by  Mr.  Macmillan  to  the  British  Museum,'  and,  next  in  order,  the  similar  si>eci- 
men  in  the  Berlhi  Museum."  In  these  vases  (cf.  Fig.  2(>),  and  in  many  of  the  sjime 
order  i>receding  them  by  many  yeai-s  in  time,  small  vases  are  distinctly  considered  worthy 
of  the  hiuhest  ceramic  and  decorative  elaboration. 

I  venture  to  suggest  the  following  explanation  for  this  change  in  the  chanuter 
of  such  small  vases.  The  elaborateness  of  the  vase  follows  the  use  to  which  it  is  put. 
The  simpler  and  humbler  this  use  is,  the  less  elaborate  is  its  artistic  form  and  decoration. 
I  believe  that  much  error  would  be  avoidetl  by  archaeologists  dealing  with  vases  if  this 
general  truth  wei-e  borne  in  mind.  A  sepulchral  vase,  a  prize  vase,  a  gift  between  lovers, 
would  naturally  invite  the  maker  to  more  beautiful  and  luxurious  decoration  than  when 
the  object  is  a  rough  cooking  utensil  or  the  gift  of  a  poor  person,  who  buys,  for  the 
smallest  coin  from  the  huckster  outside  the  sjinctuary  walls,  the  object  which  she  will 
offer  to  the  divinity.^  Now,  until  the  end  of  the  Dipylon  period  these  small  vases  had 
generally  served  these  humbler  puii)oses  —  they  wei-e  the  cheaper  votive  offerings.  From 
this  time  on  they  become  more  expensive  wai-e,  probably  because  they  ai-e  turned  to  nun-e 
costly  uses.  They  now  become  the  recepfcicles  for  the  precious  unguents  and  perfunu's 
Avhich  more  luxurious  forms  of  life  introduce.  These  luxurious  forn>s  of  life  were  hardly 
natural  and  indigenous  to  the  male  portion  of  the  Doric  ]>opulation  at  Argos. 

If  we  examine  the  large  mass  of  si>ecimens  of  advanced  Argive-Linear  ur  Proto-Corin- 
thian wai-e  fouiul  at  the  Heraeum,  we  shall  see  that  as  they  advance  in  pi-fection  and 
elaboration  they  tend  to  become,  in  the  style  of  tlieir  decoration,  more  and  more 
orientiil  in  character,  and  it  is  in  these  later  sfciges  that  they  naturally  lead  over  to  the 
orientiiHzing  style  of  early  Corinthian  vases.  The  name  Prot<>-Corinthian  has  thus 
some  intrinsic  justification  when  applied  to  this  limited  category  of  the  Argive-Linear 
ware.  Now  I  consider  it  highly  probable  that  the  more  luxurious  habits  introduced  into 
the  Doric  communities  at  the  time  when  these  small  l<Kal  vases  were  develoiied  in  their 
peculiar  later  style  were  introduced  from  the  East.  These  were  chiefly  commercial  arti- 
cles, not  meant  ifor  the  male  portion  of  the  community,  but  for  the  women.  The  vases 
which  came  to  be  used  to  hold  these  oriental  unguents  and  j)erfumes  became  articles  de 
toUette.  But  these  articles  ai-e  costly  and  luxurious,  and  the  vase  contjiining  ])i-eciou8 
material  is  worthy  of  most  careful  ti-eatment  at  the  hands  of  the  ceramist.    We  occasion- 


»  Cecil  Smith,  Journ.  Ilellen.  Stuil.  XI.  (1800),  pp.  167 
If.  pis.  i.,  ii. 

-  Berliner  Viiseiisaniinluiijj,  Xo.  33G. 

^  III  illustration  of  the  sliding;  scale  of  the  value  of 
votive  offerin<js  aeoonliiig  to  the  means  of  the  tlonor,  anil 
of  the  inferiority  of  terra-cotta  i<loU  an<l  pinaces,  niaile 
hy  inferior  craftsmen,  as  compsired  with  su|terior  works 
of  art,  Mr.  Walter  Ileadlani  has  furnished  nie  with  the 
following  interestinjj  passages  :  — 

ru\tKTopos  T(ii/8',  SmiD'  oiV/iyt  TOixtn* 
it^pvKa  0vt>,  ratrlSopira*  8({ai(r0f- 
ov  yap  Ti  iroAAJji'  ovi'  iroi^iOD  amKtvufP, 
^■»*l  Tox'  tiy  fio'iv  fl  vfvunfvuv  xotpov 
iroAA^f  ipopiyjii  kovk  aKiitrnp'  liirpa 
*  Itrimrrl  oiilv  :  it  ntiinot  nervn  for  the  mmil  itiiplf  (Amma). 


vovamv  iwoitvutirBa.  rkt  awt'i^riaa% 
iw'  rf-wiat  ah  X'*^*  ^  6''a^  rtitmt. 

T^i  'T7uii|t. 

II.T.Hlii!..  IV.  12-m 

Non  epo  tore  mo«lo  ant  picta  tna  t«-nip1ii  tabflla  omalMi.  ant 

piiris  N<>rta  ff  ram  nianilius  ; 
ConiipT  hunt  arifs  liinnilis.  h.  d  maxima  taiinis  victima  wicra- 
tiis  tinppiet  lionoru  f<H>iM. 

Vergil.  ii</  VmtrnH,  Baehrena'  I'Delar  Lutini  Minnrrt, 
II.  p.  ITC. 

Htnttp  &>>  tt  Tit  4«i8/ai>  roll  rh  rrit  'A^qrai  (Sot  tprfaaapuntp 
tuAm'.'ij  •foA*?!'  Kopow\a0oy.  1)  Zfrjii'  Kal  nappdaiof  riiy  auri,p 

iMcnUM.  Or.  XV. :;. 


ally  found  specimens  of  this  ware  of  which  the  clay  was  so  highly  levigated  and  beauti- 
fully worked  that,  thin  as  i)aper,  it  crumbled  in  our  hands,  and  could  not  be  preserved. 
We  must  thei-efore  not  be  astonished  to  find  that  orientiilizing  tendencies  and  decora- 
tions are  gKulimlly  introduced  into  these  vases,  as  we  must  remend)er  that  some  of  the 
nu)st  chanuteristic  fonns  —  the  aryballos,  the  alabastron,  the  pyxis,  certain  forms  of  the 
small  oinochoe  —  existed  long  l>efoi-e  their  appearance  in  Greece  in  glass,  glazed  and 
unglazed  pottery  of  Egyptian  and  Phoenician  origin.  These  foreign  forms,  no  doubt, 
also  had  their  influence  on  the  development  of  the  shapes  in  the  local  Argive  ware  of 
these  periods. 

This  orientiilizing  phase  marks  the  last  sfcige  in  the  development  of  the  Argive-Linear 
pottery,  which  we  can  trace  from  the  earliest  beginnings  through  the  linear  and  dull- 
colored  painted  wai-e,  retaining  its  vitiility  especially  in  the  smaller  vases,  during 
the  Mycenaejin  and  Dipylon  periods,  but  manifestly  also  influencing  the  decoration 
of  the  larger  vases  in  these  times  ;  and  then,  when  these  two  great  and  distinct  i)eriods 
have  passed  and  their  influence  has  spent  itself,  the  Argive-Linear  form  still  survives  in 
what  has  hitherto  been  called  Proto-Corinthian  ware,  and  leads  organically,  in  its  orien- 
talizing phase,  when  it  has  run  its  course  of  many  centuries,  to  the  Corinthian  ware. 
Though  I  insist  ui>on  urging  the  continuity  of  Argive-Linear  pottery  through  all  ages 
in  the  history  of  the  Heraeum,  I  do  not  mean  to  imply  that  we  cannot  distinguish  here 
and  elsewhei-e  a  fixed  and  clearly  defined  class  called  Mycenaean,  which  in  the  importiint 
introduction  of  glazed  color,  in  the  evolution  of  beautiful  ceramic  shapes,  and  in  its  artistic 
individuality  of  decoration,  stiinds  out  clearly  in  general  historical  development.  The 
moi-e  we  recognize  the  continuity  of  the  Argive-Linear  ware,  the  more  does  the  Mycenaean 
jieriod  stand  out  in  bold  relief  as  a  striking  though  natural  development  of  some  of  the 
elements  pre-formed  in  the  more  primitive  didl-colored  ware.  So,  too,  the  so-called 
Dipylon  ware  is  ecpially  characteristic  and  distinct,  though  it  also  exists  at  the  Heraeum 
side  by  side  with  tlie  Argive-Linear  wai-e.  The  Dij)ylon  ware  i-eally  marks  a  more  dis- 
tinct change  in  its  decorative  characteristics  (in  spite  of  the  word  "geometrical  ")  than 
does  the  Mycenaean  ware.  For  its  element  of  redundant  geometrical  decoration  points, 
as  has  been  said  above,  to  the  introduction  of  new  principles  borrowed  from  some  other 
technique,  whereas  the  Mycenaean,  in  spite  of  the  marked  advance  which  it  represents,  is 
still  essentially  a  development  of  the  principles  which  underlie  the  dull-colored  primitive 
decoration. 

This  ceramic  evidence  seems  to  show  that  we  have  a  continuous  indigenous  element 
represented  by  the  Argive-Lineiir  ware,  and  that  the  Mycenaean,  as  well  as  the  Dipylon, 
periods  are  laid  over,  though  they  cannot  extirjKite  or  hide  from  our  view  this  con- 
tinuous indigenous  layer.  They  may,  and  probably  did,  mark  an  important  political  or 
ethnical  change  and  modification  within  the  Argive  district,  be  it  through  conquest  from 
without,  violent  change  of  dynasty,  or  peaceful  change  through  marriage  and  heredity 
within,  the  gi-afting  of  a  new  dominant  class  upon  the  older  population,  or,  finally, 
peaceful  commercial  influences  through  intercommunication  of  peoples  or  exchange  or 
imi)ortation  of  goods.  It  is  beyond  tlie  purpose  of  our  work  to  enter  into  the  problems 
of  ethnology,  or  to  draw  the  historical  conclusions  from  the  archaeological  material 
before  us ;  l)ut  we  must  cLissify  and  arrange  scientifically  the  material  which  good  foi- 
tune  has  placed  in  our  hands. 

One  important  conclusion,  bearing  immediately  upon  the  history  of  the  Heraeum,  we 
are  bound  to  draw  from  the  evidence  of  ceramic  ware  which  has  forced  us  to  insist  upon 


l« 


m\ 


4 


GO 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


it/ 


a  new  classification  of  early  Greek  pottery.  This  conclusion  is  the  same  as  that  impressed 
upon  us  by  the  Heraeuni  terra-cottas  in  confirmation  of  all  the  other  evidence  which 
we  have  hitherto  examined  :  —  that,  lonjj^  before  the  Mycenaean  period,  the  potter's  craft 
passed  throuj^h  many  stajijes  of  development  at  the  Ilemeum,  and  furnishes  evidence 
of  a  continuous  woi-ship  on  this  site  for  many  jj^enerations  precedino;  the  Mycenaean  age, 
and  that  this  continuity  speaks  for  the  unbroken  continuance  of  an  early  popuhition, 
subject  to  chanjjes  in  its  social  and  political  life  —  but  always  there. 

I  must  draw  attention  finally  to  the  complete  iwirallelism  furnished  by  our  finds 
between  the  series  of  terra-cottjis  and  the  successive  phases  in  the  history  of  the  t'arly 
vases  found  at  the  Heraeum.  In  the  vases  we  have  the  earliest  sj»ecimens  of  primitive 
Arj^ive-Linear  ware  with  incised  ornaments  which  correspond  to  our  ju-imitive  chiss  of 
Ar'i-ive  terra-cottas.  The  early  A rjjfive- Linear  with  |wiinted  ornamentiition  and  the  dull- 
ccdored  paintings  cori-espond  to  what  I  should  call  terra-cottjis  of  the  Tirynthian-Heraeum 
class.  We  then  have  the  middle  Argivi-Linear  surviving  during  the  Mycenaean  and 
Dipylon  period,  corresj)onding  to  the  terra-cotfcis  which  we  call  Mycenaean-Argive  aiul 
Geometric-Argive.  The  advanced  Heraeinn  tyi>e  of  terra-cottiis  with  the  human  shape 
would  cori-espond  to  the  advanced  Argive-Linear  (j)roto-Corinthian)  i)eriod,  in  which  cer- 
tain specimens  of  terra-cottas  show  the  sime  techniijue  as  in  the  vases,  and  fonn  a 
transition  to  the  following  class  of  archaic  terra-cotfcxs.  But  befoi-e  we  arrive  at  the 
archaic  terra-cottas,  we  must  introduce  liei-e  a  series  of  terr.i-cottas  that  ai-e  distinctly 
oriental  in  character,  and  that  would  cori-espond  to  the  orientiUizing  Argive-Linear  period 
in  the  vases.  We  then  come,  in  vases  as  well  as  in  teri-!i-cott;is,  to  the  clearly  historical 
periods  in  which,  through  the  Corinthian  and  the  early  black-figui-ed  vases,  we  are 
led  to  the  best  classical  red-figured  wai-e.  Of  this  latter  we  have  a  few  is(dated  speci- 
mens at  the  Heraeum,  as  we  also  have  through  the  archaic  and  advanced  archaic  terr.i- 
cottas  a  few  isolated  specimens  of  images  belonging  to  the  best  cLissical  period.  The 
f<dlowing  table  will  illustrate  the  jwrallelism. 


THE   BRONZES 


BRONZES. 


61 


Dates  B.  C. 

Tradition. 

Terra-Cottas. 

Vases. 

Arrliitectiire. 

Befoi-p         eirr. 

Phoronens  ami 

Priujitive  Argive. 

Primitive          Argive- 

Earliest    small- 

2000. 

his  house,  etc. 
to  Proetus. 

Linear 

stone  walls. 

Cii-c.  1800. 

Proetus. 

rirynthian  Argive. 

Early    Argive-Linear 
(dull-coh>i*ed    Myce- 
naean). 

(\vclop.        Rup- 
)H)rt;ng      wall 
at  temple. 

Ciro.  1500. 

Perseus. 

Middle  Heraeum  an«l 

Middle  Argive-Linear 

N.  W.  Building, 

Mycenaean. 

and  Mycenaean. 

gnives,  etc. 

Circ.  1400. 

Persi<lae,  Atri- 

MidiUe  Heraeum  and 

Middle  Argive-Linear 

?  N.  E.  l»eribo. 

(lae. 

Dipvlon. 

and  r)ii)ylon. 

lus  walls. 

Circ.  1000. 

Procles. 

Advanced          Argive 

Advanced     Arg.-Lin. 

Up|)er  S  t  o  a . 
West    Buihl- 
ing.      South- 
west      Stoa, 
Second  Tem- 
ple. 

> 

(huuian  shaj)e<l). 

(  Proto-Corinthian). 

To  circ.  700. 

Circ.  520. 
Circ.  4G0. 

Phiilou,  etc. 

Orientalizing. 

Anthaic  Greek. 
Advanced  Archaic. 

Orientalizing  Argive- 
Linear  (Corinthian). 
Black-figured. 
Early   i-ed-figured. 

Circ.  421. 

Free  classical. 

Free  classical. 

t 


The  bninze  and  metiil  ware  fcnmd  at  the  Heraeum  will  receive  exhaustive  treatment 
at  the  hands  «if  Mr.  De  Con.    But  in  connection  with  the  general  history  of  the  Heraeum 
ami  with  the  light  which  our  individual  finds  throw  ui)on  it,  1  must  here  point  to  <nie 
most  interesting  feature  of  our  discoveries  which   impressed  itself  upon   me  from  the 
very  earliest  st;iges  of  our  excavation.     One  of  the  singuhir  facts  in  the  relative  number 
of  objects  found  is  that,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  isidated  cases  in  which  coins  api>eared 
near  the  surface  in  our  excavation,  no  coins  whatever  came  to  light  in  any  of  the  strata 
in  which  thousiinds  of  other  objects  were  found.     The  natural  inference  is  that  hi  the 
times  to  which  these  finds  belong  there  was  no  coinage  at  Argos.     This  fact  is  more- 
over borne  out  by  the  general  history  of  coinage  in  Greece.     And  (as  we  are  able  to 
furnish  a  most  striking  and  fortunate  illustration  of  this  fact)  it  is  to  Phidon  of  Argos 
tiiat  the  introduction  of  coinage  at  Aegina  and  of  a  system  of  weights  and  measures  are 
asiribed.     1  cannot  at  this  time  enter  into  the  vexed  question  of  the  exact  date  when 
Phidon  of  Argos  lived.'       Although   we  found  no  coins  in  the  lower  layers,  we  did, 
on  the  other  hand,  find  innumerable  objects  ui  metid,  especially  bronze,  among  which  a 
certiiin  simple  kind  of  bronze  pin,  deveh)i)ed  out  of  the  ordinary  nail  shape  into  more 
»)riianieiitid  and  elaborate  forms,  constiintly  recurred  in  all  the  earlier  layers.     "  Alio 
k(nnbi!"  (another  nail)  was  the  constiint  call  of  our  excavators  when  another  one  of 
these  nail-like  pins  was  found.     Besides  these  we  were  conthiually  coining  upon  pieces 
of  thinner  or  tliicker  bronze  wire  or  rods,  which  in  many  cases  had  knobs  at  intervals, 
as  if  to  be  used  for  handles.     The  thought  at  once  came  to  us  that  these  were  spits.     In 
the  s;ime  way  we  came  uimhi  iriui  rods  in  other  Uiyers,  and  pieces  of  wire  twisted  into 
decorative  shai>es  (for  instiiiice,  the  rrdzil  shape,  C2!>  )•    Finally,  in  the  northeast  end 
of  the  Second  Temple  platform  we  were  much  astonished  to   find  two  huge  <d)jects  of 
iron  (Fig.  31).     The  one  was  greeted  by  our  workmen  with  the  call  of  "  a  cannon,"  for 
it  certiiinly  was  of  the  dimensions  and  weight  of  a  field-gun.     The  other,  slightly  smaller, 
was  a  solid  mass  <)f  iron,  a  sipuire  bar  Hattened  out  into  a  lance-shaped  curve,  of  which 
the  point  has  been  Hattened  down.     The  cannon-shaped  iron  mass  was  found  to  consist 
of  innuinen.Me  rounded  bars  of  metid  ciuning  to  a  point  and  held  together  at  either  end 
by  an  iron  coil  tightly  twisted  round  tliein,  so  that  they  all  presented  one  mass.     If  it 
had  belonged  to  Uomaii  times,  one  would  have  called  it  a  huge  iron  rendering  of  the 
lictor's  stiiffs. 

Now  when,  even  in  the  fii-st  yeiir,  this  vast  number  of  bronze  spits  and  pins  were  found, 
the  thought  at  once  presented  itself  that  these  objects  were  used  for  their  money  value 
in  inetid ;  for  it  is  quite  impossible  to  believe  that  the  men  and  women  were  constantly 
shedding  the  pins  which  held  their  garments  together  on  this  site,  in  a  manner  to  i)ro- 
duee  such  a  mass  of  bronze  objects  as  compared  with  the  number  of  other  finds.  Nay, 
I  felt  convinced  that  not  only  these  but  also  the  innumerable  bronze  rings  of  various 
sizes  and  thicknesses  —  though  they  iiuiy  have  had  some  ritual  meaning  as  offerings  to 
Hera  from  affianced  couples  —  were  dedicated  and  preserved  here  as  objects  of  metdlic 
value,  — and  that  in  the  diiily  life  of  the  people  these  were  used  in  lieu  of  ordinary  coin. 
We  only  need  study  the  primitive  currency  of  other  early  peoples  and  of  savages  -  to 

>  Holm  (Grieck.  Ge»ch.  I.   p.   205)   gives   B.  c.  770,      also   Busolt,  Grieck.  Gesch.  I.  pp.  579-625  ;   Ridgeway' 
Stais  (Uptutruti,  1895,  p.  236)  745  ;  while  Belot-ij  (Griech.       Origin  of  Currency  and  Weight  Standard,  pp.  210  flf. 
GeMck.  I.  p.  280)  puts  him  into  the  sixth  century.     See  -  Coiupare  RicU-gway,  op.  cit.  cap.  i.     Sir  John  Kirk 


rM>' 


wm 


62 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   THE    BRONZES 


G3 


I  \i 


il' 


I 


see  how  such  metal  ohjects,  wire  riiij^  aiitl  pins  and  spits,  were  everywhere  used  for 
money.  When,  finally,  the  two  huge  iron  ohjeets  (Fig.  31),  which  couKl  not  eoneeivahly 
have  served  any  iietiml  use,  were  found,  the  account  which  ancient  authors  give  of  the 
dedication  of  the  spits'  (o/ScXiVkoi)  at  this  very  Heraeum  of  Argos,  when  first  Phidon 
struck  money  at  Aegina,  seemed  the  only  explanation  of  the  facts  of  our  fiiuls,  which 
thus,  on  their  side,  furnish  us  with  a  most  striking  urchueulogicul  cuufiruiutiuu  uf  the 
stcitements  of  ancient  historical  writers. 

The  evidence  of  all  the  several  departments  of  individual  finds,  each  dealt  with  l»y  my 
competent  collaborators,  tends  to  confirm  my  main  thesis  concerning  the  earliest  history 
of  the  Heraeum,  and  to  bear  out  the  chronological  classification  foired  uyton  me  by  the 
general  and  si)ecial  topogmphy  of  the  Heraeum,  the  architectur.d  evidence  of  the  remains, 
the  local  traditions  of  the  district,  and  by  a  careful  study  of  the  terra-cM»tt<is  and  vases. 

Mr.  De  Cou,  who  for  more  than  four  years  has  devoted  himself  to  the  cleaning  and 
most  painstiiking  study  of  the  bronze  objects  for  purposes  of  final  chissification,  sends 
me  the  following  brief  abstract  of  the  general  chronological  grouping  of  the  bronzes 
which  he  has  been  led  to  ad(»pt  from  his  prolonged  study  of  the  objects  themselves.  It  will 
be  seen  that  his  classification,  arrivetl  at  quite  independently  from  those  of  the  other 
objects,  strictly  corresponds  in  the  main  to  these.  His  caution  regarding  the  bronzes  of 
the  primitive  period  is  but  natural,  as  we  should  ex|)ect  but  few  objects  of  this  material 
at  this  early  stjige  of  civil iziition.  It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that,  as  in  the  case  of 
our  terra-cottas,  the  bronzes  belonging  to  the  "  Geometric  "  style  are  comiwratively  few 
in  nund)er. 

The  bronzes  from  the  Argive  Heraeum  he  has  classified  as  follows  :  — 

"  The  objects  described  in  tlie  catidogiie  are  arranged  :  (1)  acconling  to  what  they  are  or  repre- 
sent ;  (2)  according  to  their  style  :  e.  g.  all  the  horses  or  all  the  birds  are  kept  together,  but  are 
arranged  in  classes  and  catalt>gue  reference  according  to  their  style. 

^*  Evidence  for  date  and  style  is  not  furnished  by  the  conditions  of  the  site,  except  for  the  ter- 
minus ante  quern  423  B.  c.  —  nor  do  any  of  the  bronzes  appear  of  themselves  to  be  subsequent  to 
that  date.  For  details  one  must  dej)end  mainly  on  the  excavations  of  graves  in  Argolis,  Attica, 
the  Cydades,  etc. 

"  There  is  no  evidence  that  any  of  the  bronzes  from  the  Heraeum  are  of  other  than  native  niann- 
factiue.  In  the  case,  however,  of  the  nude  female  figure  with  lotus  head-<lres8,  reflex  Rhodian 
influence  may  be  suspected. 

"  The  objects  may  be  assigned  to  a  Primitive,  a  Mycenaean,  a  Geometric,  and  an  Archaic  style 
and  jieriotl  in  rough  chronological  sequence.  Objects  which  suggest  the  so-calle<l  Oriental  style 
are  included  with  the  Archaic. 

"  Primitive.  There  are  no  bronze  objects  from  the  Heraeum  which  necessarily  must  be  put  here, 
but  it  is  probable  that  some  of  the  wire,  nails,  and  chisels,  some  of  the  plain  rings,  and  a  ]>ortion 
of  the  single  head  straight  pins  (No.  52,  etc.)  should  be  put  in  this  periotl.  The  same  is,  ]>crhnps, 
true  of  a  small  suspension  vase  somewhat  resembling  the  Aegean  tyj>e  with  standard  and  sui)ension 
holes  at  the  side.  Other  objects  which  possibly  may  be  of  this  period  are  an  oblong  plain  liead 
(No.  1547),  some  of  the  plain  shallow  saucers,  certain  headless  corrugated  straight  j>in8  (e.  g.  No. 
116),  and  the  plain  open  bracelet  (No.  970). 

"  Mycenaean.     1.  Shaft-grave  perio<l.     The  Acropolis  graves  of  Mycenae  have  the  following 

has  also  informed  me  of  a  similar  phenomenon  in  Zanzi-  8mv  'Apytlos  v6m<Tna  fitmi>§v  i»  Atylinf  ital  Sols  rh  vinuTfia  teal 

bar,  where   the  natives   use  metal  arrow-heads  as  coin;  kvaKafiav  rovs  o0*KiirKovs  wiBriKt  r^  ir'Apytt'Hp'-  /vtiS^  8* 

but  have  huge,  useless  and  thin  arrow-heads  over  two  feet  r6r*  ol  6$t^^(rKo^  r^f  x*'l»  ^'Aiipavv,  rovrivri  r^y  Spixa,  vti*U, 

high,  as  representing  larger  sums.  Kolwtp  ^^  whripovprot  riiw  Spixa  tm  t(  i06Kois  Spaxi^h*  airr^r 

^  Etjfmol.  Magn.  s.  v.  ifitXlvKos :  .  .  nitnmr  8«  vptvrot  ^t-  At ^u^t v  nofi.  rh  8^air0«t. 


objects  which  aiv  represented  in  kind  at  the  Ilerneuni:  Round  and  diamond-shaped  wire,  both  in 
straight  pieces  and  coils,  nails,  spikes  and  chisels,  large  plain  disks  with  edge  folded  under  (cf.  No. 
1713),  an<l  the  wishljone  tyj>e  of  l)owl-handles.  2.  Of  the  later  i)eriod  represented  by  the  graves 
of  the  lower  city  and  other  Mycenaean  sites,  e.  g.  Tiryns  (in  i>art),  Vapliio,  Menidhi,  Salaniis,  etc., 
the  Heraeum  finds  are  more  numerous,  and  conq)rise  nails  with  thick  flat  heads,  plain  and  orna- 
mented rings,  cylix  or  ImiwI  handles  of  wishbone  type,  a  small  pitcher,  sliallow  saucers  with  and 
without  handles,  disks,  etc.  Many  of  the  straight  pins  with  bead  and  corrugated  heads,  as  well 
as  those  with  spool-hea<ls  and  inserted  bronze  or  iron  pin-shafts  (Nos.  352-382),  and  about 
fifty  fibulae  (Nos.  808-857),  together  with  the  open  screw-thread  bracelet  with  corrugated  ends 
(No.  972),  iK'long  here.  It  is  also  probable  that  the  sinq)k'st  form  of  ball  spit  is  to  be  put  here. 
^^Geometrie.     To  this  style  behmg  the  horses,  except  Nos.  14-17  (early  naturalistic  and  transi- 


-•>.H^..  A^ 


Fiu.  31.  —  Inox  Bars  kxcav.vtkd  at  thk  IIekakum. 

tional)  and  No.  18  (ai-chaic),  the  birds,  the  deer  (Nos.  10,20),  the  fragments  of  large  tri|>ods,  the 
straight  pins  (Nos.  722-807),  the  fibulae  (  Nos.  8.>^!-881),  the  ornamental  bands  (Nos.  1748, 1749), 
and  probably  most  of  the  engraved  and  punc'ietl  coatings  and  the  engraved  spits.  Under  the  influ- 
ence of  this  style  stand  further  the  cow's  head  ( No.  23 ),  and  the  bird's  tail  (No.  49). 

^  Airhaic.  1.  Later  and  reflex  Mycenaean  (so-called  Oriental)  influence:  cow's  head  (No.  25), 
lion  (No.  29),  fibulae  (Nos.  883-918).  2.  Moi-e  independent  and  developed  archaism:  fragments 
of  statues  (locks  of  hair),  statuettes,  horse  (No.  18),  cows  (Nos.  20,  27),  mouse  (No.  30,  frag.  No. 
31),  bird's  head  (No.  50),  mirrors,  saucers,  sphinx  anq)hora,  fragment  of  rim  with  lotus  and 
]»almettes,  h)w  tri)>o<l  stand,  hand  strainer,  handle  with  engraved  horses'  heads,  fragment  of  chariot 
antyx,  imitition  harness  straps,  ring-fibulae  (Nos.  919-945),  lion  fibula  (No.  946),  cut  figures 
(e.  g.  dolphin,  head  and  neck  of  bird).  A  considerable  number  of  the  straight  pins  also  belong 
here. 

*'  The  (ieonietric  style,  while  interjwsed  between  tlie  Mycenaean  and  Archaic  styles,  is  represented 
by  a  smaller  numl>er  of  objects  thsin  either,  and  has  left  but  few  traces  of  its  influence  on  the 
later  style.  As  a  result  of  the  slight  impression  made  by  the  Geometric  style  on  the  Mycenaean, 
the  latter,  through  its  later  stages,  passes  either  directly  or  with  slight  modiRcation  into  the  early 
Archaic.  Between  the  two  there  is,  as  may  be  seen,  for  example,  from  the  various  types  of  straight 
pins,  no  essential  change  in  technique,  the  difference  lying  maiidy  in  the  introduction  of  some 
elements  of  ornamentation  derived  from  the  Geometric  style  and  some  subjects  like  the  griffin 
derived  from  the  Orient.  An  Oriental  atyle  does  not  exist  among  the  bronzes  from  the 
Heraeum." 


w 


Vi. 


' 


62 


G  EN  ERA  L    I  NTHOnrCTIOX 


CLASSIMCATION    OF   THE    T.KONZES 


i)?. 


set'  li(»w  siuli  ini'tal  «»l»jccts,  wire  linj^s  and  pins  and  spits,  wvrv  everywhere  used  for 
nionev.  When,  finally,  the  two  hu«;e  iron  ohjetts  ( Eii>-,  151),  whicli  conl«l  not  tonieivaldy 
have  served  anv  aetnal  use,  were  found,  tlie  account  whicli  ancient  authoi-s  j;;ive  of  the 
(h'dication  of  the  spits'  (6/Sc\icrKot )  at  this  very  Heraeuuj  of  Arj^os,  when  first  Phidon 
struck  money  at  Aej^na,  seemed  tlie  only  explanation  of  the  facts  of  our  finds,  which 
thus,  on  their  side,  furnish  us  with  a  most  striking;  archaeuhigical  contirmatiun  of  the 
statements  of  ancient  historical  writers. 

The  evidence  of  all  the  several  dei>artn»ents  of  individual  finds,  each  dealt  with  l»y  my 
c«>mpetent  collaborators,  tends  to  confirm  my  main  thesis  concernin«^  the  earliest  history 
<»f  the  Ileraeum,  and  to  hear  out  the  chnuudoj'ical  classification  forced  upon  me  hy  the 
general  and  sj)ecial  t«»ponrapliy  of  the  Ileraeum,  the  architectural  evidence  of  the  remains, 
the  local  traditions  of  the  district,  and  hv  a  careful  stu<lv  of  the  terra-cottas  and  vases. 

Mr.  De  Con,  who  for  more  than  four  years  hais  devoted  himself  to  the  cleaning;;  and 
most  painstakini;'  study  of  the  bronze  objects  for  purposes  of  final  classification,  sends 
me  the  followin*;"  brief  abstract  of  the  j;fneral  chronolo»»ual  «;;roupin<^  of  the  broiiM's 
which  he  has  been  led  to  adopt  from  his  prolonj^ed  study  of  the  objects  themselves.  It  will 
be  seen  that  his  classification,  arrived  at  (piite  independently  from  those  of  the  otlu'r 
objects,  strictly  corresponds  in  the  main  to  these.  His  caution  re«;;ardin;;;  the  bronzes  of 
the  primitive  period  is  but  natural,  as  we  sluudil  expect  but  few  objects  of  this  material 
at  this  early  sta«;e  of  civilization.  It  is  also  interestinj^  to  note  that,  as  in  the  case  of 
our  terra-cottas,  the  brcuizes  belonj^inj^  to  the  *'"  Geonu'tric  "  style  are  compjiratively  few 
in  iMunber. 

The  bronzes  from  the  Ar«»ive  Ileraeum  he  has  classified  as  follows  :  — 

"The  objects  described  in  the  i'atalogue  are  arnuiged  :  (1 )  a»*cording  to  what  they  ar«>or  repre- 
sent :  (2)  according  t«>  their  style  ;  e.  g.  all  the  horses  or  all  the  birds  are  kept  tiigether,  Imt  aitJ 
arranged  in  classes  an»l  catalogue  reference  acconling  to  their  style. 

"  Evidence  for  date  and  styh'  is  not  furnished  by  the  conditions  of  the  site,  except  for  the  trr- 
inhius  antv  quem  423  B.  c.  —  nor  do  any  of  the  bronzes  apjiear  of  themselves  to  be  siiliseqiient  to 
that  date.  For  details  one  nuist  dejM'nd  mainly  on  tlie  excavations  of  graves  in  Argolis,  .\ttica. 
tiu'  ( 'ydades,  etc. 

"  There  is  no  evidence  that  any  of  the  bronzes  fnMu  the  Ileraeum  are  of  otlu-r  than  native  manu- 
facture. In  the  case,  l)«>wever,  of  the  nude  female  figure  with  lotus  lieatUlress,  reflex  liluHlian 
inffueuce  may  be  suspected. 

"The  objects  may  be  assigned  to  a  Primitive,  a  Mycenaean,  a  Geometric,  and  an  Archaic  style 
and  iktiimI  in  rough  chronological  se«|uence.  Objects  whicli  suggest  the  so-called  ( >ricntal  style 
are  included  with  the  Archaic. 

"  Pt'iniitivv.  There  are  no  bronze  objects  from  the  Ileraeum  whi«'h  necessarily  nmst  1m'  ]»ut  hero, 
but  it  is  probable  that  some  of  the  wire,  nails,  and  diisels,  some  of  tlic  plain  rings,  and  a  portion 
of  the  single  head  straight  ])ins  (No.  r)2.  etc. )  should  be  juit  in  this  )>eri<Kl.  The  same  is,  )K>rhaps, 
true  of  a  small  sus{)ension  vase  somewhat  resendiling  tlie  Ai'gean  tyi>e  with  standard  and  su|H>nsi(ui 
holes  at  the  side.  Oth«'r  f»bjects  which  |)ossibly  may  I>e  of  this  ]H'ri<Hl  are  an  oblong  plain  U-ad 
(No.  1547),  some  of  the  plain  shallow  saucers,  certain  licatUess  corrugated  straight  pins  (e.  g.  No. 
116),  and  the  plain  o|H>n  bracelet  (No.  070). 

"  MijcvitiUiin.     1.  Shaft-grave  periml.     The  Acrojiolis  graves  of  !Mycenae  have  the  following 

luis  also  infuriiK-d  nic  of  a  similar  ]ilii>ii<ini)>ii(in  in  Zaiizi-  Swv  'K^*w%  r6ftitTna  fita^*if  iv  Alylfti-  Hal  tout  rh  yu^ifr^ta  koI 

liiir,  where  the  natives   nse  metal  arrow-Iieails  as  coin;  aifa\aBuiv  roi/s  o/9(Aiir«covi  ayftfrytr*  r^  iv'.\pyti'Hp--  fwniii  Si 

lint  have  hiijje,  useless  ami  thin  arrow-lieails  over  two  feet  tot*  ix'  o3*A((tkui  tjik  x"V«  i^^vpov,  rovriirrt  t^*-  SpJuca.  iin*U, 

hi<^h,  as  representing  lar<;er  sums.  ita/vfp  firi  w\ijpovfTos  riiw  SpdKa  roit  {(  o^JAois  Spaxt^h"  airriiw 

*  Elymul.   Magn.  n.  v.  ojSfXiiTKaj  :  .  .  wivruv  S<  v^Mrot  4f u  Afyu^fv  ■uapa  ru  Spo^airSat. 


objects  which  an*  represented  in  kind  at  tiic  Ileraeum:  Koun<l  and  diani<»n(l-shape<l  wire,  both  in 
straight  pieces  and  coils,  nails,  spikes  and  chisels,  large  plain  tlisks  with  «Mlgc  folded  under  (cf.  No. 
171'J),  anil  the  wishbone  type  of  l»owI-han«lles.  2.  Of  the  later  period  repr«*sented  by  the  graves 
of  the  lower  city  and  other  .Mycenaean  sites,  e.  g.  Tiryns  (in  part),  Vaphio.  Mcnidhi,  Salaniis,  etc., 
the  Ileraeum  finds  are  more  numerous,  and  comprise  nails  witii  thick  flat  heads,  plain  and  orna- 
mented rings,  cylix  or  1m)w1  handles  of  wishi>one  type,  a  small  pit«'lier,  shallow  saucers  with  and 
without  handles,  disks,  etc.  Many  of  tln'  straight  pins  with  bead  an«l  corrugated  heads,  as  well 
as  those  with  sjMxd-heads  and  insertecl  br«)uze  or  ir«)n  pin-shafts  ( Nos.  ^•')2-3K2),  and  al»out 
fifty  tiliulae  (  Nos.  808-857).  together  with  the  open  screw-thread  bracelet  with  corrugated  ends 
(  No.  072  ),  iM'hing  here.  It  is  also  probable  that  the  simplest  form  of  ball  spit  is  to  be  put  here. 
^^(ivnmvtrir.     To  this  style  beh>ng  the  horses,  except  Nos.  14-17  (farly  naturalistic  and  transi- 


Fio.  :>1.  —  Ikon   Uaks  kxc.vv.\tki>  at  tmk  IIki:aki;m. 

tioiial)  and  No.  18  ('archaic),  the  birds,  the  deer  (Nos.  10.20).  the  fragments  of  large  tripods,  the 
straight  pins  (Nos.  722-807  ),  the  fibulae  (  Nos.  ,s:)S-88I  ),  the  ornamental  bands  (Nos.  174\  1740), 
anil  proliably  nmst  of  the  engrave«l  an«l  punc'ie»l  coatings  an<l  the  engraved  spits.  l'n»ler  the  influ- 
ence of  this  style  stand  further  the  cow's  head  (  No.  23 ),  and  the  bird's  tail  ( No.  40). 

"  .Ifr/nfk:  1.  Later  an«l  ivtlex  Mycenaean  (so-calh-d  Oric-ntal)  influence:  cow's  head  (No.  25), 
Hon  (No.  20),  filudae  (N«»s.  883-018).  2.  More  inde[>endent  an»l  develo}>e<l  archaism:  fragments 
of  statues  (  hn-ks  of  hair),  statuettes,  horse  (  No.  18),  cows  (  Nos.  2<»,  27  ),  mouse  (  No.  30.  frag.  No. 
31),  bird's  head  (No.  50),  mirrors,  .sau<*ers,  sphinx  amphora,  fragment  of  rim  with  lotus  and 
jialmettes,  h»w  tripml  stand,  h:uul  .strainer,  handle  with  engraved  horses"  heads,  fragment  of  chariot 
antyx,  imitation  harness  straps,  ring-fibulae  (  Nos.  l>10-045).  lion  fibula  (  No.  040),  cut  figures 
(e.  g.  dolphin,  head  and  neck  of  bird).  A  considerable  nund>er  of  the  straight  pins  also  belong 
here. 

*'The(Jeonictric  style,  while  interposi'd  l)etween  the  My<"enaean  and  -\rchaic  styles,  is  represented 
by  a  snndler  numlter  of  objects  than  either,  and  has  left  but  few  traces  of  its  influence  on  the 
later  style.  As  a  i-esult  of  the  slight  impression  made  by  the  Geoujetric  .style  on  the  Mycenaean, 
the  latter,  thi-ough  its  later  stages,  ]>asscs  either  directly  or  with  slight  mollification  into  the  early 
.\rchaic.  Iletween  the  two  there  is,  as  may  Ik;  seen,  for  ex:nnple,  from  the  various  types  of  straight 
pins,  no  e.s.sential  change  in  teclmitpie,  the  dif^'erence  lying  mainly  in  the  introduction  of  stune 
elements  of  ornamentation  derived  from  the  (leometrie  style  and  some  subjects  like  the  griffin 
tlerived  from  the  Orient.  An  Oriental  t^ti/le  does  not  exist  among  the  bronzes  from  the 
Ileraeum." 


h 


64 


1  11  ' 

\ 


GENERAL   INTKODUCTIOX 


ENGRAVED  STONES. 


(lENERAL   (iOHDONS    EXCAVATIONS 


05 


f 


Mr.  lluhanl  Norton  has  had  ohar«»t'  of  the  engraved  stones  from  our  excavations, 
and  will  j^ive  a  separate  account  of  these.  But  I  may  siiy  at  this  place  that  his  classifi- 
cation fully  hears  out  the  general  conclusions  concerning  the  Ileraeiun  antiquities  to 
which  I  have  been  led  by  the  study  of  the  other  finds  on  our  site. 

EGYPTIAN   OBJECTS. 

In  the  important  chronological  conclusions  to  which  we  have  been  led  by  the  stu<ly  of 
the  antiipiities  found  at  the  Heraeum,  the  Egyptian  objects  were  left  unnoticed,  because 
I  did  not  feel  qualified  to  judge  of  them.  But  it  appeared  to  me  when  the  excavations 
were  eomi»leted  that  these  could  throw  no  light  upon  the  earliest  history  of  that  site.  No 
Egyptian  object  was  found  below  the  black  layer  of  the  Old  Temple,  and,  as  far  as  1 
could  ascertiiin  from  the  actual  finds,  none  came  from  the  lowest  layers  near  the  bed- 
rock on  any  of  the  other  sites.  Those  that  were  found  would  thus  most  probably  be 
related  to  tlie  later  "  orientalizing  "  period,  as  we  noted  it  in  terracottas,  vases,  etc. 

Mr.  A.  M.  Lythgoe  has  undertaken  the  publication  of  these  objects  and  will  further 
make  a  comparative  study  of  those  found  at  the  Heraeum  with  those  discovered  at  Eleusis 
and  Aegina.  Meanwhile  he  assures  me  '*  that  there  is  no  object  earlier  than  the  begin- 
ning of  the  so-called  Late  New  Empire  —  in  fact,  probably  not  earlier  than  the  reign  of 
Amasis,  Twenty-sixth  Dynasty.  That  dating  would  include  also  the  scarabs  bearing  the 
cartouche  of  llamen-cheper." 

HISTORY  OF  PREVIOrs   EXCAVATIONS. 

The  site  of  the  Heraeum  remained  unkn<(wn  for  many  centuries.  Its  discovery  and 
final  identificati<»n  by  means  of  excavation  wei-e  achieved  in  our  age  by  Colonel  (hiter 
General)  Gordon  of  Cairness  in  the  year  ISJH.  The  first  notice  of  this  discovery  was 
pui»lished  by  William  Mure  in  11^2.'  He  gives  the  following  account  of  the  discovery 
and  of  the  site  :  — 

•'It  was  not  until  my  arrival  at  Athens  that  1  Icarntd  that  the  site  of  the  Hei-neuni,  or  temple 
of  Juno  Argive,  iHjrhaps  the  most  imiHirtant  sjiuctuary  of  ancirnt  (ireece,  after  those  of  Olympia 
and  Delphi,  and  hence  so  long,  so  anxiously,  and  so  vainly  sought  for  hy  travelers,  had  lu'en  dis- 
coverer! hy  General  Gordon,  several  years  before.'-*  .  .  .  The  form  of  this  eminence,  of  which  the 
accompanying  sketch  (Fig.  32),  without  any  pretensions  to  geometrical  accuracy,  will  give  a  fair 
general  idea,  is  nearly  that  of  an  isosceles  triangle  with  its  apex  i>ointing  to  the  mountain  and  its 
base  to  the  plain.  The  surface  is  divided  into  thi-ee  esplanades,  or  terraces,  rising  in  gradation  one 
above  another,  from  the  lower  to  the  uj^mt  extrenjity.  The  central  one  of  the  three  [our  Old  Tem- 
ple] is  supported  by  a  massive  Cyelopean  substructure,  still  in  gmxl  preservation,  to  a  considerable 
height,  an<l  a  conspicuous  objeet  from  some  distance.  It  was  this  wall,  aceonlingly,  which  first 
attracted  the  genei-al's  attention.     On  the  lowest  of  the  three  terraces  he  made  an  excavation. 


'  Journal  of  n  Tour  in  Greece  and  ike  Ionian  Islantl.i, 
London,  184'J,  pp.  177  ff.     He  made  his  journey  in  18,'W. 

-  Tliis  General  Ciiordon  he  mentions  in  an  earlier  pas- 
sage (p.  162)  :  "  Argos  was  at  this  time  the  headquarters 
of  my  countryman.  General  Gortlon,  who  commanded  in 
chief  in  the  Pelo|M>nnesus.  Ilis  arrival  from  Athens  liad 
preceded  mine  by  several  days,  and  a  genenil  invitation 


to  his  table,  during  the  period  of  my  stay,  assured  me 
both  agreeable  society  and  excellent  fare  during  my  re- 
turn from  my  daily  rambles.  The  general,  in  addition 
to  his  extensive  knowledge  of  the  country  and  people,  is 
an  accomplishe<I  antitpiary  ;  and  his  long  residence  in 
this  district  had  rendered  him  more  esjR-cially  familiar 
with  its  objects  of  interest." 


which  fidly  confirmed  his  jn-cvious  susjucion  that  this  was  the  site  of  the  Iloraeum.  Besides  many 
fragments  of  ornamental  masonry,  both  in  stone  and  marble,  lie  disinterred  various  pieees  of  sculp- 
ture. Among  these  was  the  tail  of  a  |>eaco<'k  in  white  marble,  possibly  a  fragment  of  tliat  which 
Pausanias  descrilies  as  dedicate<l  by  Hadrian  to  the  goddess,*  with  several  small  votive  images, 
some  of  them  l>earing  di.stinct  allusions  to  her  worship :  besides  ]ain])s,  vases,  and  otlier  arti«'les 
in  bronze  and  terra-cotta.  Anmng  fragments  of  eohuuns  are  none  which  could  be  considere<l 
worthy  of  having  iM'longed  to  the  jMjrticos  of  so  noble 
an  edifice.  The  greater  part  of  the  edifice,  it  may  be 
presumed,  has  Ih'cu  removed  during  the  later  ages, 
for  the  construction  of  mo<lern  edifices,  sacred  or 
pi-ofane.  Around  the  mouths  of  wells  on  the  ])lain 
Ixdow,  and  on  the  sites  of  several  ruins  of  Byzantine 
or  Turkish  |K*rio<ls,  are  strewe<l  massive  drums  of  col- 
uunis  of  the  Doric  order,  with  fragments  of  a  similar 
de.seri)>tion.  The  lower  terrace  has  also  its  substruc- 
tions of  i-egular  Hellenic  masonry,'-^  forming  a.  breast- 
work to  the  base  of  the  triangle  towards  the  jdain. 
The  excavation  was  conducted  at  the  general's  own 
cost,  and  ujion  a  limited  scale ;  but,  to  judge  by  its 
success,  were  it  to  be  followed  up  on  a  niore  extended 
plan,  it  could  not  fail  to  l>e  productive  of  valuable 
ivsults. 

"The  lenjrth  of  the  surface  of  the  hill  mav  l>e 
alxuit  two  hundred  and  fifty  yards;  its  jiresentbn'adth 
aliout  half  its  length.  It  is  ])rotecte<1  on  its  flanks 
by  steep  precipices  beneath  which  is  the  l)ed  of  a 
small  torrent  descending  from  the  mountain  l>ehind, 
as  in<licated  by  Pausanias,"  etc. 

Ill  communicating  this  discovery  of  General 
Gordon's  to  C<donel  Leakt*,  Mr.  Finlay  sjiys :  ^ 
"  It  is  a  few  hundivd  yards  neai*er  the  hills  than 
where  you  pas.sed,  but  tw(»  ravines  isohite  the 
site,  and  pi-eveiit  it  from  being  i-eached  by  riding 
ch)se  along  the  slope  of  the  hills."  On  November  21,  18*51,  Finlay  further  writes  to 
Leiike :  — 

"  While  at  Xauplia  I  visited  the  IIera<'um,  and  spent  the  whole  day  there;  and  I  had  the  good 
fortune  to  discover  a  curious  subterraneous  passage,*  which  escajMid  the  attention  even  of  Pro- 
fessor Thiersch  of  Munich,  who  had  visitetl  the  site  several  times.  A  projection  of  Mount  Euboea 
lengthens  the  roatl  from  Mycenae  to  these  ruins,  and  obliges  a  horseman  to  keep  so  far  down  in 
the  plains,  that  a  small  knoll  hides  the  ]»lace  from  those  who  pass  near  it,  while  it  remains  visible 
at  a  disUuice,  and  can  he  seen  Imth  from  Argos  and  Nauplia.^  The  eminence  on  which  the  ruins 
are  situate<l  is  an  irregular  triangular  jdatform  having  a  precipitous  apex  towards  Mount  Euboea, 
and  inaccessible  though  not  very  elevated.     The  base  of  the  triangle  is  towanls  Argos,  and  is  sujv 


Fi<i.  .'Vi.  —  Coi.oxKi,  MuuKs  Pi. AX  ok  thk  Site 

OK   THE    HeKAEIM. 

From  his  Journal  of  A  Tour  in  (ireere,  vol.  I. 
p.  179. 


'  This  is  a  mistake,  as  Hadrian's  gift  was  "a  peacock 
of  gold  and  shining  stones"  (Pans.  III.  17.  (»).  Still  the 
allusitm  to  Hera  remains,  as  there  were  also  sacred  ]>ea- 
cocks  in  the  sanctuary  of  Hera  at  Sanios,  etc.  Cf.  Fra- 
zer's  Pausanias,  Vol.  III.  pp.  185  ff. 

'  Gordon  must  therefore,  in  his  excavations,  have  got 
down  to  the  foundation  walls  of  the  Second  Temple. 

•''  I^ake's  Pelo/Htnnexiacii  [supiilement  to  his  Travels 
in  the  Mortal,  published  iu  1840,  pp.  258  if. 


*  Tliis  is  cither  a  broad  cavernous  passage  or  the 
slope  l>ehind  the  buildings,  to  the  northwest  of  the  Old 
Temple,  or  a  passage  near  the  river  to  the  southwest  of 
the  site  inuuediatoly  l)eside  the  "  manhole  "  passage  which 
we  excavated  in  the  first  year.  I  do  not  think  this  one  is 
meant. 

^  I^eake's  fiiotnote  :  "  From  the  Larissa  of  Argos  it 
be.irs  N.  '27  K.  from  Palamidhi,  N.  10  W." 


■\i-^ 


I 

I  ■  r 

) 


,  \ 


IP< 


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hi 


GO 

r 


GENERAL   IXTUODLTTION 


RANCiABES   EXCAVATIONS 


67 


\^  .t^,**f(j^«  -^.■„  ^„>#*. 


SITE  or  Tax  HER^V 

nrar 

hy  James  Robanon  Etf. 

OR  t*>  ,rta<r  of 

Xqor  Gaeral  Cordon 

£>ncKl)K£r  of  Ihr    CrrtJc  Forc*l 


Fig.  33.  — Gkxkkal  Gordon's  Plan  ok  tiik  Sitk  ok  tiik  IIkuakuu. 
From  I^ake's  PelojMnneaiacn,  1846. 

ported  l>y  a  terrace  in  masonrj',  above  wliicli,  at  the  base  of  the  iieak,  is  an  npper  terraee  and  a 
quadrangular  platform.  The  walls  of  the  lower  terraoe  are  generally  of  an  inferior  kind  of  regular 
niasonryl  but  an  angle  towartls  Nauplia  [probably  XI  on  the  Plan  (Fig.  2),  and  the  wall  to  the 
east  of  this]  is  of  fine  workmanship,  and  differs  from  all  the  remaining  walls,  in  consisting  of  two 
layers  of  large  blocks,  succeede<l  by  a  narrower  course.  The  whole  of  this  wall  is  i)ierced  with 
square  holes,  like  those  made  for  l)eanis,  very  numerous,  and  extending  over  the  whole  surface. 
Below  this  terrace  I  found  part  of  the  shaft  of  a  Doric  column,  eleven  feet  six  inches  in  circum- 
ference, with  twenty  flutings.  This  column  was  of  limestone,  and  covered  with  cement.  The  wall 
of  the  npiJer  terrace  consists  of  blocks,  heaped  rudely  together  in  a  very  rough  Cycloi)ean  style ; 
three  layers  of  stone  generally  remain.  One  stone  of  a  triangidar  form  was  twelve  feet  in  the 
sides,  and  fonr  to  five  feet  thick ;  another  eighteen  feet  long  and  six  feet  thick ;  the  breadth  was 
concealed  by  the  earth.  Below  this  terrace  is  another  piece  of  a  column,  which  seems  not  to  have 
belonged  to  the  same  edifice  of  which  that  before  mentioned  formed  a  i)art,  being  of  a  harder 
limestone,  roughly  worked,  unfluted,  and  4  feet  1  inch  in  diameter  at  the  only  end  I  could  mea- 
sure.'    There  are  considerable  quantities  of  pottery  scattered  about." 

»  From  the  Ol.l  Temple. 


AftiT  (lescril)iii«;  his  .search  of  the  watere<)Ui*ses  and  his  discovery  of  the  aqueduct  at 
the  back  of  the  Old  Temple,  Finlay  ends  his  letter.  But  Leake  mentions  a  .second 
eomnuniieation  from  Fiiday  in  tiie  sprin<^  of  18.*30  after  he  had  .spent  a  few  days  at 
Arj»;os  with  Genenil  Gordon,  who  undertook  a  small  excavation  at  the  ruins.'  He 
also  mentions  the  peacock,  the  terra-cotta  antefix,  "  a  lion  of  bronze  about  six  inches 
lonj^,  well  pi-eserved,  some  other  bronzes  mucii  c<»rrode(l,  and  s<nne  terra-cotta  very  rude." 
S<M)n  afterwards  Finlay  sent  Leake  a  plan  of  the  site,  which  Leake  published  in  iiis 
volume,  and  winch  is  here  reproduced  (Fi«;".  Ii3).  It  is  of  especial  interest  to  us  as  .sliow- 
in«^  the  extent  of  Gctrdon's  excavations  on  the  Second  Temple  platform. 

In  the  year  IS.").'}  the  late  arcliae«>h)oi.st,  poet,  and  stiitesman,  A.  Rizo  Ilangabe,  made 
a  j»;reat  effort  to  c(dlect  money  from  all  quarters  of  the  civilized  world  for  tlie  purpose  of 
excavatinj^  Olympia.  His  attempt  was  not  successful,  for  the  whole  sum  raised  fell  short 
of  .^2(M)  (  i'lJl),  7s.),  and  it  was  evidently  (|uite  impossible  to  undertiike  with  tiiis  sum  an 
excavation  whicii,  from  the  numifest  indications  on  the  surface,  would  necessiirily  assume 


IMaii 

■  Hit    drr 

IJMGLGKND. 


.■■'.'■•''i:'''>)'iVv«^#»  " 
a. 


A." 


Fig.  .'U.  —  Rangab^'s   Plax  ok  thk  Site  ok  the  IIkraeum. 
Fruiii  J;is  A  mtfrahung  beiiii  Tempel  der  Hera  unweit  A  rgos,  1855. 

huo;e  (limensifHis.  Thus  Ranji^abe,  who  Avas  joined  by  the  Gennan  sclndar  Bursian, 
decided  to  bej^in  at  what  was  evidently  a  much  smaller  site,  but  one  whicli  seemed  second 
in  importiince  only  to  Olympia,  —  namely,  the  Arjifive  Heraeum.  These  excavations 
were  thus  bejjfun  in  1854.  As  was  to  be  expected  from  the  restricted  means  at  the  dis- 
jMJSjil  <»f  these  excavators,  the  work  could  not  be  carried  very  far,  and,  as  is  evident 
from  Kanj^abe's  phm  hei-e  reproduced  { Fij^.  34),  as  well  as  fnnn  the  account  given  by 
both  Iian<;;al»e  -  and  Bursian,^  was  su}>erficial.  In  fact,  their  work  of  excavation  con- 
sisted in  (li«jf«»^inj>^  trenches  ah)iig  the  northern  side  of  the  Second  Temple  foundations, 

'  Gowlon's  excavation  must  therefore  have  been  made  ^  A.  Rizo  Rangah^,  Auxgrabung  beim  Tempel  der  Hera 

in  18.%,  liis  discovery  of  tlie  site  in  1831.  unweit  Argox,  IlaUo,  1855. 

*  BuUetini  dell.  Inst,  di  Corresp.  Arch.  1854,  pp.  xi-xvii. 


A' 


68 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


>   .h< 


I'  I 


if  1 


round  the  east  side,  and,  for  a  short  distance,  along  the  eastern  jwrtion  of  the  south 
foundation  wall  (Fig.  3i>).  In  our  own  excavation  we  could  trace  the  work  done  l>y 
Rangabe  and  Bursian,  but  found  that  their  trenches  were  not  carrie<l  beyond  a  few  feet 
in  depth.  In  spite  of  the  slightness  of  the  work,  a  considerable  number  of  intei-esting 
marble  fragments  from  the  Second  Temple  were  discovered,  one  head  and  torso  which 
we  shall  reproduce  in  deahng  with  the  sculptures  of  the  temple.  We  should  iu>t  be 
justified  in  expecting  in  those  infant  days  of  excavating  a  proper  appreciation  of  all  the 
minor  finds  and  fragments,  their  careful  pieservation  and  classification.  There  is  thus  no 
record  in  the  accounts  given  by  Bursian  and  Rang-abe  of  the  numerous  objects  of  minor 
art  which  they  found.  The  individual  objects  coming  from  this  excavation  were  dei>osited 
in  a  house  at  Argos,  where,  a  few  years  later,  ui  ISTu,  they  were  seen  by  the  Cambridge 
scholar  W.  G.  Clark,'  who  expressed  his  disappointment  at  the  results  (see  below,  p.  70). 
Rangabe's  excavations,  we  have  seen,  only  consisted  of  a  shallow  trench  along  the 
outside  of  the  foimdation  wall  of  the  Second  Temple  ;  and  as  soon  as  he  came  to  the 
level  of  this  (about  a  foot  from  the  surface),  he  went  to  no  further  depth.  He  thus  mis- 
took the  top  of  this  foundation  wall  for  the  juivement  of  the  temple,"  and  carried  his 

work  no  further  into  the  interior  of  the  temple.'  But  even 
on  the  surface  of  this  wall  he  went  to  no  further  depth,  and 
thus  was  led  to  "believe  that  the  "  luivement  "  ended  where 
the  upj)er  layers  of  the  foundiition  had  Iwjen  removed.  It  is 
owing  to  this  fact  that  on  his  plan  he  reaches  only  one  half  of 
the  southern  wall ;  while  at  this  point  we  found  it  contained 
two  layers  of  stone  beneath,  and  followetl  it  down  at  the 
southwest  corner  to  a  depth  of  twelve  feet.  He  thus  also 
shows  nothing  of  the  west  side  of  the  foundation  wall,  and 
has  to  make  a  guess  as  to  its  position.*  We  thus  find  his 
work  at  the  Second  Temple  to  have  consisted  only  in  digging 
a  trench  to  a  depth  of  not  more  than  two  to  three  feet,  and  a 
width  of  not  more  than  five  feet,  from  the  north  side,  round 
the  east,  and  half  way  down  the  south  side.  The  blocks  of 
2)oros  stone  (M  and  K  on  his  map)  projecting  from  the  northeast  corner  of  the  temple 
he  conceived  to  have  been  pavements  of  altsirs  {Fiif<sbo(len  von  Altiireti)  iind  }Kirts  of 
the  temple,  and  makes  a  conjecture  that  the  larger  of  the  two  (K)  held  the  silver  altar 
mentioned  by  Pausanias. 

Beyond  this  work  at  the  Second  Temple  the  excavations  of  Riingabe  were  hardly  carried, 
though  trenches  were  dug  at  various  points,  without  leading  him  to  believe  that  tnues  of 
other  buildings  existed.  They  were  merely  undertaken  for  comi)leteness'  stike,  at  least  to 
make  sure  that  nothing  was  to  be  found  there.^  We  must  deei)ly  regiet  that  we  do  not 
hear  more  about  the  trench  dug  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  platform  and  below  it  (out- 


♦^ 


•fc 


r 


Fig.  35.  —  Bursian's  Plan. 


1  His  account  is  given  in  his  Peloponnesus,  pp.  83  If., 
published  in  London,  1858. 

'  Ausgrabung,  etc.  p.  13,  "Dieser  Streif  scheint  der 
Fussboden  des  Peristyls  zu  sein." 

■''  Op.  eit.  p.  14,  "Von  der  inneren  Flache  des  Tem- 
pels  ist  nichts  mehr  vorhanden  ; "  p.  18,  "  Ueber  die  in- 
nere  Einrichtung  und  den  inneren  Scbmuck  des  Tempels 
sind  alle  Vennuthungen  schwer." 

*  Op.  cU.  p.  14,  "Es  ist  aber  unter  den  vorhandenen 
Yerhaltnissen  ebenso  schwierig  zu  sageu,  welche  die  ge- 


naue  Form  des  Tempels  war  als  auch  zu  wissen,  ob  die 
Tierte  [western]  Seite  nicht,  aus  irgcnd  eineni  unU>kaun- 
ten  Grunde,  weit  entfenit  von  den  zwei  langen  lag." 

•^  Op.  eil.  pp.  19,  20,  "  Die  Ausgrabung  wiire  nicht 
ToUstiindig,  wenn  ausser  der  eigentlichen  Teni|)elstatte, 
auf  der  diese  Resultate  gewonnen  wurden,  man  nicht 
auch  andere  von  den  umliegenden  Stiitten  untersucht  hUtte, 
um  wenig^tens  zur  Gewissheit  zu  gelangen  dass  dort 
nichts  zu  erbeuten  seL" 


RANGABE'S   DISCOVERIES 


69 


I 


side  the  sup|Kjrting  wall),  where  he  seems  to  have  struck  one  of  the  earliest  layers.  For 
here  they  "  came  upon  a  spot  close  to  the  entrance,  where  there  were  a  few  isolated 
graves.  They  ap|>eared  to  have  been  made  of  ponuis  stone,  so  that  the  sides  of  these  shaft- 
tombs  crumbled  away  on  the  .spot,  and  were  dissolved  into  a  yellowish  earth,  in  which 
were  found  several  vases,  most  of  them  undecorated,  of  common  workmanship  and 
form."  '  Manifestly  these  (in  continuation  of  the  region  outside  the  earliest  perlbohts- 
wall)  were  small,  rude  shaft-tombs  of  the  Sjilaminian  order,  such  as  we  found  at  the 
south  slope,  and  in  which  were  the  early  vases  with  "  dull-colored  "  ornament.  Here,  or 
near  it,  he  <'ame  also  upon  the  early  vases,  figurines,  bronze  pins  {NiUjel),  etc.,  which 
made  up  our  black  layer. 

All  in  all,  Riingab:'  appears  to  have  found  .'552  separate  objects.  Bursijin'-  tells  us  of 
550  "  architectural  and  glyi)tic  (>bjects."  But  he  is  evidently  inaccurate,  as  Rangabe 
gives  a  cla.ssificd  list  of  the  various  objects  found,  adding  "  numerous  vase-fragments, 
pie<*es  of  iron,  and  of  bronze." 

The  most  import<int  objects  found  wei-e  no  doubt  the  fr.igments  of  marble  sculpture,  of 
which  (evidently  counting  even  the  smallest  chi}))  he  counts  375.  Among  these  are  114 
fragments  of  legs  and  feet  and  1(5()  fragments  of  drapery.  Not  all  of  these  have  been 
preserved.  The  only  comi)lete  piece  he  i-efers  to  is  the  female  metope  head  here  embodied 
among  ours  (Plate  XXXII. ).  "  None  of  them,"  he  says,'  "is  complete,  and  as  they  are 
of  diiferent  dimensions,  some  life-size,  some  colossal,  and  others,  again,  and  these  form 
tJie  greater  number,  under  hfe-size,  it  is  impossible  to  determine  whether,  or  if  so,  which 
belong  to  single  statues  (i>erhaps  to  those  of  the  priestesses),  and  which  to  pedimental 
figures  or  other  ornaments  of  the  temple."  They  were  chiefly  found  at  the  jjronaos 
and  the  northern  side,  where  he  excavated.* 

The  evidence  of  our  own  excavations  and,  in  the  light  of  these,  the  account  which 
Rangabe  and  Bursian  themselves  give  show  that  their  excavation  does  not  deserve  this 
name  in  the  full  and  modern  acceptiition  of  that  term.  I  do  not  say  this  in  a  spirit  which 
ignores  the  high-minded  enthusi^ism  of  these  scholars,  who  labored  under  the  great  diffi- 
culties of  such  restricted  nie<ins  at  that  imjierfect  stage  of  the  "  art "  of  excavating.  But 
it  is  for  truth's  siike  necessjiry  to  sjiy  that  the  work  of  18.54  consisted  in  mere  scratching 
of  the  surface  and  digging  of  a  few  trial  trenches.  The  fact  of  their  being  hitherto 
quoted  as  "  excavations  of  the  Heraeum  "  led  many,  ourselves  included,  to  assume  that 
nothing  more  was  to  be  found ;  and  it  was  only  when  we  were  brought  face  to  face  with 
the  actiuil  site,  and  were  impressed  with  the  promise  of  the  soil  as  it  appeared  on  the  sur- 
face and  the  few  indications  of  walls,  that  Mr.  Brownson  and  I  agreed  in  1891  as  to  the 
desirability  —  nay,  necessity  —  of  completing  the  work  of  Rangabe. 

I  should,  in  fine,  like  to  quote  the  remarks  of  a  Cambridge  scholar,  W.  G.  Clark, 
whose  work  was  published  in  1858,°  but  who  visited  the  site  in  18.54  while  Rangabe 
was  excavating,  and  I  shall  give  the  passage  relating  to  the  Heraeum  more  fully,  as  his 
remarks  in  general,  and  especially  those  on  "  Prosymna,"  seem  to  me  so  cogent  and 
interesting. 


'  Op.  cit.  p.  20,  "  Einer  von  diesen  Grsiben  fiihrte  zu 
einer  Stelle  hart  am  Eiugang,  wo  eiuige  isolirte  Graber 
waren.  Sie  scheinen  aus  poriisem  Stein  bestanden  zu 
haben,  so  dass  ihre  Seiten  auf  der  Stelle  verfault,  sich  in 
eine  gelbliche  Erde  aufgeliist  haben,  worin  sich  einige 
Vasen,  die  meisten  unverziert,  von  gewuhnlicher  Arbeit 
und  Form  vorgefunden  haben." 


*  Bulletini  dell.  Inst,  di  Corresp.  Arch.  Rome,  1854, 
p.  xvi,  "  Tutti  questi  oggetti  con  tutti  i  rimasugli  archi- 
tettonici  e  glittici  (essendo  questi  ultimi  550,  .  .  .  etc.)." 

•''  Ausgrabung,  etc.,  p.  23. 

*  Op.  cit.  pp.  18  and  19. 

^  Peloponnesus,  London,  1858,  pp.  83  B. 


I 

i 


l  i 


70 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


W 


I 


"  The  ancient  Ileraeum  was  a  fortress  as  well  as  a  city.  The  jnisition  eonibiiiin^  natural  strength 
with  a  copious  water-supply  so  far  resembles  that  of  Mycenae,  hut  differs  from  it  inasmuch  as  it 
stands  out  on  a  projecting  spur,  instead  of  nestling  in  a  recess  of  the  mountain  chain.  .  .  . 

"  Recent  excavations  —  still  in  progress  when  we  were  there  —  have  laid  hare  parts  of  the  foun- 
dations of  the  temple,  so  as  to  leave  no  douht  as  to  its  exact  site,  hut  bringing  nothing  to  light  by 
which  the  dimensions  could  be  estimated  with  anything  like  certainty.  The  complete  disappear- 
ance of  the  buildin*'  at  so  irreat  a  distance  from  anv  town  seems  to  prove  that  its  materials  were 
convertible  into  lime.  If  it  had  been  built  of  marble,  Pausanias  wouhl  ju-obably  have  said  so: 
moreover,  in  another  place  (VIII.  41)  he  says  that  no  temple  in  the  l\'h»iM»nnese,  except  that  of 
Tegea,  surpassed  in  beauty  of  material  that  at  liassae,  which  we  know  from  its  remains  to  have 
been  built  of  limestone.  The  Ileraeum  was  therefore,  in  all  j)robability,  of  limesttine  too,  always 
excepting  the  decorative  sculpture  in  the  frieze  and  ]>ediments.  Immediately  in  front  were  a  flight 
of  steps,  and  jwrhaps  j)ropylaea,  fronting  the  road  to  Argos,  and  from  which  a  path  h'«l  to  the 
right  to  a  lower  terrace.  inten<led  probably  for  the  abode  of  the  servants  of  the  temple.  .  .  .  Imme- 
diately above  the  site  of  the  temple  just  described  is  a  i)olygonal  wall  sui)|M»rting  the  highest  t«'r- 
race  of  all :  on  which,  no  doubt,  the  more  ancient  temple  stoinl,  though  not  a  vestige  now  remains. 
Some  religious  scniple  seems  to  have  prevented  the  Argives  from  meddling  with  the  relics  of  the 
first  temple.  It  was  originally  built  on  the  lonely  hill,  ])erhaps  as  a  common  holy  place  for  all 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Argive  jdain,  and  a  peculiar  sanctity  attached  to  it  on  account  of  its  imme- 
morial anti(piity  The  Argives,  and  probably  the  other  communities,  so  long  as  they  retained  their 
independence,  dated  the  jmblic  acts  according  to  the  year  of  the  ])riestess  of  Hera.  Thucydides, 
evitlently  expecting  that  his  work  would  be  known  and  read  in  the  I*elo)M>nnesc,  gives  the  date  of 
the  connnencement  of  the  war,  according  to  the  Argive  calendar,  "when  Chryseis  was  in  the 
forty-eighth  year  of  the  priesthood"  (Thuc.  II.  2).  The  accident  to  the  teinjtle  oecurivd  eight 
years  and  a  half  afterwards  ( IV.  133). 

''Tiie  excavations  undertaken  by  the  government  had  Ik'CU  much  talked  of,  and  their  results 
vaunted  even  in  the  English  pa|)ers.  We  were  very  much  disap]>ointed  with  what  we  saw  collected 
at  Argos.  Some  shelves  in  a  little  room  contained  the  whole  —  a  few  small  fragments.  There  was 
one  beautiful  female  head  with  the  hair  in  a  band  gathered  in  a  knot  behin<l,  and  also  some  feet  and 
hands  of  niarble.  There  was  a  fragment  of  a  frii'ze  with  the  honeysuckle  ornament  ])ninted  jiale 
yellow  on  a  black  ground,  with  re«l  in  the  eentrc.  There  was  a  lion's  head  with  ojm'U  mouth,  wiru-h 
must  have  been  a  gargoyle,  and  a  i)ieee  of  moulding  of  which  the  ornament  represented  a  buckle 
and  tongue.     I  do  not  know  the  an^hitectural  name  [egg  and  dart].  .  .  . 

''  All  the  district  comprehended  under  these  three  nan>es  was  probably  destined  for  the  sup|>ort 
of  the  temple  and  its  ministers.  ...  I  find,  from  another  passage  in  the  same  writer  (Pans.  11. 
37.  1),  that  Prosymna  was  one  of  the  titles  under  which  Demeter  was  worshi|H'd  by  the  Argives. 
I  conclude,  therefore,  that  it  was  some  j)rovincial  name  for  arable  land,  as  the  lowest  part  of  the 
mountain  is.  There  is  i)erhaps  no  trade  or  art,  besides  agricultui-e,  which  so  abounds  in  l<H*al  and 
provincial  terms  not  generally  understood.  Farmers  and  laborers  ti-avel  less  out  of  their  own 
neighborhood  and  their  own  class  than  any  other  jM*ople." 

From  1854  to  1802  no  atteiin)ts  were  made  to  explore  this  iiii]>ortaiit  site.  Duniijj 
these  tliirty-ei«»;ht  years,  time  had  done  its  w(n-k,  and  had  ohlitenited  all  traces  of  pre- 
vions  excavations.  No  donbt  the  iidiahitants  of  the  nei«>;hl)orino;  viUat^es  had  continued 
the  practice  of  previous  centuries  (a  j)raetiee  we  found  it  difficult  to  pi-event  even  durinji^ 
our  excavations)  of  carry injif  off  iM>rtal)le  stones  for  building  material. 

EXCAVATIONS  BY   THE  AMERICAN  SCHOOL  AT  ATHENS. 


In  1891  I  wrote  to  the  Manajjinjj^  Connnittee  of  the  Selnxd  of  Athens  as  f<dh)ws  :  — 

"  I  have  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  the  Greek  government  a  concession  (which  will  have  to  lie 
confirmed  by  the  Chamber}  of  the  right  to  excavate  for  seven  years  on  two  sites  to  be  chosen  by 


AMERICAN    EXCAVATIONS    HE(tUN 


71 


Kio. :«».  —  Thk  Skconh  Tkmi'LK  Pi-atkohm  liKKouK  Excavation. 

me  out  of  five  which  I  suggested.  In  order  to  decide  ujion  this  choice,  I  left  Athens  on  April  1. 
accom])anie<l  bv  Mr.  lirownson.  and  examined  the  site  of  the  Ileraeum  of  Arffos  and  Ariros  itself, 
Tcgca,  Sparta,  Messcnc,  and  Elis.  I  was  told  of  difficulties  which  might  arise  in  the  exjiropria- 
tion  of  jjrivatc  projMirty  at  Sparta,  but  I  have  convinced  myself  on  the  spot  that  these  will  not  lie 
serious :  while,  on  the  other  hand,  from  the  nature  of  the  soil,  as  well  as  from  the  indications  of 
what  has  already  been  found  there,  I  am  bound  to  consider  Sparta  one  of  the  most  hoiH'fid  sites  in 
Ci recce.  With  regard  to  the  other  sites,  the  difficulty  lies  in  choosing  between  Messene  and  Elis. 
Elis  is  a  ju'lfirl  I'.ie  most  promising,  but  Messene  seems  from  the  configuration  of  the  soil  to  be 
preferable.  Near  the  village  of  Mavromati,  within  the  city  walls,  it  appears  that  the  ancient 
Agora  is  mcII  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  soil  washed  down  by  the  stream  from  the  hill  of 
Ithome.  Elis  also  looks  well,  but  bears  traces  of  frequent  devastation.  On  the  whole  I  find 
it  <lifficult  to  decide  between  these  two  sites,  one  of  which,  certaiidy,  we  shoidd  choose.  If  I 
should  tdtimately  succeed  in  gaining  the  concession,  I  projwse  to  l)egin  early  next  season  to  dig 
at  Eretria  and  at  the  Ileraeum  of  Argos,  where  the  excavations  of  Bursian  and  Rangabc.  many 
years  ago,  certainly  require  completion.  Later  in  the  season,  Sparta  should  be  tried,  and  either 
Messene  or  Elis."  * 

In  1802,  after  the  work  was  fairly  hejfun  at  the  Heraeum,  I  bep^an  ex])lorative  exca- 
vations at  SjKirtii,  assisted  by  Mr,  Meader,  the  results  of  which  have  since  been  pub- 
lished." 

When  we  bejjf.m  our  work  at  the  Heraeum,  the  site  was  clearly  marked  by  the  Cych»pean 
Kupportin<r  wall  of  the  Older  Temple,  some  traces  of  the  supportino"  wall  of  the  second 
platform  at  the  east  and  southeast  ends,  and  some  traces  of  the  wall  at  the  southern 

'  .Sco  7Vm/A   Amiunl  Tieiwrt  of  the  Mn»ngi»g  Committee  *  Am.  Journ.  Arch.   VIII.    (18^3),  pp.  410-428;  cf. 

of  the  .\merirnu  Sihtwi  n/  Classlitil  Studies  at  Athens,  1890-  Eleventh  Annual  Hejwrt  of  the  Managing  Committee,  etc. 
lU,  pp.  29  ft.  (Director's  I(e|M>rt).  (Director's  Report),  p.  31. 


II 


i 


70 


GKNKHAL   INTKODrcTlON 


AMKIMCAN    HXCAVATIONS    IlKCilN 


71 


"  Tlie  ancient  Hi'rai'um  was  a  fortress  as  well  as  a  eity.  The  ]>4*sitioM  (■oHil)inin<>-  natiiial  strenylli 
with  a  eopious  water-snpply  so  far  resembles  that  of  Myet-nae,  but  tlitl'ers  from  it  inasmueh  as  it 
stands  out  on  a  j)rojeetini;-  sjjur,  instead  <»f  nestlinjr  in  a  reeess  of  the  mountain  eliain.   .  .  . 

"  Keeent  excavations  —  still  in  progress  when  we  were  there  —  havt-  lai«l  baic  jtarts  of  the  foun- 
dations of  the  temple,  so  as  to  Icavt'  no  donht  as  to  its  I'xaet  site,  hut  hrinnin;;'  nothin<;  to  lijilit  liy 
which  the  dimensions  eould  he  estimated  with  anytliinj;  like  (-ertainty.  Tiie  <-omplete  disappear- 
ance of  the  hiiildini;  at  so  j^reat  a  distance  from  any  tt>wn  s<'ems  to  prove  that  its  materials  were 
eonvertihlc  into  lime.  If  it  had  been  built  of  marble,  Pausanias  would  ])robal>ly  have  said  so: 
moreover,  in  another  jdaee  (VIII.  41  )  he  says  that  no  temple  in  the  Peloponnese.  except  that  of 
Te«i;ea,  surpassed  in  beauty  of  material  that  at  liassae.  which  we  know  from  its  remains  to  have 
l»een  built  of  limestone.  Tiie  lleraeum  was  therefore,  in  all  probaliility,  of  linu-stone  too,  always 
i'xceptins;-  the  decorative  sculpture  in  the  frie/t;  an«l  ]»«>dinH'nts.  Immediately  in  front  were  a  tliuht 
of  stej»s,  and  perhaps  ]>ropylaea,  fronting'  the  road  to  Arjios.  and  from  which  a  path  leil  to  the 
riji'ht  to  a  lower  terrace,  intended  ]>robably  for  the  abode  of  the  servants  of  the  tem]ile.  .  .  .  Imme- 
cliately  above  the  site  <»f  the  temple  just  described  is  a  polygonal  wall  supportinjj  the  hij;hest  ter- 
r:ice  of  all :  on  which,  no  doubt,  the  more  ancient  temple  stood.  thou<,di  not  a  vcsti'je  now  remains. 
Sonu*  relij^ioiis  scruple  seems  to  have  ])revented  the  Arijivi's  fr«)m  med<llin^'  with  the  relics  «»f  the 
tirst  temple.  It  was  orii^inally  built  on  the  lonely  hill.  ])erliaps  as  a  eonnnon  holy  plac(>  for  all 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Argive  ]>lain.  an«l  a  ]>eculiar  sanctity  attached  to  it  on  ac«-oinit  of  its  imme- 
morial antitpiity  The  .\r<iives,  and  probably  the  other  communities.  si>  long  as  they  retained  their 
indeitendence,  ilated  the  public  acts  according  to  the  year  of  the  priestess  of  Hera.  Tlnwydides. 
evidently  expecting  that  his  work  would  be  known  and  read  in  the  IVloponnes*'.  gives  the  date  of 
the  eonnnenecment  of  the  war,  aecor«1in<r  to  the  Arrive  calendar,  "when  Chrvseis  was  in  the 
forty-i'ighth  year  of  the  priesthood  "  (Thin*.  II.  2).  The  accident  to  the  tem|de  (M'curred  eight 
y«'ars  and  a  half  afterwards  (  IV.  \'.Mi^, 

"The  excavations  undertaken  by  the  government  had  b««cn  nujch  talked  of,  and  their  residts 
vaunted  even  in  the  Knglish  ]»:ipers.  We  were  vi-ry  much  disa|)pointed  with  what  we  saw  collected 
at  Argos.  Some  shelves  in  a  little  room  contained  the  whole  —  a  few  small  fragments.  There  was 
one  beautiful  female  head  with  the  hair  in  a  band  gather«'d  in  a  knot  behind,  and  also  some  feet  and 
hands  of  marble.  There  was  a  fragment  of  a  frie/*-  with  the  honeysu«'kle  ornament  ]>ainted  )»;de 
yeUow  on  a  black  ground,  w ith  r»-d  in  the  centre.  There  was  a  lion's  head  with  ojwn  mouth,  which 
must  have  been  a  gargoyle,  and  a  ])ieee  of  moulding  of  which  the  ornament  ri-presented  a  buckle 
and  tongue.      I  do  not  know  the  architectural  name  [egg  and  dart  J.  .   .   . 

••  All  the  distrii't  comprehended  un«ler  these  three  names  was  ]>robably  destined  for  the  sup|>ort 
of  the  ti'uiplc  and  its  ministers.  ...  I  tin«l,  from  anotlu-r  j)assage  in  the  same  writer  (  Pans,  II. 
^{7.  1),  that  Prosymna  was  «)ue  of  the  titles  under  which  I  )enu'ter  was  worsliip»'d  by  the  .\rgives, 
I  i'oncluile,  therefore,  that  it  was  s«une  jirovincial  nanu'  for  arable  land,  as  the  h»west  part  of  the 
mountain  is.  There  is  )>erhaps  no  trade  or  art.  1)esides  agriculture,  which  so  .ibounds  in  loe:d  an«l 
provincial  terms  not  generally  untlerstood.  Farmers  and  lab<»rers  travel  h-ss  out  of  their  own 
neighborhood  and  their  own  class  than  any  other  |H'ople." 

From  IS.14  to  1S02  no  atteinpts  were  nuule  to  explore  this  important  site.  Diirino- 
these  tliirty-eij»lit  years,  time  ha<l  <lone  its  work,  and  lia«l  olditerat«'«l  all  traces  of  pn*- 
vioiis  cxeavatioiis.  No  doiiltt  the  iiihahitants  of  the  iieii^hhoriiio-  villa;;'es  had  eontiiined 
the  practice  of  previous  ji'iitiuies  (a  practice  we  found  it  difheidt  to  prevent  even  dnrin^ 
our  excavations)  of  carrying;;  oil"  portable  stones  for  hiiildino-  material. 

KXCAVATIO.NS  IJY   THK   AMKKICAN   SCHOOL   AT   ATIIK.XS. 

In  1S!H  I  wr«»te  to  the  Manao-ino;  Connnittee  of  the  ScluMd  of  Athens  as  follows  :  — 

"  I  iiave  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  the  (ireek  government  a  concession  (which  will  have  to  be 
contirmed  by  the  Chandter)  of  the  right  to  excavate  for  seven  years  on  two  sites  to  Im*  chosen  by 


III..  :U>.  -       \\\i    .Sm  oXI»    J'kMI'I.K    I'l.ATKOKM    ItKKOKK    KXCAVATIOX. 

ine  out  of  live  which  I  suggested.  In  order  to  decid«?  upon  this  choici*.  I  left  Athens  on  April  1. 
nceonipanied  bv  .Mr.  iirownson.  and  examined  the  site  of  the  lleraeum  of  Ariros  and  Ar"<»s  it>elf. 
Tcgea.  Sparta,  .Messene,  and  Flis.  I  was  told  of  difti<'ulties  which  might  arise  in  the  expropria- 
tion of  private  pro))crty  at  .Snarta,  but  I  have  convinced  myself  on  the  spot  that  these  will  not  be 
Rerious :  while.  <in  the  other  hand,  from  the  nature  of  the  soil,  as  well  as  from  the  in»lications  of 
what  has  .-dready  been  found  there.  I  am  boimd  to  consider  Sparta  one  <»f  the  most  hopeful  sites  in 
(ireece.  \\\\\\  I'cgard  to  the  other  sites,  tin;  <lithculty  lies  in  choosing  between  Messene  an<l  Klis. 
VX\s\9.  a  ftri'tri  , lie  most  jjromising.  but  Messene  seems  from  the  configuration  of  the  soil  to  be 
preferalde.  Near  the  village  of  Mavromati,  within  the  city  walls,  it  ajjpears  that  the  ancient 
Agora  is  well  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  soil  washed  down  by  the  stream  from  the  hill  of 
Ithomc.  Klis  also  hniks  well,  but  l>ears  traces  of  fre<pient  devastation.  On  the  whole  1  find 
it  diftieult  to  deciile  between  these  two  sites,  one  of  which,  certainly,  we  should  choose.  If  I 
should  ultimately  succeed  in  gaining  the  concession.  I  jtropose  to  begin  early  next  season  to  dig 
at  Kretri.i  and  at  the  Ileraenm  of  Argos,  where  the  exeavatitms  of  liursian  and  liangal»e.  many 
years  ago,  cert:iinly  require  completion.  Later  in  the  season.  Sparta  should  be  trie«l.  and  either 
Messene  or  Klis.''  * 

In  ISD'J.  after  the  work  was  fairly  heotm  at  the  Heraeiin),  I  heoan  explorative  exca- 
vations at  Sparta,  assisted  hy  Mr.  Mea<ler,  the  lesnlts  of  which  have  sinct-  been  pnb- 
Iishe«l." 

WIhmi  wc  l»ei>an  onr  work  at  the  Ih-raeinn.  the  site  was  clearly  marked  hy  the  f 'yclo})ean 
snpportino-  wall  of  the  Ohh-r  T»*niple.  some  traces  of  the  sii]»portino'  wall  of  the  sec(»nd 
platform  at   the  j-ast  and   sontheast   ends,  an<l   sonte  traces  of  the  wall  at  the   southern 

'  Si't'  Titilh   Aiiiiiial  lir/Mut  lit'  t/iiMiiiiiit/iiii/  Comwilhf  -  Am.  Jourii.   Arch.    VIII.    (ISIVJ).  pp.   4in-4'JS  ;   cf. 

of'thi.linrnivinSiliiMjof'CliisslitilSliiilii'snlAlhens,  1SJM>  Elert'nlh  Annual  Ite/nirt  of  ttn  .Mnnfif/ltii/  Cummittct;  otf. 
in,  pp.  tiOfT.  (Ilirei'toi's  K.pi.H).  (Direttor's  Report),  p.  M. 


¥ 


\i: 


•'  \l 


'  i-' 


72 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


end  of  the  Lower  Stoa.  The  rude  sqimre  turret-shaped  wall  at  the  southeaHt  en<l  of 
the  second  platform  was  so  clearly  manifest  that,  after  digginj^  in  the  interior  of  tiiis 
squiire  tower,  I  at  once  erected  a  Phykikeion  (XI  on  the  Plan)  over  this  to  contiiin  our 
tools  and  «»;ive  some  shelter  agiiinst  the  sun  during  our  midday  recess.  This  was  the 
only  spot  where  I  coidd  predict  that  no  further  excavations  would  he  needed.  From  the 
report  to  the  committee  quoted  ahove,  it  will  be  seen  that  I  did  not  ex|)ect  to  find  so 
large  a  site  and  so  many  buildings.  The  fact  that  jirevious  "  excavations  "  had  l)een 
conducted,  and  the  reference  of  Pausanias  to  only  one  building,  the  Second  Temple,  and 
to  the  burnt  ruins  of  another,  the  older  temple,  naturally  led  me  to  suppose  that  we 
had  only  to  clear  away  the  surface  of  the  temple,  to  exph)re  the  Old  Temple  platform, 
and  to  make  out  the  meaning  of  the  isolated  walls  to  the  southwest,  in  order  to  com- 
plete our  excavation  of  the  site  and  to  supplement  the  inqwrfect  work  (h»ne  in  previous 
years. 

Instead  of  this  we  have  found  nine  sej>arate  buildings,  each  of  considerable  dimensions 


'I  I 


Fig.  37.  —  Sitk  of  thk  Old  Tkmplk  Platform  bkfork  Excavation. 

and  importance,  and  remains  of  several  other  structures  and  walls.  Moreover,  the  work 
done  at  the  two  temj>les  could  only  be  termed  "  scratching  "  the  surface,  and  the  system 
of  going  to  the  lowest  depths,  to  bed-rock,  on  these  sites  has  l)een  }>roved  by  our  finds 
to  be  one  of  the  first  i)rinciples  of  excavation. 

When  we  began  our  work,  in  1892,  there  were  no  indications  of  ancient  remains 
beyond  those  mentioned  above.  The  Second  Temple  platform  (Fig.  \VS)  was  nothing 
but  a  rough,  stony,  ploughed  field,  and  the  upper  terrace  as  well  as  all  the  other  i)arts 
of  the  sjinctiuiry  presented  the  same  aspect  (Fig.  37). 

I  have  given  a  fuller  account  of  our  first  year's  work  in  a  separ.ite  pid)lication.'  Dr. 
Brownson  has  also  written  special  pajjers  on  the  results  of  that  year's  digging  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Archaeology  (Vol.  VIII.  [1893],  pp.  205  ff.).  Mr.  Fox's  excellent 
plans  of  the  excavations  in  that  year  will  be  found  in  the  Twelfth  Anmial  Iteport  of 
the  School.  These  papers  and  works  have  been  reprinted  in  the  Papers  of  the  Ameri- 
can School  at  Athens,  Vol.  VI.  But  in  attempting  to  give  a  short  history  of  the  excava- 
tions themselves  during  our  foiu-  successive  campaigns,  I  will  here  quote  from  my  Reports 
to  the  Ct)mmittee  of  the  American  School,  written  towards  tlie  close  of  the  excavations 
in  1892,  and  of  each  succeeding  year. 

^  Excavations  of  the  American  School  at  the  Heraion  of  Argot,  1892. 


^Vl 


AMERICAN   EXCAVATIONS   IN   1892 


73 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1892. 

"  On  February  13  I  started  for  Argos,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Brownson  and  Mr.  Fox.  Before  we 
began  active  work  we  were  joined  by  Mr.  De  Cou  and  Dr.  Newhall.  On  March  4  Professor 
Poland  also  joine<l  us,  and  took  charge  of  the  work  for  a  week,  during  which  time  I  accompanied 
Mr.  Washington  to  Phlius,  and  then  returned  to  Athens.  To  the  hearty  co<">peration  of  all  these 
geutlenien  the  success  of  our  work  is  largely  due. 

"  We  began  our  work  at  the  lleraeum  in  an  explorative  manner,  to  test  the  nature  of  the  several 
sites  there  groujKid.  At  first  we  employed  sixty-three  men  and  three  carts,  and  rose  to  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  men  and  twenty-six  carts.  We  were  exceptionally  favored  by  good  we<itlier  ;  in 
the  fii*st  mouth  we  lost  only  one  half-<lay  from  bad  weather.  Our  chief  energies  were  concentrate<l 
on  the  Second  Temple  (Fig.  38)  ;  but  we  dug  trenches  also  on  the  site  of  the  earlier  teuiple,  where 


Fig.  38.  —  Thk  Skcosu  ThMPW.  at  thk  Closk  of  thk  Skason  of  1892. 

we  came  uiHin  its  pavement,  consisting  of  flat  polygonal  stones,  and  also  upon  a  continuous  layer 
of  charred  wood,  — an  interesting  confirmation  of  the  record  of  the  burning  of  the  temple.  We 
found  ruins  of  what  may  prove  to  be  early  Greek  baths,  and  of  a  stoa.  At  a  depth  of  between  ten 
and  fifteen  feet,  on  the  slope  at  the  west  end  of  the  Second  Temple,  we  came  upon  a  curious  layer 
of  black  earth,  in  which  we  found  a  great  number  of  archaic  bronze  objects,  amber  beads,  some 
gold  and  silver  rings,  terra-cotta  ornaments,  fragments  of  early  vases,  bone  needles,  stone  seals, 
etc.  The  terra-cotta  plaques  are  almost  unique  in  character,  while  the  vases  make  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  our  knowledge  of  early  ornamental  ceramic  art. 

"  We  were  fortunate  enough  to  find  a  large  number  of  the  marble  sculptured  ornaments  of  the 
Second  Temple  in  a  more  or  less  fragmentary  condition.  .  .  .  We  were  still  more  fortunate  in  dis- 
covering two  well-preserved  heads,  about  two  thirds  life-size,  which  belonged  to  the  meto}>es,  and 
also  a  well-preserved  male  torso  from  one  of  the  metopes.  Finally,  immediately  in  front  of  the 
west  end  of  the  temple,  we  had  the  great  fortune  of  finding  the  marble  head  of  Hera,  of  which 
you  have  already  heard.  This  head,  of  at  least  life-size,  is  recognized  by  all  who  have  seen  it  as 
the  best  preserved  specimen  of  a  female  head  from  the  fifth  century  b.  c."  .  .  . 


72 


( i KN K K AL   I NTRODUCTKXX 


end  of  the  Lower  Stoji.  The  rude  stjiiare  turret-shaped  wall  at  the  southeast  end  of 
the  s<'('ond  platform  was  so  elearly  manifest  that,  after  dij;'«;in«;  in  the  interior  ot  this 
s«juare  tower,  1  at  onee  ereeted  a  Pht/fuke'nm  (XI  on  the  Plan)  over  this  to  contain  our 
tools  and  liive  some  shelter  a<>'ainst  the  sun  durin«»-  our  middav  reeess.  This  was  tln' 
onlv  spot  where  1  could  predict  that  no  further  excavations  would  he  needed.  From  the 
rep<»rt  to  the  conuuittee  (pioted  ahove,  it  will  he  seen  that  I  did  not  expect  to  find  S4» 
lari;e  a  site  and  so  manv  huildini»^s.  The  fact  that  previous  "  excavations  "  liad  heen 
contlucted,  and  the  reference  of  Pausanias  to  only  oue  huildin<;;,  the  Secon«l  Temple,  and 
to  tlic  hunit  ruins  of  another,  the  older  temple,  naturally  led  nu*  to  suppose  that  we 
had  only  to  clear  away  the  surface  of  the  temple,  to  exph)re  the  Old  Temple  platform, 
and  t«>  malv«'  out  the  meanin*>;  of  the  isolatecl  walls  to  the  southwest,  in  order  to  com- 
plete our  excavation  of  the  site  and  to  supplenuMit  the  imperfect  work  don*-  in  previous 
years. 

Instead  of  this  we  have  found  niiu-  st^parate  1)uildini»;s.  each  of  j'onsiderahle  dimensions 


FmJ.  37.  —  SiTK   OK   TIIK   Ou>   TkMPI.K    Pi.ATKOKM    KKIUKK    KxiAVATInX. 

and  importance,  and  remains  of  several  other  structures  and  walls.  Mon-over.  the  work 
<h»ne  at  the  two  temples  could  only  he  termed  "  scratchinjj^ "  the  surface,  anil  the  svstem 
of  .i;"oin,n"  to  the  lowest  depths,  to  hed-rock,  on  these  sites  has  Im'I'U  prove<l  hy  our  tin«ls 
to  he  one  of  the  Hrst  principles  of  excavation. 

When  we  hej^an  our  work,  in  1S1)2,  there  were  no  indications  of  ancient  remains 
heyond  those  nu'utioneil  ahove.  The  Second  Temple  platform  ( Fi«j.  ^Mi)  was  nothin<r 
hut  a  rou«»;h,  stony,  plouj^hed  Held,  and  the  up|K'r  terrace  as  well  as  all  the  other  |»;irts 
of  the  sanctuary  presented  the  siime  asj>ect  (Fij^.  37). 

I  have  given  a  fuller  account  of  our  first  year's  work  in  a  s«'parate  puhlication.'  Dr. 
Brownson  has  also  written  special  papers  on  the  results  of  that  year's  di«;;<;in«»;  in  the 
Amcrkau  Join-nnl of  Archfwolof/tf  {Yo\.  Vlll.  [18015],  pp.  2().">  ff.).  Mr.  Fox's  excellent 
plans  of  the  excavations  in  that  year  will  he  found  in  the  Tirctffh  Aunnal  Uiport  of 
the  S<'ho<d.  These  pa|)ers  and  works  have  heen  reprinted  in  the  Pnju'rs  of  tin-  Anirrl- 
can  Sr/tool  of  Athens^  V(d.  VI.  But  in  attemptinj^^  to  «>:ive  a  short  history  of  the  excava- 
tions themselves  durinj;-  our  four  successive  canijKn<>ns,  I  will  here  (piote  from  mv  Kejjorts 
to  the  Conuuittee  of  the  American  Sduxd,  written  towards  the  ch)se  of  the  excavations 
in  1S1)2,  and  of  each  succeedin<»;  year. 

^  Excavations  of  the  American  School  at  the  Heruioit  of  i4r5roti,1892. 


AMKKU'AN    KXCAVVTIONS   IN    l89:i 


CAMl'.VKJX  OF    is<.»_>. 


73 


"On  Fchrnary  1'5  I  started  for  Argos,  accompanied  hy  Mr.  lirownson  and  Mr.  Kox.  licforc  we 
l»ej;an  active  work  we  were  joined  hy  Mr.  I)e  C'ou  and  Dr.  Xewliall.  On  .March  4  Professor 
Polan<l  also  joined  us,  and  took  charge  of  the  work  for  a  week,  (hu"ing  whieh  time  I  aeeoiii|tanie(l 
Mr.  Washington  to  Phliiis,  and  then  returned  to  Athens.  To  the  hearty  eo<iperation  of  all  these 
gentlemen  the  success  of  our  work  is  largely  due. 

**  We  hegun  our  work  at  the  Ileraeuni  in  un  exi»lorative  manner,  to  test  the  nature  of  the  several 
sites  there  grouped.  At  first  we  employed  sixty-three  men  and  three  earts,  and  rose  to  one  hun- 
«lred  and  eighty  men  ami  twenty-six  earts.  We  were  exeeptionally  favored  hy  good  weather  :  in 
the  lh"st  month  we  lost  only  one  lialf-»lay  from  had  weather.  Our  chief  energies  were  concentrated 
on  the  Second  Temple  (  Fig.  38)  :   but  we  dug  trenches  also  on  the  site  of  the  earlier  temple,  wherr 


Fui.  38.  —  Tin:  Si-x-osu  Tkmhlk  at  tiik  Ci-osk  ok  thk  t>KAsox  ok  18«.rj. 

we  came  u(>on  its  pav«'ment,  consisting  of  flat  polygonal  stones,  and  also  upon  a  continuous  lay«r 
of  charred  wood, — an  interesting  confirmation  of  the  record  of  the  burning  of  the  temple.  We 
fouml  ruins  of  what  nniy  prove  to  be  early  (ireek  baths,  and  of  a  stoa.  At  a  depth  of  between  ten 
and  fifteen  feet,  on  the  sIojm?  at  the  west  end  of  the  Second  Temple,  we  came  upon  a  curious  layer 
of  hlai'k  earth,  in  which  we  found  a  great  number  of  archaic  bronze  objects,  and)er  l»eads,  some 
gohl  and  silver  rings,  terra-4'otta  ornaments,  fragments  of  early  vases,  hone  needles,  stone  seals, 
etc.  The  terra-cotta  pla»pics  are  almost  uni<pic  in  character,  while  the  vases  make  a  valuable  addi- 
tion tt»  our  knowledge  of  early  ornamental  ceramic  art. 

"  We  were  fortunate  enough  to  find  a  large  number  of  the  marble  scul))tured  ornaments  of  the 
Secon<l  Temple  in  a  more  or  less  fragmentary  condition.  .  .  .  We  were  still  more  fortunate  in  dis- 
covering two  well-preserved  hcad.s,  about  two  thirds  life-size,  which  belonged  to  the  metopes,  and 
also  a  well-preserved  male  torso  from  one  of  the  metopes.  Finally,  immediately  in  front  of  the 
west  end  of  the  temple,  we  had  the  great  fortune  of  finding  the  marble  head  of  Hera,  of  which 
you  have  already  heard.  This  head,  of  at  least  life-size,  is  recognized  by  all  who  have  seen  it  as 
the  best  preserved  specimen  of  a  female  head  from  the  fifth  century  b.  c."  .  .  . 


u-^ 


74 


GEN KHAL  INTRODUCTION 


CAMPAIGN  OF   im\. 


n 
I 


if, 


"  Til  our  second  campaign,  in  1803, 1  was  assisted  by  Messrs.  Lythgoe,  Meadcr,  an»l  Noi-t(»n,  wlio 
took  part  in  the  excavation  from  the  beginning  to  the  end,  and  hatl  each  charge  of  delinite  iM>r- 
tions  of  the  site  as  resjionsible  overseers  and  directors  of  the  workmen  nnder  their  command. 
These  "entlemen,  with  Dr.  Washington,  remained  on  the  site,  and  continuetl  the  excavations  for 
several  days  after  I  was  forced  to  leave,  and  during  these  days  some  of  the  niost  intensting  objects 
of  scnli)ture  were  found.  .  .  . 

"  We  pitched  our  camp  on  the  rocky  elevation  above  the  Older  Temple  <m  IVIai-ch  30,  the  (J reek 
government  having  kindly  lent  us  tlii-ee  g«MMl  tents  from  their  army  stores.  The  exiierinunt  of 
camping  on  the  site  itself  has  prove<l  a  great  success,  and  one  which  it  would  be  well  to  a»lo|>t  in 
the  future.  We  at  once  engaged  workmen,  and  were  enabled  to  start  the  next  day  with  112  men 
and  23  carts.  On  April  1,  we  had  130  men  and  30  carts ;  on  April  3,  200  men  an«l  38  carts.  Our 
force  at  last  reached  the  numl)er  of  240  men.  We  began  to  excavate  on  the  ui)iK!r  plateau,  the  site 
of  the  Older  Temple.  .  .  .  We  cleared  oflf  all  the  top  s»)il  <lown  to  the  early  substructure,  alM)ut  45 
metres  in  length  by  35  metres  in  breadth.  The  burnt  layer  alluded  to  in  my  rei>ort  of  last  year 
a-niin  appeai*ed  on  various  portions  of  this  site,  together  with  masses  of  poioit  stone,  which  had  evi- 
dently been  split  into  smaller  pieces  by  the  heat  of  a  gi-eat  conflagration.  We  were  fortunate  enough 
to  find  still  standing  on  this  terrace  a  jnution  of  the  early  wall,  about  14.30  metres  in  length  by  a 
little  over  a  metre  in  width,  which  certainly  must  have  lielonged  to  this  intetvsting  structure,  jH-r- 
haps  the  earliest  temple  of  Hellas.  The  pivsence  of  this  piece  of  wall  may  prove  of  exceptional 
importance,  inasnnich  as  its  lower  portion  was  evi<lently  not  visible  at  the  time  the  temple  was 
completed,  and  the  objects  found  beh)W  this  line  would  thus  antedate  the  erection  of  the  temple. 
Two  other  stones  apjK-ar  to  be  hi  »itu.  But  it  is  imi^ssible  at  this  moment  to  hajKird  even  a  sug- 
gestion with  regard  to  the  construction  of  the  early  temple.  At  all  events,  we  have  cleared  this 
imp«)rtant  site,  and  it  is  now  in  a  state  to  be  carefully  studied  for  the  light  it  may  thniw  upon  the 
earliest  history  of  civilization  in  Greece.  The  yield  in  objects  of  early  ceramic  art,  some  bronzes 
and  peculiar  rude  engraved  stones,  was  very  rich,  and  of  extreme  im|>ortance  an«l  interest.  1  have 
little  doubt  that  these  fimls  alone  are  of  sufficient  weight  to  justify  the  energy  and  money  exi>einled 
u|H)n  the  undertaking,  as  they  are  sure  to  throw  most  valuable  light  on  the  history  of  the  earliest 
art  in  Greece.  We  dug  two  broad  trenches  outside  the  Cyclojiean  wall  to  the  east  and  west  of  the 
plateau,  in  order  to  make  sure  whether  there  were  any  objects  of  interest  which  had  fallen  over 
the  supporting  walls. 

'*  When  the  work  on  the  platform  of  the  Old  Temple  was  completed,  we  made  the  slo|)e  from 
the  upi)er  terrace  down  to  the  terrace  of  the  Second  Tem})le  the  centre  of  our  exertions  (Fig.  30). 
It  was  exceedingly  difficult  to  excavate  on  this  site,  l)ecanse  the  existence  of  buildings  at  the  inune- 
diate  foot  of  the  slojw  had  already  been  proved  by  our  discovery  last  year  of  the  outer  line  of  the 
Stoa  (II).  We  had  therefore  to  work  with  great  care  from  alM>ve,  immediately  l»elow  the  Cycl«>- 
pean  wall  of  the  upper  terrace,  and  had  to  construct  a  steep  road  leading  from  the  i)oint  markeil 
T  to  the  top  of  the  slope,  dumping  our  earth  either  at  the  southeast  dump  or  at  the  southwest 
dump.  When  we  had  dug  several  feet  below  the  Cyclojiean  wall,  we  at  once  came  njion  very  rich 
layers  of  early  pottery  of  all  descriptions,  and  soon  found  various  vestiges  of  buildings.  These 
were  erected  on  the  height  above  the  buildings  corresjMinding  to  the  North  Sttia,  and  immediately 
below  the  Cyclo|)ean  wall.  They  consisted  of  })ortions  of  walls  built  of  loose  unhewn  stones  ]»lacetl 
together  without  mortar  or  clamps,  and  evidently  formed  the  smaller,  jHirhaps  domestic,  counterpart 
t»)  the  structures  known  as  Cyclopean  walls.  The  objects  found  in  some  of  these  make  it  iwt 
improbable  that  they  may  have  been  the  houses  in  which  dwelt  the  priestesses  or  attendants  of  the 
earlier  temple,  though  I  should  not  venture  upon  any  hy)>othesis  at  this  monuMit  with  any  claim  to 
your  serious  consideration.  There  are  also  traces  of  a  rough  jiavement  sloping  <lownwards  from 
about  the  middle  of  the  Cyclopean  wall  (below  it)  to  the  west,  an«l  behind  the  back  wall  of  Stoa  II. 
This  may  have  been  an  early  road  leading  up  to  these  dwellings.  With  due  care  to  preserve  the 
remains  of  these  early  buildings,  we  dug  down  to  the  bed-rock  on  this  sh)j>e;  and  then  came 
the  task  of  clearing  the  whole  series  of  buildings  on  a  line  with  the  Stoa.     The  length  of  these 


THE   EXCAVATIONS   IN    1893 


75 


FiO.    30.  —  WOKK    ox    TUK    SloI'K    ItKTWKKX    TIIK    OlU    TkMI'I.K    AND   TIIK 

Skcoxi)  Tkmi'Lk,  IX  TUK  Skcoxd  Skasox. 


strm-tures  is  about  100  metres,  with  an  average  depth  or  width  (including  the  back  walls)  of  about 
10  metres. 

"Of  Stoa  II.  nuM-cly  the  outer  stylobate  had  been  discovered  last  year.  Behind  this,  the  inner 
colonnade  measures  8.G5  metres,  an«l  is  backed  by  a  wall  of  over  one  metre  in  width,  which  is 
built  against  the  sloj)e.  Tliere  wei-e  at  least  nineteen  pillars  running  along  the  centre  of  this  stoa. 
Some  of  the  pillars  were  found  in  .s/<«.  There  is  also  an  interesting  system  of  drains  and  water- 
works attached  to  this  building,  with  some  curious  structures  within  it,  which,  however,  are  \no\>- 
ably  of  a  later  date.  But  I  do  not  think  that  this  can  be  assumed  of  a  curious  structure  towards 
the  northeast  corner  of  the 
east  end  oi  the  Stoa  as  ex- 
cavated last  year :  it  is  a 
depressed  flat  <'emented  sur- 
face, 3.H0  metres  in  length  by 
three  metres  wide,  reminding 
us  of  the  B:itli  of  Tiryns,  and 
probably  serving  the  sjime 
purjK)se.  The  Stoa  (II) 
runs,  from  a  few  metres  to 
the  east  of  the  cast  cn<l  dis- 
covered last  year,  for  55.52 
metres  to  the  west,  ending 
about  on  a  line  with  the  east 
end  of  the  Second  Temple. 
A  more  intricate  buihling  was 
discovered  to  the  east  of  the 
Stoa,  extending  farther  cast 
than  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Cyclopean  wall  of  the  upper  terrace  (HI).  The  original  structui-e, 
of  which  much  is  still  stamling,  was  evidently  rebuilt  at  a  later  period  :  and  the  stone  inscribed 
with  AIFONVilO  (i.  c.  Atfoiwrioi-,  containing,  as  you  see,  a  diganuna)  was  evidently  innuured  at 
a  later  licriml.  .  .  . 

"  Besides  a  rich  fiiul  in  jMjttery,  tcrra-cotta,  bronzes,  and  smaller  objects  (among  which  I  must 
nH'ution  a  later  clay  lamp  containing  tlu'  figure  of  the  Polycleitan  Doryphorus),  this  building 
yielded  a  beautiful  torso  of  a  drajKid  female  figure,  probably  from  the  metopes  of  the  temple,  three 
fine  marble  heads,  and  many  other  fragmt'uts. 

"Together  with  this  work  at  the  northeast  portion  of  the  second  platfonn^extensive  excavations 
were  carrieil  on  at  the  southeast  corner.  The  ground  to  the  east  and  north  ,.  the  Phijlahlon  (XI ) 
was  leveled ;  while  to  the  outside  of  the  eastern  terrace  wall  the  trench  was  continued,  antl  inter- 
esting walls  or  steps  wer»  laid  bare  as  far  as  the  dump.  Both  these  points  yielded  a  very  rich 
harvest  of  ceramic  and  bronze  works,  engraved  gems,  and  glass  scarabs.  .  .  . 

"  South  of  the  foundation  walls  of  the  Second  Temple,  the  whole  ground  was  cut  away  at  the 
level  of  last  year's  deep  cutting  at  the  southwest  angle  of  the  temple,  lielow  and  slightly  to  the 
west  of  the  house  (F)  a  deep  and  wide  trench  was  cut.  In  all  these  cases  we  came  upon  layers  that 
antedated  the  construction  of  the  Second  Temple,  as  was  shown  by  the  arcluiic  objects  found. 

"I  also  testtnl  the  ground  at  the  f<K)t  of  the  hill  to  the  south  and  southwest  of  the  steps  (1), 
and  was  pleased  to  find  that  we  soon  came  u|)on  native  rock.  It  was  thus  jiossible  to  dig  upwards 
from  below  and  to  avoid  a  distant  transiwrtation  of  the  earth.  We  had  merely  to  dig  up  the  earth 
until  we  had  reached  virgin  soil,  and  to  shovel  it  back  upon  the  lower  rock-bed.  In  this  man- 
ner we  cleared  the  %\o\vi  up  to  the  steps  (I)  which  were  found  last  year. 

'*  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  ])ortion  of  this  year's  work  will  prove  to  be  the  excavations  at 
the  southwest  platform  below  the  Second  Temple.  I  began  by  cutting  a  trench  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  old  retaining  wall,  running  from  west  to  east.  I  soon  came  upon  a  wall  of  beautiful 
Greek  masonry  (Fig.  40),  of  which  four  courses  of  well-cut  blocks  were  still  standing.  We  car- 
rieil this  ti-euch  on  as  far  as  the  continuation  of  the  retaining  wall  at  the  east  of  last  year's  deep 


OKNKKAL    INTUODrCTION 


("AMI'AUi.N    OF    |s«»;:. 


"  III  »nir  s«'i'oii(l  i'Miiipjii.mii.  ill  1H*.»:{,  I  was  assistrd  l»y  Mossrs.  lAtlij;oi-.  Mciulrr,  and  NnrtMii.  who 
t»M>k  i»ait  in  tlie  t-xravation  trom  tin-  iK'niniiint;  to  tlu-  «'n«l.  and  had  «  aili  cliar.ne  ol  driinitr  |»<.i- 
tions  of  till'  site  as  ivs|HHisilile  ovirst'urs  and  directors  of  the  wiukiinn  under  their  <'oniinand. 
These  i^entlemeii,  with  Dr.  Washiiigt«)ii.  ruiiiained  ou  the  site,  and  continued  the  e\eavati<»iis  f«»r 
several  days  after  I  was  forced  to  leave,  and  dining  these  «lays  some  of  the  most  inteieNtinmd.jeels 
t>f  scnl[»ture  were  found.  .  .  . 

"  We  pitched  our  eamj)  on  the  r«ieky  elevation  above  the  Olth-r  Temple  on  March  :{0,  the  (Jreek 
government  havinij  kindly  lent  us  three  good  tents  from  their  army  stores.  The  experiment  of 
camping  on  the  site  itself  has  proved  a  great  success,  and  one  which  it  would  Ik-  well  to  adopt  in 
tlu'  future.  We  at  once  engaged  workmen,  and  were  cnaltled  to  >tart  tin-  next  day  with  11«  men 
and  2o  carts.     On  Ai>ril  1.  we  had  loO  men  and  150  carts:  on  Ajuil  :5.  'iOO  men  and  oH  eaits.    Our 

force  at  last  reached  the  niimherof  -240  men.     We  hegan  to  excavati the  upper  plateau,  the  site 

of  the  OKhr  Temple.  .  .  .  We  cleare«l  off  all  the  top  soil  «h»wii  to  the  early  sulistructme.  ahoiit  4") 
iiietivs  in  length  hy  li")  metres  in  hreadth.  The  huriit  layer  alliuUd  to  in  my  report  of  la>t  year 
again  appeared  on  various  portions  of  this  site,  together  with  masses  of  pmus  stone,  which  had  evi- 
dently licen  split  into  smaller  pieces  l»y  the  heat  <»f  a  great  conflagration.  We  were  fortunate  enough 
to  tiiid  still  standing  lUi  this  terra«e  a  portion  of  tlu-  early  wall.  al>out  14.:{0  metres  in  length  l»y  a 
little  «ner  a  metre  in  width,  which  certainly  inu>t  have  Indonged  to  this  iiiteiestiug  structure.  |M'r- 
haps  the  earliest  temple  of  llellas.  The  presence  of  this  piece  of  wall  may  juove  of  exce|ttional 
iiiiportaiue,  inasnnuh  as  its  lower  portion  was  evidi'iitly  not  visihle  at  the  time  the  temple  was 
completed,  and  the  ohjects  found  Itclow  this  line  would  thus  antedate  the  erection  «)f  the  temple. 
Two  other  stones  appear  to  he  in  }<ifn.  IJut  it  is  inipossiMe  at  this  moment  to  ha/aid  even  a  siig- 
•••estion  with  reganl  to  the  construction  of  the  early  temple.  At  all  events,  we  have  cleared  this 
important  site,  and  it  is  now  in  a  state  to  he  carefully  stiulied  for  the  light  it  may  throw  upon  the 
earliest  history  of  civilization  in  (Ireece.  The  yield  in  ohjects  of  «arly  ceramic  art,  some  hroii/.es 
ami  peculiar  riulc  engraved  stones,  was  very  rich,  and  of  extreme  importance  and  intciest.  1  have 
little  douht  that  these  iiiuls  ahme  are  of  siitticieiit  weight  to  justify  the  energy  and  money  expeiidid 
ii|M.u  the  undertaking,  as  they  are  sure  to  throw  most  valuahle  light  on  the  history  <if  the  earliest 
art  in  (ireece.  We  dug  two  hroad  trem'hes  outside  the  C'yclo|Man  wall  to  tin-  east  and  west  of  the 
plateau,  in  onUr  to  make  sure  whether  there  were  any  ol)jects  of  interest  which  had  fallen  over 
the  supixutiiig  walls. 

•'When  the  work  on  the  jdatform  ot  the  Old  Tempi*'  was  edinpleted.  we  made  the  slope  from 
the  upper  terrace  down  to  the  terrace  of  the  Second  Temple  the  centre  of  our  exerti«>ns  (Fig.  iJth. 
It  was  excee«lingly  ilifheult  to  excavate  on  this  site,  lieeause  the  I'xistence  of  huildings  at  the  imme- 
diate f<M»t  of  the  sloiHj  ha<l  already  Wen  proved  l»y  our  <liseovery  last  year  of  tin-  <»uter  lim;  «if  the 
Stoa  (II ).  We  had  therefore  to  work  with  great  care  from  ahove.  immediat«'ly  helow  the  Cyclii- 
pean  wall  of  the  upper  terrace,  ami  had  to  construct  a  steep  road  leading  fiom  the  iM>int  marked 
T  to  the  top  of  the  slope,  dumping  our  earth  either  at  the  southeast  dumj»  «m-  at  the  southwest 
dump.  When  we  had  ilug  several  feet  below  the  (\«-lopeaii  wall,  we  at  once  came  upon  veiy  rich 
lavers  of  early  pottery  of  all  descrij)tions.  and  soon  found  various  vestiges  of  huildings.  The>e 
w»re  erected  on  the  height  ahove  the  hu'ldings  corresponding  to  the  North  Stoa,  and  immediately 
helow  the  CVcloiHjan  wall.  They  consisted  of  i>ortions  of  walls  built  of  loose  unlu'wn  stones  plaee«l 
together  without  mortar  or  claiii)>s.  and  evidently  formed  the  smaller,  perhajjs  domestic,  counterpart 
to  the  structures  known  as  Cyclopean  walls.  The  objects  found  in  some  of  these  make  it  not 
improbable  that  they  may  have  lieen  the  houses  in  which  dwelt  the  priestesses  or  attendants  of  the 
earlier  temple,  though  I  shoulil  not  venture  upon  any  hyiM>thesis  at  this  moment  with  any  claim  to 
your  seri»ms  consideration.  There  are  also  traces  of  a  r(»ugh  jiavement  sloping  «lownwards  from 
about  the  middle  of  the  CyclojH'an  wall  ( below  it)  to  the  west,  ami  behind  the  back  wall  of  Stoa  II. 
This  may  have  been  an  early  road  leading  uj)  to  these  dwellings.  With  due  care  to  preserve  the 
remains  of  these  early  buildings,  we  dug  down  to  the  l>ed-rock  on  this  s1o|k,»  :  and  then  caiiio 
the  task  of  clearing  the  whole  series  of  buildings  on  a  line  with  the  Stoa.     The  length  u{  these 


i 


1 


Till-:    KXCAV A'noNS    IN    IH<»;; 


tit 


I'ui.  oD.  —  W«»i:k  ox   ink  Si.«»|'k  iti::wi.F.N    lui:  Oi.i»  'rKxici.K  .\xi»  tiik 
Skcoxi»  TKMn.K,  IX  Tin;  Siroxo  Skasox. 


structures  is  about  lOU  metres,  with  an  average  depth  or  width  (iiK-luding  the  back  walls)  of  about 
lO  metres, 

"Of  Stoa  II.  merely  the  outer  styl«»bate  had  been  discoverc«l  last  year.  I'ehiiid  this,  the  inner 
c«doiinaile  measures  HM't  metres,  and  is  backed  by  a  wall  of  (»ver  one  metic  in  wiilth.  which  is 
built  against  the  slope.  Tln.'re  were  at  least  nineteen  pillars  running  along  the  eeiitie  of  this  stoa. 
Some  of  the  pillars  were  found  Ift  sift/.  There  is  als<»  an  inteicstiug  system  <if  drains  and  water- 
works attached  to  this  buihliug.  with  some  curious  structures  within  it.  which,  however,  are  pr«d>- 
ably  of  a  later  date.  Ibit  I  do  not  think  that  this  can  be  assumed  of  a  curious  stiiietuie  towaid> 
the  ni>rthea>t  eorner  of  tin* 
east  end  of  the  Stoa  as  ex- 
cavat«'d  last  year :  it  is  .-i 
depressed  flat  cemented  sur- 
face, JI.^U  metres  in  Iciigfh  by 
tlint'  metres  wide.  iM-minding 
us  of  the  Until  of  Tiryiis.  and 
proltably  serving  the  same 
purpose.  The  Stoa  (II) 
runs,  from  a  few  metres  to 
the  cast  of  the  east  end  dis- 
covered last  year,  for  .Woii 
inetrcs  Ui  the  west,  ending 
aiNMit  on  a  line  with  the  east 
end  of  the  Second  Temple. 
A  more  intricate  buihliug  was 
diseovercil  to  the  east  of  the 
Stoa,  extending   farther    east 

than  the  east«'rii  limit  of  the  ('yclo|M'aii  wall  of  the  upper  terrace  (III  ).  The  original  striiefmv. 
«»f  which  much  is  still  standing,  was  evidently  rebuilt  at  a  latei-  perioil  :  and  the  stone  inscribed 
with  All'o.WiKJ  (i.  e.  A(f»iivi<*i,  containing,  as  you  see.  a  digamma)  was  evidently  immuretl  at 
u  lat«'r  period.  .  .  . 

"  I»esides  a  rich  find  in  iMittery,  terra-cotta.  br<»nyA's.  and  smaller  objects  (among  which  I  must 
mention  a  later  clay  lamp  containing  the  figure  of  the  rolyclcitan  Doryphoriis ).  this  buihliug 
yielded  a  beautiful  torso  of  a  clraped  female  liguie,  jtrobably  from  the  metopes  of  the  tenijile,  three 
line  marbli'  heads,  and  many  other  fragments. 

-Together  with  this  work  at  the  northeast  portion  of  the  scc(»nd  platform  'xtensive  excavations 
were  carried  on  at  the  southeast  corner.  The  ground  to  the  east  and  iioilh  .  the  /'/ii/hi/,;li,ii  (  XI  ) 
was  levele<l:  while  to  the  outside  of  the  eastern  terrace  wall  the  trench  was  contiiiuc«l.  an«l  inter- 
esting walls  «»r  steps  weiM  laid  bare  as  far  as  the  dump.  Iloth  these  points  yithled  a  very  rich 
harvi'st  of  «-eramic  and  bron/e  works.  <'ngrave»l  gems,  and  glass  scarabs.  .  .  . 

••  S«mtli  of  the  foundation  walls  of  the  Second  Temple,  the  whole  ground  was  cut  away  at  the 
level  of  last  year's  deep  cutting  at  the  southwest  angle  of  the  temple.  lielow  and  slightly  to  the 
west  of  the  house  (  F)  a  «lcep  and  wide  trench  was  cut.  In  all  these  cases  we  <-ame  upon  layers  that 
anteilated  the  construction  of  the  Second  Tcmi»le.  as  was  shown  by  tin*  archaic  objects  found. 

••  I  also  tested  the  ground  at  the  f»M»t  of  the  hill  to  the  south  and  southwest  of  the  stejts  (  I  ). 
and  was  ph'ased  to  find  that  we  soon  came  upon  native  rock.  It  was  thus  possible  to  dig  upwards 
from  iK'lowand  to  avoid  a  distant  trans]>ortation  of  the  earth.  We  ha»l  merely  to  dig  up  the  earth 
until  we  ha«l  rea<-lied  virgin  soil,  and  to  slmvel  it  back  ui)on  the  lower  rock-bed.  In  this  man- 
ner we  ch'ared  the  slope  up  to  the  steps  (  I  )  which  were  found  last  year. 

'•  l*erha[»s  the  most  interesting  {Nirtion  of  this  year's  work  will  prove  to  be  the  excavations  at 
the  southwest  platform  below  the  Second  Temple.  I  began  by  cutting  a  trench  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  ohl  retaining  wall,  running  from  west  to  cast.  I  soon  came  ui)on  a  wall  of  JMautiful 
Circi'k  masonry  (  Fig.  40),  of  which  four  courses  of  well-cut  bhicks  were  still  standing.  We  car- 
lieil  this  trench  on  as  far  us  the  continuation  of  the  retaining  wall  at  the  east  of  last  year's  deep 


76 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


THE    EXCAVATIONS   IN    1894 


77 


/, 


1 1 


•  i" 


I 


m 


cutting.  We  then  worked  northwanls.  Messrs.  Wasliington  and  Norton  euntiinied  the  work 
after  my  departure,  with  the  residt  that  two  sides  (and  the  interior  inclosed  within  them)  of  a  very 
interesting  building  have  been  iniearthetl,  witli  walls,  and  column-bases  hi  ttitii,  the  whole  pre- 
senting a  very  interesting  ground  plan.  This  building  we  call  the  AVest  Building  (Fig.  41).  Below 
the  south  wall  of  this  buildin<;  we  also  excavated  as  far  as  the  nu)st  western  of  the  broad  outtinirs 
on  the  south  slojie  below  the  temple  marked  N  on  last  year's  map.  Immediately  in  front  of  this 
wall  (south  wall  of  West  Building)  large  |)ortionsof  the  entablature  of  a  Doric  buihlingwere  found, 
upon  which  were  distinct  traces  of  color,  —  reds,  blues,  greens,  etc.  After  my  departure  other 
polyclironie  pieces  were  found. 

"  liesides  interesting  smaller  objects  from  this  site,  a  number  of  fragments  of  marble  sculptures, 
evidently  coming  from  the  Second  Temple  and  forming  ])arts  of  the  metopes,  and  I  Iwlieve  also  of 
the  ))ediments,  were  found.  I  nuist  also  add  that  among  the  heads  discovered,  one  head  (probably 
from  a  metope)  is  in  excellent  preservation,  and  very  nearly  etpials  in  beauty  the  head  of  Hera 
found  last  year :  while  the  torso  of  a  drai>ed  female  figure  from  the  mcto{>es  forms  a  fitting  counter^ 
j>art  to  the  torso  of  the  nude  warrior  of  last  year's  metojie."  .  .  . 

CAMPAIGN  OF  18M. 

^'The  third  campaign  was  l>egun  on  March  21,  ISW.  The  regular  staff  consisted,  Wsides  my. 
self,  of  Dr.  Washington  and  Mr.  Norton,  and  of  Messrs.  Iloppin  and  Alden,  students  of  the 
School.     All  the  members  and  students  of  the  School  were  invited  to  stay  for  a  few  days  in  the 

camp,  in  order  to  study  and  gain  exi>erience 
in  excavations  as  such.  Of  this  invitation, 
Messrs.  Parsons,  Fallis,  and  Hill  availed  them- 
selves :  while  the  other  students,  though  they 
were  prevented  from  staying  with  us  owing 
t«)  their  travels  with  Dr.  DJirpfeld,  saw  the 
excavations  on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  which 
Dr.  DJirpfeld  and  his  party  paid  us.  My 
colleague.  Professor  Richanlson,  paid  us  two 
visits,  during  one  of  which  he  remained  with 
us  over  a  week.  Professor  White  was  ahso 
our  guest,  though  I  am  afraid  he  will  not 
consider  it  an  hospitable  camp  in  which  we 
allowed  the  storm  to  carry  away  his  tent  in 
the  middle  of  the  night.  We  had  many  other 
visitoi*s  of  all  nationalities.  Among  our  Amer- 
ican visitors,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  must 
single  out  Mr.  Edward  Robinson,  of  the  Boa- 
ton  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  :  and  Mr.  Thayer, 
of  lioston,  who,  on  the  sjKjt,  contributed  one 
hundred  dollars  to  the  fund  of  excavation. 
Dr.  Diirpfeld  made  the  Heraeum  a  point  for 
one  of  his  instructive  lectures  during  his 
Peloponnesian  tour.  With  him  were  a  num- 
ber of  distinguished  scholai*s,  among  them 
Professors  Loeschcke,  Wecklein,  and  Friinkel. 
Dr.  Dorpfeld  and  Pi-ofessor  Loeschcke  joined 
Professor  White  in  staying  in  our  camp  the 
night  of  their  visit.  We  also  had  a  visit 
from  Mr.  Kabbadias,  the  Ephor-General  of 
Antiquities,  who  was  our  guest  for  a  day  and  night.  .  .  .  The  British  Minister,  Mr.  Egerton,  also 
paid  us  a  visit.     The  School  must  also  feel  honored  by  a  second  instance  of  the  interest  which 


Fig.  40.  —  Pikck  of  Wall  from  Wf^t  Hiimuno, 
FIRST  appf:arancf:. 


the  Royal  Family  of  Greece  has  shown  in  our  work.  The  King  and  Queen,  the  Crown  Prince 
and  Cnjwn  Princess,  and  Princess  Mary,  with  their  suite,  made  our  excavations  the  object  of  a 
special  journey.  It  was  the  first  time  they  had  visited  an  excavation  away  from  Athens.  They 
remained  with  us  over  five  hours,  and  manifested  the  keenest  interest  in  the  progress  of  the  work. 

"  Our  camp  was  pitched  on  the  same  site  as  last  year,  the  government  providing  us  with  five 
tents,  while  I  had  ordered  a  sixth  from  England,  provided  with  a  double  fly,  which  experience  had 
shown  me  was  absolutely  necessary  as  a  refuge  against  the  sun  in  the  heat  of  the  day.  This  tent, 
together  with  the  to<ds  and  instruments  we  have  accunudated,  will  form  a  useful  addition  to  the 
School's  apparatus  for  exploi-ation  and  excavation  in  future  years. 

"  Our  party  arrived  at  Argos  on  March  21,  and  we  were  able  to  begin  work  with  one  hundred 
and  eighty-five  men  and  twenty-six  carts  on  March  22.  The  following  day  we  worked  with  two 
hundred  and  fifty  men  and  thirty  carts,  below  which  number  we  did  not  fall,  increasing  our  corps 
to  two  hundreil  an<l  seventy  men. 

'*  The  first  task  we  had  set  ourselves  was  to  complete  the  clearing  of  the  whole  east  side  of  the 
second  platform  (Fig.  41).  We  thus  had  to  cut  away  the  hillside  to  the  east  of  the  buildings  we 
had  found  hist  year,  which  are  now  called  the  East  Chand>ers,  in  which  was  the  inscription  AIFO- 
NV2IO.  We  carried  this  cutting  about  twenty  feet  in  depth  to  a  length  of  ninety  feet,  to  the  old  wall 
marked  T  in  the  map.  This  was  very  difficult  digging,  inasnmch  as  there  were  huge  blocks, 
indiedded  at  every  stage,  which  had  fallen  from  above,  while  below  we  came  upon  complicated 
early  walls  of  diffei*ent  jMjriotls,  which  ha<l  to  be  spared  and  carefully  cleared.  The  nature  and 
purjiose  of  these  will  retpiire  careful  study.  Backing  the  slope,  and  acting  as  a  supporting  wall 
to  the  upi)er  terrace,  below  and  to  the  east  of  the  great  Cyclopean  wall  of  the  upper  terrace, 
another  Cycl<»pean  wall  runs  for  about  eight  feet,  when  it  ends  abruptly,  lines  of  sloping  rubbish 
clearly  showing  in  the  cutting  how  the  earth  luul  drifted  over  this  end  for  ages. 

"  Ik'low  and  partly  underneath  this  Cyclopean  wall,  there  were  large  masses  of  jwttery,  iron,  bronze, 
and  smaller  objects,  the  majority  belonging  to  the  '  Dipylon '  and  Mycenaean  periods.  Farther 
to  the  south  there  were  deposits  of  rubbish  which  evidently  dated  from  a  period  of  destruction  in 
later  years,  as  we  here  also  found  a  marble  head  of  the  Roman  period.  Here  it  was  that  we  found 
also,  in  beautiful  preservation,  an  interesting  specimen  of  Gi-eek  sculpture,  a  head  of  an  ephebus 
from  the  meto|)es  of  the  Second  Temple.  The  head  is  in  excellent  preservation,  even  the  tip  of  the 
nose  being  intact.  This  head  bears  beyond  a  doubt,  in  my  mind,  the  characteristics  of  Polycleitan 
art  as  hitherto  known  to  us.  There  is  the  same  square  and  massive  proportion  of  the  head  as  a 
whole,  the  heavy  treatment  of  the  jaws  and  chin,  that  we  find  in  the  head  of  the  Naples  Dory- 
phorus,  —  in  fact,  it  seems  to  me  to  be  a  i*eproduction  of  the  type  of  the  Doryphorus  in  the  style 
of  these  ujetoiMJS.  Moreover,  it  will  interest  you  to  hear  that,  in  spite  of  some  mutual  divergences, 
this  head  has,  in  common  with  all  the  others  which  we  have  found  on  this  site,  some  i>eculiarities  of 
treatment,  such  as  the  slightly  oix*ned  mouth  and  peculiar  protrusion  and  curving  of  the  under  lip. 
I  do  not  wish  to  convey  the  idea  that  I  claim  this  or  any  of  the  other  heads  as  work  by  the  hand 
of  Polycleitus,  but  I  maintain  that  they  bear  out  in  their  general  character  and  in  details  of  work 
the  natural  exi>ectation  that  the  scidptures  which  decorated  the  second  Heraeum  of  Argos  would 
be  related  to  the  art  of  the  sculptor  Polycleitus,  who  created  the  temple-statue  of  Hera  in  this 
sanctuary,  as  Phidias  created  the  Athena  in  the  Parthenon,  and  who,  like  the  great  Attic  sculptor, 
was  the  inspiring  hea<l  of  a  thriving  school  of  sculpture  in  his  own  locality. 

"  Among  the  many  objects  found  here,  I  must  mention  the  large  number  of  objects  in  iron. 
In  fact,  throughout  our  excavations  we  have  often  found  iron  together  with  bronze  and  even  stone 
implements.  A  strange  object  was  a  large  mass  of  iron  about  five  feet  long  and  a  foot  in  diameter, 
which  proved  to  be  a  mass  of  iron  si)ears  bound  together  with  bands  of  iron  at  both  ends.  We 
found  at  the  same  place  another  large,  solid,  rectangular  bar  of  iron,  flattened  out  about  a  foot 
from  one  end,  which  is  quite  inexplicable. 

"  At  the  easternmost  angle  of  the  terrace  of  the  Second  Temple,  above  the  retaining  wall  W,  to 
the  north  of  the  dump  S,  another  building  was  discovered,  which  we  have  named  the  East  Build, 
ing  (to  distinguish  it  from  the  East  Chambers).  This  building,  supported  by  strong  walls  on 
south  and  east,  built  against  the  hill-slope,  has  on  the  north  side  a  wall  of  poros  strengthened 


76 


(JKNKKAL    INTHOnrCTlOX 


cuttinj^.  We  tlu'H  Wdrked  nortliwards,  Messrs.  Wasliingtoii  :nnl  Xtirtoii  ntiitiiiiicd  tlio  work 
after  my  «lei>:irtiire,  with  the  result  that  two  sides  (and  the  interior  inclosed  within  them)  «>f  a  very 
interesting  huilding  have  heen  nnearthed.  with  walls.  an«l  eolnmit-1)as«'s  in  situ,  the  whole  |trc- 
senting  a  very  interesting;  ijroinid  jdan.  This  luiildini;  we  eall  the  W»'st  litiildintj  (  Fij;.  41  ).  Ikdow 
the  sonth  wall  of  this  hnildini;  we  also  exeavated  as  far  as  the  most  we>tern  of  the  hroad  cuttings 
on  the  south  sloj>e  helow  the  temple  marked  N  on  last  year's  map.  Immediately  in  front  of  this 
wall  (south  wall  of  West  Huildinjj)  large  portions  of  the  ental)lature«)f  a  l)orie  huilding  were  fonn«l. 
ujxHi  whieh  were  tlistinet  traces  of  color,  —  reds,  hhies,  greens,  etc.  After  «iy  departure  other 
polyehrome  j)ieees  were  found. 

"  liesides  interesting  smaller  ohjeets  from  this  site,  a  niunher  of  fragments  of  marble  sculptures, 
evidently  coming  from  the  See»»nd  Teniple  and  forming  j)arts  of  the  metopes,  anil  1  lielieve  also  of 
the  pediments,  were  ft^ind.  I  nuist  also  add  that  among  the  heads  discovered,  one  head  (  prohahly 
f rom  a  nu'tope )  is  in  excellent  preservation,  and  very  nearly  equals  in  heauty  the  head  «»f  Ilera 
found  last  year:  whiK'  the  torso  of  a  draped  female  figure  from  the  metopes  forms  a  fitting  etuinter- 
jKirt  ti)  the  torso  of  the  nuilc  warrior  of  last  year's  ineto|H'."  .  .  . 

I  A.MI'AHJX   OF  1«M. 

"The  thiril  cam])nign  was  Wgun  on  March  '2\.  1^14.  The  regular  stalT  <M»nsiste«l,  In-sides  my- 
self, of  Dr.  Washington  and  Mr.  Norton,  and  of  Messrs.  llojtpin  an«l  Alden,  students  of  the 
ISehool.     All  the  mendiers  and  students  of  the  Sclmol  w«'re  invited  to  stay  for  a  few  days  in  the 

camp,  in  order  to  study  and  gain  e.\j>erienee 
in  excavatii)ns  as  such.  ( )f  this  invitation, 
Messrs.  Parsons.  Fallis.  ami  Hill  availed  them- 
-iclves  :  whih'  the  other  .-tndents.  thon;:h  thev 
were  prevented  from  >taying  with  us  owing 
ti»  their  travels  with  I)r.  DiWpfehl,  .saw  the 
excavations  on  the  m-casion  t»f  the  visit  which 
I>r.  l>itrpfelil  and  his  party  j»ai»l  us.  My 
colleague.  i*rofes>or  Richardson,  paid  u.h  two 
visits,  during  luie  of  whieh  he  remained  with 
us  over  a  week.  Professor  White  was  also 
(tur  guest,  though  I  am  afraid  he  will  not 
consider  it  an  hospitalde  camp  in  which  we 
allowed  the  storm  to  carry  away  his  tent  iu 
the  middle  of  the  ni«;ht.  We  ha<l  manv  other 
visitors  of  all  nationalities.  Amttnv;  our  Amer- 
ican  visitors,  ladies  and  gentlemen.  I  nuist 
single  t)ut  Mr.  Kdward  Koliinson.  of  the  lk>s- 
ton  Museum  .»f   Fine  Arts:  and  Mr.  Thaver, 

of  ]>oston.  wli n  the  s)>ot.  contrihuted  one 

luintlred  tlollars  to  the  fund  of  excavation. 
l)r.  Di'irpfeld  made  the  ]ler:ieum  a  point  for 
one  of  his  instructive  lectures  dtiring  his 
I'eloponnesian  tour.  With  him  were  a  nuni- 
her  of  distinguishcil  scholars,  among  them 
Professors  Loeseheke.  Weekh-in.  and  Friink«'l. 
Dr.  DJtrpfeld  an«l  Professor  Ijoeschcke  joineil 
Professor  White  in  staying  in  <mr  camj)  the 
night  of  their  visit.  We  also  had  a  visit 
from  Mr.  Kahhadias,  the  Ephor-(  ieneral  of 
Antitpiities.  who  was  our  guest  for  a  day  and  night.  .  .  .  Tlw  British  Minister.  Mr.  Egerton,  also 
paid  us  a  visit.     The  School  must  also  feel  honored  hy  a  second  instance  of  the   interest  which 


Fui.  4n. 


I'lKCK    l»K    WaI.I.    KKOM    WkST    Hi  ll.l>IX«i. 
HKSr    APCKAKAXlK. 


TlIK    KXCAVATIONS    IX    181>4 


77 


the  Hoyal  Fandly  of  (Jreoce  has  shown  in  our  work.  The  King  and  Quoon.  the  (^own  Prince 
and  Crown  Princess,  and  Prince>s  Mary,  with  th«-ir  suite.  ma«le  our  excavations  the  oltject  of  a 
special  journey.  It  was  the  first  time  they  had  visited  an  excavation  away  from  Athens.  They 
remained  with  us  over  five  hours,  and  manifest«'d  the  keenest  interest  in  the  progress  of  the  work. 

'•  Our  camp  was  pitched  on  tiie  same  site  as  last  year,  the  government  providing  us  with  five 
tents,  while  I  h:id  or<lere<l  a  sixth  from  Kngland.  provi<led  with  a  double  Hy,  which  experit-'Uce  had 
shown  me  was  al»s(»lutely  necessaiy  as  a  refuge  against  tlie  sun  in  the  heat  of  the  day.  This  tent, 
togj'ther  with  the  tools  and  instruments  we  have  accuuudated,  will  form  a  useful  addition  to  the 
School's  :ipparatus  for  exploration  and  excavation  in  future  years. 

"Our  p:irty  arrived  at  Argos  on  March  2\.  :in<l  we  were  able  to  begin  work  with  one  hundred 
and  eighty-live  men  and  twenty-six  carts  on  March  2:i.  The  following  day  we  worked  with  two 
hundred  and  fifty  men  and  thirty  carts,  below  which  nundter  we  did  not  fall,  increasing  our  corps 
to  two  hundred  and  seventy  men. 

"The  first  ta>k  we  had  set  ourselves  was  to  comj)lete  the  clearing  of  the  whole  east  si«le  of  the 
second  platform  (  Fig.  41).  We  thus  had  to  cut  away  the  hillside  to  the  e:ist  of  the  Imihlings  we 
had  found  last  year,  which  ar«'  now  called  the  Fast  C'hand)ers,  in  which  was  the  inscription  AlKO- 
NVi K).  We  carried  this  cutting  about  twenty  feet  in  depth  to  a  length  of  ninety  feet,  to  the  old  wall 
nmrked  T  in  the  map.  This  was  v»'ry  dif^cult  digging.  in:isnutch  as  there  were  huge  Idocks, 
indtedded  at  every  stage,  which  had  f:dh-n  from  above,  while  below  we  came  ujxm  complicated 
early  walls  of  diftcrent  periixls.  which  had  to  be  spared  and  carefully  detired.  The  nature  and 
purpose  of  these  will  n-ipiire  i-areful  study.  IJacking  the  shtpe,  and  acting  as  a  supporting  wall 
to  the  upper  terrace,  below  and  to  the  east  of  the  great  Cyclopean  wall  of  the  upper  terrace, 
another  Cyclopean  w:dl  riuis  for  about  eight  feet,  when  it  ends  abrui)tly,  lines  of  sloping  rubbish 
clearly  showing  in  the  cutting  how  the  earth  had  drifted  over  this  cJid  for  ages. 

"  IVlow  and  |»artly  untlerneath  this  Cyclopean  wall,  there  were  large  masses  of  pottery,  iron,  bronze, 
an«l  smaller  objects,  the  majority  beh)nging  to  the  *  Dipylon  '  and  Mycenaean  periods.  Farther 
to  the  south  there  were  de|)osits  of  rubbish  which  evidently  dated  from  a  period  of  destiiiction  in 
later  ye:irs,  as  we  h«'re  also  found  a  marble  head  of  the  lioman  period.  Here  it  was  that  we  found 
also,  in  be:iutiful  i>res«'rvation.  :in  interesting  specimen  of  (J reek  sculpture,  a  head  of  an  ephebus 
from  the  nu-t«4H's  of  the  Sec(»>i<l  Temi»le.  The  head  is  in  excellent  preservation,  even  the  tip  of  the 
nose  being  intact.  This  head  bears  beyond  a  doubt,  in  my  nnnd,  the  characteristics  of  Pitlycleitan 
art  as  hitherto  known  to  us.  There  is  the  same  scpiare  and  massive  proportion  of  the  head  as  a 
whole,  the  heavy  treatment  of  the  jaws  and  chin,  that  we  find  in  the  head  of  the  Naples  Dory- 
phorus, —  iu  fact,  it  seems  to  nie  to  be  a  reproduction  of  the  type  of  the  Doryphorus  in  the  style 
of  these  met<»pes.  Moreover,  it  will  intei-est  y<ju  to  hear  that,  in  spite  of  some  mutual  divergences, 
this  hea«l  has,  in  common  with  :dl  the  others  which  we  have  found  on  this  site,  some  peculiarities  of 
treatment,  such  as  the  slightly  opened  mouth  and  peculiar  protrusion  and  curving  of  the  under  lip. 
I  dt»  not  wish  to  «'onvey  the  i<lea  that  I  claim  this  or  any  of  the  other  heads  as  work  by  the  hand 
of  Polydeitus,  but  I  maintain  that  they  bear  out  in  their  general  character  and  in  details  of  work 
the  natural  exiH'ct:ition  th:it  the  s<ulptures  whicii  decorated  the  second  Ileraeum  of  Argos  would 
be  rehited  to  the  art  of  the  sculptor  Polydeitus,  who  created  the  temple-statue  of  Hera  iu  this 
sanctuary,  as  Phidias  created  the  Athena  in  the  l*arthenon,  and  who,  like  the  great  Attic  sculptor, 
was  the  inspiring  head  of  a  thriving  school  of  sculpture  in  his  own  h»cality. 

"Among  the  many  objects  found  here,  I  must  niention  the  large  number  of  objects  in  iron. 
In  fact,  throughout  «»ur  excav:itions  we  have  often  foiuid  iron  together  with  br«mze  and  even  stone 
implements.  A  strange  object  w:is  a  hirge  mass  of  iron  about  five  feet  h>ng  and  a  foot  in  diameter, 
which  proved  to  be  a  niass  of  iron  sjH'ars  boiuid  together  with  bauds  of  iron  at  both  ends.  AVe 
found  at  tin*  same  jihu-e  another  large,  solid,  rectangular  bar  of  iron,  flattened  out  about  a  foot 
from  one  eutl,  which  is  quite  inex)>lic:dde. 

"  At  the  easternmost  angle  of  the  terrace  of  the  Second  Temple,  above  the  retaining  wall  W,  to 
tlu'  north  of  the  dumj)  S,  another  building  was  discovered,  which  we  have  named  the  East  Build, 
ing  ( to  distinguish  it  from  the  East  Cluunbers).  This  building,  supported  by  strong  walls  on 
south  and  east,  biult  against  the  hill-sloi)e,  has  on  the  north  side  a  wall  of  poros  strengthened 


u;^ 


78 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


I 


,»■'  I 


M 


W 


by  a  limestone  wall.  The  bases  of  three  rows  of  five  columns  are  extant  in  the  interior,  while 
at  the  west  front  (facing  the  temple)  it  had  a  portico.  In  this  building  numerous  objects  in 
gold,  silver,  bronze,  and  terra-cotta  were  found,  as  well  as  a  scarab  with  a  cartouche,  probably  of 
Thothmes  III. 

"  We  also  cleared  away  all  the  earth  remaining  to  the  east  of  the  tcmph*,  and  to  the  west  of  the 
dump  S,  without  finding  much  tliere. 

**  We  then  turned  to  the  west  and  south  sIojmjs  of  the  terrace,  —  the  main  points  of  this  year's 
excavations  (Fig.  42). 

"The  larger  portion  of  the  West  Building,  which  lies  Indow  the  west  rnd  of  the  Si'cond  Temple, 
al)out  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet  l»elow  the  top  of  the  foundation  walls  of  the  t(>mple,  was  excavated 
last  year.  We  now  cleared  the  north  end,  where  the  s])ace  for  tlie  builtling  has  Iwcn  «'ut  out  of 
the  rock  wliicli  rises  at  the  north  en<l.  We  here  found  thi-ee  cliambers  wliich  eonnnunicate  with 
the  e«donnade  an«l  central  court.  The  whole  is  a  very  interesting  building,  the  pur|N)se  of  which 
(whetlier  gymnasiinn,  treasury,  or  eiHubination  of  buihlings)  I  do  not  venture  to  decide  at  ))resent. 
It  is  a  building  about  one  hundi-cd  feet  (33  metres)  by  ninety -three  (30  metres),  consisting  of  a 
colonnade  sin-rounding  an  o])en  court  in  the  centre,  while  to  the  north  it  is  flanked  by  the  three 


Fig. -11.  —  C'oRNKK  OK  thk  Skcoxd  Platform,  with  front  of  East  ltriLi>i.\(i  i.n  rhhit  FoRHiRoiNn. 

chaml>ers  running  from  east  to  west.  It  appears  to  be  older  than  the  Second  Temjde.  not  later 
than  the  fii-st  half  of  the  fifth  century  B.  C.  Here,  as  in  the  UpjHjr  Stoa.  there  aiv  drums  of  col- 
umns in  sUti,  besides  the  pillar  bases,  and  in  some  places  sevenil  layei-s  of  the  ston«'  walls.  In 
this  building  there  were  numerous  fragments  of  the  architectural  decorations,  as  well  as  frag- 
ments of  sculpture  and  smaller  objects. 

"  We  also  clearetl  the  ground  to  the  north  of  this  building  to  the  l>ed-ro<'k,  and  at  the  western 
point,  to  the  south  of  the  dump  S,  we  again  came  upon  ruins  of  interesting  buildings.  AlH)ve  the 
old  supporting  walls  is  the  building  which  we  call  the  Northwest  Building.  It  was  difficult  <ligging, 
since  here  too  we  found  intricate  walls,  and  it  required  Mr.  Hoppin's  best  attention  to  carry  on 
the  work  which  was  placed  in  his  charge.  However,  the  plan  was  finally  workeil  out  with  clear- 
ness, and  shows  a  long  building  (31  metres  long  by  11.40  wide)  of  early  structure.  In  digging 
here  we  turned  up  some  fragments  which  had  fallen  down  from  the  Second  Temple  :  the  face  of  a 
colossal  female  head,  bronze  and  terra-cotta  cows'  heads,  objects  in  gold  and  silver  (among  them 
a  silver  ring  studded  with  gold  an<l  inseril>ed),  etc.  This  building  may  be  connectetl  with  the 
traces  of  the  building  in  the  field  lielow,  which  in  the  first  year  we  thought  might  Ih'  Roman. 


it' 


THE   EXCAVATIONS   IN    1894 


79 


**  On  the  south  sIoikj  below  tlie  Second  Temple,  we  began  on  the  same  system  we  had  previously 
atlopted,  working  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill  below,  and  to  the  east  and  west  of  the  steps  (Ij.  Find- 
ing bed-rock,  we  had  merely  to  turn  over  the  earth  as  we  advanced  ui)wanls,  and  ultimately  we 
were  enabled  to  turn  the  whole  of  the  part  to  the  south  of  the  steps  (1)  into  a  large  dump  for  all 
the  mass  of  earth  we  had  to  cut  away  between  the  Second  Temple  and  these  steps.  We  found  a 
thick  wall  running  from  east  to  west  at  a  depth  of  over  tihovn  feet  below  last  year's  surfae*-  on  the 
s«»uth  of  the  seeond  plateau,  and  upon  this  abutted  the  beautiful  limestoiu!  wall  which  we  found 
projecting  southward  last  year  from  the  southeast  corner  of  the  West  Building.  This  limestone 
wall  must  have  formed  part  of  the  west  fi-ont  of  the  great  building  which  we  are  now  excavating  on 
the  south  slope.  About  ninety  feet  of  this  building,  with  pillar  bases,  upon  some  of  which  drums 
are  in  sifit,  have  already  Ihhmi  lai<l  bare  ;  and  we  shall  have  to  continue  to  carry  away  the  great 
mass  »>f  earth  which  covers  this  buihling  along  the  whole  south  slope.  I  have  no  doubt  that  it  will 
prove  to  have  l>een  a  very  im|><u'tant  and  im|Kising  structure.  In  the  mass  of  earth  which  covers 
it,  we  have  found  fragments  of  masonry  from  the  Second  Temple  :  large  drums  from  the  cohnnns, 
as  well  as  complete  Doric  cajiitals,  also  two  torsos  of  sculpture,  and  many  fragments  behinging  to 
the  metoiHis  of  the  Seeond  Ti-mple.  At  the  same  time,  anotlun-  large  gang  of  workmen  was  engaged 
in  cutting  away  the  s«uith  shi\Mi  towards  the  east,  in  the  region  l)eh)w  the  house  (F),  and  we  are  thus 
working  fr«>m  lM>th  sides  Ut  clear  away  the  accumulated  earth,  while  we  are  making  a  continuous 
terrace  of  the  dump  IhjIow  the  stairs  (I ).  When  the  excavations  are  completed,  there  will  thus  be  a 
continuous  series  of  interesting  buildings  running  from  the  foot  of  the  hill  upwards,  tier  up«>n  tier, 
t<»  the  ten-ace  of  the  first  temple  on  the  summit.  With  the  completion  of  this  part  of  our  work,  as 
well  as  with  the  thorough  investigation  of  the  regions  about  the  Lower  Stoa  (CC,  J,  K,  and  L), 
which  ar«!  bounde<l  by  the  river,  the  whole  site  will  have  been  thoroughly  investigated.  I  must  als() 
remark  that  behind  the  poros  sup{K)rting  wall,  running  from  n<n-th  to  south  at  the  east  of  the  West 
Buihling,  we  have  fouml  rich  layers  of  early  anti(piities  corresi)onding  to  the  'black  layer '  we 
found  in  the  first  year.  In  fact,  it  appears  to  me  that  this  layer  is  continuous  with  the  one  found 
in  the  first  year,  the  objects  being  arrested  by  the  retaining  wall.  Considering  the  variety  and 
number  of  objects  fouml  here,  it  wouhl  be  im|)ossibIe  for  me  to  give  any  adequate  idea  of  the  rich- 
ness of  our  liiul.  They  comprise  every  material,  from  a  beautiful  large  solid  gohl  pin  to  objects 
in  lead,  ii-on,  bone,  ivory,  and  clay,  and  touch  uj^n  every  field, — epigraphy  as  well  as  art,  mytho- 
K»gy,  and  antiquities.  We  have  brought  to  Athens  over  eighty  baskets  full  of  objects  of  this  kind, 
together  with  larger  fragments  of  marble  sculpture,  cornices  in  stone  and  terra-cotta.  A  curious 
and  interesting  discovery  was  made  to  the  north  of  the  back  wall  of  the  building  on  the  south 
sloiHj,  at  some  depth  below  what  was  the  original  ancient  surface.  There  were  found  some  early 
graves  of  the  Mycenaean  perio«l,  such  as  have  been  recently  foiuid  at  Salamis.  One  of  these  was 
well  preserved,  —  a  small  shaft-tomb  containing  the  bones  of  the  deceased,  and  several  vases  in 
jMirfect  preservation,  of  the  earliest  Mycenaean  tyjK?.  They  evidently  belong  to  a  jKM-iod  when  the 
temenus  of  the  early  temple  of  Hera  was  limited  by  the  upi)er  terrace,  and  the  region  of  these 
graves  nnist  have  been  quite  outside  the  per iholutf  wall. 

"  The  climax  of  our  good  fortune  was  reached  when,  a  few  days  before  the  close  of  this  cam- 
jKiign,  we  found,  what  for  several  years  we  had  been  seeking  in  vain ;  namely,  the  beehive  tombs 
of  the  Mycenaean  periotl.  The  first  is  about  three  hundred  yards  to  the  northwest  of  the  temple, 
l>eyond  the  Eleutherion  ;  the  second,  only  al>out  sixty  yards  to  the  northwest  of  the  Eleutherion. 
They  are  both  of  the  l)eehive  shai)e,  cut  into  the  rock,  without  interior  masonry,  —  the  approach 
iM'ing  by  the  narrow  dromon  which  leads  into  the  underground  door,  which  after  the  burial  was 
bhM'ked  by  means  of  large  stones.  The  interior  is  circular,  the  diameter  being  about  2.40  metres, 
the  height  being  3.38  metres.  The  first  of  these  tombs,  discovered  on  April  20,  was  the  rei>ository 
for  at  least  three  corpses,  and  may  have  contained  more.  The  dead  were  certainly  not  laid  out  in 
the  tomb,  as  the  Ixmes  were  found  massed  together  without  any  anatomical  relation  to  one  another. 
The  fimls  in  the  first  tomb  were  exceedingly  rich.  It  contained  forty-nine  vases,  nearly  all  in  \tev- 
fect  preservation,  three  terra-cotta  figurines  of  the  earliest  ty|>e,  one  chair  with  intt^resting  Myce- 
naean ornaments,  one  engraved  stone  of  the  '  Island '  tyi^e,  four  steatite  whorls,  one  ivory  needle, 
and  a  numl>crof  beads.     The  second  tomb  contained  a  large  number  of  beads  and  whorls,  but  onlj' 


".' 


78 


(JKNKKAL    INTKOIUHTION 


liy  a  linu'stonc  wall.  The  bases  of  three  rows  of  five  eoliinins  are  extant  in  th»'  int«'rioi-,  wliile 
at  the  west  front  (faeiny;  the  temple)  it  had  a  |)ortieo.  In  this  l)uil«liii<;  iiinneroiis  oltji-ets  in 
_i;oM,  silver,  hron/e,  and  terra-eotta  were  f<tunil,  as  well  as  a  s«'aral»  with  a  eartonehe,  j>rolial>ly  of 
Thothnies  111. 

"  We  also  elearetl  away  all  the  earth  reniaininc^  t<»  the  east  of  tlu'  teniph',  and  to  flw  wcsf  of  thi- 
dump  S.  without  findin<;  nuieh  there. 

'•  Wr  then  turned  to  the  west  and  south  sIojm's  of  the  terraee,  -the  main  |M»ints  of  thisyrar's 
exeavations  <  Kii;.  4J). 

"Tlie  larj^er  portion  of  the.  West  I'MiiMini;,  whifh  li«'s  Im>1ow  the  west  cntl  i)f  the  S«Tond  T-mph'. 
alwiut  twentv-tive  to  thirty  feet  Udow  the  top  «>f  thf  foundation  walls  t»f  tin*  Icniplf.  was  exeavati*d 
last  year.  We  now  eleared  the  north  end,  where  tlu'  spaee  for  the  huildint;'  lias  Imtu  v»i  out  of 
the  UH'k  which  rises  at  tlw  north  rnd.  We  her«'  found  three  «'hand>rrs  which  comnninicatc  with 
the  colonnade  and  central  court.  The  whole  is  a  very  intcre-^tin^  l>uildiMi;-.  the  pui  pose  of  which 
(whether  iivnmasium.  treasury,  or  condtination  of  buildings)  I  do  not  venture  to  ilecide  at  proent. 
It  is  a  Ituildini;  ahout  one  hundre<l  feet  {'V.\  metres)  l»y  innety-three  ( oO  metro),  consist  in  i;  of  a 
eolonnade  surround  in;;;  an  ojm-u  «*otirt   in  the  centre,  while  to  the  north  it  is  tIanUed   hy  the  three 


l"lU.   U.  —  Cok.NKK   OK   lilt.   SKtO.Nn   I'LATKOUM,    WITU    I'K»>XT   ok    KaST    liriLltl.Vli    I.\    llMillT    FoKKOUol Mt. 

eliand»ers  running  from  east  to  west.  It  a)>]>ears  to  l)e  older  than  the  Second  Tentple.  not  later 
than  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century  li.  c.  Here,  as  in  the  I'pper  Stoa.  there  an*  drums  of  cid- 
umns  ///  .siht,  Itesides  the  pillar  bases,  and  in  some  places  sevend  layers  of  the  stone  walls.  In 
this  buihlinjj  there  were  numerous  frairments  of  the  architectural  decorations,  as  well  as  fray;- 
ments  of  sculi>ture  and  smaHcr  objects. 

"■  We  also  cleared  the  gr<mn<l  to  the  north  of  this  building  to  the  b«'d-ro<'k,  and  at  the  western 
point,  to  the  south  of  the  dump  S,  we  again  came  upon  ruins  of  interesting  buihlings.  AImivc  the 
old  supporting  walls  is  the  building  which  we  call  the  Northwest  Huilding.  It  was«lifficult  digging, 
since  here  too  we  found  intricate  walls,  and  it  recpiired  Mr.  IIop)»in"s  l)est  attention  to  carry  on 
the  work  which  was  placed  in  his  charge.  However,  the  plan  was  finally  worked  out  with  (dear- 
ness.  and  shows  a  long  buildin*;  (81  metres  lon<r  bv  11.40  wide)  of  earlv  structure.  In  (liiririni: 
here  we  turned  up  sonje  fragments  which  had  fallen  down  from  the  Second  Temple  :  tin?  face  of  a 
colossal  femah'  head,  bronze  and  terra-eotta  <*ows'  heads,  objects  in  gold  aiul  silver  (among  them 
a  silv«'r  ring  studded  with  g<dd  and  inscribed ),  etc.  This  binhling  may  be  eonnect<'d  with  the 
traces  of  the  buihling  in  the  field  below,  which  in  the  first  year  we  thought  ndght  be  Roman. 


^^ 


THK    i:X(  AVATIONS    IN    1K<»4 


79 


'•On  the  smith  slope  Iielow  the  .Second  Temple,  we  began  on  the  same  system  we  had  previously 
adoptcil,  working  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill  bel.»\v,  aiid  to  the  east  and  west  of  the  steps  (1  ;.  l"nu\- 
ing  l>«'«l-rock,  we  had  nier»dy  to  turn  ov«'r  the  earth  as  we  advanced  upwanis,  and  ultimatelv  we 
were  enabled  to  turn  the  whole  «)f  the  part  to  the  south  of  the  steps  (  1  >  into  a  large  dump  for  all 
the  mass  of  eaith  we  luul  to  cut  away  lietwecn  the  .S-cond  Temple  and  these  steps.  We  found  a 
thick  wall  running  from  t-ast  to  west  at  a  tiepth  of  ov«  r  fifteen  feet  In-low  last  year's  siuface  on  tlie 
south  of  the  second  plateau,  and  n|Hin  this  abutted  the  beautiful  limestone  wall  which  we  found 
projecting  southward  last  year  from  the  southeast  ciuiier  of  the  West  Uiiilding.  This  liniest.tn*' 
wall  umst  hav«>  formed  part  of  the  west  fi-ont  of  the  great  Ituildiug  wliicli  we  aic  now  excavating  on 
tin?  south  slope.  .M»out  iHuety  feet  of  this  buihling,  with  pillar  bases,  upon  some  of  which  drums 
are  ///  .v/V//.  hav«' already  bc«'U  laid  bare;  and  we  shall  have  to  continue  to  carry  awav  tlu;  great 
mass  of  eartli  whit  h  covers  this  building  along  the  whole  south  slope.  I  have  no  doid>t  that  it  will 
prove  to  have  Im-cu  a  very  important  and  imposing  structure.  In  the  mass  (»f  earth  which  covers 
it,  we  hav«'  found  fragments  of  mastuiry  from  the  .S«.'«'ond  Temide  :  large  drums  from  the  colniuns, 
as  Well  as  complete  Doric  capitals,  als(»  two  torsos  of  s«'ulpture,  and  many  fragments  iteloni;ing  to 
the  metopes  of  the  Second  Temple.  At  the  sanu'  tiuH',  an<tther  larg(!  gang  of  workmen  was  eu^aged 
in  cutting  away  the  south  s\n\n'  towards  tin;  east,  in  the  region  beh»w  the  house  (F).  and  we  are  thus 
working  from  both  sides  to  <dcar  away  tlu-  accumulated  <'arth,  while  we  are  making  a  <ontinuous 
terrai-eof  the  dump  l»eh>w  the  stairs  (  I  ).  When  the  excavations  are  <-omphted,  there  will  thus  be  a 
continuous  series  of  interesting  buihlings  running  fnun  the  foot  of  the  hill  upwards,  tier  upon  tier, 
to  the  terrace  of  the  first  temple  on  the  sunuuit.  With  the  comph'tion  of  tiiis  part  of  our  w.uk.  as 
well  as  with  the  thorough  investigation  of  the  regifuis  about  tlu-  Luwtr  Stoa  (t'C.  d.  K,  and  L  ». 
wliitdi  are  bounded  by  the  river,  the  whole  site  will  have  been  thoroughly  investigated.  1  must  also 
remark  th.it  behind  tin-  poivts  supporting  wall,  running  from  north  to  south  at  the  east  of  the  West 
Huilding,  we  have  found  rich  layers  of  early  anticpiities  corresponding  to  the  *  bhH-k  laver  '  we 
found  in  the  first  year.  In  fact,  it  appears  to  me  that  this  layer  is  continuous  with  the  one  found 
in  the  first  year,  the  objects  being  arrested  by  the  r«'taining  wall.  Considering  the  variety  and 
niunber  of  idtjects  found  here,  it  would  be  impossible  for  me  to  givi'  any  adeipiate  i<lea  of  the  ritdi- 
ness  of  our  find.  They  comprise  every  material,  from  a  beautiful  large  solid  gold  pin  to  objects 
in  lead,  iron,  bone.  iv<uy,  and  '.lay,  and  touch  upon  every  field.  — epigraphy  as  wtdl  as  art.  mvtlio- 
h»gy,  and  aiiti*piitics.  We  have  brought  to  Athens  over  eighty  baskets  full  of  objects  of  this  kind, 
together  with  larger  fragments  of  marble  sculptiin',  cornices  in  stone  and  terra-<'otta.  A  curious 
ami  interesting  tliscovery  was  nnule  to  the  north  of  the  back  wall  of  tlu'  building  on  the  south 
slojK',  at  some  «lepth  below  what  was  the  original  ancient  surface.  There  were  found  some  early- 
graves  of  the  .Mycenaean  period,  such  as  have  been  re«'ently  found  at  Salainis.  One  of  these  was 
well  ju'escrvcil,  —  a  small  shaft-tomb  containing  the  bones  of  the  deceased,  ami  several  vases  in 
pi-rfcct  preservation,  of  the  earliest  Mycenaean  tyi)e.  They  evidently  belong  to  a  i)eiiod  when  the 
friHctitts  of  the  early  temple  of  Hera  was  limited  by  the  upper  terrace,  and  the  region  of  these 
graves  nnist  have  been  «pute  outside  the  j Hi' i hi Jks  wall. 

"The  <dimax  of  our  g(K)d  fortune  was  reached  when,  a  few  days  before  the  <dose  of  this  cam- 
]Kiign,  we  found,  what  f«n*  several  years  we  had  been  seeking  in  vain:  namely,  the  be<diive  tombs 
of  the  Mycenaean  period.  The  first  is  about  three  hundred  yanls  to  the  northwest  of  the  temph', 
beyond  the  Kleutherion  :  the  .second,  oidy  about  sixty  yards  to  the  northwest  of  the  Kleutherion. 
They  are  both  of  the  beehive  shape,  <'ut  into  the  rock,  without  interior  masonry,  —  tin;  ap))roach 
ln'ing  by  the  narrow  dnniinx  whiidi  leads  into  the  undergrouml  door,  which  after  the  burial  was 
bl<M-ke<I  by  means  of  large  stones.  The  interior  is  cin-ular,  the  diameter  being  about  2.4t!  metrt's, 
the  height  being  8.38  metres.  The  first  <>f  these  tondis,  discovered  on  Ai>ril  20.  was  the  repository 
for  at  least  three  <'orpses,  and  may  have  contained  more.  The  dead  were  certainly  not  laid  out  in 
the  tomb,  as  the  bones  were  f<unid  massed  together  without  any  anatomical  relation  to  one  another. 
The  finds  in  the  first  tomb  wen'  exceedingly  ri«  h.  It  contained  foity-nine  vases,  nearly  all  in  \^ev- 
fect  preservation,  three  terni-cotta  figurines  of  the  earliest  type,  one  chair  with  interesting  Mvce- 
naean  ornaments,  om'  engraved  stone  of  the  *  Island '  type,  four  steatite  whorls,  one  ivory  needle, 
an«l  a  niindwrttf  beads.     The  second  tond>  coutainetl  a  large  number  of  beads  and  wIku-Is.  but  onlv 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


[\ 


one  complete  vase  and  a  number  of  fragments.  These  finds  appear  to  me  of  exceeding  interest 
and  importance  with  regai-d  to  early  Mycenaean  pottery  ;  and  the  interest  of  the  discovery  may  be 
increased  by  the  fact  that  the  sun  shone  into  the  opening  which  had  been  broken  into  the  top  of  the 
rock,  so  that  we  were  able  to  take  photographs  of  the  vases  and  bones  /;*  situ.  .  .  . 

"  The  last  campaign  was  begim  on  March  22,  1895.  As  I  was  kept  at  Rome  on  my  way  here 
by  an  attack  of  influenza,  I  telegraphed  to  Mr.  Hoppin  to  begin  work  according  to  the  plan  we 
had  arranged  before  he  left  for  Greece.  Accortlingly,  on  March  22,  Mr.  Hoppin  began  to  exca- 
vate the  south  sloi>e  below  the  Second  Temple  at  the  point  at  which  we  had  left  it  last  season,  and 
thus  had  charge  of  the  work  for  several  days  before  I  arrived.  During  these  days  Mr.  Hoppin 
was  not  only  able  to  make  most  valuable  discoveries,  such  as  the  two  best  preserved  metojie  heads, 
but  he  pushed  on  the  clearing  of  the  South  Stoa  for  many  feet,  having  to  clear  away  about  twenty 
feet  of  superimiK)sed  earth  for  the  whole  length  and  width  of  the  stoa.  He  has  since  proved  a 
most  efficient  aid  to  me,  and  with  his  two  years'  experience  in  excavation,  as  well  as  his  archaeolo- 
gical studies  in  German  universities,  he  is  likely  to  become  a  well-equipped  archaeologist.  I  am 
much  gratified  to  hear  from  him  that  he  intends  to  spend  the  winter  and  spring  of  the  two  coming 
years  at  Athens  to  arrange  and  elaborate  our  finds  from  the  Heraeum.     In  this  task  he  will  be 


h^ 


l"# 


|« 


i 


Fui.  42.  — Thk  Roman  Hi'ildini;,  with  Souxiiwi-aT  Stoa  on  thk  leit,  and  Portion  of  West  Biiluinjj 

IN  thk  Furkurouno. 

aided  by  Mr.  Heennance  from  Yale  University,  who  joined  Mr.  Hoppin  at  the  beginning  of  our 
work  this  year,  and  was  with  us  for  several  weeks,  until  he  went  with  Dr.  Diirpfeld's  party  on  the 
Peloponnesian  tour.  I  venture  to  predict  that  he  also  will  be  of  the  greatest  help  in  arranging  and 
working  out  our  finds,  while  he  himself  will  gain  much  experience  and  valuable  information  in 
performing  this  task.  Mr.  Rogers,  of  Columbia  College,  New  York,  has  been  with  us  for  several 
weeks  now,  and  is  taking  charge  of  all  the  work  on  the  west  side.  He  will  remain  till  the  cam- 
paign is  ended,  and  will  undoubtedly  be  of  great  assistance  to  us.  .  .  . 

"  I  owe  the  Committee  a  great  debt  of  gratitude  for  the  wisdom  with  which  they  have  selected  an 
architect  to  assist  us  in  our  work  here,  and  to  prepare  plans  and  drawings  of  the  excavations.  Mr. 
Tilton  has  taken  up  his  work  with  such  energy  and  intelligence  that  we  may  hope  for  an  adequate, 


THE   EXCAVATIONS   IN   1895  81 

perhaps  a  brilliant,  presentation  of  the  architectural  side  of  our  publication.  Mr.  Tilton  purposes 
to  remain  here  for  a  week  after  the  excavations  are  closed,  to  supervise  the  cleaning  of  the  build- 
ings, with  about  ten  workmen.  Mr.  Rogers  has  promised  to  join  him  during  this  period.  In  the 
course  of  the  summer  Mr.  Tilton  intends  to  meet  me  in  England,  in  order  that  we  may  discuss  and 
decide  ui>on  the  general  plan,  as  well  as  the  details,  of  the  architectural  publication. 

"  The  work  we  have  this  year  done  on  the  south  sl<>i>c  (below  the  Second  Temple)  appears  to  me, 
as  I  see  It  now,  astonishing  with  regard  to  the  amount  of  earth  that  has  been  removed.  Tliis 
would   not  have  been  iwssible,  had  we  not  at  the  beginning  of  last  season  found  bed-rock  at  the 


1 


Fig.  43.  —  First  Trknch  dug  at  South  Stoa. 


bottom  of  the  little  valley  and  for  some  way  up,  so  that  we  could  place  a  continuous  dump  half  way 
up  the  hill  on  the  south  slope.  Our  carts  had  thus  to  travel  but  a  short  distance  before  our  eyes, 
and  we  could  make  a  continuous  dump  below  the  line  of  building  found  on  the  south  sloi)e. 

"  At  the  close  of  the  last  season  we  had  found  the  beginning  of  a  building,  one  side  of  which 
abutted  on  the  southeast  corner  of  what  we  have  hitherto  called  the  West  Building,  and  which  ran 
from  east  to  west  along  the  south  slope  about  forty  feet  below  the  top  of  the  foundation  wall  of 
the  Second  Temple,  and  parallel  to  it.  We  had  also  cut  in  for  about  ten  feet  behind  the  supjwrt;- 
mg  wall  east  of  the  West  Building,  which  separates  this  building  from  the  Second  Temple  above  it 
We  now  continued  to  clear  out  this  South  Stoa  (Fig.  43).  It  was  difficult  digging,  as  there  was 
an  average  of  twenty  feet  of  earth  to  be  removed  for  its  whole  length,  and  large  stones,  drums  of 
columns,  capitals,  and  blocks  ha<l  fallen  from  the  terrace  above,  aU  of  which  had  to  be  removed 
to  the  nearest  point  where  they  would  not  block  the  way  for  excavation,  and  carefully  deposited 
there.  As  I  am  now  writing  the  building  is  quite  clear  (Fig.  44).  It  is  a  beautiful  stoa,  imposing 
in  its  vast  length,  with  walls  of  most  perfect  Greek  masonry,  of  which  four  and  even  five  layers  ar^ 
standing  all  around.  Within  there  are  nine  Doric  pillars.  AU  the  pillar  bases  are  in  situ  ;  three 
have  the  lower  drum,  while  one  has  two  drums,  —  the  remaining  four,  together  with  the  capital  in 
good  preservation,  having  fallen  immediately  in  front  of  this.  At  the  back  wall  (north)  there  are 
well-worked  pilasters,  one  to  each  alternate  pillar.  The  stoa  is  about  forty-five  metres  long  by  about 
thirteen  metres  wide.  It  faces  towards  the  south  (i.  e.  towards  Argos),  and  is  approached  by  a 
continuous  flight  of  steps.    The  temple  above  it  must  have  fallen  in  before  this  stoa  was  destroyed, 


80 


GEXKKAL   INTRODUCTION 


one  coiuj>lete  vaso  and  a  nunilwr  n{  fra<;nients.  These  finds  appear  to  me  of  exceeding  interest 
and  importance  \\  itli  regard  to  early  Mycenaean  jwttery  :  and  the  interest  of  the  <liscovery  niay  Ikj 
increased  by  the  fact  that  the  sun  slione  into  the  ojiening  which  had  been  broken  into  the  top  of  the 
vock,  so  that  we  were  able  to  tak»'  photograj)hs  of  the  vases  and  bon«'s  ///  .«////.   .  .   . 

'•The  last  campaign  was  begun  on  March  '2'2.  ISDo.  As  I  was  kept  at  Home  on  my  way  here 
by  an  attack  of  influenza,  I  telegraphed  to  Mr.  iloppin  to  begin  work  according  to  the  plan  we 
liad  arranged  before  he  left  for  (i recce.  Accordingly,  on  March  '2'2,  Mr.  Iloppin  W'gan  to  exca- 
vate the  south  slope  below  the  Second  Temple  at  the  jMiint  at  which  we  had  left  it  last  season,  and 
thus  had  charge  of  the  work  for  several  days  before  I  arrived.  During  these  days  Mr,  Iloppin 
was  not  only  able  to  make  most  valuable  discoveries,  such  as  the  two  best  preserved  niet«>i>e  heads, 
but  he  ])ushcd  on  the  clearing  of  the  South  Stoa  for  many  feet,  having  to  clear  away  alM)ut  twenty 
ftet  of  supcrimi>osed  fvuth  for  the  whole  length  and  width  of  the  stoa.  Hf  has  since  prove<l  a 
most  efticicnt  aid  to  mc,  and  with  his  two  years'  ex|KMience  in  excavation,  as  well  as  his  archaeolo- 
gical stutlics  in  (lerman  universities,  he  is  likely  to  become  a  wellH'<piippcd  archaeologist.  I  am 
much  gratified  to  hear  from  him  that  he  intends  to  spend  the  winter  and  spring  of  the  two  coming 
vears  at  Athens  to  arrange  and  elaborate  our  finds  from  the  Ileracum.     In  this  task  he  will  lie 


Kl<;.   12.  —  TlIK    lloMAN    l!riI.DIN»;,  WITU    S.ITUWKST   St«»A  ox  TUK   I»-T,  ANU   I'oIJTIOX  ok   NVksT   lilll.niNti 

IN     IIIK    KoKKtiKorXlt. 


our 


aided  by  Mr.  Ileermance  from  Yale  University,  who  joined  Mr.  Iloppin  at  the  beginning  of 
work  this  year,  and  was  with  lis  for  several  week.s,  until  he  went  with  Dr.  Diirpfehl's  party  on  the 
iV'loponnesian  tour.  I  venture  to  predict  that  he  also  will  be  of  the  greatest  help  in  arranging  and 
working  out  our  finds,  while  he  himself  will  gain  much  exi^rience  and  valuable  information  in 
IM-rforming  this  task.  Mr.  Rogers,  of  Uobuubia  College,  N»'W  York,  has  Iwen  with  us  for  sevcml 
weeks  now,  and  is  taking  charge  of  all  the  work  on  the  west  side.  He  will  remain  till  the  cam- 
l)aign  is  ended,  and  will  undoubtedly  be  of  great  assistance  to  us.  .  .  . 

"  I  owe  the  Committee  a  great  debt  of  gratitude  for  the  wisdom  with  which  they  have  selected  an 
architect  to  assist  us  in  our  work  here,  and  to  prepare  plans  and  drawings  of  the  excavations.  Mr. 
Tilton  has  taken  up  his  work  with  .such  energy  and  intelligence  that  we  may  hoiie  for  an  adeqnat.', 


THE    EXCAVATIONS    IN    ISO') 


81 


perhaps  a  brilliant,  presentation  of  the  architectural  side  of  our  publication.  Mr.  Tilton  purposes 
to  remain  here  for  a  week  after  the  excavations  are  closed,  to  supervise  the  cleaning  of  the  build- 
ings, with  about  ten  workmen.  Mr.  Rogers  has  promised  to  join  him  during  this  i)eriod.  In  the 
course  of  the  summer  .Mr.  Tilton  inten.ls  to  meet  me  in  England,  in  onlcr  that  we  may  di.scuss  and 
deci.le  upon  the  general  jdan.  as  well  as  the  details,  of  the  architectural  publication. 

"  The  work  wc  have  this  year  done  on  the  .south  .sl<»pe  ( Mow  the  Second  Temple)  appears  to  me, 
as  I  see  it  now,  astonishing  with  regard  to  the  amount  of  earth  that  has  been  removed.  Tills 
would   not  have  been   iK.ssiblc.  had  we  n..t  at   the  b».ginning  .)f  last  season  foiuid  bed-rock  at  the 


Fi«i.  4.;.  —  KiKST  i 


KK.NLII    1>H,    Xl     .^1H  TU    .SjO.V. 


bottom  of  the  little  valley  and  for  some  way  up,  so  that  we  coidd  place  a  continuous  dump  half  way 
up  the  lull  on  the  south  slope.  Our  carts  had  thus  to  travel  but  a  short  distance  before  our  eyes, 
and  we  couhl  nuike  a  continuous  dump  below  the  line  of  building  found  on  the  south  sloi)e. 

"  At  the  close  of  the  last  season  we  had  fotmd  the  beginning  of  a  building,  one  .side  of  which 
abutted  on  the  smitheast  corner  of  what  we  have  hitherto  called  the  West  Building,  and  which  ran 
from  ea.st  to  west  along  the  .soutli  slope  about  forty  feet  below  the  top  of  the  foundation  wall  of 
the  Second  Ten.ple,an<l  parallel  to  it.  We  had  also  cut  in  for  about  ten  feet  behind  the  support- 
ing wall  east  of  the  West  Building,  which  separat<'s  this  building  from  the  Second  Temple  above  it. 
^^  e  now  continued  to  clear  out  this  South  Stoa  (Fig.  43).  It  was  difficult  digging,  as  there  was 
an  average  of  twenty  feet  of  earth  to  Iw  removed  for  its  whole  length,  and  large  stones,  drums  of 
columns,  capitals,  and  blocks  ha.l  fallen  from  the  terrace  above,  all  of  which  ha.l  to  be  removed 
to  the  nearest  point  where  they  wouhl  not  block  the  way  for  excavation,  and  carefullv  <lepositcd 
there.  As  I  am  now  writing  the  building  is  quite  clear  (  Fig.  44 ).  It  is  a  beautiful  stoa,  imposing 
in  its  vast  length,  with  walls  of  most  iK-rfect  (Jreek  masonry,  of  which  four  and  even  five  layers  are 
stiiu.ling  all  around.  Within  there  are  nine  Doric  pillars.  All  the  pillar  bases  are  hi  sUu  ;  three 
have  the  h.wer  «lrum,  while  one  has  two  drums,  —  the  remaining  four,  together  with  the  capital  in 
goo<l  i)reservation,  having  fallen  immediately  in  front  of  this.  At  the  back  wall  (north)  there  are 
well-worked  pilasters,  one  to  each  alternate  pillar.  The  stoa  is  about  forty-Hve  metres  long  by  about 
thirteen  metres  wide.  It  faces  towards  the  south  (i.  e.  towards  Argos),  and  is  approached  by  a 
eontimious  flight  of  .steps.    The  temple  above  it  must  have  fallen  in  before  this  stoa  was  destroyed, 


«2 


GENKKAL    INTKODrCTION 


Fig.  44.  —  6h)utii  Stoa,  ai^tkk  Excav.xtion. 


sinc'f,  I'sjHjfially  i"  the  western  half,  we  f«mn(l  huge  dniiiis  of  the  cohiniu  f fom  the  teiii])K'  which  liiul 
eraslietl  tlirough  tlie  roof,  with  ijvhon  blocks,  and,  fortunately  for  us,  also  nietoi>es  and  »ihnt.  The 
tltM)ring  was  thus  in  parts  littered  with  fragments  of  marble  from  roof  tiles  and  metojies.  Among 
these  were  several  pieces  of  sculptured  metojies,  and  of  the  simu^  fragments  of  arms,  legs,  torsos  of 
bodies,  etc.,  all  from  the  high  relief  of  the  meto{H.'s,  and  two  well-i)reserve<l  hea<ls  (one  «piite 
|H?rfect),  with  ))ortions  of  three  <)thers.  This  stoa  is  jierhaps  the  best  jireserved  of  all  tlie  buildings 
which  we  have  found,  and  is  ecrtaiidy  one  (»f  the  most  imposing  I  know  in  (ireece. 

••  We  also  cut  into  the  slope  to  the  west  of  this  stoa,  but  were  soon  convinced  that  no  ancient 
building  stood  here ;  we  found,  however,  the  traces  <)f  a  huge  staircase  which  c«»vere<l  the  wh«de 
.slope  on  this  side  leading  up  to  the  great  jdatform  of  the  temple.  There  was  thus  on  the  south 
siile  of  the  temples  facing  Argos  a  magnificent  approach  to  the  sanctuary  :  and  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  the  line  of  buildings  and  the  access  to  them  liehmging  to  this  |>eri(Ml  face  to  the  south 
and  east,  while  the  earlier  buihlings  are  massed  on  the  west  side.  This  corresiMinds  to  the  change 
fnnu  the  Mycenaean  to  the  Argive  supreniacy. 

''  At  the  close  of  the  last  season,  we  had  cut  off  the  slo])e  evenly  lu'liind  the  back  wall  of  that 
portion  of  the  stoa  whi<*h  was  then  discovered.  It  was  a  huge  cutting.  Uinm  arriving  this  spring, 
I  found  that  the  rain  ha<l  washed  away  some  of  the  earth  from  the  side  of  the  cutting,  and  here 
apjM'ared  a  })ortion  of  a  coliimn-<li'um  from  the  Se<*ond  Temple.  How  this  lia<l  fallen  there  it  i.s 
difficult  to  explain.  Reluctantly  (for  I  knew  there  could  l>e  no  building  there),  I  felt  l>ound  to  dig 
here  again.  We  thus  had  to  cut  away  further  ten  feet  of  earth  to  a  depth  of  over  twenty  feet 
and  for  a  length  of  forty-five  metres.  All  this  earth  was  filling  for  the  foundations  of  the  up|H'r 
temple,  and  contained  a  great  mass  of  j)re-archaic  Cireek  objects,  such  as  we  had  foiiml  in  pre- 
vious years  in  this  same  filling.  We  also  dug  down  to  bed-rock  for  the  whole  length  inside  (to 
the  east)  of  the  supi)orting  wall  before  the  West  Building  (Fig.  45). 

"  Some  interesting  results  api)eared  from  this  work.  We  were  much  astonished  last  year  when 
Dr.  Washington  found  in  the  corner  behind  this  snj)porting  wall  and  the  back  of  the  South  Stoa 
wall  Mycenaean  graves  such  as  have  been  found  at  S<alamis.  I  could  only  explain  this  to  myself 
by  the  supiwsition  that  this  site  was  outside  the  earliest  perilxdus.     We  now  found  such  early 


(t 


TIIK    EXCAVATIONS    IX   189r> 


83 


walls  of  the  Mycenaean  pericwl  here,  together  with  some  such  graves,  and  a  great  number  of  vases 
and  small  objects  outside  these  early  walls.  Such  walls  also  api)eared  on  the  whole  west  slope, 
north  and  northeast  of  the  West  Building,  where  Mr.  Rogers  hatl  charge  of  the  work,  and  where 
we  have  cleared  the  whole  site  down  to  bed-rock.  We  can  now  say  witli  confidence  that  nothing 
remains  unexcavated  within  the  Viwcxcwt  poriholuH. 

"  We  have  now  attacked  also  tlie  fields  to  the  west  and  soutliwest,  outsith  the  peribolus  walls, 
where  in  exploring  during  the  first  season  we  had  traced  a  large  stoa  and  conjectured  that  there 
was  a  Koman  temple.  This  conjecture  was  a  happy  one  in  so  far  as  in  the  field  below,  in.medi- 
ately  to  the  west  of  the  temple  and  bordered  by  the  stream  (Eleutherion)  on  its  outer  (northern 
and  western)  sides,  we  have  found  buildings  of  the  Koman  period,  — an  extensive  and  complex 
sy.stem  of  Roman  baths.  Tliis  is  interesting  also  in  its  bearing  upon  the  whole  nature  and  func- 
tion of  the  sanctuary. 

"  The  other  large  field  I  shall  excavate  as  far  as  possible,  and  shall  esjiecially  do  my  best  to 
enable  our  architect  to  make  plans  of  the  buildin'>-s. 

"  A  few  words  about  our  finds.     In  this  respect  we  have  been  as  lucky  as  ever.     I  liave  already 


(1 1 


FlO.   45.— W|.»T    Ik-II.I>INO    (VII),  AKTKK    KXCAVATION. 

referretl  to  the  metope  fragments  and  to  the  heads.  These  latter  corresi^nd  to  those  we  had 
already  found  and  belong  to  the  metojMJS.  They  are  worked  in  a  vigorous  manner,  and  are  still 
of  such  careful  execution  that  I  l>elieve  even  those  of  the  Parthenon  can  hardly  rival  them  in  this 
resi)ect  One  head  of  a  youth  with  a  helmet  is  in  perfect  preservation,  even  the  tip  of  the  nose 
remaining  Intact  We  shall  now  have  a  large  number  of  fragments  at  Athens,  and  we  may  hope 
to  be  able  to  piece  some  together.  At  all  events  the  sculptures  coming  from  this  temple  built  by 
the  Argive  Eupolemus,  with  Polycleitus  as  the  sculptor  of  the  temple-statue,  are  among  the  most 
imimrtant  sjtecimens  of  the  great  art  of  the  fifth  century  B.  c. 


•r 


s-J 


(JKNKKAI.    INTIiODlC  TION 


Fl(i.  44.  —  S»ITII    STOA,  AfTKK    KXC.WATIOX. 


since.  rs|u'cially  ill  the  uestrni  lialf.  wi- found  lintjo  tiruins  of  tin- cohinin  Ironi  tliu  ti'ni|il«' wliirli  1i:i«| 
rr:islic«l  thron^^li  tlu'  roof,  with  t/risoti  hhicks.  and.  foitunati-ly  for  us.  alx*  ni<>to|H-.s  ami  siiiio.  Tliu 
lliMuini;  was  thus  in  parts  litti'ied  with  fragnu-nts  of  niaihU'  from  roof  tiles  an«l  nieto|H's.  Aiuoni; 
tliese  were  several  pieces  of  sculptured  nH'to|K's,  and  «»f  the  siniu.  fragments  of  arms.  U"^>,  torsos  of 
l»odies,  ete..  all  from  the  high  relief  of  the  metopes,  and  two  well-preserveil  heads  (one  ipiit*- 
perfect ).  with  ]H>rtionst>f  three  otliers.  This  stoa  is  perhaps  the  best  jMeserveil  of  all  the  huildings 
which  we  have  found,  an«l  is  eertaiidy  one  of  the  most  im|>osin<;  1  knt»w  in  (ireeee. 

••  We  also  cut  into  the  slope  to  the  west  of  this  stoa,  hut  were  soon  i-onvinced  that  no  ancient 
Ituilding  stood  here:  we  found,  however,  the  traces  of  a  huge  stain-ase  which  covered  the  whole 
slop!'  on  this  side  leading  uj>  to  tln'  great  ])latfitrni  of  the  temple.  There  was  thus  on  the  south 
sid«'  of  the  temph-s  facing  Arg(»s  a  magnitiecut  approach  to  the  sanctuary  :  and  it  is  inten-sting  to 
note  that  the  line  of  huihliugs  and  the  access  to  them  ludonging  to  this  ]»eriiHl  face  to  the  south 
and  east,  while  the  curlier  huildings  aiv  massed  on  the  west  side.  This  corresponds  to  the  change 
from  the  Mycenaeaji  to  the  .\rgive  supremacy. 

"•At  the  close  of  the  last  season,  we  had  cut  off  the  sIojm!  evenly  lichind  the  hack  wall  of  that 
)H>rtiou  of  the  stoa  which  was  then  discovered.  It  was  a  huge  cutting.  I'pou  arriving  this  spring, 
I  touud  that  the  rain  had  washed  away  sonu'  of  the  earth  from  the  side  of  the  cutting,  and  here 
appeared  a  [)ortion  of  a  cnhnim-drum  from  the  Second  Temple.  How  this  had  fallen  there  it  is 
ilit^icidt  to  explain.  Hehu-tantly  (for  I  knew  there  could  he  no  huilding  there).  I  felt  hound  to  dig 
here  again.  We  thus  had  to  «-ut  aw:ty  further  ten  feet  <»f  earth  to  a  depth  of  over  twenty  feet 
and  for  u  h'Ugth  of  forty-five  nutres.  All  this  earth  was  filling  for  the  foundati«»ns  of  the  uj»per 
temph-.  and  contained  a  great  mass  of  pre-archaic  (Jreek  ol»jects,  su<*li  as  we  had  found  in  pre- 
vious years  in  this  same  fdling.  We  also  dug  down  to  hed-rock  for  the  whole  length  inside  (ti> 
the  east )  of  the  su]»porting  wall  hefore  the  West  Huilding  (Fig.  4')). 

'•  Sonu!  interesting  residts  ait]>eared  from  this  work.  We  were  much  astonished  last  y<'ar  when 
Dr.  Washington  foiuid  in  the  coriu-r  hehiiul  this  su]>]Mtrting  wall  and  the  hack  of  the  South  .Stoa 
wall  Mycenaean  grav«'s  su<*h  as  have  l>een  found  at  Salamis.  I  could  oidy  «'X|dain  this  to  myself 
hy  the  sup[Mjsition  that  this  site  was  outside  the  earliest  pctibolus.     We  now  found  such  early 


TIIK    i:X(  AVATIONS    1\    isO", 


83 


walls  (.f  the  Mycenaean  iK-rltMl  here,  together  with  sonic  such  graves,  and  a  great  number  .»f  vases 
and  small  objects  outside  tlu'sc  early  walls.  Su.h  walls  also  app.ared  on  the  whole  west  slope, 
north  and  n<.rtlieast  of  th.-  West  liuihling,  where  Mr.  Kogers  had  charge  of  the  w«»rk,  an.l  wh.Me 
we  have  cleared  the  whol,.  site  down  to  bed-rock.  We  can  now  say  with  confidence  that  nothing 
riMuains  unexcavated  withiii  the  ancient  /k rihohis. 

"  We  have  now  attack.-.l  also  the  iields  t.i  the  west  and  southwest,  (nitshtr  \\w  jxrlhoJns  walls, 
where  in  exploring  during  the  first  seas.Mi  w.'  had  traced  a  larg..  stoa  and  conjectured  that  there 
was  a  lioman  temple.  This  conjecture  was  a  happy  .»ne  In  s.)  far  as  in  the  field  below,  immedi- 
ately to  the  west  of  the  temide  and  bordered  by  the  stream  (  Kleutherion )  on  its  outer  ( northern 
and  western )  sides,  we  have  found  buildings  of  the  Roman  period,  -  an  extensive  and  complex 
system  of  Homan  baths.  This  is  interesting  also  in  its  bearing  up.>n  the  whole  nature  and  func- 
tion *>{  the  sanctuary. 

"The  other  largv  field  1  shall  excavate  as  far  as  i>ossible.  and  shall  especially  do  mv  best  to 
enabh'  <Mir  architect  to  make  plans  of  the  buildiii^^s. 

"  A  few  words  alKiut  our  finds.      In  this  resiHict  we  have  Im'cu  as  luckv  as  ever.      I  have  alroadv 


Fuj.  4."».— Wust  r>rn.i>iMi  (VII),  aktki:  Kxt  avati«»x. 

referred  to  the  metope  fragments  and  to  the  heads.  These  latter  correspond  to  those  we  had 
alreaily  f<unul  and  belong  to  the  metoiws.  They  are  worked  in  a  vigorous  manner,  and  are  still 
of  such  careful  oxocution  that  I  believe  even  those  of  the  Parthenon  can  hardly  rival  them  in  this 
respect.  One  head  of  a  youth  with  a  helmet  is  in  perfect  preservation,  even  the  tip  of  the  nose 
remaining  intact.  We  shall  now  have  a  large  number  of  fragments  at  Athens,  and  we  may  hope 
to  be  able  to  piece  some  together.  At  all  events  the  scidptures  coming  from  this  temple  built  by 
the  Argive  Kupolemus,  with  Polyeleitus  as  the  sculptor  of  the  temple-statue,  are  amono^  the  most 
im))ortant  s]M>ounens  of  the  great  art  of  the  fifth  centinv  H.  c. 


84 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


[)' 


1,  ■ 

I 


"  From  the  filling  to  the  Second  Temple  we  have  al)oiit  seventy-six  haskets  full  of  vases,  terra- 
cottas, bronzes,  etc.  Though  a  great  part  of  these  came  from  the  tlry  ruMiish  iisetl  to  fill  u]>  the 
platform,  I  am  more  and  more  convinced  that  in  the  earlier  jierioils  there  was  some  sacred  build- 
ing or  great  altar  on  the  site  of  this  temple.  The  early  Mycenaean  walls  along  the  slo])es  belong 
to  these,  as  well  as  most  of  the  finds  which  were  votive  offerings.  We  have  again  found  here  a 
nufnber  of  Egy]>tian  objects,  including  several  scarabs.  1  hoj>e  that  a  Fivnch  Egj'}>tologist.  now 
sojourning  at  the  French  School,  will  be  able  to  throw  some  light  uj)on  our  Egyptian  fiuds.  Of 
smaller  objects,  gems,  and  terracottas,  this  year  has  given  a  very  large  liarvest. 

"  We  have  found  several  inscriptions,  —  some  of  the  Roman  j^eriod  ;  but  the  most  inqiortant 
epigraphical  find,  perhaps,  of  the  whole  excavation,  is  a  bronze  ])]a(]ue  about  eight  inches  S4*uare 
with  eleven  lines  of  Imustrophedon  inscrij)tion  in  the  earliest  Argive  characters. 

"  Owing  to  the  generosity  of  Mrs.  J.  W.  Clark  and  of  Mr.  Ho])pin,  whose  contributions  (♦1200) 
have  greatly  increased  the  sums  which  I  have  received  from  the  Institute  (♦500)  and  fi-oni  the 
School  (#250),  as  well  as  that  in  hand  from  last  year  (about  ♦GSO),  we  have  been  well  supplied 
with  means  this  year.  I  hope  to  have  a  considerable  sur])lus.  Since  Mr.  Ho])pin  has  authorized 
me  to  use  what  remains  of  his  and  Mrs.  Clark's  contribution  for  the  ]>reparation  of  illustrations  of 
our  work,  I  have  the  j)hotogTapher  Merlin  here  now,  who  is  taking  views  of  the  buildings  and  the 
sites,  and  I  shall  proceed  to  make  arrangements  with  Mr.  Tilton  for  the  most  adequate  form  of 
publication. 

"  It  is  rash  to  make  promises.  More  than  thirteen  years  passed  l>efore  the  Germans  published 
the  results  of  their  excavations  at  Olympia  ;  the  va.se  fragments  from  the  Acro|)olis,  wliich  have 
been  in  their  hands  for  at  least  five  years,  are  not  jet  publisheil,  and  they  tell  me  that  their  main 
difficulty  now  is  to  provide  proj)er  means  of  reprotluction  and  publication.  I  shall  do  my  best, 
and  Mr.  Tilton  promises  to  use  all  his  energies  to  assist  me  to  put  into  the  printer's  hands  the  first 
volume,  containing  the  introduction,  the  architecture,  and  possibly  the  sculpture,  by  the  autumn  of 
189G. 

"  By  next  spring,  after  Mr.  Iloppin  and  Mr.  Ileemiance  have  worked  at  our  finds  during  the 
winter,  I  may  be  able  to  make  more  definite  pro]K)sals  with  regard  to  the  other  volume  or  vol- 


umes. 


W 


.1     . 


NOTE   A  (Seepage  11). 

In  this  case,  as  in  so  many  others  when  problems  of  ancient  ai-chaeology  and  history  are  con- 
cerneil,  it  is  imiK>rtj»nt  to  consider  the  jiersonal  wpiation  of  the  authors  and  the  conditions  and  cir- 
cumstances under  which  they  wi-ote,  before  using  or  quoting  passages  from  them,  as  historical  or 
critical  evidence.  In  this  si>ecial  case  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that,  of  the  two  travelers,  Pau- 
sanias  has  a  bias  in  the  direction  of  folk-lore  and  mythography,  pervading  and  sometimes  over- 
lH>wering  his  antiquarian  or  archaeological  interests ;  while  Strabo  is  a  geographer  with  a  stronger 
historical  bias,  i^ssessed  of  more  sober  and  critical  insight  and  a  pronounced  api)reciation''of 
literary  tradition,  the  Homeric  jioems  being  to  him  the  centre  of  literary  importance.  While  we 
may  often  deplore  the  inaccuracy  and  credulity  of  Pausanias,  or  at  least  the  inadequacy  of  his 
description  of  objects  which  to  us  are  of  supreme  interest;  while  we  are  often  impatient  and  irri- 
tated with  him  for  his  diffuse  excursions  into  the  regions  of  unprofitable  hearsay,  when  he  omits 
the  mention  or  to  descril>e  most  imiwilant  facts  and  monuments,  we  must  recognize  that  tliese 
very  faults  make  him  a  most  useful  source  of  information  to  the  student  of  folk-lore  and  mytho- 
logy, and  even  to  the  historian  who  has  to  consider  the  local  traditions  and  the  eariiest  sources  of 
information. 

Strabo,  on  the  other  hand,  clings  to  the  historical  facts  before  him,  and  probably  draws  much  of 
his  information  from  such  writers  as  Ephonis  ;  and  when  he  goes  beyond  these  he  turns  to  literature, 
—  the  liUirature  which  he  had  before  him,  —  ami  ignoivs  folk-lore  and  tradition.  To  him  Homer 
is  not  only  the  \wet,  6  ttoittt;?,  but  also  the  central  rej^sitory  of  the  eariiest  lore  and  the  only  soui-ce 
from  which  trustworthy  information  concerning  the  eariiest  history  of  the  Hellenic  land  and 
Hellenic  traditions  can  be  had.  Thus  in  couuuon  with  writers  of  his  own  age,  and  with  most 
scholars  of  our  own  times,  he  becomes  in  matters  archaeological  and  historical  a  Homer  wor- 
shiper. But  we  are  now  in  a  position  to  assert  that,  as  regards  the  earliest  history  of  Greek  life 
and  Greek  religion.  Homer  himself  becomes  the  more  useful  and  instructive  the  more  we  supple- 
ment the  Homeric  |M>em8  by  the  recortls  of  local  and  popular  traditions  in  word  and  stone.  These 
are  scattered  through  the  authors  and  exhuraed  from  the  earth,  they  iwint  to  still  eariier  periods, 
and  show  the  constitution  of  the  material  which  the  genius  of  the  great  epic  iJoets  has  put  into 
such  splendid  and  monumental  artistic  onler. 

Thus  it  is  that  Strabo,  who  is  fully  informed  with  regard  to  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  i>eriods 
in  the  early  history  of  the  Heraeum  and  of  the  whole  plain  and  country,  is  practically  ignorant  of 
or  ignores  the  Tirynthian  period.     There  are  two  main  causes  for  this  omission  on  his  part. 

(1)  When  he  wrote  about  this  district  the  city  of  Argos  hatl  a  great  history,  and  was  thus  natu- 
rally the  centre  on  which  he  stood  in  order  to  focus  and  to  observe  the  historical  region  which  he 
attcmptetl  to  exi)lore  critically.  Mycenae  was  in  time  and  space  nearest  to  Argos,  and  he  could 
follow  more  readily  its  destruction  by  the  latter,  and  its  previous  hegemony.  This  led  him  as  far 
back  as  the  Homeric  \yer'ux\,  and  here  he  stoi)ped.  Tiryns  and  Midea,  on  the  other  hand,  were 
desertetl  ^  in  his  time,  and  seemed  at  best  only  to  have  been  "  fortresses,"  3  apparently  as  opposed 
to  cities.  He  herein  forgot  that  the  early  cities  consisted  both  of  such  a  fortress  or  citadel,  built 
of  more  durable  material,  and  of  the  town  itself,  built  of  perishable  material,  spreading  round  the 
foot  of  the  citadel,  such  as  the  Hissarlik-Troy,  the  eariy  Mycenae  itself,  and  probably  the  early 
city  of  Argos. 

(2)  The  second  cause  for  the  omission  of  Tiryns  in  Strabo's  consideration  of  the  historical 
phases  of  the  Argive  plain  and  the  Hei-aeum  lies  in  the  fact  that  he  restricted  himself  to  Homeric 
evidence,  and  that,  in  his  admirable  attempt  at  a  careful  examination  of  the  passages  in  Homer,  he 

1  Stnb.    VIII,  6.    11.    .373   C      ffm/ios   8*    ;^l     iciKtiyn  '  rf  fiff  oiv  TlpvvOi  6pttnTripi<p  xpri<ra<rOai  SoKt't. 

[Tiryus]  ko}  ^  wK^gloi>  Mt<(c. 


86 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


■■^r 


K' 


'>' 


il 


is  misled  by  the  ambiguous  use  of  the  term  "Argos."  He  himself  felt,  what  has  been  felt  often  in 
the  writing  of  this  very  book,  that  it  is  important  and  difficult  to  make  clear  whether  one  is  using 
the  term  "  Argos  "  to  mean  the  district  or  country  or  the  city.  He  labored  under  this  difficulty 
himself  at  the  outset  of  his  description  in  the  fifth  chapter  of  the  fifth  book,  and  he  careftdly 
weighs  Homer's  use  of  the  term  to  show  that  it  was  used,  not  only  for  the  district,  but  also  for 
the  Pelo|K)nnesus,  —  nay,  the  whole  of  Hellas.^  But  he  at  once  lapses  into  this  i-rror  which  he 
tries  to  avoid  when,  further  on,^  he  says  :  **  And  I  think  that  the  imputation  of  this  city  brought 
it  about  that  both  Pelasgians  and  Danaans,  as  well  as  the  Argives  themselves,  were  named  after  it. 
And  for  that,  the  Greeks  as  well."  And  a  few  lines  l)elow  he  quotes  those  passages  from  Homer 
in  which  the  term  "  Argos  "  is  used  to  include  Sparta  and  Corinth  and  islands.  No  doubt  he  finds 
it  difficult  -^  to  understand  how  the  city  of  Argos  could  be  called  parched  and  waterless,  with  its 
river  flowing  by  it,  and  considers  the  tale  a  figment  of  the  ])oets  ;  for  he  cannot  see  how  the  tra- 
dition of  the  sinking  of  wells  associated  with  Danaus,  which  turned,  in  the  words  of  Euripides, 
the  waterless  (ai-vSpof)  Argos  into  a  plain  rich  in  water  (eii-Spof),  applieil  to  the  district  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Inachus,  made  fertile  at  this  very  day  by  a  like  system  of  wells. 

For  Strabo  the  history  of  the  district  begins  with  the  Danaans,  whom  he  associates  exclusively 
with  the  city  of  Argos  and  Mycenae.  "  When  the  descendants  of  Danaus,"  he  says,* "  received  the 
inheritance  of  his  sway  in  Argos,  and  there  mixed  with  them  the  Amythaonidae,  originating  in 
Pisatis  and  Triphylia,  one  would  not  wonder  that,  kinsmen  as  they  wei-e,  they  divided  the  district 
into  two  kingdoms :  at  first,  in  such  a  way  that  the  two  sovereign  cities  in  those  kingdoms  were  to 
be  seen  situated  close  to  one  another  at  a  distance  of  less  than  fifty  stadia,  —  namely,  the  cities  of 
Argos  and  Mycenae,  —  and  that  the  Heraeum,  standing  towards  Mycenae,  was  the  sanctuary  com- 
mon to  both  of  them."  It  will  be  seen  that  he  has  entirely  omitted  any  mention  of  Tirjns.  He 
then  summarizes  the  histoi-y  of  the  district  in  the  following  terms  :  "  Originally,  then,  Argos  was 
the  more  predominant,  after  that  Mycenae,  which  received  considerable  impulse  through  the  immi- 
gration of  the  Peloi)idae  to  it.  For  after  all  had  joineil  the  sons  of  Ati-eus,  Agamemnon,  as  lieing 
the  older,  received  the  sovereignty,  and,  by  the  aid  of  goo<l  fortune  and  ability  combined,  adde<l  a 
large  district  of  the  country  to  the  ]K)ssessions  which  he  had  before  receiveil.  And,  in  ]>articular, 
he  added  the  Argolic  district  to  the  Mycenaean.  Thus  Menelaus  had  the  Laconian  district ;  while 
Mycenae  and  the  country  as  far  as  Corinth  and  Sicyon,  and  the  land  which  at  that  time  was  called 
the  land  of  the  lonians  and  Aegaleans,  fell  to  the  share  of  Agamemnon.  We  are  told  that,  after 
the  Trojan  war,  Agamemnon's  rule  came  to  an  end,  and  Mycenae  was  humbled  :  and  this  was 
esj)ecially  so  after  the  return  of  the  Heraclidae.  For  the  Ileraclidae  m-cupied  Pelo{K>nnesus,  and 
exi)elled  the  former  rulers  ;  so  that  those  who  held  Argos  also  held  Mycenae,  now  united  with 
Argos.  But  in  after  years  Mycenae  was  destroyed  by  the  Argives,  so  that  now  not  a  trace  of  the 
city  of  the  Mycenaeans  is  to  be  found  [?].  Seeing  that  such  has  been  the  fate  of  IMyeenae,  one 
ought  not  to  wonder  if  some  of  the  places  catalogued  under  Argos  are  no  longer  in  existence." 
And  thus  Strabo  leads  over  to  his  short  account  of  the  "deserted  "  Tiryns  and  Midea. 

It  has  been  necessary  to  quote  this  ])assage  in  full,  l)ecause  it  makes  clear  that  the  researches  of 
Strain)  do  not  lead  him  further  back  than  the  Danaans,  since  he  is  restricted  to  the  Homeiic  ]>oi>ms 
as  his  supreme  guide.  We  may  also  j)oint  to  the  change  of  locution,  the  moment  his  Homeric 
information  ceases  with  the  downfall  of  the  house  of  Atreus  as  bearing  u|K>n  this  question. 
For,  without  warning,  he  passes  from  the  direct  statement  to  quotation  in  using  the  infinitive 
(Tairtivia^rifai),  which  he  has  not  used  before,  and  which  he  does  not  aj)ply  afterwanis  when  he 
comes  to  the  inroad  of  the  Dorians. 


"  i 


NOTE  B  (See  page  12). 

Our  j)rimary  interest  in  the  ancient  remains  of  this  inijiortant  site  and  tlieir  history  need  not 
debar  us  from  dwelling  for  a  moment  ujMjn  the  supreme  beauty  of  the  natural  scenery.  Indeed, 
the  primary  claim  to  archaeological  and  historical  interest  which  the  country  of  Greece  naturally 

»  Cf.  end  of  VIII.  6.  5,  369.  »  VIII.  6.  4  and  3.  370. 

»  VIII.  6.  9,  371.  «  VIII.  «.  10,  372. 


il 


Vi 


THE   VIEW    FROM   THE   HERAEUM 


87 


puts  forwai-d  has  often  stoo<l  in  the  way  of  the  due  appreciation  of  the  transcendent  beauty  of  its 
natural  scenery,  so  that  this  feature  often  takes  the  visitor  by  surprise. 

Of  all  the  many  beautiful  views  in  Greece,  that  from  the  Heraeum  is  certainly  one  of  the  most 
Ijcautiful.  If  in  this  brilliant  atmosphere,  clear  and  lucid,  yet  never  lapsing  into  flaring  vulgarity, 
without  ever  having  the  coarseness  of  the  too-manifest,  we  stand  on  the  temple  platform  and  gaze 
over  the  Argive  plain,  we  see  on  the  left,  to  the  southwest,  the  peaks  of  Parnon  and  Parthenion 
rise  in  a  i>ale  blue  limpid  light,  which  seems  but  a  continuation  of  the  blue  strip  of  sea  in  the 
Nauplian  Gulf,  and  which  causes  the  azure  sky  behind,  cut  into  graceful  fretwork  by  the  delicate 
outlines  of  the  mountains,  to  api>ear  a  paler  blue.  This  delicate  line  of  mountain  range,  chi.seled 
in  its  finely  cut  yet  never  hard  features,  like  beautiful  profiles  on  Greek  gems,  continuous  in  its 
course,  harmoniously  varied,  flows  in  one  long-tlrawn  sweep  from  our  left  to  our  right.  And  in 
this  evenly  flowing  outline  we  can  distinguish  Arteraisium  opposite,  shelving  down  by  steps,  Lycone 
and  Larisa,  to  where  Argos  lies,  its  white  mona.stery  of  the  Panagia  crouching  and  nestling  to  the 
rock,  a  bright  white  si>eck  al>ove  the  town.  The  line  of  mountains  is  carried  on  to  the  more  distant 
and  higher  ranges  grouping  round  Cyllene,  until,  at  our  right,  it  is  lost  in  the  hills  that  encircle 
Nemea.  And  you  know  that,  jealously  guarding  the  plain  where  the  passes  lead  to  these  northern- 
most mountains,  Mycenae  crouches  among  its  rocky  glens,  like  a  mediaeval  keej),  wilder,  more 
dismal,  as  if  it  stood  on  guard  against  a  northern  land  and  jieople.  But  on  our  left  again,  to  the 
south,  where  Tiryns  lies,  when  the  sun  turns  after  noon,  the  rock  fortress  of  Palamidi  juts  forth 
into  the  blue  sea ;  the  sun's  rays  beat  upon  its  walls,  and  the  windows  from  the  houses  of  Nauplia 
gleam  and  twinkle  in  the  distance,  like  earth-born  daylight  stars.  And  before  us,  all  the  time,  in 
IMjaceful  languor,  stretches  the  generous  plain  of  broad-breasted  mother  Gaia,  with  all  shades  of 
green  vegetation  in  its  wheat,  barley,  and  oats,  and  clumps  of  olive-trees.  Between  this  green  are 
the  bared,  dark,  red-brown  patches  of  earth  where  the  rude  metal-tipjied  wootlen  plough,  drawn 
by  oxen  goaded  on  by  the  long-iwintetl  rml,  has  cut  its  furrows.  These  await  the  tobacco  plant, 
which  in  its  delicate  infancy  has  been  sheltered  fi-om  the  rough  winds  by  wicker  hurdles,  and  is 
growing  hapjHly,  as  from  the  distance  it  paints  the  bright,  golden  strips  between  the  brown  and 
green.  As  the  sun  shines  on  the  snow  of  the  peaks,  they  gleam  like  broadened  lance-heads  of 
lK)lished  silver  ;  and  farther  <lown  their  sides,  in  the  gullies  and  beneath  the  rocky  ledges,  the 
strong  ribs  and  sinewy  flanks  of  these  lofty  giants,  where  the  snow  has  remained,  the  silver  gleam 
flows  out  into  winding  threads. 

And  all  this  rich  variety  of  line,  form,  and  color  is  changed  and  multiplied  in  its  aspect,  though 
harmonized  in  its  unity  of  tone,  by  tlie  succession  of  the  seasons,  of  the  day's  lights,  and  of  the 
capricious  effects  of  atmosphere.  But  even  in  the  still  moonlight  nights,  when  the  bells  of  the 
sheep,  grazing  on  the  sloi>e8  of  EulH>ea,  sounded  in  our  tents  as  if  they  were  but  a  few  feet  from 
the  canvas  and  awakene<l  us,  and  the  owl  screeched  its  shrill  and  monotonous  call,  the  sight  at 
our  feet  —  the  plain,  the  mountains,  the  sea,  and  sky  —  exercised  a  sihjII  of  beauty  unrivaled  in 
any  part  of  the  globe. 

To  the  effect  of  this  natural  beauty  come  the  historical  associations  of  the  spot  to  intensify  the 
artistic  charm  ;  for  where  can  such  condensed  historical  associations,  big  with  man's  history,  and 
rising  out  of  the  very  earth  before  you  and  from  the  remains  recovered  from  her  womb,  crowd  in 
upon  the  imagination  ?  They  stamp  their  most  characteristic  features  on  your  mind  in  the  form 
of  a  general  artistic  mood  (which  often  years  of  learned  reading  and  thought  fail  to  produce  in 
the  scholar),  which  represents  the  quintessence  and  living  soul  of  each  past  period.  And  this  mood 
is  evoked,  not  by  vague  and  uncertain  and  nebulous  suggestion,  but  by  the  very  handiwork  of 
the  men  who  in  the  distant  past  produced  these  remains  now  restored  to  the  present,  —  nay, 
made  part  of  the  present  and  its  spiritual  life  by  the  pick  and  spade  of  the  excavator ;  for  the 
clay  moulded,  the  stones  cut,  the  metal  wrought,  is  now  as  it  was  then,  and  contains  the  life  and 
the  soul  infused  into  them  from  the  worker's  liands,  now  as  they  did  thousands  of  years  ago,  — 

..."  pure  crude  fact 
Secreted  from  man's  life  when  hearts  beat  hard 
And  braius,  high-blooded,  ticked  [long]  centuries  ago." 


88 


GENERAL   INTRODUCTION 


r 


>•: 


Standing  above  the  Upjier  TenjjJe  platform,  the  behuhler  has  Iiefore  liini,  innnediately  at  his  feet, 
the  remains  of  the  Older  Temple,  eovering,  without  hiding,  vestiges  of  man's  history  which  preeeiletl 
by  centuries  the  age  of  Homer's  heroes.  Here  the  descendants  of  Phoroneus  marked  the  begin- 
nings of  man's  civilized  life  in  Greece :  here  the  Cycloi>ean  masons  built  their  wall  in  the  times 
of  Proetus  of  Tiryns.  At  our  very  feet  stood  the  temple  where  the  Acliaeans  worshiiMMl,  and 
where  (Dictys  tells  us)  they  chose  Agamemnon  as  their  leader  when  they  set  out  for  Troy.  Hither 
the  stunly  Dorians  came,  —  Temenos  and  all  his  clan.  Here  Phidon  set  up  the  symbols  which 
marked  an  era  of  wider  commerce.  At  the  gates  of  this  temple  Cleomenes  HI.  of  Sparta  in  vain 
sought  admittance  into  the  shrine. 

And  in  the  glorious  age  when  the  Hellenic  genius  manifests  itself  in  all  its  lasting  spleiulor, 
when  Athens  leads  the  world,  after  the  Persian  host  from  the  east  has  been  driven  back,  when  the 
figure  of  Pericles  stands  forth  in  shining  light  and  Phidias  hallows  the  Parthenon  with  the  lasting 
beauty  of  his  sculpture,  —  then  Polycleitus  fashions  a  statue,  "  the  most  beautiful  of  all,"  for 
that  temi)le  the  foundations  of  which  so  clearly  lie  at  our  feet  below  the  older  shrine.  One  of  the 
buildings  at  our  left  was  probably  erected  in  the  time  when  Alexander  the  Gix'at  undertook  the 
conquest  of  the  world.  On  our  right  the  elaborate  walls  on  the  lowest  level  of  the  precinct  were 
crecteil  by  imperial  Rome,  perhaps  when  Hadrian  presented  his  golden  |)eacock  to  the  temple. 
And  then  we  see  the  early  Christians,  the  Ryzantines,  and  the  Frankish  and  Norman  knights  take 
possession  of  the  country,  destroy  this  sanctuary,  build  out  of  its  ruins  the  churches  you  see  scat- 
tered over  the  plain,  and  erect  their  fortresses  at  PiUaniidi  and  Argos.  Then  the  devasting  Turk 
lays  his  yoke  on  the  people  of  the  jdains.  We  see  the  traces  of  his  handiwork  in  the  plain, —  Pasha, 
the  village  straight  before  us  is  called,  —  and  of  the  army  of  the  great  Venetian  republic,  all  trans- 
jK)rting  building  material  fi-om  this  shrine  to  their  mosques  or  their  castellated  citadels  over  yonder. 
The  Venetian  rule  is  succeeded  again  by  that  of  the  Turk ;  until,  in  the  narrow  pass,  Dervenaki, 
up  there  to  the  north,  in  that  glorious  struggle  of  the  new  Greeks  for  freedom,  Kolokotroni 
annihilates  the  Turkish  host.  Argos  yonder  was  once  the  capital  of  this  young  republic.  All 
these  stages  in  man's  history,  like  gi*eat  earth-ghosts,  rise  from  the  land  at  our  feet  as  we  gaze 
over  the  plain.  Suddenly  there  is  a  distant,  faint,  yet  shrill  wliistle,  and  we  are  awakened  out  of 
this  over-full,  dreamlike  succession  and  condensation  of  historical  moods ;  and  here  we  see,  far  over 
the  plain,  on  our  right,  threading  its  way  along  like  a  centijiede,  a  weird,  elongated,  moving  thing, 
puffing  smoke  from  its  head  and  rapidly  gliding  on  to  Argos. 

It  is  then  that  we  are  recalled  to  the  life  immediately  before  us,  at  our  feet ;  the  hundreds  of 
workmen  with  marked  Southern  features,  in  varied  and  picturesque  costumes ;  the  small  native 
horses  drawing  numerous  carts  with  their  rumbling  noise,  through  which  the  shouts  of  the  drivers 
pierce,  —  and  all  these  men  sjieaking  the  language  of  ancient  Greece,  changed  and  attenuated 
and  abused,  but  still  the  tongue  of  ancient  Hellas.  Dotted  among  them  are  foreign-looking  young 
men,  different  in  feature  and  garb  and  tongue,  watching  over  the  work.  And  we  ask,  Who 
are  these  new  men,  these  new  Dorians,  who  s\)eak  the  foreign  tongue  ?  and  whence  come  they,  and 
wherefore?  And  the  answer  is.  They  come  from  afar,  from  the  land  of  the  setting  sun,  thou- 
sands of  miles  over  the  salt  sea.  But  they  come  not  to  destroy  and  conquer,  but  to  restore  to  the 
light  of  day  the  life  that  has  been  buried  under  that  soil  for  countless  ages.  And  we  are  over- 
come by  the  sense  of  the  great  poetic  justice,  the  rightness  of  things,  —  that  the  youngest  inheritors 
of  Hellenic  culture  among  the  nations  should  restore  to  the  light  of  day  the  oldest  sanctuary  of 
ancient  Hellas. 


THE  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  HERAEUJNI  REGION 


t' 


It 


fi^i 


>  i 


i    I 


1,  '' 


^1^' 


) 


THE  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  HERAEUM  REGION 

By  henry   STEPHENS  WASHINGTON 

The  ^^'♦♦^"Sy  of  AijTolis,  as  ((uniKued  with  that  of  other  parts  of  Greece,  is  simple. 
Argolis  is  not  only,  from  a  j^eologital  stiindpoiiit,  quite  recent  in  formation,  l)ut  it  has 
also  been  tiie  scene  of  much  less  disturbance  than  other  jjarts  of  Greece.  None  of  the 
rocks  exposed  date  back  beyond  the  Jurassic  Period,  and  there  is  Httle  of  the  profound 
nietiimorphism  whicii  has  produced  the  marbles  and  schists  of  Attica,  which  according-  to 
Lepsius '  are  either  Palaeozoic  or  Archaean. 

In  the  pi-esent  paper  it  is  purposed  to  sketch  briefly  the  jreoloory  of  the  district  imme- 
diately surroundinji^  the  Arrive  Heraeum,  siiy  within  a  radius  of  fifteen  kilometres,  to 
examine  the  ajjjencies  which  tend  to  bury  ancient  remains,  and  to  discuss  the  site  of  the 
Heraeum  in  the  light  of  the  information  so  gained. 


I 


m 


,1 


GEOLOGY   OF  ARGOLIS.2 

Alluvinm. — Tlie  geographical  and  sociological  centre  of  Arg(dis  is  the  Argive  plain, 
a  flat  expanse  of  loose  alluvium,  roughly  triangular  in  sha}>e,  the  apex  to  the  north, 
with  an  area  of  approximately  170  s(puire  kilometres,  and  an  average  elevation  above  sea 
level  of  i)erhaps  twenty-five  metres.  Near  the  coast  are  swamps  v.hich  apparently  are 
slowly  drying  up,  and  which  will  eventiuilly  disjippear  as  marshes  or  will  nu)ve  seaward. 
Beyond  these,  to  the  north,  is  a  flat,  nearly  horizontiU  plain,  formed  of  brown,  partly 
loose  and  sandy,  and  partly  cLiyey  loam,  without  stones.  Nearer  the  mountjiin  borders, 
esi)ecially  to  the  east  and  north,  the  altitude  is  higher  and  the  sloi)e  greater,  and  the 
ground  cont«iins  many  i>ebbles  brought  down  from  the  mountiiins.  This  pebbly,  higher 
zone  extends  north  of  a  line  curving  round  from  Merbaka  to  Kutzopodi. 

This  plain  is  the  Litest  formation  of  the  Argive  district,  having  been  formed  in  geo- 
logically very  recent  times  by  the  deposition,  in  a  pi-eviously  existing  bay,  of  sediment 
brought  down  from  the  surrounding  mountains.  It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  give 
even  an  approximate  estimate  in  years  of  the  age  of  this  plain.  Measurements  of  the 
rate  of  de[>osition  along  the  coast  would  furnish  a  basis  for  calculation,  but  at  present 
such  datii  are  wanting.  They  would  also  yield  uncertain  results,  since  it  is  highly 
j)robable  that  the  rate  of  deiK)8ition  at  present  is  different  from,  and  probably  greater 
than,  that  of  former  times.  The  matter  is  still  further  complicated  by  the  fact  that  the 
coast  along  the  Gulf  of  Naujdia  probably  has  been,  and  is  now,  sinking.  This  fact  is 
discussed  by  Cold,'  who  cites  several  instances  of  ancient  Greek  ruins  now  lying  beneath 
the  seji.  He  mentions,  among  others,  the  site  of  Lerna,  and  also  refers  to  a  road  which 
led  from  this  place  to  Nauplia  along  the  shore,  which  was  restored  by  the  Venetians, 

1  I^psiiis,  Geologie  von  Attica  (Berlin,  1893),  p.  170.  '  C.  Cold,  KMetwerunderungen  im  Archipd  (Munich, 

2  For  the  greater  part  of  my  infonnation  about  this      1886),  p.  14. 
region  I  am  indebted  to  the  excellent  work  of  Dr.  A. 
Philippson,  Der  Peloponnes  ( Berlin,  189*2). 

9L 


»  ; 


98 


THE   (JEOLOGY  OF  THE   HEKAEUM    REGION 


I, 


■iC 


(.'  I 


,,v 


but  which  now  at  several  places  is  no  longer  above  sea  level,  so  that  without  doubt  a 
sinking  must  have  tiiken  i)lace  since  that  time.  Whether  this  sinking  is  going  on  at 
the  present  day  is  not  known,  nor,  if  so,  whether  the  deposition  of  sediment  is  tiking 
place  along  the  shore  at  a  greater  rate,  with  consequent  seaward  growth  of  shore  line. 
The  latter  is  probably  the  case. 

At  any  rate,  it  is  eertiiin  that  in  its  general  features  the  Argive  jjlain  has  changed 
little  in  historical  times ;  and  although  to-day  considered  one  of  the  most  fertile  districts 
of  Peloponnesus,  the  charaeteriaition  of  no\vBl\fn.ov  given  it  by  ILmier  (II.  iv.  171)  still 
a{)plies  to  it.  It  is  probable  that,  like  the  rest  of  Greece,  it  was  once  far  better  wooded 
and  watered  than  at  present,  and  that  it  is  consecpiently  dryer,  siindier,  and  less  well 
cultivated  than  of  yore,  the  deforesting  of  the  surrounding  mountiiins  not  <udy  tending 
to  dry  up  the  streams,  but  also  allowing  more  rapid  and  extensive  denudation,  and  a 
consequent  increased  dejM)sition  of  detritus  on  the  plain  below. 

The  Argive  phiin  is  drained  by  seveml  streams,  of  which  only  the  Erasinos,  on  the 
southwest,  contiiins  water  throughout  the  year.  The  others,  Dervenaki,  Panitzii  (Inachus), 
Xerias,  and  several  more  of  less  im|M)rtance,  have  for  the  gi-eater  jwrt  of  the  year  dry 
beds,  covered  with  rounded  limestone  ])ebbles,  not  even  a  brook  trickling  through  them. 
On  occasions,  as  at  the  melting  of  the  winter  snows  or  during  heavy  rainfalls,  they 
become  for  a  few  days  or  hours  raging  torrents,  which,  as  certiin  visitors  and  niendiers 
of  our  party  have  good  cause  to  remember,  are  awkward  to  cn)ss.  At  these  times  they 
overflow  their  low  banks,  and  cover  considerable  areas  of  the  surrounding  land  with 
mud,  sand,  and  pebbles. 

Neogene.  —  Bounding  the  Argive  plain  on  the  north  is  an  area  of  conglomerate 
belonging  to  the  Ljvte  Tertiary  (Neogene)  Period.  This  is  a  southerly  extension  of  the 
Terti;»ry  belt  which  stretches  along  the  north  coast  of  Pelo]H)nnesus  as  far  as  Pylos. 
The  Tertiary  is  the  period  preceding  the  present  or  Quaternary,  and  the  fossils  found 
in  the  Late  Tertiary  indicate  (for  Europe,  at  least)  a  climate  and  set  of  conditions  less 
tropical  than  during  the  Early  Tertiary,  and  more  nearly  like  those  prevailing  at  present. 
The  road  from  Corinth  tf»  Argos,  as  far  as  Phichtia,  runs  through  dei)osits  of  this  age, 
and  in  it  are  excavated  the  beehive  tombs  t»f  Mvcenae.  The  rock  south  of  Nemea  is 
chiefly  a  coarse  conglomerate  formed  of  limestone  j)ebl)les  imbedded  in  a  flne  calcareous 
cement.  The  same  rock  is  found  at  the  foothills  traversed  by  the  jwth  which  leads  from 
the  Heraeum  to  Mycenae. 

Eocene.  —  The  lower  flanks  of  the  Arcadian  Mountains,  bounding  the  Argive  pkiin 
on  the  west,  are  composed  of  a  very  line-grained,  light-colored  limestone,  which  splits 
readily  into  slabs.  This  limestone  (the  Olonos-KaJk  of  Philippson)'  underlies  Neogene 
conglomerate  to  the  north,  and  belongs  to  the  Early  Tertiary  Period,  when  the  climate 
of  Greece  was  far  more  tropical  than  now.  The  hill  crowned  by  the  ancient  citadel  of 
Argos  (Larisa)  is  composed  of  this  limestone. 

Cretaceous.  —  To  the  east  of  the  Argive  plain  we  meet  with  the  oldest  rocks  of  this 
region,  —  limestimes,  shales,  and  sandstones  of  Lower  Ek>cene,  Cretaceous,  and  ]>ossibly 
Jurassic  age.  The  sloj)es  from  east  of  Merbaka  southward  to  about  Naupliii  are  com- 
posed of  shales  and  sandstones  (Philippsou's  Lyyourio-Schie/er),-  which  dip  to  the 
south. 

Northward  as  far  as  Hagios  Vasilios,  on  the  railroad,  and  eastward  to  the  Gulf  of 
Aegina,  the  mount<iin  masses  of  Hagia  Trias,  Tzernikelo,  Tra{)ezona,  and  Arachnaeon  are 

>  Op.  cU.  pp.  400  ff.  2  Op.  eU.  pp.  53,  300. 


I' 


GEOLOGICAL   HISTORY  OF  THE   REGION 


93 


composed  of  a  gray,  compact,  fine-grained  limestone.  This  limestone,  which  underlies, 
and  hence  is  older  than,  the  Lygourio  shales,  is  referred  by  Philippson '  rather  doubt- 
fully to  the  .Jura.ssic  Period,  and  the  Lygourio  shales  U)  the  Lower  Cretiiceous.  Lepsius- 
thinks  that  it  is  Crefciceous.  Owing  to  the  paucity  of  good  fossil  remains,  the  question 
is  difficult  to  decide  definitely,  but  I  am  inclined  to  agree  with  Lepsius  as  to  its  age, 
esjiecially  on  the  ground  of  its  i)etrographic  resembLmce  to  the  Cretiiceous  limestones  of 
Attica  and  the  similar  occuri-ence  of  gabbros  and  seri>entuie,  which  are  found  in  several 
pLices  breaking  up  through  the  limestone. 

Geological  History  of  the  Region.  —  During  Cretiiceous  and  Eocene  times  the  region 
which  now  forms  the  Argolic  Peninsula  was  beneath  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the  beds 
of  limestone  were  being  accumulated  largely  thrcjugh  the  growth  of  marine  organisms  on 
the  shallow  and  slowly  sinking  sea-bottom.  The  accumulation  was  aided  by  the  depo- 
sition of  sediment  brought  from  then  existing  land  areas  near  by,  which  have  in  jiart 
disiipi>eared  through  denudation  and  subsidence,  and  in  part  are  left  on  the  mainland  j>f 
Gi-eece  and  in  the  Cyclades. 

In  Post-Neogene  time  there  was  an  elevation  of  this  area,  and  the  immense  mass  of 
rock  which  had  been  forming  and  hardening  for  ages  beneath  the  sea  was  raised  slowly 
many  thousand  feet  into  the  air.  This  elevation,  though  gradual,  was  the  means  of  still 
further  const)li(Liting  the  rock-mass  through  pressure  and  partial  metamorphLsm,  and 
was  accompanied  by  much  cracking  of  the  crust. 

In<leed,  the  Aegean  Sea  and  the  surrounding  countries  have  been  the  scene  of  so  much 
disturbance  that  the  wlnde  region  is,  as  Cold  puts  it,  crossed  by  a  "  network  of  cracks." 
One  of  the  most  important  of  these  is  that  which,  beginning  at  Cos,  curves  round 
through  Siintorini,  Melos,  and  Aegina  to  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  and  thence  along  the 
Gulf  of  Corinth.  It  is  on  part  of  this  line  that  the  Greek  volcanoes  have  been  formed. 
In  fact,  it  is  to  these  cracks  that  the  main  configuration  of  these  Aegean  countries  is 
due,  with  their  lines  of  islands  and  peculiar  coastal  features. 

Only  two  of  these  fracture-lines,  however,  concern  us.  One  is  the  volcanic  line 
ah-eady  mentioned,  which  cuts  off  Argolis  abruptly  on  the  e<ist,  and  on  which  we  find 
the  volcano  of  Methana,  the  small  eruptive  mass  of  Poros,  and  the  small  outflows  of 
dacite  near  Kahimaki.  The  other  is  that  which  runs  in  a  southeasterly  direction  from 
about  Phlius,  through  the  Argive  phiin  and  out  into  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia.  This  latter 
seiNirated  the  massif  of  Argolis  from  that  of  Arcadia. 

As  soon  as  the  Argolic  massif  had  been  raised  above  sea  level,  it  became  subject  to 
the  destructive  effects  of  the  atmosphei-e,  rain  and  wind,  heat  and  frost,  which  agencies 
ai-e  constantly  tending  to  reduce  all  elevations  of  the  earth's  surface  to  a  so-called  base 
level,  which  would  be  eventiuilly  (if  other  forces  did  not  come  into  play)  that  of  the  sea. 
The  rain  fell  on  the  upraised  surface  of  the  old  sea-bottom,  and  dissolved  it  and  washed 
it  off.  The  heat  of  the  sun  and  the  frost  of  winter  split  up  the  rocks,  and  vegetation 
springing  up  aided  the  disintegration.  The  surface  material  was  washed  seaward,  the 
rainfall  gradually  forming  i-eguLir  channels  for  itself,  as  one  can  see  in  miniature  on  a 
sandy  road  after  a  heavy  rain. 

The  main  lines  of  drainage  would  be  determined  by  the  two  fracture-lines,  which 
would  offer  channels  for  the  drainage,  and  which  would  be  the  parts  toward  which  the 
surface  water  would  flow.  Toward  these,  then,  the  small  streams  made  their  way,  gradu- 
ally widening  and  deejicning  their  own  channels  and  cutting  back  farther  and  farther 

»  Op.  at.  p.  390.  »  Op.  cU.  p.  81. 


I  , 


94 


THE  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  HEHAEUM  REGION 


!  i 

11 


ir' 


)! 


iuto  the  limestone  massif.  This  was  fousequeiitly  cut  by  valleys  8lopiii<r  toward  the  fault 
lines,  and  the  ridges  between  them  were  subject  to  the  sjime  changes  through  the  action 
of  smaller  streiims  tributary  to  the  first.  An  examination  of  Philippson's  toi)ogi-cii>hical 
map  of  the  region  will  reveal  traces  of  the  coui-se  of  events,  though  subsequent  erosion 
is  the  cause  of  some  obscurity. 

In  this  way  the  main  topography  of  the  mountains  has  been  carved  out  by  running 
water,  and  they  themselves  were  sul)ject  to  the  sjime  unceasing  forces  till  their  sides 
were  furrowed  and  their  spurs  in  many  cases  were  cut  off  from  the  }Kirent  mounhiin.  It 
was  on  such  a  spur,  isolated  by  erosion  from  the  mountiiin  uuiss  of  Uagiii  Triiis,  that  the 
Temple  of  Hera  Avas  built. 

The  site  is  near  the  top  of  a  small  eminence,  i*oughly  triangular  in  sha})e.  The  i\\ie\ 
is  toward  the  mountiiin  to  the  north,  from  which  it  is  se]Kirated  by  a  deep  valley ;  this, 
coming  down  from  above,  forks  at  the  Heraeum  hill.  The  ravines  on  either  side,  the 
ancient  Eleutherion  and  Asterion,  are  gullies  in  the  limestone,  generally  dry,  but  o<*casion- 
ally  flowing  Avith  rain-water.  Toward  these  and  at  the  apex,  the  sides  of  the  hill  are 
l)recipitous,  with  tiilus  and  earth-slo|)es  below.  The  surface  of  the  hill  slo|)es  somewhat 
steeply  down  from  the  apex  toward  the  plain,  the  sIojh?  being  broken  by  two  terraces, 
on  which  the  two  temples  lay.  At  the  top  the  gray  cretiiceous  limestone  of  the  moun- 
tiiins  crops  out  in  abundance,  but  l)elow  it  is  hidden  by  deposits  of  earth,  part  of  which 
lie  beneath  the  temples  and  other  buildings,  and  part  of  which  serve  to  cover  and  pre- 
serve the  remains. 

It  is  to  the  consideration  of  the  accumulation  of  this  protective  mantle  that  the  fol- 
lowing pages  will  be  devoted. 


BURIAL  OF  ANCIENT  REMAINS. 

The  questions  of  the  methods  by  which  soil  an(^  other  materials  accumulate  over  ruined 
buildings,  and  the  sources  whence  the  material  is  derived,  are  often  of  great  interest. 
Little,  or  nothing,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  has  been  written  8j)ecially  on  this  subject,  so 
that  it  may  be  not  without  interest  to  the  archaeologist  to  discuss  the  matter  in  general, 
pointing  out  the  various  agencies  that  may  contribute  to  the  result.  I  feel  that  this 
may  be  especially  useful,  since  I  was  often  asked  during  the  excavations  how  so  much 
soil  could  collect  on  the  surface  of  the  isolated  hill  on  which  the  temples  stood. 

The  various  agencies  by  which,  in  the  course  of  time,  ancient  remains  are  covered  up 
may  be  grouped  under  two  main  heads,  inortjanic  and  orf/anic.  Ejich  of  these  may 
be  further  subdivided,  but  it  nuist  be  understood  that  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  the 
|)roce8s  is  complex,  and  that  more  than  one  of  the  various  agencies  have  been  active. 
It  is  also  to  l)e  remend)ered  that  the  conditions  of  the  site,  to{M)graphical,  geological, 
and  meteorological,  as  well  as  the  surrounding  fauna  and  flora,  and  its  relations  to  war 
and  later  occupiition,  are  the  complex  factors  which  determine  the  processes  involved 
at  any  site. 

Inorganic  Agencies.  —  The  two  principal  inorganic  agencies  wliich  tend  to  bury  objects 
lying  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  are  wind  and  water,  and  of  these  let  us  consider  first 
the  wind,  this  being  that  which  has  been  chiefly  involved  at  the  Heraeum. 

TVind.  —  The  action  of  the  wind  in  raising  and  transporting  dust  and  siind  is  a  matter 
of  common  observation  on  any  dry,  windy  day,  but  it  is  only  on  further  considemtion 
that  its  importance  from  this  point  of  view  is  recognized.      Although  the  air  is  813 


h  I 


' '  I 


BURIAL   OF   ANCIENT   REMAINS 


95 


times  lighter  than  water,  and  its  carrying  power  consequently  far  less,  yet,  owing  to  its 
greater  velocity  of  motion,  its  power  of  transporting  material  of  cerfciin  kinds  is  fully  as 
great.  On  an  average  the  largest  sjind  grain  which  can  be  sust^iined  by  ordinary  winds  is 
oidy  0.1  mm.  in  diameter,'  so  that  the  material  transported  by  wind  is  naturally  only  the 
finest  in  grain.  It  must  also  naturally  be  dry.  Furthermore,  since  the  raising  of  dust 
into  the  upper  layers  of  the  air,  where  velocities  are  greater,  is  greatly  facilit<ited  by  gusts, 
swirls,  and  eddies,  its  transportiition  will  be  facilitiited  by  conditions  tending  to  produce 
tliese.  Hence,  as  Udden  sjiys,  "  the  conditions  favoring  wind  erosion  are  a  dry  climate 
and  a  topogra})hy  of  abrupt  and  broken  reliefs." 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  climat«il  and  topographical  conditions  of  Greece  and  especially 
of  the  Heraeum  site  are  highly  favorable  to  wind  transportation.  There  is  the  dry, 
dusty  plain  surrounded  by  mountiiins,  the  former  suj)plyuig  the  material  and  the  latter 
aiding  by  rendering  the  normal  winds  gusty  and  irregular.  It  was  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon to  see  from  the  excavations  the  clouds  of  sjind  and  dust  drifting  across  the  plain 
below,  and  the  amount  of  dust  raised  by  the  winds  from  the  excavations  themselves  was 
at  times  a  serious  annoyance. 

As  to  the  deposition  of  the  dust  so  raised,  it  is  evident  that,  since  its  transportation 
dei>ends  largely  on  the  velocity  of  the  winds,  anything  tending  to  check  the  motion  will 
tend  to  deposit  its  earthy  burden.  Objects  j)rojecting  above  the  surface  will  do  this,  so 
that  any  ruins  will  become  a  nucleus  for  aeolian  deposits  (as  they  are  called)  on  a  small 
scale.  The  growth  of  giiiss  and  bushes  will  also  have  the  same  effect,  and  the  growth 
about  ruins  is  facilitiited  by  the  presence  of  the  fine  aeolian  deposits,  which,  through  the 
selective  action  of  the  wind  and  other  causes,  are  richer  in  plant  food  than  the  soil  they 
are  derived  from,  and  where  also  such  material  is  in  a  more  easily  assimilable  condition. 
The  application  of  these  remarks  to  the  Heraeum  will  be  deferred  to  a  later  page,  but 
attention  may  be  called  to  the  calculation  of  Lanciani  -  that  dust  (largely  wind  blown) 
accumuliites  on  the  floor  of  the  Forum  of  Trajan  at  the  rate  of  an  inch  a  year,  or  over 
eight  feet  in  a  century. 

In  this  connection  may  be  mentioned,  for  the  sake  of  completeness,  the  burial  of  build- 
ings and  towns  in  Holland  and  elsewhere  by  sand  dunes.  In  this  case,  however,  the 
motion  of  the  dunes  is  a  rolling  one,  the  wind  blowing  the  back  and  top  layers  of  sand 
continuously  forward,  so  that  the  diuie  moves  bodily  forward  as  a  whole  through  the 
motion  of  its  conqMinent  particles. 

Water-  —  The  action  of  water  in  burying  ancient  remains  is  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance, and  tiikes  place  in  several  ways. 

Riiin  falling  on  sloping  surfaces  of  earth  tends  to  wash  the  loose  surface  matter  down- 
ward, and  hence  to  bury  objects  wliich  lie  at  the  bottom  of  the  slope.  Rivers  and  brooks 
carry  enormous  amounts  of  sediment  down  from  higher  to  lower  levels,  where  part  of  the 
material  is  dejMisited,  the  rest  passing  out  to  sea  or  being  deposited  on  the  bottoms  of  lakes. 
Low-lying  sites  in  river  valleys  and  on  plains  at  the  foot  of  mountains  are  especially 
apt  to  be  buried  by  such  means. 

This  action  of  rivei*s  is  greatly  aided  by  the  occurrence  of  freshets,  where  the  stream, 
much  increased  in  volume  and  velocity,  and  hence  carrying  far  greater  loads  of  sedi- 
ment than  usual,  spreads  far  from  its  banks  and  deposits  material  over  areas  wliich 
the  normal  flow  never  reaches.  A  well-known  instance  of  this  is  the  site  of  Olympia, 
which  was  covered  largely  by  material  brought  down  by  the  Cladeus  and  deposited  in 
1  J.  A.  Udden,  Journal  of  Geology,  II.  (1894),  p.  322.  ^  Lauciaui,  Ruins  of  Ancient  Rome  (1897),  p.  99. 


r 


> , 


96 


THE  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  HERAEUM  REGION 


^^pi| 


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M- ' ' 


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I 
i 


I 


times  of  flood.  A  similar  action,  aided  by  the  detritus  washed  downward  hy  the  rain, 
is  seen  at  S<irdis,  whieli  is  buried  to  a  great  depth  by  the  deposit  of  sediment  from  the 
overhanjjing  heights  of  Sart  Kalessi,  the  ancient  AcropoHs.  This  height  is  composed  of 
loose,  crumbling,  siindy  marls,  which  are  easily  washed  away,  not  only  by  brooks  but  by 
falling  rain.  To  such  an  extent  has  this  erosion  tciken  place  that  the  nu)untiiin  crest 
is  a  mass  of  fantiistic  pinnacles  and  turrets,  and  of  the  ancient  Acropolis  but  a  very  small 
part  remains.  The  rest  is  gone  to  bury  the  city  at  its  base,  thus  preserving  the  dead 
remains  of  what  it  protected  in  life. 

In  the  case  of  sites  near  the  seashore  and  at  the  mouths  of  large  rivers,  under  certain 
conditions  the  sea  is  a  prominent  factor,  causing  a  deposition  of  sediment  where  the 
river  current  is  checked  on  entering  the  sea,  gKidually  closing  up  harbors,  forming 
deltiis,  and  adding  to  the  land.  Ephesus  and  Miletus  are  prominent  exami>les  of  this 
class. 

Another  agency  in  which  water  plays  an  imporfcint  part  are  kndslides.  Here 
the  water  acts  by  loosening  strata  or  by  lessening  the  friction  between  two  Liyers  of 
earth  or  rock,  so  that  large  sections  of  a  mountiiin-side  may  slij)  suddenly  down,  over- 
whelming all  that  lies  in  their  path.  Instiinces  of  this  will  be  recalled  by  any  one  who 
has  visited  SwitzerUmd,  and  landslides  from  Mount  Cronium  aided  materiiilly  in  burying 
Olympia. 

Finally  we  must  note  the  deposition  of  carbonate  oi  lime  or  travertine,  etc.,  from 
solution  in  water.  This  action  is  exti-emely  local  and  of  little  importiince  in  classical 
archaeology,  though  in  the  case  of  cave  deposits  it  has  been  the  means  of  preserving  for 
us  most  important  remains  of  prehistoric  man. 

Volcanoes.  —  As  a  final  inorganic  agency  may  be  mentioned  the  action  of  volcanoes 
which  bury  sites  at  their  bases,  not  only  by  Liva  streams,  but  by  flows  <»f  mud  and  by 
the  ejection  of  immense  quantities  of  ashes  and  scoriae.  Pomi)eii  and  Hercukmeum  will 
occur  to  every  one  in  this  connection,  and  the  prehistoric  remains  of  Siintorini  may  also 
be  cited. 

Organic  Agencies.  —  Of  the  organic  agencies,  man  is  by  far  the  most  important,  at 
least  in  the  region  of  ckissical  archaeology.  The  sujierposition  of  one  building  on  the 
remains  of  an  older,  the  giowth  of  a  new  settlement  on  the  site  of  an  older  one,  the 
general  use  of  mud  brick  for  private  houses  in  antiquity,  the  immense  accumuLition  of 
stone,  brick,  earth,  mud,  and  rubbish  of  all  kinds  wherever  man  abides,  are  exeni)>lified 
at  Troy,  Nineveh,  Athens,  Rome,  hi  fact,  wherever  the  excavator's  pick  has  jwnetrated. 

This  mode  of  buriiil  is  in  many  respects  the  best  known  to  archaeologists,  jiartly 
through  its  obvious  features,  and  partly  through  the  un]K)rtance  of  the  superincumbent 
artificial  masses.  It  is  needless  to  enlarge  on  this  factor,  but  reference  may  be  made  to 
the  striking  remarks  by  Lanciani '  on  the  burial  of  Rome. 

Of  other  animals  than  man  only  one,  the  h'  ble  earthworm,  constitutes  a  factor 
of  any  importance.  This  animal  brings  up  earth  from  its  burrows  and  de]M>sits  it  at  the 
surface  in  the  form  of  the  familiar  wonn-casts.  In  one  of  his  shorter  but  very  interest- 
ing books  Darwin  -  devotes  much  space  to  the  deveh)pment  of  the  theory  that  worms  are 
to  a  large  extent  responsible  for  the  burial  of  small  objects  lying  on  the  surface  of  the 
groimd,  and  even  of  ruins.  He  gives  several  instances  of  the  pavements  of  recently 
excavated  Roman  villas  in  England  being  gradually  buried  beneath  such  dejwsits  and 
slowly  sinking.     Though  Darwin  is  perhaps  inclined  to  attribute  to  the  worms  more 

>  Op.  cit.  pp.  98  ff.  2   Vegetable  Mould  attd  Eartkwomu. 


THE   HERAEUM   SITE   AND   ITS   BURIAL 


9T 


than  their  fair  share  in  these  cases,  yet  the  effect  is  undoubted.  While  the  rate  of 
deiM)sition  of  worm-casts,  and  consequent  subsidence  and  burial,  is  very  slow,  yet  these 
animals  form  a  factor  not  to  be  entirely  overlooked  in  considering  the  subject. 

In  addition  to  the  animal  organisms,  plants  must  not  be  forgotten,  since  they  aid  very 
materially,  not  only  by  acting  as  wind-breaks  and  consecjuent  dust-gatherers,  but  also 
through  the  accumulation  of  matter  by  their  death  and  decay.  They  also  promote  the 
preservation  of  buried  remains  by  binding  the  soil  together,  so  that  wind  and  mhi  have 
less  opportunity  for  action  in  removing  it. 


THE  hp:raeum  site  and  its  burial. 

In  talking  up  tlie  site  of  the  Ileraeum  more  in  defciil,  it  must  be  recalled  that  the  temples 
are  situated  on  a  spur  of  Mount.  Hagia  Trias,  which  is  cut  off  from  the  main  mass  by 
a  deep  erosion  valley.  As  has  already  been  s;iid,  this  hill  is  largely  composed  of  gmy 
limestone,  which  lies  close  to  the  surface  at  the  upper  part,  north  of  the  old  temple.  *'  As 
the  rocky  surface  sloped  too  steeply,  the  massive  Cyclopean  retaining  wall  was  built  for 
the  support  of  the  Old  Temple  platform,  which  was  probably  largely  artificial.  Below 
this  no  limestone  was  met  with  in  the  course  of  the  excavations,  and  it  is  rather  uncertain 
to  what  extent  the  sloi)e  is  natural.  From  the  fact  that  layers  of  gravel  were  met  with  at 
low  levels  in  several  places,  we  can  infer  that  much  of  it  was  part  of  the  old  mountain 
slojie,  while  in  other  places  there  has  been  extensive  filling  in  before  the  construction  of 
buildings.  Covering  all  the  remains  of  buildings  was  a  layer  of  soil  and  earth,  which 
varied  in  depth  from  about  half  a  metre  over  the  Old  Temple  to  four  or  five  along  the 
south  and  west  shqies,  esi>ecially  against  retiiining  and  back  walls. 

This  soil  is  of  course  subsequent  to  the  destruction  of  the  buildings,  and  it  will  be 
not  without  interest  to  see  whence  it  was  derived. 

The  existence  of  the  deep  erosion  valley  back  of  the  hill  precludes  the  j^ssibility  of 
any  wash  of  earth  from  the  mounfciin  sloi)es  above.  It  was  also  evident  from  the  results 
of  the  excavations  that  there  had  been  no  settlement,  at  least  of  any  size,  on  the  hill 
since  the  abandonment  of  the  site  as  a  jilace  of  woi-ship  of  Hera.  In  this  respect  it 
diffei-s  radically  from  such  sites  as  those  of  Troy  and  Plataea.  This  is  due  partly  to 
the  fact  that  the  site,  at  least  since  the  earliest  primitive  times,  was  never  a  place  of 
residence,  but  only  of  worship  and  pilgrimage,  and  partly,  also,  because  the  hiU  was  of 
little  or  no  strategic  importance,  as  was  that  of  Plataea.  In  some  respects,  from  the 
excavator's  standpoint,  this  is  a  misfortune,  since  not  only  would  the  accumulations  of  a 
settlement  have  aided  in  preserving  the  ruins,  but  also  the  use  of  the  site  as  a  qimrry 
would  have  been  localized,  and  the  blocks  and  other  objects  would  not  now  be  scattered 
far  over  the  Argive  plain. 

The  main  agency  involved,  then,  must  be  attnbuted  to  the  wind,  as  has  been  already 
mentione<l,  the  material  being  derived  from  the  mountain  above,  and  still  more  from  the 
jdains  below.  These  aeolian  dei^sits  were  never  of  gi-eat  thickness,  except  against  steep 
slopes  and  in  hollows.  This  is  to  be  expected,  in  view  of  the  small  area  of  the  hill 
and  the  lack  of  abundant  vegetation.  Trees  are  entirely  absent,  and,  except  for  a 
few  thyme  bushes,  the  only  vegetation  is  short,  coarse  grass  and  plants  of  no  greater 
height. 

Worms  may  have  played  some  part  in  the  process,  but  in  all  probability  only  to  a  small 
extent.     As  far  as  I  can  recall,  worm-casts  were  very  rare  on  such  suifaces  as  that  of  the 


rf''' 


(  ; 


98 


TiiK  (;eology  of  the  iiekaeum  kegion 


•  1 


I       I 


|V» 


i>' 


I  )*' 


1  '' 


I 


I 


fleaned-ui)  j)latf()rin  of  the  Old  Temple,  and  the  atciiniulatioii  of  soil  which  necessitated 
an  occasional  sweepinj^;  for  visitors  was  practically  all  wind-horne  dust  from  the  plain  or 
from  the  excavations. 

In  this  connection  there  may  he  described  a  somewhat  striking  insfcince  of  what  may 
he  called  archaeohijiical  oeolojrj-,  especially  since  it  throws  some  lijjht  on  the  metlnxls 
of  the  old  huilders. 

The  hack  of  the  South  Stoa,  which  is  several  metres  helow  the  level  of  the  Second 
Temple,  is  a  wall  <»f  blocks  of  y>oro.y  stone,^  which  measures  about  J30  cm.  in  heij^ht. 
As  this  buildin<>;  was  uncovered  in  18iM,  a  steep  Imnk,  some  -4  metres  deep,  was  left  for 
a  time  behind  it.  In  this  section,  at  the  west  end,  immediately  behind  the  spjice  where 
formcrlv  were  the  upper  courses  of  the  back  wall  of  the  stiKi,  there  were  seen  five 
narrow  (2  to  3  cm.)  parallel  and  horizontd  stripes  of  white  earth,  sbindiuf^  out  clearly 
against  the  brown  earth  background.  The  acc(mijKinying  figure,  drawn  fron>  a  sketch 
and  measurements  made  at  the  time,  shows  the  state  of  aft'airs. 

Examination  of  the  thin  white  strips  showed  that  they  were  c<mnK)sed  of  the  dust  of 
jtoros  stone,  mingled  with   some  chi})s  of  the  siime.     The  earth  between  them  varied 

somewhat  in  character.     At  the  bottom 

w  ^''*'-'^ ^        was  i-ed  clay  and  loose  gr.ivel,  in  which 

were  found  s<nne  objects  of  bronze  and  a 
small  grave,  lined  with  rough  stones,  con- 
tiiining  a  skeleton  and  the  Mycenaean 
vases  described  elsewhere.  Above  this  is 
about  1  metre  of  blackish  earth,  overhiid 
j:h<wiJip^?M\m^:^K^i>^^^i^^^  {     by  4  cm.  of  yellow  earth.     Then  follows 

Ip^^E^^^C^J^^^^^^^^^^M^i^  '     'i^*  t*m.  of  earth  with  s<»me  gravel,  and 

above  this,  in  alternate  order,  three  2  cm. 
layers  of  jtorox  dust  aiul  three  (2i*  to 
\M)  cm.)  of  solid  In-own  earth,  the  last  of 
those  being  overlaid  by  J3  cm.  of  j^orott 
dust.  Above  this  the  relations  are  s<nne- 
what  cimiplicated  by  the  presence  of 
obli(pu>  stnitii  of  gravel,  but  we  have  here 
also  />()  cm.  of  earth,  3  em.  of  jtoros  dust, 

tin 


JMa^.*^..i\,mvirM\m.\ 


Fig.  45a.  —  Skctu»x  back  or  tiocTii  Stoa,  18U4. 
Explanation  :  1,  Soil.    2,  Poros  dust.    3,  (Jrarel.    4,  S<iil 
with  some  gravel.     5,  Yellow  earth.     0,  lilavk  earth. 
7,  Red  clay  and  gravel,  with  grsive. 


geoiogj', 

place  the  red  clay  and  gravel  at  the  base 
of  the  section,  and  in  which  the  grave 
was  found,  is  evidently  subsoil,  existing 
])rior  to  settlement  at  the  hjcality,  while 
the  black  earth  which  covers  it  is  the  old  surface  soil.  Porox  stone  is  quite  foreign  to 
the  h>cality,  and  the  presence  of  layers  of  this  can  only  be  attributed  to  the  agency  of 

'  This  is  a  soft  whitish  travertine,  extensively  used  for  huiUling  in  Greece.     It  derives  its  nauie  fruiu  uiie  of  tli« 
locr.lities  in  which  it  is  found. 


♦  I 


lONEOUS   ROCKS   FOUND   AT  THE   HERAEUM  99 

man,  and  derived  fmm  material  iise<l  in  construction,  presumably  that  of  the  l)ack  wall 
of  the  stoa,  which  is  constructed  of  this  stone.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  Liyers  of 
earth  are  each  about  2."i  cm.  thick,  or  multiple  of  tliis  by  two  or  three. 

The  hypothesis  which  accounts  best  for  these  facts  is  as  follows :  When  the  stoa  was 
to  be  built,  it  was  necess;iry  to  cut  away  some  of  the  bank  behind  it,  about  down  to  the 
old  soil.  In  this,  the  first  few  courses  wei-e  laid  in  a  trench,  as  foundation  blocks.  Above 
these,  three  courses  of  Idocks  were  hiid,  which  would  make  the  height  about  as  great  as 
a  man  could  work  comfortably.  Earth  was  then  thrown  in  behind,  and  the  blocks  for 
the  next  coiuse  worked  into  shape,  the  dust  from  this  making  the  first  thin  2)0ros  layer. 
One  course  was  laid,  earth  filled  in,  and  more  blocks  worked,  and  so  on,  the  space  behind 
being  fille«l  in  sometimes  after  one  and  sometimes  after  two  courses.  The  sloping 
bands  of  gravel  in  the  upi>er  part  are  somewhat  more  difficult  of  explanation,  but  are 
probably  dciive<l  from  earth  thrown  out  of  some  excavation  near  by,  forming  talus  slopes. 
This  was  possibly  that  of  the  West  Building,  since  the  direction  of  up-slope  is  toward 
this. 


NOTE  ON  THE  IGNEOUS  ROCKS  FOUND  IN  THE  EXCAVATIONS  AT  THE 

HERAEUM. 

During  the  excavations  at  the  Heraemn  site  a  ninnber  of  rough,  as  well  as  worked,  pieces  of 
igneous  rock  were  met  with.  Since,  as  has  been  previou.sly  explained,  the  only  rocks  occurring  iu 
the  immediate  vicinity  are  limestones  and  shales,  it  is  evident  that  these  igneous  rocks  were  brouo^ht 
from  a  distance,  and  it  is  believed  that  a  study  of  them  might  throw  some  light  on  their  possible 
places  of  origin. 

The  writer  accordingly  brought  home  a  number  of  representative  pieces,  none  of  any  archaeo- 
logical value,  per  se,  and  has  studied  them  by  the  ordinary  petrographical  methods,  the  results  of 
which  are  here  l)riefly  given.  Since  but  a  small  amount  of  space  can  be  devoted  to  this  topic, 
which  is  rather  foreign  to  an  a' chaeological  volume,  no  explanation  of  the  technical  terms  employed 
has  been  attempte«l,  and,  to  the  archaeologist,  only  the  few  conclusions  which  may  be  drawn  will  be 
of  innnediate  interest.     The  si>ecimens  are  grouped  according  to  their  i)etrographical  characters. 

Gabbro.  —  With  the  exception  of  one  un>«orked  piece,  all  the  specimens  of  this  rock  are  repre- 
.sented  by  so-called  "  hammer-stones."  These  are  cuboidal  in  .shape  (i.  e.  cubes  with  rounded  edges 
and  angles ),  which  vary  in  diameter  from  3.5  to  7.5  cm.,  and  in  weight  from  150  to  400  gnus. 
The  surfaces  ai-e  smoothed  but  not  i^lished,  and  in  some  cases  rather  rough  and  pitted  from  in- 
cipient weathering. 

The  use  of  "  hannner-stones  "  was,  as  the  name  implies,  for  poimding,  either  taking  the  place  of 
oin-  mo<lern  liannuer,  or  as  a  pe.stle  for  reducing  grain  to  meal.  For  this  purpose  a  hard,  tough 
material  is  essential,  and  this  quality  being  characteristic  of  the  gabbros,  this  rock  is  highly  suit- 
able for  the  ])nr|><ise. 

Hammer-stones  are  very  connnonly  found  in  prehistoric  deposits  in  all  parts  of  the  globe,  having 
been  evolved  from  the  primitive,  naturally  rounded  jjebble.  Their  relative  abundance  at  the 
Ileraeum,  as  well  as  at  Plataea  (where  I  also  met  with  numbers  of  them)  and  at  other  Greek 
sites,  would  indicate  that  they  were  in  conmion  use  among  the  Greeks  down  to  a  quite  late  date. 
It  would  be  of  interest  to  collect  and  study  all  the  facts  available  as  to  their  occurrence  at  Greek 
sites,  since  the  apparent  survival  of  such  decidedly  primitive  implements  among  a  people  in  such 
a  high  state  of  culture  is  striking.  It  seems  possible  that  this  may  have  been  the  result  of  their 
use  in  i-eligious  ceremonies,  e.  g.  for  preparing  the  meal  for  sacrifices,  just  as  the  flint  knife  was 
used  in  sacrificial  ceremonies  in  many  countries  long  after  the  knowledge  of  bronze  and  iron  had 
become  general. 

A  number  of  those  found  show  signs  of  wear  by  the  presence  of  an  especially  rough  surface  or 
chipi^ed  edges,  while  others  which  present  a  very  smooth,  lUmost  polished  face,  indicate  that  they 


h' 


98 


TllK   (JKOUKiV   OF  THE   IIKKAKL'M    KIXilON 


(■K'aiu'«l-uj>  ]>1atfonii  «>t'  tlu'  Old  Tt'inpl*',  and  the  accinnulatloii  of  soil  wliicli  lu'ct'ssitatcd 
ail  oi-casional  s\vt'«'|Mn<;-  tor  visitors  was  ]u;uti<ally  all  wiiid-honu'  dust  from  the  plain  or 
from  tlu'  excavations. 

In  this  eonneetion  there  mav  l»e  described  a  s«»niewhat  strikinj;  instance  of  what  mav 
he  called  archaeolo»»ical  i«eol<(i;v,  esjM'cially  since  it  throws  some  li^ht  on  the  methods 
of  the  old  hnilders. 

The  hack  of  the  South  Stoa,  which  is  several  nietres  helow  the  level  of  the  S<'cond 
Temple,  is  a  wall  of  hl<»cks  of  pnrns  stone,'  whi«h  measures  ahout  lU)  cm.  in  height. 
As  this  huihlint;-  was  uncovered  in  181M,  a  steep  hank,  sonu'  4  nu'tres  deep,  was  left  for 
a  time  hehind  it.  In  this  section,  at  the  west  end,  immediately  hchind  the  spac(>  where 
formcrlv  were  the  uj>per  courses  of  the  hack  wall  of  the  stoa,  ther«*  were  seen  Hve 
narrow  (2  to  l»  cm.)  parallel  an<l  horizontal  stripes  of  white  earth,  standin«>^  out  clearly 
a«;ainst  the  hrown  earth  hack<;'round.  The  accompanyin«>'  fi»;;ure,  drawn  from  a  sketch 
and  measurements  ma«le  at  the  tinu',  shows  the  state  (d'  affairs. 

Examination  of  the  thin  white  strips  showed  that  they  were  comjiosed  <»f  the  dust  of 
jtniuts  stone,  mini;led   with    some  chips  <d"  tin*   sime.     The  earth  hetween   them   varied 

sonu'what  in  character.  At  the  hottom 
was  re<l  clay  and  loose  «>Tavel,  in  whith 
were  found  sonu'  ohjects  «d'  hron/e  and  a 
small  j^nive,  lined  with  rcuij^h  stones,  con- 
tiiinin":  a  skelet«)n  and  the  Mvcenaean 
vases  iIcscHIkmI  elsewhere.  Ahove  this  is 
ahout  1  nu'tre  of  hlackisli  earth,  overlaid 
by  4  cm.  of  yellow  earth.  Then  foHows 
7.">  cm.  of  earth  with  s<une  «;;ravel,  and 
above  this,  in  alternate  order,  three  2  cm. 
layers  of  jun'os  <lust  and  three  (2.*)  to 
'M)  cm.)  of  solid  brown  earth,  the  hist  of 
these  bein«»"  overlaid  by  li  cm.  of  jmros 
dust.  Above  this  the  relations  are  some- 
what complicated  by  the  presence  «»f 
oblitpie  strata  of  j^ravel,  but  we  have  here 
5      also  ."»()  cm.  of  earth,  •$  cm.  aH  jtoros  dust. 


KJNKOrS    liOCKS    FOrXI)    AT   TIIK    IIKKAEUM 


99 


w 


z_j2:2yztvrg&5a^Lfr^'^.^^^w^^^  J     hy 


>~  -«  — -^ 


Fig.  45a.  —  Skition  hack  ok  .Soitii  Stoa.  1«M.  place  the  red  clay  and  j^^ravel  at  the  base 

Kx|.1iui:itiou  :  1,  S,il.   '_',  Pmw  dust.    :i.  (Jnml.    4,  Soil  „jr   ^|,^.   s<'ction.   and    iu    which    the  jriavf 

with  some  gravel.     .">,  Yt-llow  oartli.     <»,  liliwk  eiirlli.  .           ,      .            •  i         i            i        -i           •     • 

7,  Kea  clay  ami  gniul,  with  Knue.  '^^•»;*    f"'>"<«-    '^   evidently    subsi.ll,   eXIstlUjr 

prior  to  settlement  at  the  huality,  while 
the  black  earth  which  covers  it  is  the  old  surface  soil.  l*in'tm  stone  is  jpiite  forei»»;n  to 
the  hM-alitv,  and  the  lu-esence  of  lavers  of  this  can  onlv  be  attributed  to  the  a":encv  of 

'  This  is  a  soft  whitish  tntvertiiif,  fxteiisivi-ly  iisi>«l  for  i>iiililiiig  in  (in.*t!«.*v.     It  dt-rivvs  its  iiuiiic  fnnii  one  of  thf 
locr.litios  in  whii-li  it  is  foiiiiil. 


man,  and  derived  from  material  used  in  construction,  presumably  that  of  the  back  wall 
of  the  stoa.  which  is  constru<te«l  of  this  stone.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  layers  of 
earth  art'  each  almut  2.")  cm.  thick,  or  multiple  of  this  bv  two  or  three. 

The  hypothesis  which  accounts  best  for  these  facts  is  as  follows:  When  the  stoa  was 
to  be  built,  it  was  ne<-essiry  to  cut  away  some  of  the  bank  behind  it,  about  down  to  the 
old  soil.  Ill  this,  the  first  few  courses  were  laid  in  a  trench,  as  foundation  blocks.  Above 
these,  three  courses  of  blocks  were  laid,  which  would  make  the  heii-ht  about  as  oreat  as 
a  man  could  wink  comfortably.  Eirtli  was  then  thrown  in  behind,  and  the  blocks  for 
the  next  ccMirse  worked  into  shape,  the  dust  from  this  niakino-  the  first  thin  y^oro.s- layer. 
One  course  was  laid,  earth  filled  in,  and  UKue  blocks  worked,  and  so  on,  the  space  behind 
beino-  filled  in  sometimes  after  one  and  sometimes  after  two  courses.  The  slopinj;- 
bands  of  i-ravel  in  the  upper  part  are  somewhat  nuue  diflicult  of  explanation,  but  are 
probably  derived  from  earth  thrown  out  cd  some  excavation  nearby,  formino  talus  slopes. 
This  was  p.»ssibly  that  of  the  West  Huildino,  since  the  direction  of  up-.slope  is  toward 
this. 


NOTE  ON  THE  KiNEOUS  KOCKS  FOUND  IN  THE  EXCAVATIONS  AT  THE 

HEKAEFM. 

Diiriiiu:  the  excavations  ut  the  Hrraenin  site  a  miinbcr  of  rough,  as  well  as  worked.  i)ieces  of 
ij,'iieoiis  lock  were  met  with.  Since,  as  has  heeii  previously  explained,  the  only  rocks  occurring  in 
the  immediate  vi«-inity  are  limestones  and  shales,  it  is  evident  that  these  igneous  rocks  were  l)iou<dit 
fr«»m  a  distance,  and  it  is  believed  that  a  study  of  them  nnght  throw  some  light  on  their  jjossible 
l»laees  of  origin. 

The  writer  accordingly  brought  home  a  number  of  representative  pieces,  none  of  any  archaeo- 
logical value,  fx,'  .s<;  and  has  studied  them  hy  the  ordinary  petrogniphical  methods,  the  results  of 
which  are  lu-re  l.rietly  given.  Sime  hut  a  siuall  amount  of  space  can  be  devoted  to  this  topic, 
which  is  rather  forcigu  to  an  a'chaeologi<al  voluiue.  no  explanation  of  the  technical  terms  eniploved 
has  been  atteuipte.l,  and,  to  the  archaeologist,  only  the  few  conclusions  whicli  may  be  drawn  wilj  be 
of  iuMuediate  inteicst.     The  specimens  are  grouped  according  to  their  petrographical  characters. 

G-abbro.  —  With  the  exception  of  one  unworked  i)ieee,  all  the  specimens  of  this  rock  are  repre- 
sented by  .so-call.'d  "  hammer-stones.*"  These  are  cjiboidal  in  shape  (i.  e.  cubes  with  rounded  edges 
and  angles ),  which  vary  in  diameter  from  3.5  to  7.5  cm.,  and  in  weight  from  b50  to  400  grms. 
The  surfaces  are  smoothed  but  not  indished.  and  in  some  cases  rather  rough  and  pitted  from  in- 
cipient  weathering. 

The  use  of  "hammer-stones"  was.  as  the  name  implies,  for  i)oimding,  either  taking  the  place  of 
cm-  UMMlern  hammer,  or  as  a  pestle  for  reducing  grain  to  meal.  For  this  purpose  a  hard,  tough 
material  is  essential,  and  this  tpiality  being  characteristic  of  the  gabbros,  this  rock  is  highlv  suit- 
able for  the  purpose. 

Hammer-stones  ai-e  very  eoiumoidy  found  in  ))rehistoric  deposits  in  all  parts  of  the  globe,  havin"- 
been  evolved  from  the  primitive,  naturally  rounded  iiebhle.  Their  relative  abundance  at  the 
lleraeum,  as  well  as  at  Fhitaea  (where  I  also  met  with  nund)ers  of  them )  and  at  other  (J  reek 
sites,  woidd  imlicate  that  they  were  in  connnon  use  among  the  (Jreeks  down  to  a  quite  late  date. 
It  would  Im'  of  interest  to  e<»llect  and  stiuly  all  the  facts  available  as  to  their  occurrence  at  (Jreek 
sites,  since  the  .apjiarent  .smvival  of  such  decichdly  primitive  implements  among  a  people  in  such 
a  high  state  of  cultiu-e  is  striking.  It  seems  jjossible  that  this  may  have  been  the  result  of  their 
use  in  ivligioiis  ceremonies,  e.  g.  for  preparing  the  meal  for  sacrifices,  just  as  the  flint  knife  was 
used  in  sacrificial  ceremonies  in  many  countries  long  after  the  knowledge  of  bronze  and  iron  had 
become  general. 

A  number  (tf  those  fotmd  show  signs  of  wear  by  the  ])resence  of  an  especially  rough  surface  or 
cliipiKMl  edges,  while  others  which  present  a  very  smooth,  almost  i)olished  face,  indicate  that  they 


i 


«  , 


100 


THE   GEOLOGY  OF  THE   HERAEUM   REGION 


•     r| 


^^/♦'l 


M'i 


tV 


f 


ii 


were  used  as  grindei's  or  rubbers  for  making  meal,  just  as  similar  implements  are  employed  at  the 
l)resent  day  by  the  Mexican  Indians  and  other  ])eoples.  One  specimen  even  showed  signs  of  both 
uses,  having  its  largest  face  quite  smoothly  rubbed,  but  with  rough  depressions  in  the  centre,  as  if 
it  had  also  been  used  as  a  hammer  against  a  chisel  or  other  hard  metallic  instrument. 

Gabbros  are  rather  frequently  met  with  in  the  eastern  part  of  Greece,  having  been  described  as 
coming  from  Euboea,  Attica,  and  near  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth.  As  I  met  with  one  or  two  masses 
of  this  rock  cutting  the  limestone  near  Mycenae,  it  is  probable  that  the  material  of  these  hammer- 
stones  comes  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Heraeum,  and  that  they  were  of  home  manufacture. 

Petrographically  these  gabbros  offer  no  especially  noteworthy  features.  They  are  somewhat 
coarse-grained,  and  under  the  microscope  are  seen  to  be  i-ather  ophitic  in  structure,  some  of  them 
being  almost  true  diabase.  They  are  composed  of  automorphic,  rather  basic  labradorite,  pale 
diopside,  and  occasionally  diallage,  which  are  frequently  uralitized,  with  some  magnetite.  A  little 
orthoclase  is  sometimes  seen,  which  may  be  connected  with  the  tendency  of  many  of  the  rooks  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  basin  to  a  monzonitic  character.  In  general  they  corre- 
spond with  some  of  the  descriptions  of  Becke  and  Lepsius  of  Euboeau  and  Attic  gabbros,  though 
no  tendency  toward  glaucophanization  of  the  pyroxenes  was  observed. 

Felsite  Porphyry.  —  Several  rounded,  waterworn  pebbles  and  fragments  of  two  hammer-stones 
comiK)sed  of  a  dense  green  felsite  were  found.  These  are  all  more  or  less  iwrphyritic,  the  pheno- 
crysts  being  entirely  of  an  apparently  alkaline  feldspar.  In  one  or  two  instances  there  is  a  well- 
defined  flow  structure  in  the  apparently  originally  glassy  base.  But  all  the  specimens  examined 
are  thoroughly  devitrified,  the  feldspars  having  lost  their  transparency,  and  the  base  l)eing  changed 
to  the  usual  very  finely  granular,  cryptocrystalline  aggregate. 

These  porphyries  are  somewhat  similar  to  the  well-known  labradorite-porphyry  of  Laconia  (verde 
antko),  though  the  phenocrysts  are  by  no  means  as  prominent  or  numerous,  the  color  is  much 
lighter,  and  the  feldspars  are  a})parently  alkaline  rather  than  a  basic  plagioclase,  but  in  their  pre- 
sent altered  condition  this  point  can  be  decided  only  by  a  chemical  analysis. 

It  seems  scarcely  likely  that  the  jjcbbles  would  have  been  brought  from  any  considerable  dis- 
tance, and  they  may  possibly  have  been  brought  down  by  torrents  from  dikes  in  the  neighboring 
limestone,  and  this,  possibly,  is  also  the  origin  of  the  material  of  the  two  hammer-stones.  While 
it  would  not  be  surprising  to  find  dikes  of  such  rock  in  the  region,  yet  it  must  be  remarke<l  that  I 
met  with  none  such  in  my  tramps  about  the  district,  and  that  none  were  noted  by  Lepsius.  A 
fragment  of  a  similar  felsite  was  found  by  me  on  the  north  coast  of  Aegina,  where  it  almost  cer^ 
tainly  was  not  derived  from  the  island  itself,  and  it  mCcuis  possible  that  the  peculiar  color  of  these 
rocks  may  have  been  the  cause  of  their  transport  from  a  distance. 

Andesites.  —  The  si)ei'imens  representing  these  rocks  were  with  few  exceptions  rough  frag- 
ments of  various  sizes.  Apart  from  these,  one  rather  large  oval  slab  was  found,  with  a  depression 
in  the  centre,  apparently  a  rough  mortar  for  grain,  as  well  as  a  fragment  of  a  rather  thin  flat  corn- 
grinder,  marked  on  one  side  with  parallel  grooves. 

These  andesites  vary  from  rather  coarse  to  fine  grained  in  texture,  one  or  two  being  quite  dense 
and  vesicular.  They  are  all  homblende-andesites,  showing  well-formed  phenocrysts  of  yellowish 
brown  or  brownish-green  hornblende,  a  little  greenish  biotite,  and  a  rather  basic  andesine  or  acid 
labradorite,  in  a  dusty  glassy  groundmass,  which  is  hyalopilitic  with  microlites  of  the  same  minerals. 

With  one  exception  they  are  closely  similar  to  the  homblende-andesites  of  Aegina,  and  it  seems 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  tlie  blocks  were  brought  from  that  island.  This,  at  least,  is  the  nearest 
locality,  though  closely  similar  rocks  are  met  with  at  Melos  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

The  only  excei)tion  is  the  corn-grinder,  which  differs  from  all  the  andesites  of  Aegina,  Methana, 
Melos,  and  Asia  Minor  that  I  have  studied.  There  seems  to  be  some  reason  *  for  thinking  that 
this  came  from  the  small  island  of  Nisyros  (off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor  north  of  Rhmles),  which 
was,  according  to  Strabo,^  noted  for  its  millstones. 

Obsidian.  —  A  number  of  flakes  and  "  cores  "  of  a  black  obsidian  were  found,  which  are  exactly 
like  those  found  during  the  excavations  at  Plataea.     Under  the  microscope  they  show  a  well-marked 

'  Cf.   H.   S.    VVashiogton,  Journal    of   Geology,   III.  -  Strabo,  X.  5-lti. 

(1895),  p.  73. 


OBSIDIAN  FOUND  AT  THE   HERAEUM  101 

flow  sti-uctm-e,  occasionally  banded  (eutaxitic),  but  without  phenocrysts  of  any  kind,  the  flow 
structure  being  brought  out  by  the  numerous  globulites  and  other  excessively  minute  bodies  scat- 
tered through  the  mass.  Apart  from  the  colorless  glass  the  only  constituents  are  small  microlites 
of  magnetite,  diopside,  and  fehlspar,  whicli  last  is  often  in  pretty  skeletal  forms. 

No  such  obsidians  have  been  found  in  the  neighboring  Aegina  and  Methana,  but  closely  similar 
volcanic  glasses  are  met  with  on  Melos  and  Santorini  (Thera),  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  one 
of  these  islands  is  the  place  of  origin  for  these  siiecimens. 

One  or  two  obsidian  arrowheads  were  found  at  the  Heraeum,  and  it  is  possible  tliat  the  flakes 
an<l  cores  ai-e  the  remains  of  the  manufacture  of  these,  or  possilily  of  knives  for  some  sacred  use. 
The  occurrence  of  these  flakes  and  stone  weapons  is  in  line  with  that  of  tlie  ])rimitive  hammer- 
stones,  all  of  them  belonging  anthropoh)gically  to  a  nuich  earlier  period  of  development  than  that 
of  tiieir  place  of  discovery. 


» ■/ 


II        I 


■f\ 


■"l^'i 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


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ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARCIVE  HERAEUM 


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The  Aruive  IIekakum 


Platk  I 


TEMPLE  OF  HERA  ARCO: 

DETAILS 


ARGIVE  HEHAEUM.  —  DETAILS  OF  THE  SECOND  TEMPLE,  AND  CYMA-MOULDINGS  FROM  THE 

JsOUTH  STOA 


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The  Aruivk  IIkkakum 


Plate  I 


TEMPLE  OF  HERA  ARCOS 

DETAILS 


ARGIVE  HEKAEUM.  —  DETAILS  OF  THE  SECOND  TEMPLE,  AND  CYMA-MOULDINGS  FROM  THE 

SOUTH  bTOA 


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1 


AlK  IIITECTITKE  OF  TUE  AlKrlVE  IIEIJAEIM 

By   EDWARD    LU'PLNCOTT   TILTON 

The  Aijrivf  Heiaeum  was  at  a  very  early  time  a  place  of  liinli  iinportanee  in  Greece, 
ami  its  areiuteetural  reuiaiiis  silently  indicate  that  it  continued  to  he  a  religious  centre 
for  many  centuries.  The  huildinos  themselves  have  indeed  heen  entirely  destroyed,  hut 
it  i8  still  possihle  to  piece  tog^ether  the  fragments  into  a  whole  which  may  in  a  measure 
simulate  the  original,  to  restore  as  a  result  from  excavations  the  temples,  porticoes,  and 
other  huildings  of  the  famous  siinctuarv  of  Hera. 


TOl'OGRAPHY  '  AND  SURVKY. 

Tlie  Ai-give  plain  consists  chiefly  of  an  alluvium  deposited  during  the  course  of  ages. 
It  comprises  an  approximate  area  of  one  hundred  square  miles,  extending  from  the 
Gulf  of  Argos  northerly  ahout  ten  miles  to  the  entrance  of  the  gorge  of  Mycenae,  and 


■*J3!»w7sr 


Fig.  4G.  —  Argiv>;  Hkrakitm  :  Vikw  from  thk  north. 
Showiiijj  in  the  distance  the  hills  back  of  Nauplin.     The  rocky  eminence  in  the  foreground  is  northeast  of  the 

Old  Temple. 

as  many  miles  east  and  west.  This  excejitionally  flat  expanse  of  country  is  hordered  on 
three  sides  hy  low  foothills,  heyond  which  roll  higher  hills  and  mountjiins  like  petrified 
waves  northward  toward  Corinth,  eastward  toward  Epidaurus,  and  westward  until  they 
hlend  with  the  mountiiins  of  Arcadia.     The  first  ripple  into  which  the  plain  hreaks  on 

*  See  also  lutroduction,  pp.  10-2o. 
105 


Ai{(  iHTKiTrni:  or  nii:  aimmm:  iikijakim 

IJy    KDWAlil)    I.I1M»1NC()TT    lll/roN 

Thk  Ar«;iv«'  Ilrracum  was  at  a  vnv  eailv  tiiiu*  a  place  of  lii^li  iiiiixdtaiicc  in  (mcccc. 
and  its  aicliitiMtural  icniains  silent Iv  iiidicat*'  tlial  it  contiiiiH'd  to  Ih'  a  religious  centre 
for  many  «-«'ntnries.  Tlu'  ItuiLlinL-s  tlnMnselves  liave  intle.-d  I.een  entinlv  destroved,  hut 
It  IS  still  possible  to  piece  tooetlier  tile  trai; iiieiits  into  a  whole  wliidi  may  in  a  measure 
sniinlate  the  oriirinal.  to  restore  as  a  result  from  excavations  the  temi»les.  porticoes,  and 
other  hiiihliiios  of  the  famous  saiictiiarv  <tf  Ileia. 


T<H'()(;i{AI'IIV     AM)   sruVKV. 

The  Arj^ive  phtiii  consists  iliieHy  of  an  alluvium  deposited  durinir'  tlu-  course  <d"  a<««.s. 
It  comprises  an  a|>pid\imat«-  area  of  one  hundred  sijuar*-  miles,  extendini;-  from  the 
(nilf  of  Ai-oos  northerly  ahoiit  ten  miles  to  the  entranc.-  of  the   i;<ui;-e  (d'  Mvcenae.  and 


Fn;.  Hi.  —  Ait<avK  Hkuaki'm  :  Vn  w  hh>m  thk  xoktii. 
Sliowiii!;  in  tin-  <liNt:iiu-<-  tin-  Iiills  Icuk  of  Xaiipiia.       llie  ri»cky  eiiiiin-iuf  in  tin-  l<)n'i,'ii>iiml  i-  northeast  of  tlio 

Oia  IViiiple. 

as  many  miles  east  and  west.  This  exceptionally  Hat  exjtanse  of  <(nintrv  is  hordered  on 
three  sides  hy  low  foothills.  heyiMul  which  rcdl  higher  hills  and  mountains  like  petrified 
waves  northward  toward  Corinth,  eastward  towanl  Epidaurus.  and  westward  until  they 
hh'iid  with  the  mountains  of  Arcadia.     The  first  ripple  into  which  the  plain  hreaks  on 

'  See  also  liitrotliictiuu,  j>j».  lO-liw. 
1(X> 


n 


106 


ARCHITECTURE   OF  THE   ARGIVE   HERAEUM 


iVi 


n 


the  north  rises  about  five  hundred  feet  (152  metres)  above  the  sea  level,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  site  is  sufficiently  attested  by  the  fact  that  the  Greeks  chose  it  for  the  sanctiuiry 
of  Hera  (Plates  II.,  III.,  Figs.  4G,  47,  48). 

Fig.  1  (p.  7)  is  a  map  of  the  Argive  plain  based  upon  Steffen's  map  of  the  ArgoHd 
given  in  his  Karten  von  Mt/kenaij  1884.  The  site  of  the  Heraeum  is  indicated  u|)on  it 
by  a  small  recfcuigle  which  is  enlarged  and  shown  in  detiiil  in  the  upj)er  right-hand 


<fl 


'Iff  'I 


till 


<)' 


Fig.  47.  —  Argive  Hkrakcm  :  View  of  the  site  from  the  east. 
Tlic  rocky  eminence  is  the  same  as  shown  in  Fig.  4C,  below  which  the  tents  of  the  excavating  p.irty 
are  pitched.  In  the  centre  of  the  picture  is  the  Cyclopean  wall  which  supports  the  Old  Temple 
terrace  ;  next,  to  the  left,  is  the  Second  Temple  platform  ;  then  the  phylakeion  and  the  .slope  to 
the  South  Stoa.  The  retaining  walls  of  the  East  Building  are  visible  near  the  centre  of  the 
picture  and  in  about  a  line  below  the  Cyclopean  wall.  The  tilled  ground  in  the  foreground 
is  shown  on  Plate  IV. 


It' 


corner  of  the  illustration.'  Again  on  this  enlarged  plan  is  shown,  by  a  small  white 
sipiare,  the  position  of  the  entrance  to  the  tunnels  or  subway  aqueducts  which  are 
referred  to  by  Dr.  Waldstein  in  the  General  Introduction  (pp.  14  ff.). 

The  Heraeum  lay  api>roximately  three  miles  sijutheast  by  south  from  Mycenae,-  four 
and  one  half  miles  northwest  from  Midea,  six  miles  north-northwest  from  Tiryns,  eight 
miles  north-northwest  from  Nauplia,  and  four  and  one  half  miles  northeast  from  Argos. 
The  site  is  shielded  on  the  north  and  northeiist  by  the  mountain  i)eaks  of  Euboea  and 
Hagios  Elias(Berbatiotikos),  which  tower  in  heights  that  vary  from  one  to  two  thousand 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  gulf.  Plate  IV.  is  a  general  map  of  the  site  of  the  Henieum 
showing  the  present  condition  of  the  ruins  after  excavation.  The  map  is  drawn  on  a 
true  north  and  south  axis,  the  variation  of  the  compiiss  needle  beuig  G°  43'  west  of  true 
north  when  this  survey  was  made  in  April,  1895.' 


^  The  small  Roman  numerals  on  this  larger  rectangle 
are  the  same  as  in  Plate  IV.,  and  are  explainetl  in  the 
legend  of  this  Plate.  They  are  also  used  throughout  this 
chapter,  and  elsewhere  in  this  publication. 

-  Pausania.s,  II.  17  :  "To  the  left  of  Mycenae,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  fifteen  furlongs  (stadia)  is  the  Heraeum  "  (Fra- 
zer's  translation).  As  a  stadium  was  about  G(X)  feet, 
Pausanias's  statement  would  make  the  distance  9000  feet, 
or  less  than  two  miles. 

■  To  survey  the  site  I  began  on  the  rising  ground  north 
of  the  Old  Temple  and  placed  the  theodolite  on  the  spot 
indicated  on  Plate  IV.  by  a  circle  and  cross-lines.  The 
direction  of  true  north  was  obtained  as  follows  :  Thurs- 


day, April  4,  1895,  at  midnight  and  four  minutes  I 
sighted  Polaris  with  the  star  Alioth  in  line  above  it. 
Waiting  until  12.28,  I  sighted  the  north  star  nlone  and 
marked  the  spot  (No.  1)  under  the  plummet  of  the  instru- 
ment, and  another  (No.  2)  under  a  plummet  depending 
from  a  pole  1.35  m.  from  No.  1,  and  then  placed  a  pin  at  a 
point  (No.  3)  in  line  with  No.  1  and  No.  2,  and  5.48  m.  from 
the  former.  Friday  morning,  April  5,  I  fastened  a  taut 
string  along  the  line  1,  2,  and  3,  and  another  string  from 
No.  1  in  the  direction  of  the  coropa.H8  needle.  Then 
sighting  each  string  in  turn  through  the  theodolite,  I  read 
the  degrees  of  variation  as  6°  43'  west  of  true  north. 
From  this  station-point  of  the  instrument  I  found  the 


TOPOGRAPHY 


107 


\< 


The  dry  stream-bed  around  the  north  and  west  of  the  site  is  the  Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
and  may  be  the  Eleutherion  of  Pausiinias,  while  a  natural  assumption  would  identify  the 
nvei-bed  on  the  east  as  the  Asterion,  although  the  balance  of  evidence  seems  finally  to 
uphold  Steffen's  view  that  the  Asterion  is  the  stream  which  flows  down  the  far  eastern 
flank  of  Mount  Elias  and  loses  itself  in  the  Klisura  glen,  and  is  not  shown  upon  our 
map.* 

The  architectural  remains  of  the  Heraeum  are  unfortunately  too  few  to  afford  an  exact 
restoration  of  all  the  buildings.     The  peculiar  prominence  and  accessibility  of  the  site 


Fio.  48.  —  Akgive  llEKAEtM  :  View  ok  the  site  kko.m  the  west. 
The  men  are  excavating  the  Lower  Stoa  (X). 

rendereil  it  a  convenient  (piarry  for  later  builders,  and  the  mediaeval  churches  on  the 
plain  and  the  fortresses  on  the  adjacent  hills  have  been  largely  constructed  of  .stones 


direction  of  one  peak  of  Mount  Kub(»ca  to  be  .'{0°  32' 
east  of  true  north,  and  its  elevation  above  the  horiiun 
18"  8'.  Anotlier  peak  was  27°  53'  north  of  east  and 
elevated  12°  41'.  Mount  Araehnaeum  was  18°  37'  south 
of  east  and  elevated  2°  55'.  Directly  south  wsis  the 
island  Bourzi,  near  Nauplia,  with  its  water  line  0°  51' 
below  the  horizon.  Directly  west  the  mountain  sum- 
mit was  elevated  2°  .*W'.  From  the  first  station-|)oint  of 
tlic  tlif04lolite  I  ran  a  line  due  south,  and  from  this 
erected  verticals  east  and  west  as  bii.sc  lines  and  obtained 
the  angle  that  the  ruins  of  each  building  mjule  with  the 
base  lines.  The  running  measurements  were  made  with 
a  steel  metric  ta|>e,  wherein  I  was  assisted  by  lohannes,  a 
little  Greek  boy  from  Chonica. 

The  extent  of  the  site  occupied  by  the  construction  is 
about  ."jOO  mi.  north  and  south  by  1000  m.  east  and  west. 
The  difference  in  levels  between  the  highest  building  (the 
Old  Temple,  I)  and  the  lowest  building  (Stoa  X)  is 
2i)JM  m.,  as  is  shown  by  the  table  in  the  text  (p.  108). 
When  measuring  the  ruins  my  primary  object  was  not  to 
formulate  any  theories,  but  to  obtain  exact  data,  and  to  this 
end  I  made  careful  running  measurements  of  the  joints 
of  every  accessible  stone  in  the  ruins  of  each  building  and 
made  drawings  of  each  to  the  scale  of  one  centimetre  to 
the  metre,  verifying  all  to  insure  accuracy.  I  next  mea- 
sured and  drew  to  a  larger  scale  plans,  elevations,  sections, 


and  isonictric  perspectives  of  all  the  loose  stones  and 
architectural  fragments  found  on  the  site,  310  in  all,  and 
made  full-size  drawings  of  all  capitals  to  obtain  their  exact 
profiles,  afld  of  the  ornamental  details,  e.  g.  lions'  heads 
and  cyma-niouldings,  and  gave  to  each  of  the  310  frag- 
ments a  number  in  order  to  facilitate  reference.  Finally, 
I  made  colored  drawings  of  the  terra-cotta  fragments  and 
water-color  sketches  of  the  landscapes. 

The  method  of  procedure  is  described  in  full  to  show 
that,  notwithstanding  the  lack  of  expert  assistance  and  of 
fine  measuring  instruments,  a  careful  endeavor  was  made 
to  obtain  exactly  all  the  data  yielded  by  the  site.  The 
results  are  now  presented  to  the  reader,  who  is  thus  fur- 
nished with  all  the  materials,  and  can  make  his  own 
restorations  of  the  buildings  should  he  disagree  with  the 
deductions  of  the  author. 

It  may  be  well  to  note  here  that  the  shadows  on  all  of 
the  drawings  are  projected  at  45'',  thereby  enabling  one 
to  determine  the  height  of  an  object  by  the  width  of  its 
shadow  on  the  plan,  and  the  projection  of  an  object  by 
the  height  of  its  shadow  on  the  elevation. 

I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Mr.  Milton  Bancroft, 
Mr.  E.  A.  Josselyn,  and  Mr.  E.  B.  Nolan,  who  have 
assisted  me  in  rendering  some  of  the  drawings. 

*  Cf.  Dr.  Waldsteiu's  Introduction,  p.  15. 


ft    1 

ll 


u 


100 


AHC'IIITKCTURE  OF  TIIK   AK(JIVK    IlKHAKl'M 


TOPOGRAPHY 


10( 


the  iiortli  risi's  alumt  five  huiulml  fW't  ( 1.V2  meti-es)  above  tlie  sea  level,  and  tlie  heauty 
of  the  site  is  suftieiently  attested  hy  the  fact  that  the  Greeks  chose  it  for  tlie  smctiiary 
..f  Hera  (Platf:s  H.,  HI.,  Figs.  40,  47,  48). 

Fig.  1  (p.  7)  is  a  map  of  the  Argive  plain  hased  upon  Steffen's  map  of  the  Argoli<l 
given  in  his  Karfnf  rott  Mt/kcnal,  1884,  The  site  of  the  Heraeiun  is  indicated  upon  it 
hy  a  small  rectangle  which  is  enlarged  and  shown  in  detail  in  the  upper  right-hand 


Fi<;.  47.  —  Argivk  IIkkakim  :  Vikw  ok  thk  sitk.  from  tiik  kast. 
The  n>cky  t'luiiu'iice  is  the  same  as  shown  iu  Fig.  40,  below  whieli  the  tents  of  the  exciivatiiig  party 
are  pitched.  In  the  centre  of  the  )>ieture  is  the  Cyclopean  wall  which  supports  the  Old  Temple 
terrace  ;  next,  to  the  left,  is  the  Sec<»nd  Temple  platform  ;  then  the  phiflakrion  and  the  sloj»e  to 
the  South  Stoa.  The  retaining  walls  of  the  East  Kuilding  are  visible  near  the  centre  of  the 
picture  and  in  about  a  line  below  the  Cyclopean  wall.  The  tilled  ground  in  the  foreground 
is  shown  on  Platk  IV. 

corner  of  the  illustration.'  Again  on  this  enlarged  ])lan  is  shown,  by  a  small  white 
square,  the  position  of  the  entrance  to  the  tunnels  or  subway  acpiediu'ts  which  are 
referred  to  by  Dr.  Wald.stein  in  the  General  Introduction  (pp.  14  ff.). 

The  Heraeum  lay  ap})roximately  three  miles  southeast  by  south  from  Mycenae,"  four 
and  one  half  miles  nt)rthwest  from  Midea,  six  miles  north-northwest  from  Tiryns,  eight 
miles  north-northwest  from  Nau})lia,  and  four  and  one  half  miles  northeast  from  Argos. 
The  site  is  shielded  on  the  north  and  northeast  by  the  mountiiin  peaks  of  Kuboea  and 
Hagios  Elias  (Berbatiotikos),  which  tower  in  heights  that  vary  fnnn  one  to  two  thousand 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  gulf.  Plate  IV,  is  a  general  map  of  the  site  of  the  Heraeum 
showing  the  present  condition  of  the  ruins  after  excavation.  The  map  is  drawn  on  a 
true  north  and  south  axis,  the  variation  of  the  compass  needle  being  0^  43'  west  of  true 
north  when  this  survey  was  made  in  April,  189/).' 


'  The  small  Koman  numerals  on  this  larger  recUinglc 
are  the  same  as  in  Plate  IV.,  and  are  explained  in  the 
legend  of  this  Plate.  They  are  alst>  used  throughout  this 
chapter,  and  elsewhere  in  this  publication. 

-  Pausania.s,  II.  17  :  "To  the  left  of  Mycenae, at  a  dis- 
tance of  fifteen  furlongs  (stadia)  is  the  Heraeum"  (Fra- 
zcr's  translation).  As  a  stadium  was  about  <J()0  feet, 
Pausanias's  statement  would  make  the  distance  U00()  feet, 
or  less  than  two  miles. 

'  To  survey  the  site  I  began  on  the  rising  ground  north 
of  the  Old  Temple  and  placed  the  theodolite  on  the  spot 
indicated  on  Plate  IV.  by  a  circle  and  cross-lines.  The 
direction  of  true  north  was  obtained  as  follows  :  Tlmrs- 


day,  April  4,  1805,  at  midnight  and  four  minutes  1 
sighted  Polaris  with  the  star  Aliotli  in  line  above  it. 
Waiting  until  12.128,  I  sighted  the  north  star  alone  and 
marked  tlie  spot  (No.  1 )  under  the  plummet  of  the  instru- 
ment, and  another  (No.  'J)  under  a  plummet  dc|H'iiding 
from  a  |)ole  1.35  m.  from  No.  l,and  then  |>laced  a  pin  at  a 
]>oint  (No.  [\)  in  line  with  No.  1  and  No.  'J,  and  •'>.48  m.  from 
the  former.  Friday  morning,  .\pril  o,  I  fastened  a  taut 
•tring  along  the  line  1,  2,  and  .'t,  and  another  string  fmni 
No.  1  in  the  direction  of  the  compass  needle.  Then 
sighting  each  string  in  turn  through  the  thi><Mlolite,  I  read 
the  degrees  of  variation  as  (1°  43'  west  of  true  north. 
From  this  station-point  of  the  instrument  I  found  the 


I 


The  dry  stream-bed  around  the  north  and  west  of  the  site  is  the  Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
and  may  be  the  Kleutherion  of  Pausanias,  while  a  natural  assumption  would  identifv  the 
river-bed  on  the  east  as  the  Asterion,  although  the  balance  of  evidence  seems  finallv  to 
uphold  Stetfen's  view  that  the  Asterion  is  the  stream  which  flows  down  the  far  eastern 
flank  of  Mount  Elias  and  loses  itself  in  the  Klisura  glen,  and  is  not  shown  u|>on  our 
map.' 

The  architectund  remains  of  the  Hei-aeum  are  unfortunately  too  few  to  afford  an  exact 
restorati(»n  of  all  the  buildings.     The  peculiar  prominence  and  accessibilitv  of  the  site 


I'lu.  48.  —  Ak<jivk  IIkkakcm  :  Vikw  ok  the  site  kkom  the  west. 
The  men  are  excav.ating  the  Low^er  Stoa  (X). 

HMnlcred  it  a  convenient  quarry  for  later  buildei-s.  and  the  nuMliaeval  rhureln's  on   the 
plain  and  the  fortresses  on   the  adjacent  hills  have  been   largely  constructed  of  st«»nes 

direction  of  one  peak  of  Miuint  KnlMK-a  t«»  be  'M°  .*t2'  and  isometric  iK-rsiK-ctives  of  all  the  loose  st«in«s  uimI 
east  of  true  north,  and  its  elevation  alnive  the  liorizon  areliitcctui-iil  fnigments  found  on  the  site,  'MO  in  all.  and 
18°  8'.  Another  |Kak  was  '_'7°  .jJi'  north  of  east  and  made  full-size  drawings  of  all  capitals  to  obtain  I  iuir  ex.ict 
elevated  I'J"  41  .  Mount  Arachnacuni  was  18°  37'  south  profiles,  aftd  of  the  ornamental  details,  e.  g.  lions'  heads 
of  cast  and  elevated  '2°  ."»'.  Directly  south  was  the  and  cyma-mouldings,  and  gave  to  e.-ich  of  the  :5lO  frag- 
island  Bourzi,  mar  Nanplia,  with  its  water  line  U"  51'  nients  a  number  in  order  to  faciiit.ite  reference.  Finally, 
l*elow  the  horizon.  l)in>ctly  west  the  mountain  sum-  I  made  colored  drawings  «if  tin- tcrni-cotta  fragments  aiid 
mit  was  elevated  2°  :t8'.  From  the  first  station-point  of  water-color  sketches  of  the  lands<ai»es. 
the  tlwMHlolite  I  niii  a  line  due  .south,  and  frtiin  this  The  methotl  of  procedure  is  dcs.rilHMl  in  full  to  show 
erected  verticals  rast  and  west  as  base  lines  and  obtained  that,  notwithstanding  the  lack  of  eX|K'rt  .issistan*-*-  an«l  of 
the  angle  that  the  ruins  of  each  building  nnide  with  the  fine  measuring  instruments,  a  careful  endeavor  was  made 
baselines.  The  running  measuiiMuents  were  nnide  with  to  obtain  exactly  all  the  data  yichled  by  the  site.  The 
a  steel  metric  tape,  wherein  I  was  assisted  by  lohannes,  a  results  are  now  presented  to  the  rcailcr,  who  is  thus  fur- 
little  (i  reek  Uty  from  Chouica.  nished  with  all  the  materials,  and  can  make  his  own 
The  extiiit  of  the  site  occu|»ied  by  the  construction  is  restorations  of  the  buildings  should  he  disagree  with  the 
about  .'MK)  m.  north  and  south  by  KMM)  m.  east  and  west,  deductions  of  the  author. 

The  diflfereuce  in  levels  l)et  ween  the  highest  building  (the  It  may  be  well  to  note  here  tli.it  the  shadows  on  all  of 

Old    Temple,   I)    and    the  lowest  building  (Stoa  X)  is  the  drawings  are  projected  at  4.*>,  thereby  enabling  one 

•_»1».3I  m.,  as  is  shown  by  the  table  in  the  text  (p.  108).  to  determine  the  height  of  an  object  by  the  w  idtli  of  its 

When  measuring  the  ruins  my  primary  object  was  not  to  shadow  on  the  plan,  and  the  proj»Hti»>n  of  an  object  by 

fornndatc  any  theories,  but  to  obtain  exact  <lata,  and  to  this  the  height  of  its  shadow  on  the  elevation, 

end  I  made  careful  running  measurements  of  the  joints  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Mr.  Milton  Uancroft, 

ofevcry  accessible  stone  in  the  ruins  of  each  building  and  Mr.   E.    A.   Jos.selyn,   and    Mr.   E.   \i.  Nolan,  who  have 

made  drawings  of  e.ach  to  the  scale  of  one  centimetre  to  assisted  n«e  in  n-nderiug  some  of  the  drawings, 

the  metre,  verifying  all  to  insure  .ice u racy.     I   next  me.i-  »  Cf.  Dr.  Waldstein's  Introiluction,  p.  15. 
Bured  and  drew  to  a  larger  scale  plans,  elevations,  sections, 


kl 


108 


AKCHITECTURE  OF  THE   AR(iIVE   HEKAEUM 


OLDEST   WALLS 


109 


I 


from  this  source.  At  Olympia  the  position  of  the  Altis  between  the  hill  Cronium  and 
the  rivers  CLideus  and  Nepheus  favored  a  more  speedy  buriiil  beneath  the  rapid  aeeunui- 
lation  of  sand  and  material  which  was  dei>osited  by  the  river's  huindations  and  washed 
down  from  the  hills  by  the  rains,  and  consequently  a  better  preservation  of  its  ruins. 
The  Argive  Heraeum,  on  the  contrary,  occupied  a  foothill  of  Mtmnt  Euboea,*  above  the 
level  of  the  phiin,  and  its  once  sacred  buildings  had  no  doubt  been  robbed  and  demol- 
ished by  desecrating  hands  before  the  action  of  the  rains  and  dust-storms  had  concealed 
tlie  foundations  that  now  remain. 

The  ruins  are  sufficient,  however,  to  indicate  that  the  site  was  occupied  throughout 
the  ages  from  prehistoric  to  late  Roman  times,  and  to  justify  the  attem})t  at  a  restora- 
tion shown  on  Plates  V.  and  VI.  FoUowhig  is  a  list  of  the  ruins  exhumed,  with  the 
orientation  and  relative  level  of  each. 

The  stylobate  of  the  Old  Temple  is  taken  as  the  (hittim  level,  and  the  levels  of  all  the 
other  buildings,  being  lower,  are  indicated  by  the  minus  sign. 


Orientation. 

Levkl  ok  thb 

Metres. 

I. 

Old  Temple 

17°  18'  S.  of  E, 

Stylobate 
Terrace 

0.00 
-  0.45 

II. 

Upper  Stoa 

15°       S.  of  E. 

Column  Bases 

-10.85 

in. 

Northeast  Stoa 

13°        S.  of  E. 

Column  Bases 

-  8.75 

IV. 

East  Building 

7°        S.  of  W. 

Wall 

-11.10 

V. 

Second  Temple 

16°  23'  S.  of  E. 

South  Wall 
Stylobate 

-11.93 
-10.71? 

VI. 

South  Stoa 

16°  30'  S.  of  E. 

Column  Bases 
Bottom  Stei> 

-22.98 
-25.26 

VIL 

West  Building 

8°  30'  E.  of  N. 

Column  Bases 

-21.35 

nn. 

N.  W.  Building 

26°  45'  S.  of  E. 

Ohl  Bases 

-17.90 

IX. 

Roman  Building 

25°  50'  S.  of  E. 

Tile  Floor 

-26.41 

X. 

Lower  Stoa 

23°       W.  of  S. 

Colunni  Bases 

-29.84 

Besides  the  above  the  Phjhikeion  No.  XI.  is  indicated  on  the  jdan.  This  is  a  small 
house  built  for  use  during  the  work  of  excavating  and  since  occupied  by  the  Greek 
guardian. 

A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  and  F  on  the  Plan  are  cisterns  and  baths. 

OLD  WALLS. 

In  addition  to  these  generally  well-defined  ruins,  there  are  numenius  remains  of  old 
walls  that  apparently  antedate  the  earliest  of  the  above-named  buildings,  and  may  be 
classed  as  primitive  Argive  work  and  possibly  Pre-Mycenaean.-  Of  these  we  would  men- 
tion in  particular  the  walls  south  and  west  of  the  Temple,  which  may  be  jwrtions  of  the 
peribolus  which  inclosed  the  original  tememis  (cf.  Plate  VII.).  This  theory  is  con- 
firmed by  the  abutments  that  lie  at  an  obtuse  angle  to  the  western  wall  and  resemble  the 
tower-foundations  of  the  early  constructions  at  His.siirlik  and  Tiryns.  They  apparently 
mark  an  ancient  entrance  to  the  sanctuary.  Furthennore,  two  very  old  graves  were 
found  just  outside  the  southern  wall  (indicated  on  Plate  IV.  as  two  black  sjMits  between 


»  Pausanias,  II.  17 :  "  The  sanctuary  itaelf  is  on  the 
lower  slope  of  Euboea.  For  they  name  this  mountain 
Euboea." 


*  Cf.  Dr.  Waldstein's  latnxluction,  p.  27. 


, f     - 

> 

*  ▼ — ^ 

_                :^  .'  r-.^r^^^^;^^      —  ^-^ 

^■'  ^^'-^■'"-V.l^^-V 

Fig.  49.  —  Argive  Heraeum  :  View  looking  north  cpon  the  Cyclopean  wall  and  Northeast 

Stoa  (III). 

Stoa  VI  and  the  old  wall),  and  as  burijil  within  the  temenus  was  doubtless  prohibited, 
the  evidence  is  strengthened  that  this  old  wall  is  a  portion  of  that  which  orig^ally 
inclosed  the  sanctuary. 

Further  remains  of  very  old  walls  are  shown  on  Plate  IV.  lying  just  south  of  the 
Cycloj)ean  wall ;  these  may  be  the  ruins  of  dwelling-houses  for  the  priestesses  or  attend- 
ants. Other  vestiges  of  old  stone  work  are  distinguishable  in  the  interior  of  the  Second 
Temple  (V),  indicating,  at  this  most  important  point  of  the  old  temenus,  the  possible 
]H>sition  of  the  ancient  altar,  which  probably  stood  on  or  near  this  site  long  before  the 
construction  of  this  temple. 

These  walls  consisting  of  un worked  small-sized  stones,  laid  up  as  rough  irregular  rub- 
ble without  mortjir,  indicate  a  very  primitive  state  of  architectural  art,  similar  to  the 
walls  found  in  the  lowest  layers  of  Hissarlik,  and,  like  these,  they  may  have  had  supei- 
structures  of  sun-dried  bricks. 

CYCLOPEAN    WALLS. 

Next  in  chronological  sequence  are  the  massive  Cyclopean  walls  which  supported  the 
Upper  Terrace  (I) ;  these  are  shown  on  Plate  IV.,  and  in  the  plan  on  Plate  VIII.,  and 
in  elevation  on  Plate  IX.  (cf.  Plate  III.  and  Fig.  49).  The  walls  resemble  and  are 
doubtless  coeval  with  the  earliest  walls  of  Tiryns,  which  Dr.  Waldstein  supposes  to  have 
been  built  by  Proetus  about  1900  b.  c*  One  (»f  these  huge,  irregular  boulders  measures 
5.20  m.  in  length  by  2.00  m.  in  height.     Its  width  is  concealed  by  the  terrace.     These 

1  Cf.  Dr.  Waldstein's  Introduction,  p.  2. 


II 


vl 


108  AKCHITECTURE  OF  THE   AR(JIVE   HEKAEL'M 

from  this  source.  At  Olympia  the  position  of  the  Altis  between  the  hill  Croiiiiun  and 
the  rivers  Cladeus  and  Nepheus  favored  a  more  si)eedy  burial  beneath  the  rapid  accumu- 
lation of  sand  and  material  which  was  deposited  by  the  river's  inundations  and  washed 
down  from  the  hills  by  the  rains,  and  consequently  a  better  preservation  of  its  ruins. 
The  Argive  Heraeum,  on  the  contrary,  occupied  a  foothill  of  Mount  Euboea,'  above  the 
level  of  the  plain,  and  its  once  sacred  buildings  had  no  doubt  been  robbed  and  demol- 
ished by  desecrating  hands  before  the  action  of  the  rains  and  dust-storms  had  concealed 
the  foundations  that  now  remain. 

The  ruins  are  sufficient,  however,  to  indicate  that  the  site  was  occupied  throughout 
the  ages  from  prehistoric  to  late  Roman  times,  and  to  justify  the  attempt  at  a  restora- 
tion shown  on  Plates  V.  and  VI.  Following  is  a  list  of  the  ruins  exhumed,  with  the 
orientation  and  relative  level  of  each. 

The  stylobate  of  the  Old  Temple  is  taken  as  the  (fatHm  level,  and  the  levels  of  all  the 
other  buildings,  being  lower,  are  indicated  by  the  minus  sign. 


OLDEST   WALLS 


100 


Orientation. 

Level  of  the 

Metres. 

I. 

Old  Temple 

17°  18'  S.  of  E. 

Stylobate 
Terrace 

0.00 
-   0.45 

II. 

Upper  Stoa 

15°        S.  of  E. 

Column  Bases 

- 10.85 

in. 

Northeast  Stoa 

13°        S.  of  E. 

Column  Bases 

-  8.75 

IV. 

East  Building 

7-=        S.  of  W. 

Wall 

-11.10 

V. 

Second  Temple 

16^  23'  S.  of  E. 

South  Wall 
Stylobate 

-11.93 
-10.71? 

VI. 

South  Stoa 

16°  SC  S.  of  E. 

Column  Bases 
Bottom  Step 

-22.93 
-25.26 

VH. 

"West  Building 

8°  30'  E.  of  N. 

Column  Biises 

-21.35 

VIII. 

N.  W.  Building 

26"  45'  S.  of  E. 

Old  I^ses 

-17.90 

IX. 

Roman  Building 

25^  50'  S.  of  E. 

Tile  Floor 

-26.41 

X. 

Lower  Stoa 

23°       W.  of  S. 

Column  Bases 

-29.34 

Besides  the  above  the  Pht/fftkeioii  No.  XI.  is  indicated  on  the  plan.     This  is  a  small 
house  built  for  use  during  the  work  of  excavating  and  since  occupied  by  the  Gi-eek 


ffuardian. 


A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  and  F  on  the  Plan  are  cisterns  and  baths. 

OLD  WALLS. 

In  addition  to  these  generally  well-defined  ruins,  there  are  numerous  remains  of  old 
walls  that  apimrently  antedate  the  earliest  of  the  above-named  buildings,  and  may  be 
classed  as  primitive  Argive  work  and  possibly  Pre-Mycenaean."  Of  these  we  woidd  men- 
tion in  particular  the  walls  south  and  west  of  the  Temple,  which  may  be  portions  of  the 
periholm  which  inclosed  the  original  tememis  (cf.  Plate  VII.).  This  theory  is  con- 
firmed  by  the  abutments  that  lie  at  an  obtuse  angle  to  the  western  wall  and  resemble  the 
tower-foimdations  of  the  early  constructions  at  Hissiirlik  and  Tiryns.  They  ai)i)ai-ently 
mark  an  ancient  entrance  to  the  sjinctuary.  Furthermore,  two  very  old  graves  were 
found  just  outside  the  southern  wall  (indicated  on  Plate  IV.  as  two  black  spots  between 


*  Pausanias,  II.  17:  "The  sanctuary  itself  is  on  tlie 
lower  slope  of  Euboea.  For  they  name  this  uiouutaia 
Euboea." 


*  Cf.  Dr.  WaldkUiia'a  iutruductiuii,  p.  27. 


Fig.  49.  —  Akoivk  IIerakum  :  Vikw  ux>king  north  cpon  the  Cvclopean  wall  and  Northeast 

Stoa  (III). 

Stoa  VI  and  the  old  wall),  and  as  burial  within  the  temenus  was  doubtless  prohibited, 
the  evidence  is  strengthened  that  this  old  wall  is  a  portion  of  that  which  originally 
inclosed  the  sanctuary. 

Further  remains  of  very  old  walls  are  shown  on  Plate  IV.  lying  just  south  of  the 
Cycloj)ean  wall ;  these  may  be  the  ruins  of  dwelling-houses  for  the  priestesses  or  attend- 
ants. Other  vestiges  of  old  stone  work  are  distinguishable  in  the  interior  of  the  Second 
Temple  (V),  indicating,  at  this  most  imj)ortant  point  of  the  old  temenus,  the  possible 
]M>sition  of  the  ancient  altar,  which  probably  stood  on  or  near  this  site  long  before  the 
construction  of  this  temple. 

These  walls  consisting  of  unworked  small-sized  stones,  laid  up  as  rough  irregular  rub- 
ble without  mortjir,  indicate  a  very  primitive  state  of  architectural  art,  similar  to  the 
walls  found  in  the  lowest  layers  of  Hissarlik,  and,  like  these,  they  may  have  had  supei"- 
structui-es  of  sun-dried  bricks. 

CYCLOPEAN     WALLS. 

Next  in  chronological  sequence  ai*e  the  massive  Cyclopean  walls  which  supported  the 
Upi)er  Terrace  (I) ;  these  are  shown  on  Plate  IV.,  and  in  the  plan  on  Plate  VIII.,  and 
in  elevation  on  Plate  IX.  (cf.  Plate  III.  and  Fig.  49).  The  walls  resemble  and  are 
doubtless  coeval  with  the  earliest  walls  of  Tiryns,  which  Dr.  Waldstein  supposes  to  have 
been  built  by  Proetus  about  1900  b,  c'  One  of  these  huge,  irregular  boulders  measures 
5.20  m.  in  length  by  2.00  m.  in  height.     Its  width  is  concealed  by  the  terrace.     These 

^  Cf.  Dr.  Waldstein's  Introductiun,  p.  2. 


II 


■li 


110 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


THE  OLD  TEMPLE 


111 


large  unhewn  conglomerate  boulders  were  laid  up  as  rubble  work  without  mortar,  Rtted 
together  roughly  with  little  or  no  cutting,  their  interstices  being  filled  with  smaller 
stones,  but  produce  a  result  that  shows  a  great  advance  over  the  earlier  walls  and  one 
which  arouses  our  admiration  and  wonder ;  for  even  with  modern  appliances  it  would 
be  no  small  feat  to  construct  a  wall  of  such  huge  blocks  with  counterpoise  sufficient  to 
withstiind  the  thrust  of  the  terrace,  the  shocks  of  earthquakes,  and  the  disintegmting 
action  of  centuries. 

THE  OLD  TEMPLE  PLATFORM  AND  THE  OLD  TEMPLE. 

The  terrace  platform  was  originally  leveled  by  removing  the  natural  rock  and  earth 
from  the  north  side  and  by  filling  in  behind  the  CyclojMjan  retaining  wall  (cf.  Plate  X.). 
Li  order  to  make  a  firm  foundation  and  to  prevent  the  earth  from  being  washed  away 
by  the  rains,  a  stone  pavement  was  laid  in  width  about  eight  metres  jKinillel  to  the 
retaining  wall.  The  pavement  resembles  the  oldest  paving  in  a  courtyard  at  Tiryns  and 
consists  of  irregidar  limestone  blocks  dressed  roughly  on  the  top,  most  of  them  triiingubir 
in  shape  and  averaging  in  length  about  70  centimetres.  The  Old  Tem|)le  ( I )  was  built 
pirtly  upon  this  })avement,  but  mostly  upon  the  natural  earth  and  rock  of  the  terrace. 
The  remains  of  the  Old  Temple,  though  vei-y  meagre,  are  still  sufficient  to  justify  the 
restoration  shown  on  Fig.  50,  Plates  IX.,  XI.  All  that  exists  in  »itVj  as  apjHiars 
on  the  plan  on  Plate  VIII.,  is  a  portion  of  the  stylobate,  of  a  reddish  limestone,  19.20  m. 
long,  1.04  m.  wide,  and  0.45  m.  high.  The  diiigonal  jointings  indicate  early  work.  The 
tops  of  the  stones  have  fljiked  off  and  are  much  disintegrated,  as  though  by  the  action 
of  heat  when  the  temple  was  burned.'  This  disintegi'ation,  however,  may  be  accounted 
for  in  part  by  the  character  of  the  red  limestone,  which  deteriorates  naturally  in  the  course 
of  ages  and  is  far  inferior  in  quality  to  white  limestone."  Before  our  excavations,  the 
platform  had  been  covered  by  dirt  to  a  depth  of  one  metre,  and  a  layer  of  harder  earth 
similar  in  texture  and  ap})earance  to  caked  lime  was  found  in  various  places  0.30  m.  above 
the  pavement,  while  beneath  this  layer  lay  a  stratum  of  black  burnt  matter  and  charcoal. 

Fortunately  distinct  traces  are  still  preserved  of  three  circles  slightly  depressed  in 
the  stylobate,  which  indicate  the  position  of  columns.  These  circles  are  0.80  m.  in 
diameter  and  spaced  from  centre  to  centi-e,  3.50  m.  and  3.51  m.  resj>ectively,  making 
their  intercolumniation  2.70  m.  and  2.71  m.  or  about  three  and  one  third  diameters.^ 

The  columns  and  entire  superstructure  were  doubtless  of  wood,  as  is  indicated  by  the 
small  diameter  and  wide  spacing  of  the  columns,  by  the  lack  of  any  architectural  stone 
fragments,^  by  the  remains  of  charcoal  and  other  burnt  matter,  and  by  the  absence  of 
any  foundation  under  the  stylobate. 


*  Pausanias,  IL  17  :  "  Above  this  temple  are  the  foun- 
dations of  the  former  temple,  together  with  the  few  other 
remains  of  it  that  escaped  the  flames.  It  was  burned 
down  through  Chryseis,  the  priestess  of  Hera,  having 
fallen  asleep,  when  the  flames  of  the  lamp  caught  the 
wreaths.  Chryseis  fled  to  Tegfea  and  took  sanctuary  in 
the  temple  of  Athena  Alea.  In  spite  of  this  g^reat 
calamity  the  Argfives  did  not  take  down  the  statue  of 
Chryseis,  and  it  still  stands  in  front  of  the  burnt  temple." 

•  Dorpfeld,  Tiryns,  cap.  vi.  B,  Technical  Remarks. 

'  The  columns  of  the  Heraeum  at  Olympia  vary  in 
diameter  from  1.00  m.  to  1.28  m.  and  the  distances  be- 
tween centres  vary  from  3.09  m.  to  3.63  m.,  making  the 
intercoluiuniations  average  about  two  diameters. 


*  I  found  several  very  archaic  stone  capitals  and  a 
broken  coIumn-<lruni  below  this  terrace  which  may  have 
belonged  to  the  Old  Temple,  although  I  concluded  they 
were  more  probably  fragments  of  the  North  Stoa  (II), 
and  the  West  Building  (VII)  ;  see  Plate  IV.  The 
capitals  are  shown  on  Fig.  51,  B,  C,  H,  and  will  be 
referred  to  again  in  connection  with  the  North  Stoa. 
The  column-drum  (V  in  Platk  XXIX.)  shows  a  slit 
for  lifting  by  means  of  a  rope.  Of  course,  it  is  quite  pos- 
sible that  stone  columns  were  gradually  substituted  for 
the  wooden  ones  as  the  latter  decayed,  which  was  done  at 
the  Olympia  Heraeum,  especially  as  the  late  date,  4*23 
B.  c,  of  the  destruction  of  the  building  would  lead  us  to 


At  a  distance  of  7.18  m.  north  of  the  stylobate  is  a  base  built  of  irregular  stones. 
This  base  measures  1.80  m.  square,  as  is  shown  on  the  plan.'  In  my  restoration  of  the 
ground  plan  of  the  Old  Temple  (Fig.  50),  I  have  assumed  this  base  to  be  part  of  the 
foundation  of  the  old  statue  of  Hera,  and  to  lie  on  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  building. 
North  and  south  of  this  axis  and  at  equal  distances  from  it  I  found  slight  indications  of 
what  I  assumed  to  be  the  foundations  of  the  cella-walls.  The  8ui)erstructure  may  have 
been  of  sun-dried  bricks,  since  no  definite  vestiges  remain. 

I  continued  the  jjeristyle  by  spacing  the  columns  three  and  one  half  metres  on  centres 
(B,  C,  D,  Fig.  50),  following  the  indications  on  the  stylobate  before  mentioned,  and 
found  tliat  one  of  the  columns  of  the  pronaos  (A,  Fig.  50)  coincided  exactly  with  a 
mason's  centring  mark  on  a  stone  24.90  m.  east  of  the  base  of  the  statue.  The  stone 
is  shown  on  the  plan  (Plate  VIII.).  The  result  of  the  calculation  was  a  hexastyle  tem- 
ple with  fourteen  columns  on  the  side  and  a  cella  36.30  m.  long  and  8.50  m.  wide,  or 
with  width  to  length  about  as  1 :  41.  The  proportions  of  the  naos  inside  are,  width  to 
length,  as  1 :  4.  This  is  about  tlie  proportion  which  we  should  expect  to  find  in  a  temple 
of  great  antiquity .- 

My  restoration  of  the  entablature  and  roof  is  entirely  hypothetical  and  illustrates  only 
the  possible  api)earance  of  the  temple.     I  have  assumed  that  the  beam  ends  showed  with 


_©- 


©         © 


i2_ 


Q © 


— T 1 

—■ *- — 1«»— < 

Fio.  50.  —  Argivk  Heraeum  :  Old  Temple  vij^ts  :  restored. 

open  spaces  between  them,  which  seems  to  have  been  the  early  method  of  Doric  con- 
struction, whence  were  developed  later  the  triglyphs  and  the  metoi)es.^ 

The  orientation  of  the  building  is  17°  18'  south  of  east.    The  heliacal  orientation  of 
its  axis  may  assist  in  determining  the  antiquity  of  the  building.^ 


expect  stone  colunms  and  walls  even  though  the  entabla- 
ture of  wood  remained. 

'  This  may  be  the  foundation  of  an  altar.  Close  by 
it  is  a  hole  surrounded  by  irregular  stones,  which  may  be 
the  remains  of  a  sacrificial  pit  similar  to  that  discov- 
ered by  Dr.  Diirpfcld  at  Tiryns. 

•  The  proportions  of  the  Heraeum  at  Olympia  are  as 
follows :  — 

Exterior  width  of  cella  to  its  length  as  1  to  3.30. 
Interior  width  of  naos  to  its  length  as  1  to  3.80. 


Tlie  Temple  C  at  Selinus  :  — 

Exterior  width  of  cella  to  its  length  about  as  1  to  4. 
Interior  width  of  naos  to  its  length  about  as  1  to  3. 
Temple  S  at  Selinus  :  — 

Interior  width  of  naos  to  its  length  alraut  as  1  to  4. 
Cf.  Durm,  Die  Bauhmat  der  Griechen,  p.   114,  and 
Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Histoire  de  VArl  dans  FAnliquite',  tome 
VII.  chap.  III. 

*  Following  this  suggestion.  Dr.  Waldstein  obtained  a 
letter  on  the  subject  from  Dr.  Penrose.  Cf.  Intro<luc- 
tion,  page  29. 


ii 


liiMi 


112 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


UPPER  STOA. 


Below  the  terrace  of  the  Old  Temple  are  several  buildings  (IT,  TTl,  and  IV  on  Plate 
IV.),  shown  in  section  on  Plate  XI.,  and  in  elevation  on  Plate  IX. ;  the  present  state 
of  their  plans  is  shown  in  detail  on  Plate  XII. 

The  walls  in  parts  present  some  confusion,  owing  to  later  buildings  having  been  super- 
imposed on  earlier  constructions.  For  example,  the  west  end  of  Stoa  II  seems  to  have 
been  built  on  foundations  of  an  earUer  building.  In  the  Northeast  Stoa  (III)  are  later 
partition  walls,  and  between  this  and  the  East  Building  are  several  older  foundation  walls 
which  run  at  various  angles  that  bear  no  definite  relation  to  the  buildings  named. 

I  have  attempted  a  somewhat  free  restoration  of  these  buildings  (see  Plate  IX.),  since 
the  fragments  found  were  too  few  to  insure  accuracy  throughout. 

In  Stoa  II  (Plate  XII.)  the  stone  bases  for  the  columns  are  in  situ  ;  they  are  light  lime- 
stone and  nearly  every  one  has  a  smaU  pry-hole,  which  indicates  the  position  of  a  column. 
They  are  cut  true  on  top  and  on  the  sides  to  a  certain  depth,  below  which  the  stone  is 
left  rough,  having  been  concealed  by  the  flooring  of  mosaic  or  tile.  The  stylobate  stones 
are  similarly  cut  on  the  inside  and  bear  vestiges  of  pry-holes.  On  the  outside  exposed 
surfaces  the  stylobate  stones  and  steps  are  well  cut  and  neatly  jointed.  Where  some  of 
the  stylobate  stones  have  been  removed,  a  foundation  is  revealed  of  irregular  stones,  as 
shown  on  the  plan. 

Two  column-drums,  of  0.60  m.  diam.  and  with  sixteen  flutings,  remain  on  bases  in  the 
Stoa,  and  I  conclude  that  the  very  old  capitals  of  Fig.  51  were  from  this  building,  together 
with  two  old  cornice  {geison)  blocks,  one  of  which  bears  traces  of  colored  plaster.  Owing 
to  the  smallness  of  the  columns  and  their  wide  intercolumniation,  it  is  very  probable 
that  the  entablature  of  the  Stoa  was  of  wood,  and  the  stone  cornice  blocks  may  have 
belonged  to  an  inclosed  portion  of  the  building  at  the  west  end.  Tlie  height  of  the 
portico  columns  could  not  have  exceeded  three  metres  (cf.  Fig.  52,  E).  The  rear  wall 
was  built  of  poros  stone,  and  a  drain  behind  the  wall  indicates  that  the  roof  pitched  to 
the  rear  as  weU  as  to  the  front,  with  a  ridge  in  the  centre.  This  drain  carried  the  rain- 
water into  a  small  reservoir  running  back  into  the  ground,  as  shown  on  the  plan  (Plate 
XII.),  and  in  the  elevation  of  the  present  state  (Plate  IX.).  Adjacent  to  this  reservoir 
are  remains  of  three  cisterns  or  baths,  B,  C,  D,  with  plastered  floors. 

Between  this  Stoa  II  and  the  Northeast  Stoa  is  a  level  platform  cut  out  of  the  con- 
glomerate rock  with  a  rear  wall  of  fairly  good  workmanship  (cf .  Fig.  49).  Several  bases, 
probably  for  statues,  still  remain  on  this  platform,  one  being  partially  concealed  by  a  later 
wall.  One  of  these  bases  at  the  west  end  of  the  platform  is  shown  in  detail  on  Plate 
XXIX.,  B  and  H.  It  consists  of  light  limestone  in  three  sections  rebated  one  over  the 
other,  with  joints  cut  to  a  nicety  and  filled  with  lead.  Besides  these  bases  there  are  many 
cuts  in  the  stylobate  and  elsewhere  for  stelae.  This  platform  may  at  one  time  have  been 
roofed.  The  two  walls  which  project  forward  from  the  rear  are  later  than  the  rear  wall 
and  are  not  bonded  into  it  in  any  way.  In  my  restoration  I  have  assumed  that  the  plat- 
form was  open  and  that  steps  ascended  from  it  to  the  upper  terrace,  feeling  justified  in 
this  conclusion  by  the  presence  of  the  statue-bases  and  the  absence  of  any  evidence  of 
columns. 

An  interesting  stone  is  one  of  a  confused  group  shown  on  the  plan  about  the  centre 
of  the  front  steps  of  the  platform.  On  it  are  carved  two  birds,  probably  doves  (Fig.  53). 
Another  stone  of  great  antiquity  (Fig.  54)  was  found  in  the  adjoining  Building  III,  with 


li 


I 


.1 

.1 1 


-^ — 


114 


ARCHITECTUKE   OF  THE   ARGIVE   HEKAEUM 


carving  of  fish  and  waves.     The  hole  through  it  was  probably  for  the  puqmse  of  secur- 
ing cattle  before  the  sacrifice,  and  would  lead  one  to  consider  it  jwrt  of  an  old  altar. 


STOA  III. 


The  Northeast  Building  or  Stoa  (HI)  is  uiside  its  walls  20.G0  m.  in  length  and  6.00  m. 
in  width.  The  conglomerate  rock  was  {mrtially  leveled  to  receive  its  finislied  flooiing, 
which  appears  to  have  consisted  at  one  time  of  poron  stone  blocks,  as  shown  in  the  north- 
west corner,  where  ten  of  them  still  remain  in  situ.     It  is  evident,  however,  that  these 


\i         ^ 


^ 


17 


A,  Second  Temple  (V)  :  exterior  eoliiinn. 

H,  Second  Temple  (V)  :  interior  columnR,  as  restored. 

C,  West  Building  (VIII)  :  interior  culumnit,  tut  restored. 

I),  South  Stoa  (V'l)  :  column. 

K,  Upper  Ston  (II)  :  column. 

¥,  Nortbwest  Stua  (VIII)  :  columu. 


e 


^ 


^  fl  I  I  I  Ml 


iii 


il  i 


I  I 

!  I 


l>! 


1 1 


J_ 


A  B  C 

Fio.  52.  —  Columns  from  the  Argivk  Hkkaeum. 

stones  were  not  jmrt  of  the  original  flooring,  since  they  are  above  the  level  of  the  column 
bases.  The  original  walls  at  the  rear  and  side  remain  to  the  height  of  about  one  metre 
(cf.  Fig.  49).  They  are  built  of  light  limestone  carefully  tooled,  finely  jointed,  and  laid 
up  without  clamps  or  mortar.  The  east  wall  is  O.GO  m.  thick  and  does  not  bond  with  the 
rear  wall,  indicating  that  the  original  intention  may  have  been  to  extend  tlie  Stoa  farther 


THE  NORTHEAST   BUILDING 


115 


Fio.  53.  —  Argivk  Herakum  :  Stone  with  doves  carved  in  relief. 


toward  tlie  east.  The  exterior  of  this  east  wall  is  irregular,  having  been  concealed  by 
the  bank  of  earth  or  by  steps  ascending  to  the  higher  level  of  the  upper  terrace.  The 
level  of  this  building  is 
about  two  metres  above 
that  of  Stoa  II,  and  remains 
of  steps  exist  along  the  en- 
tire length.  On  Plate  IX. 
I  have  indicated  a  sugges- 
tion for  the  restoration  of 
these  steps. 

The  foundations  of  the 
steps  are  of  jtoros  stone, 
the  steps  having  doubtless 
i>een  light  limestone  and  a 
continuation  of  those  which 
exist  in  front  of  the  Stoa  II 
and  the  open  platform  be- 
tween II  and  III. 

In  the  Northeast  Build- 
ing (III)  there  are  six  lime- 
stone column  bases  in  nltii,  averaging  0.00  m.  square,  and  along  the  front  a  stylobate  of 
limestone  rubble  level  with  the  bases.  Upon  this  stylobate  are  some  blocks  of  breccia 
which  seem  to  be  of  later  date,  as  are  also  the  partition  rubble  walls  in  the  Stoa  which 
cover  two  of  the  colunni  bases.  A  small  drum  of  a  column,  0.50  m.  in  diameter,  and 
having  sixteen  flat  faces,  stands  upon  one  of  the  bases. 

The  two  antae-caps,  C  and  K  on  Plate  XXIX.,  were  found  on  the  wall  of  this  Stoa.  K 
may  belong  to  the  East  Building  (IV).  C  had  traces  of  stucco  upon  which  a  fret  orna- 
ment was  scratched  and 
which  was,  originally,  no 
doubt,  painted.  A  cornice- 
block  showed  a  heijrht  of 
0.15  m.,  and  a  small  tri- 
glyph  fragment  showed  the 
width  to  be  0.312  m., 
whence  the  following  pro- 
portions would  follow : 
Height  of  triglyph,  about 
0.47  m. ;  of  epistyle,  about 
0.47  m. ;  of  cornice,  0.15 
m.,  making  the  total  en- 
tablature 1.09  m.  in  heiffht. 
The  corresponding  colimms 
would  then  measure  in 
height  about  3.27  m.,  in 
<liameter  about  0.60  m. ;  and  if  spaced  to  allow  two  triglyphs  between,  there  would 
Ihj  seven  columns  2.49  m.  on  centres,  as  shown  on  Plate  IX.  If  spaced  with  one 
triglyph  between,  there  would  be  thirteen  columns  1.51  m.  on  centres,  althou^-^h  this 


^'i^rM4 


-     n: 


-  ■..'^: 


'Jr^. 


V^^" 


;^?%'^^j;p^^^^ 


Fio.  54.  —  Argivk  IIkrakum  :  Stone  carved  wrru  risu  and  wavi'Is, 

BY  incised   UNES. 


1 


^ 


I 


114 


AKClllTECTUKE  OF  THE   AKGIVE   IIEKAEUM 


farving  of  fish  and  waves.     Tlie  hole  through  it  was  probably  for  the  i)ur|>ose  of  secur- 
ing cattle  before  the  sacrifice,  and  would  lead  one  to  consider  it  jwirt  of  an  ohl  altar. 


STOA  III. 


The  Northeast  Building  or  Stoa  (III)  is  inside  its  walls  2().G0  m.  in  length  and  G.OO  m. 
in  width.  The  conghinierate  rock  was  partially  leveled  to  receive  its  finished  fiooring, 
which  aj)}>ears  to  have  consisted  at  one  time  of  ponts  stone  blocks,  as  shown  in  the  ncnth- 
west  corner,  where  ten  of  them  still  remain  iit  situ.     It  is  evident,  however,  that  these 


I    31 


\ 


r* 


T?J 


7 


^ 


•b 


-.1 


m 


T 


A,  Second  Teiiiple  (V)  :  exterior  roliinin. 

B,  Second  Temple  (V)  :  interior  coltinins,  n«  resttired. 

C,  West  Kiiildin);  (VIII)  :  interior  culunino,  us  restored. 
1),  Sontli  Stoa  (VI)  :  coliunn. 

K,    Upper  Stosi  ( 1 1 )  :  colnnin. 

F,   Northwest  Stun  (VIII)  :  eoliiniu. 


^ 


-M^ 


Nf 


1 1 ' 


M 


iiii 


I'! 


I' 


^ 


i"^ 


A  B  C  D  E  F 

Fig.  52.  —  Colcmnb  from  thk  Abgivk  IIkrakum. 

stones  were  not  part  of  the  original  flooring,  since  they  are  above  the  level  of  the  cohunn 
bases.  The  original  walls  at  the  rear  and  side  remain  to  the  height  of  about  one  metre 
(of.  Fig.  49).  They  are  built  of  light  limestone  carefully  tooled,  finely  jointed,  and  hiid 
up  without  clamps  or  mortar.  The  east  wall  is  O.GO  m.  tliick  and  does  not  bond  with  the 
rear  wall,  indicating  that  the  original  intention  may  have  been  to  extend  the  Stoa  farther 


THE  NORTHEAST   BUILDING 


115 


Fig.  .jS.  —  Argivk  Hkrakum  :  Stonk  with  i>ovks  carved  in  relief. 


toward  the  east.  The  exterior  of  this  east  wall  is  irregular,  having  been  concealed  by 
the  bank  of  eiirth  or  by  steps  ascending  to  the  higher  level  of  the  upj>er  terrace.  The 
level  of  this  buildin&f  is 
aiM)ut  two  metres  above 
that  of  Stoa  II, and  ramains 
of  .steps  exist  along  the  en- 
tire length.  On  Platk  IX. 
I  have  indicated  a  sugges- 
tion for  the  i-estoration  of 
these  steps. 

The  foundations  of  the 
steps  are  of  poros  stone, 
the  steps  having  doubtless 
l>een  light  limestone  and  a 
continuation  of  those  which 
exi.st  in  front  of  the  Stoa  II 
and  the  open  phitform  be- 
tween II  and  III. 

In  the  Northeast  Build- 
ing (III)  there  are  six  lime- 
stone column  bases  ni  n!tn,  averaging  ().()0  m.  square,  and  along  the  front  a  stylobate  of 
limestone  rubble  level  with  the  bases.  Upon  this  stylobate  are  some  blocks  of  breccia 
which  seem  to  be  of  later  date,  as  are  also  the  i>artition  rubble  walls  in  the  Stoa  which 
cover  two  of  the  colunui  bases.  A  small  drum  of  a  column,  0.50  m.  in  diameter,  and 
having  sixteen  flat  faces,  stands  upon  one  of  the  bases. 

The  two  antje-caps,  C  and  K  on  Plate  XXIX.,  were  found  on  the  wall  of  this  Stoa.  K 
may  belong  to  the  Eji.st  Building  (IV).  C  had  traces  of  stucco  upon  which  a  fret  orna- 
ment was  scratched  and 
which  was,  originally,  no 
doubt,  painted.  A  cornice- 
block  showed  a  heijrht  of 
0.15  m.,  and  a  small  tri- 
glyph  fragment  showed  the 
width  to  be  0.312  m., 
whence  the  following  pro- 
portions woidd  foUow : 
Height  of  triglyph,  about 
0.47  m. ;  of  epistyle,  about 
0.47  m. ;  of  cornice,  0.15 
m.,  making  the  tofcil  en- 
tiiblature  l.Oi)  m.  in  heijrht. 
The  corresponding  columns 
would  then  measure  in 
height  about  3.27  m.,  in 
diameter  about  O.GO  m.  ;  and  if  spaced  to  aflow  two  triglyphs  between,  there  Avould 
Ik?  seven  colunnis  2.49  m.  <m  centres,  as  shown  on  Plate  IX.  If  .spaced  with  one 
triglyph  l)etween,  there  would  be  thirteen  coliunns  1.51  m.  on  centres,  althou<«h  this 


Fig.  54.  —  Aruive  Hkraecm  :  Stone  carved  with  fish  and  waves, 

by  incised  une8. 


IIG  AKCIUTECTLKE  OF  THE   AKGIVE   HEKAKrM 

arrangement  would  not  allow  the  front  eolunins  to  eointitle  with  those  of  the  ulterior. 
It  is  furthermore  possilile  that  the  building  had  at  one  time  only  a  wall  in  the  front 
with  doors  and  windows,  or  again  a  high  soele  with  a  colonnade  of  small  columns. 

The  general  iharacter  of  the  masonry  iiulieates  that  the  «»riginal  huihling  was  a  refined 
structure  and  later  in  date  than  Stoa  II.  The  still  later  interior  imrtition  walls  and  the 
front  breccia  wall  seem  to  show  that  the  building  was  at  one  time  divided  into  rooms 
and  possibly  used  as  a  dwelling  by  the  attendants  of  the  siinctuary  or  as  a  treasure-house. 


EAST    BUILDING   IV. 


Next  in  order  of  position,  although  not  in  order  (d"  chronology  '  is  the  East  Building 
(IV),  which  is  2iS.lK)  m.  (about  iM>  feet)  hmg  over  all,  by  17.10  m.  (about  r>7  ftn-t)  wide 
(  Platk  XII.,  cf.  Fig.  55),  The  line  of  its  northern  wall  produced  will  strike  the  northeast 
angle  of  the  existing  ramp  to  the  Second  Temple  ( V ),  lea<ling  one  to  conclude  tlmt  its 
orientation  may  have  had  some  connection  with  the  functions  or  mysteries  of  the  Temple. 
The  plan  of  tlu?  building  resembles  somewhat  the  earlier  "  Hall  of  Initiation"  at  Eleusis.' 
antl  is  nearly  the  sjime  in  length,  although  less  in  width.  The  early  Tvlextn'iuH  of 
Eleusis  measured  about  82  feet  s«piare  inside,  and  its  nnd'  was  supporteil  by  five  rows 
of  five  columns  each.  The  main  hall  of  our  building  measui-es  inside  the  walls  about 
TS  feet  in  lenjrth  by  about  50  feet  in  width,  and  its  roof  was  supporte<l  by  three  rows 
of  five  columns  each.  Both  buildings  had  portico  entrances  ;  that  of  ours  facuig  westward, 
while  that  at  Eleusis  faced  eastward.  A  row  of  cidumns  on  the  central  axis  is  foun<l  in 
each  building  and  seems  peculiar,  although  it  is  a  feature  common  in  Greek  buildings 
and  is  structurally  a  good  arrangement,  as  it  gives  direct  support  to  the  ridge  of  the 
roof.  The  orientation  of  the  main  axis  of  our  building  is  seven  degrees  south  of  west. 
I  should  place  the  date  of  its  construction  in  the  latter  half  of  the  fourth  century  n.  v. 
The  fiiul  of  Egy[)tian  siarabs  in  it  suggests  that  its  religious  functions  may  have  been 
allied  to  the  mysterious  rites  of  Egypt. 

A  fine  redlining  wall  of  cut  conglomerate  stone  supports  the  terrace  on  the  south  and 
east  sides  (Platk  XIII.).  The  conglomerate  is  of  rounded  ]>ebbles.  The  wall  is 
built  in  reo-ular  coursed  ashlar  work  with  stones  about  0.3.')  m.  high,  between  two  other 

^  mi  • 

courses  about  0.74  m.  high,  and  with  an  offset  at  each  of  the  narrow  courses.  The  jomts 
are  much  mutilated,  from  which  I  judge  that  the  stones  were  originally  fastened  together 
by  metal  clamps  which  have  been  stolen.  The  foundations  of  the  north  and  west  walls 
and  of  the  central  piers  or  bases  are  built  of  y>oros  stone.  On  the  north  wall  ai-e  some 
conglomerate  stones,  and  a  few  finely  tooled  limestone  bhuks  with  clami»-hole8. 

I  have  attempted  a  free  restoration  of  the  building  (Platks  VI.,  XI.),  since  no  definite 
remains  of  the  superstructure  were  found.     Since  the  completion  of  the  drawings,  how- 


'  A  possible  chronological  sequence  of  the  various  con- 
structions might  be  as  follows  :  — 
Old  walls. 
Cyclopean  walls. 
()ia  Temple  (I). 
Upper  Stoa  (II)  and  }M>ssibly  early  construction  on  the 

site  of  the  Northeast  Stoa  (III). 
Early  structure  on  site  of  Northwest  Kuilding  (VIII). 
Part  of  Lower  Stoa  (X). 
West  Building  (VII),  sixth  century  B.  c. 
Early  Greek  building  on  site  of  Konian  Building  (IX). 


Rest  of  I^wor  Stoa  (X). 

Stoa  on  site  t»f  Northwest  Building  (VII). 

Second  Temple  (V),  420  B.  c. 

Lower  Stod  (VI)  and  steps.  410  B.  C. 

Reconstruction  of  Stoa  (III)- 

East  Building  (IV),  fourth  century  B.  c. 

I^ter  construction  on  Northwest  Buildin*;  (VIII). 

Partition  walls  in  Stoa  (III)- 

Roman  Building  (IX),  first  century  H-  C. 

*  Cf.  Frazer's  I'umanin*,  vol.  iii.,  plan  on  p.  TM. 


THE  SECOND  TEMPLE 


117 


Flu.    Do.  —  .\UGIVK    HkKAKL'M  :    ViKW    UM»KIN<i    XOKTIIKA8T    CI-OX    THK    EaST    BcILUIXC.  (IV)  AND  THE   RETAIXIN«J 

WALL  OX    ITS    X«mTllWKST    hlUE. 

ever,  I  have  concluded  that  a  corner  trijjlvidi  of  black  stone  belonired  to  this  buildinof. 
The  form  of  the  elain[>-holes  and  the  cut  of  the  grooves  indicate  fourth  century  b.  r. 
work,  or  a  date  later  than  the  best  period.  The  triglyph  measures  0.^i(>  m.  wide  and 
().G7  m.  high,  which  indicates  an  epistyle  about  0.G7  m.  and  cornice  0.2(i  m.,  making 
total  ent<iblature  l.GO  m.  in  height.  The  columns  would  be  about  4.80  in.  high,  0.80  m. 
in  diameter,  and  spaced  2.07  m.  on  centres.  This  would  give  seven  columns  in  futfls  to 
the  front  instead  of  the  three  shown  in  the  drawings,  and  would  coincide  exactly  with 
the  total  width  of  the  building  (cf.  Fig.  56). 


SECOND  TEMPLE. 

We  may  ih»w  turn  to  consider  the  Second,  or  Fifth  Century,  Temple  (V).  where  we  find 
ourselves  (ui  firmer  grmmd  both  historically  and  architecturally ;  for  the  principal  part  of 
Paiisjinias's  description  '  of  the  sanctuary  is  devoted  to  this  temple,  while  the  architec- 


'  Pausanias,  II.  17.  ',\-G  :  "They  say  that  the  architect 
of  the  temple  was  Eupolemus,  an  Argive.  The  sculpture 
over  the  columns  represent,  some  the  birth  of  Zeus  and 
the  battle  of  the  gixls  and  giants,  others  the  Trojan  war 
And  the  taking  of  Ilium.  Before  the  entrance  stand 
dtatucs  uf  women  who  have  been  priestesses  of  Hera,  and 
stiitues  of  heroes,  including  Orestes  ;  for  they  say  that 
the  statue  which  the  inscription  declares  to  be  the  Em- 
pert)r  Augustus  is  really  Orestes.  In  the  fore-temple  are 
ancient  images  of  the  Graces  on  the  left ;  and  on  the 
right  is  a  conch  of  Hera  and  a  votive  offering  consisting 
of  the  shield  which  Menclaus  once  took  from  Euphorbus 
at  Ilium.  The  image  of  Hera  is  seated  on  a  throne  and 
is  of  colossal  size  ;  it  is  made  of  gold  and  ivory  and  is  a 


work  of  Polycleitu.s.  On  her  head  is  a  crown  witli  the 
Graces  and  the  Seasons  wrought  on  it  in  relief :  in  one 
liand  she  carries  a  pomegranate,  in  the  other  a  sceptre. 
The  story  about  the  pomegranate  I  shall  «miit,  .is  it  is  of  a 
somewhat  mystic  nature  ;  but  the  cuckoo  perched  on  the 
sceptre  is  explained  by  a  story,  that  when  Zeus  was  in  love 
with  the  maiden  Hera,  he  changed  himself  into  this  bird. 
and  that  Hera  caught  the  bird  to  play  with  it.  This  and 
similar  stories  of  the  gods  I  record,  though  I  do  not 
accept  them.  It  is  said  that  beside  the  image  of  Hera 
once  stood  an  image  of  Helie,  also  of  gold  and  ivory,  a 
work  of  Naucydes.  And  beside  it  is  au  antique  image  of 
Hera  on  a  column.  But  her  most  ancient  image  is  made 
of  the  wood  of  the  wild  pear-tree  :  it  was  dedicated  in 


IIG 


ARCIIITECTUKK   OF  THE   AHOIVE   IIEKAErM 


THE   SECOND   TEMPLE 


117 


aiiangement  would  not  allow  the  front  eolunins  to  eointitle  with  thost*  of  the  interior. 
It  is  furthermore  possible  that  the  buildinj;  had  at  one  time  only  a  wall  in  the  front 
with  doors  and  winthiws,  or  a«;ain  a  high  soele  with  a  colonnade  of  small  tolumns. 

The  general  character  of  the  masonry  indicates  that  the  original  huihling  was  a  refined 
structure  and  later  in  date  than  Stoa  II.  The  still  later  interior  jKirtition  walls  and  the 
front  breccia  wall  seem  to  show  that  the  building  was  at  one  time  diviiled  into  roonis 
and  possibly  used  as  a  dwelling  by  the  attendants  of  the  sjinctuary  (uas  a  treasure-hous*-. 

EAST    BUILDING    IV. 

Next  in  order  of  |»osition,  although  not  in  order  of  chronology  '  is  the  Ejist  Buihiing 
(IV),  whicii  is  28.1K)  m.  (about  IMJ  feet)  h)ng  over  all,  by  17.10  m.  (about  "iT  fi-et)  wide 
(  Pi.ATK  XII.,  cf.  Fig.  ')'*).  The  line  of  its  northern  wall  produced  will  strike  the  northeast 
angle  of  the  existing  ramp  to  the  Second  Temple  (V),  leading  one  to  conclude  that  its 
orientation  nwiy  have  had  some  connection  with  the  functions  or  mysteries  of  the  Temple. 
The  plan  of  tlie  building  resenddes  s^unewhat  the  earlier  "  Hall  of  Initiation  "  at  Kleusis.' 
and  is  nearly  the  s;ime  in  length,  although  lesw  in  width.  The  early  JVtesfn'ioit  of 
Eleusis  measured  about  82  feet  stpiare  inside,  and  its  roof  was  supporte«l  by  five  rows 
of  five  columns  each.  The  main  hall  of  «uir  building  measures  inside  the  walls  about 
73  feet  in  lenirth  bv  about  50  feet  in  width,  and  its  roof  was  supported  by  three  rows 
of  five  columns  each.  Both  buihlings  had  portico  entrances  ;  that  of  ours  f  acnig  westwartL 
while  that  at  Eleusis  faced  eastward.  A  row  of  columns  on  the  central  axis  is  found  in 
each  building  and  seems  peculiar,  although  it  is  a  feature  c<mimon  in  Greek  buildings 
and  is  structurally  a  goo<l  arrangement,  as  it  gives  dire<t  support  to  the  ridge  of  the 
roof.  The  orientation  of  the  main  axis  of  our  building  is  seven  degrees  south  of  west. 
I  should  place  the  date  of  its  construction  in  the  latter  half  of  the  fourth  century  H.  v. 
The  find  of  Egyptian  scarabs  in  it  suggests  that  its  religious  functions  may  have  been 
allied  to  the  mysterious  rites  of  Egypt. 

A  fine  retaining  wall  of  cut  conglomerate  stone  supports  the  terrace  on  the  south  an«l 
east  sides  (Platk  Xlll.).  The  conglomerate  is  of  roun«led  pebbles.  The  wall  is 
built  in  regular  coiuse<l  ashlar  work  with  stones  about  ().3r>  m.  high,  between  two  other 
c«»urses  about  0.74  m.  high,  and  with  an  offset  at  each  of  the  narrow  courses.  Tlie  joints 
are  uuuh  mutilated,  from  which  I  judge  that  the  stones  were  originally  fastened  together 
by  metid  clamps  which  have  been  stolen.  The  foundations  of  the  north  and  west  walls 
aiid  of  the  central  piers  or  bases  are  built  of  /toros  stone.  On  the  north  wall  aiv  some 
conglomerate  stones,  and  a  few  finely  tooled  limestone  blocks  with  clami>-hole8. 

I  have  attempted  a  free  restoration  of  the  building  (Platks  VI.,  XL),  since  no  <lefinite 
remains  of  the  sujierstructure  were  found.     Since  the  completion  of  the  drawings,  luiw- 


'  A  |)ossible  fliroiM»Ii»jjical  sequence  of  the  various  coii- 
striu-tioiis  iiiijrlit  be  as  follows  :  — 
Old  walls. 
Cyclopean  walls. 
Old  Temple  (I). 
Upper  Stoa  (11)  ami  p«»ssil>ly  early  construction  i>n  the 

site  of  the  Nortii.'ast  St.ui  (HI). 
Early  structure  on  site  of  Northwest  Building  (VIII). 
Part  of  L«.wer  Stoa  (X). 
West  Building  (VII),  sixth  century  a.  c. 
Early  Greek  building  on  site  of  Kuniau  Building  (IX). 


Rest  of  I^wer  .*»too  (X). 

Stiia  on  site  of  Northwest  Building  (VII). 

Second  Temple  (V),  4*_'0  B.  r. 

I^rfiwer  Sto»  (VI)  and  steps.  110  H.  r. 

Reconstructi«)n  of  .Stoa  (III)- 

Knst  Building  (IV),  fourth  wntnry  B.  r. 

iMter  constniction  on  Northwest  Building  (VIII). 

Partition  walls  in  Stoa  (HI)- 

Uoman  Building  (IX),  Hrst  century  B.  C. 

■•*  Cf.  Kraier'a  I'uiisaium,  vol.  iii.,  plan  on  p.  >M. 


Vm.  55.  —  AiiGiVK  Hkkakom  :  Vikw  i.<K»Ki\ii  xoktiikast  ci-ox  tiik  East  Bl-ildix(;  (IV)  axd  thk  rktaixixh 

WALL   «)X    ITS    X«IKTI1WK8T    SIUK. 

ever,  I  have  concluded  that  a  corner  triglvi)h  of  black  .stone  belouired  to  this  buil<lin«r- 
The  form  of  the  clam|»-hoIes  and  the  cut  of  the  grooves  indicate  fourth  century  b.  c. 
work,  or  a  date  later  than  the  best  period.  The  triglyph  measures  0.3()  m.  wide  and 
0.()7  m.  high,  which  indicates  an  epistyle  about  0.G7  m.  and  cornice  0.2(5  m.,  making 
totiil  entablature  l.GO  m.  in  height.  The  columns  would  be  about  4.80  m.  high.  0.80  in. 
in  diameter,  and  spaced  2.07  ni.  on  centres.  This  would  give  seveji  columns  in  onl'tx  to 
the  front  instead  of  the  three  shown  in  the  drawings,  and  would  coincide  exactly  with 
the  total  width  of  the  building  (cf.  Fig.  56). 


SECOND  TEMPLE. 

We  may  now  turn  to  consider  the  Second,  or  Fifth  Century.  Temple  ( V).  where  we  find 
tnirselves  on  firmer  ground  both  historically  and  architecturally ;  for  the  principal  part  of 
Pausiinias's  description  '  of  the  sjinctuary  is  devoted  to  this  temple,  while  the  architec- 


'  1'ausania.s,  II.  17.  .'MJ :  "They  say  that  the  architect 
of  the  temple  wiu  Eupolemus,  an  .\rgivc.  The  .scidpture 
over  the  columns  represent,  some  the  birth  of  Zeus  and 
the  battle  of  the  gtxls  and  giants,  others  the  Trojan  war 
aiul  the  taking  of  Ilium.  lieforc  the  entrance  stiind 
dtiitues  of  women  who  have  been  priestesses  of  I  lera,  and 
statues  of  her«K>s,  including  Oresti's  ;  for  they  say  that 
the  statue  which  the  inscription  declares  to  be  the  Em- 
pen»r  Augustus  is  really  Orestes.  In  the  forc-templc  are 
ancient  images  of  the  (iraces  on  the  left ;  and  on  the 
right  is  a  conch  of  Hera  and  a  votive  offering  consisting 
of  the  shield  which  Menelaus  imcc  took  from  Euphorbus 
at  Ilium.  The  image  of  I  lera  is  seated  on  a  throne  and 
is  of  colossal  size  ;  it  is  made  of  gold  and  ivory  and  is  a 


work  of  Polycleitus.  On  her  head  is  a  crown  witli  llio 
(iraces  and  the  Seasons  wrought  on  it  in  rt>licf  :  in  one 
hand  she  carries  a  pomegranate,  in  the  other  a  sceptre. 
The  story  about  the  pomegranate  I  shall  omit,  as  it  is  of  a 
somewhat  mystic  nature  ;  but  the  cuckoo  perched  on  the 
sceptre  is  explained  by  a  story,  that  when  Zeus  was  in  love 
with  the  maiden  Hera,  he  changed  himself  into  tiiis  bird. 
an<l  that  Hera  caught  the  bird  to  jtlav  with  it.  This  and 
similar  stories  of  the  gwls  I  record,  though  I  do  not 
accept  them.  It  is  said  that  beside  the  image  of  Hera 
once  stood  an  image  of  Heln^,  also  of  gold  and  ivory,  a 
work  of  Naucydes.  And  l)esidc  it  is  an  antique  image  of 
Hera  on  a  column.  But  her  most  ancient  image  is  made 
of  the  wood  of  the  wild  pear-tree  :  it  was  dedicated  in 


) 


118 


ARCIIITECTUKK  OF  THE   AKGIVE   IIERAEUM 


tiinil  reinains,  alth(>ii<rh  few,  are  fortunately  sufficient  tu  justify  a  cuuiplete  restoration 
of  it  (cf.  Plate  XIV.). 

The  great  revolution  in  the  whole  history  of  the  Heraeum  is  marked  by  the  burning  of 
the  Old  Temple  in  423  b.  c.  and  the  ei-ection  of  this  new  temple  on  the  second  platform. 
And  it  is  well  to  i-ecall  that,  about  forty  years  earlier  in  the  century,  the  Mycenaeans  were 
finally  overcome  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Argos,  who  thenceforth  maintained  their 
absolute  predominance  on  the  pUiin.  We  expect,  therefore,  the  new  buildings  to  l>ear 
the  impress  of  Argive  artists ;  and  as  the  Argive  School  of  Art  was  in  the  fifth  century 
rivaled  only  by  that  of  Athens,  we  need  not  be  surprised  to  find  the  architectural  details 
etpialing  in  beauty  and  refinement  those  of  the  Parthenon. 

The  first  tiisk  of  the  Argive  architect  Eupolemus  and  his  colleagues  was  to  level  the 
second  platform  upon  which  an  ancient  altiir  probably  stood.     The  platform  consists 


§ 


-ELEVATIOfMy 


^ternr . 


I  :  I  KLMN-        III' 

£.-^r_l_  J!.  07-  I  >?07-j,    JL07.  ^    JL07    I    Jt-07    J,    A'«?     j     ^v^J"-  ^ 


,  Fig.  06.  — Argivk  IIkrakum  :  East  Building,  KKSTtmKn. 

of  a  conglomerate  rock  sloping  towards  the  south.  Eupolemus  cut  away  the  WK-k  fwmi 
the  north  side  and  filled  in  the  south  and  west  sides,  building  a  retaining  wall  of  p(nos 
stone  outside  the  wall  of  the  ancient  i)eribolus,  which  was  completely  covered  and  so 
remained  until  exhumed  in  our  excavations. 


Tiryiis  by  Pirasus,  sou  of  Argos,  aud  when  tlie  Argives 
destroyed  Tiryns  they  brought  the  image  to  the  Heraeum. 
It  ia  a  small  seated  image  :  I  saw  it  myself.  Amongst 
the  remarkable  dedicatory  offerings  is  an  altar,  on  which 
is  wrought  in  relief   the    fabled    marriage  of  Hebe  aud 


Hercules.  The  altar  is  of  silver.  Further  there  is  a 
peacock  of  gold  and  shining  stones  dcdieatod  by  the  Em- 
]>eror  Hadrian,  because  this  bird  is  considered  sacred  to 
Hera.  There  is  also  a  golden  crown  and  a  purple  robe, 
offerings  of  Nero  "  (Fnuer).    See  Introduction,  pp.  21  ff. 


THE   SECOND   TEMPLE. 


119 


The  retiiining  wall  was  built  nearly  parallel  to  the  new  temple  on  the  south  and  west 
about  20  m.  distant.  Along  the  western  side  of  the  terrace,  the  direction  of  the  wall  was 
regulated  by  the  position  of  the  West  Building  (VII),  which  had  been  constructed  in 
the  previous  century  (cf.  Plate  XV.). 

Agiiinst  the  southern  retaining  wall  a  beautiful  Stoa  (VI)  was  built,  and  a  handsome 
flight  of  steps  leading  up  from  the  lower  level  to  the  platform  of  the  new  temple,  both 
of  which  I  shall  describe  in  order  (cf.  Fig.  57.). 

Turning  again  to  the  temple,  we  find  its  orientation  to  be  16°  23'  south  of  east.  The 
plan  of  the  present  state  of  the  crejmloma  or  foundation  walls  is  shown  on  Plates  IV. 


Fig.  57.  —  Abgivk  Hkraevm  :  Vikw  kkom  thk  southkasjt  looking  rrox  the  flight  ok  steps  ;  the  South 

Stoa  and  the  Second  Temi'le  above. 

and  XVI.,  the  section  of  the  walls  on  Plate  XI.,  and  the  elevation  of  the  south  wall  on 
Plate  XIII.  These  foundation  walls  measui*e  39.54  m.  ah)na:  the  north  ed<re :  39.G5 
along  the  south  edge ;  20.08  m.  and  20.10  m.  along  the  east  and  west,  resj)ectively. 
The  natural  conglomerate  rock  had  been  carefully  cut  away  and  leveled  to  serve  as  foot- 
ing for  the  northern  walls  of  the  crepidoma  and  the  cella.  The  southern  wall  of  the 
cella  starts  from  a  footing  course  of  large  flat  irregular  stones,  while  the  southern  crepi- 
donui  walls  are  carried  down  to  a  dej)th  as  sliown  in  section  (Plate  XL). 

These  walls  are  built  of  porox  stone  in  regidar  courses  of  alternate  headers  and 
sti-etchers  carefully  breaking  joints  vertically  (excepting  in  one  case  on  an  interior  jiier 
where  the  joints  coincide  in  two  courses).  The  average  dimensions  of  these  squared 
stones  are  1.20  m.  in  length,  0.60  m.  in  width,  and  0.37  m.  hi  height.  The  totjil  width 
of  walls  is  3.73  m.  The  stones  are  laid  up  without  mortar  or  clamps,  but  so  nicely  fitted 
that  at  some  of  the  joints  they  seem  tf)  have  grown  together. 

.  I  shall  now  describe  the  course  of  reasoning  which  T  followed  in  my  restoration  of 
the  temple  (Plate  XVIL).       Fig.  58  shows  a  beautifully  veined  limestone  block  resem- 


118 


AIK'IIITECTUKE   OF  THE   AlUJIVE   IIEKAEUM 


tural  reiiKiiiis,  altli<>ii«>;ii  few,  are  furtiiiiately  sufficient  to  justify  a  euniplete  restoratiun 
of  it  (cf.  Plate  XIV.). 

The  great  revolution  in  the  whole  history  of  the  Heraeuni  is  marked  by  the  burning  of 
the  Old  Temple  in  423  b.  c.  and  the  erection  of  this  new  temple  on  the  second  platform. 
And  it  is  well  to  recall  that,  al>out  forty  years  earlier  in  the  century,  the  Mycenaeans  were 
finally  overcome  by  the  inhahitiints  of  the  city  of  Argos,  who  thenceforth  maintained  their 
absolute  predominance  on  the  j)lain.  We  expect,  thei-efore,  the  new  buildings  to  War 
the  impress  of  Argive  artists ;  and  as  the  Argive  School  of  Art  was  in  the  fifth  century 
rivaled  only  by  that  of  Athens,  we  neetl  not  be  surprised  to  find  the  architectural  detiiiU 
e(jualing  in  beauty  and  refinement  those  of  the  Parthenon. 

The  first  t<isk  of  the  Argive  architect  Eupolemus  and  his  colleagues  was  to  level  the 
second  platform  upon  which  an  ancient  altiir  probably  stood.     The  platform  couhists 


—A 


♦ELEVATlOfM-' 


J       <■    _J      ^^ 


9_ 


=.« 


*iere»s . 


QSE 


1   QFCp    (T)    Q    CD    G)    G)   [ 

'  '  I  I  i  ' 


I  '  I         PL^N-       I  i  i  ' 

I  I  I  i  i  >  '  I 

I 

Fig.  uC.  —  Aruivk  IIkuakum  :   East  BuiLiMMi,  kkstokkd. 


of  a  conglomerate  rock  sloping  towards  the  south.  Eupolemus  cut  away  the  rock  from 
the  north  side  and  filled  in  the  south  and  west  sides,  building  a  retiiining  wall  «»f  />o/o.s 
stone  outside  the  wall  of  the  ancient  jieribolus,  which  was  completely  covered  and  so 
remained  until  exhumed  in  our  excavations. 

Tiryiis  by  Pirasus,  son  of  Argos,  and  wlieii  tlie  Argives  Hercules.  The  altar  is  of  silver.  Further  there  is  a 
destroyed  Tiryns  tbey  brought  the  image  to  the  Heraeuin.  peacock  of  gohl  and  shining  stones  dedicated  by  tlie  Em- 
it is  a  small  seated  image  :  I  saw  it  myself.  Amongst  jicror  Hadrian,  because  this  bird  is  considered  sacred  to 
the  remarkable  dedicatory  offerings  is  an  altar,  on  which  Hera.  There  is  also  a  gi>!den  crown  and  a  purple  robe, 
is  wrought  iu  relief   the    fabled    marriage  of  Hebe  and  offerings  of  Nero" (Frazer).    See  Introduction,  pp.  21  ff. 


THE   SECOND   TEMPLE. 


119 


The  ret<iining  wall  was  built  nearly  parallel  to  the  new  temple  on  the  s(»uth  and  west 
ab()ut  20  m.  distiint.  Along  the  western  side  of  the  terrace,  the  direction  of  the  wall  was 
regulated  by  the  position  of  the  West  Building  (VII),  which  had  been  constructed  in 
the  previous  century  (cf.  Plate  XV.). 

Agjiinst  the  southern  retaining  wall  a  beautiful  Stoa  (VI)  was  built,  and  a  handsome 
flight  of  steps  leading  up  from  the  lower  level  to  the  platform  of  the  new  temple,  both 
of  which  I  shall  describe  in  order  (cf.  Fig.  57.). 

Turning  again  to  the  temple,  we  find  its  orientation  to  be  16°  23'  south  of  east.  The 
plan  of  the  present  state  of  the  vnpidwnu  or  foundation  walls  is  shown  on  Plates  IV. 


f^  _:^;S<— ••-     •  k--        •  ■—  "^  '  ,^^tj>tit, 


..-••"!Sf--r-A^.H; 


Fig.  i>7.  —  Augivk.  Hkkakim  :  Vikw  kkom  the  soutiik.ast  ixkjkixg  rrox  thk  kuoht  ok  stki's  ;  the  Soi'th 

Stoa  axd  tiik  Second  Temi'le  above. 


and  XVI.,  the  section  of  the  walls  on  Plate  XL,  and  the  elevation  of  the  south  wall  on 
Plate  XIII.  These  foundation  walls  measure  39.54  m.  alonir  the  north  ed««e :  39.(}5 
along  the  stuith  edge;  20.08  m.  and  20.10m.  along  the  east  and  west,  respectively. 
The  natur.il  conglomerate  rock  had  been  carefully  cut  awav  and  leveled  to  serve  as  foot- 
ing  for  the  northern  walls  of  the  crepidoma  and  the  cella.  The  southern  wall  of  the 
cella  starts  from  a  footing  course  of  large  flat  irregular  stones,  while  the  southern  crepi- 
d«»ma  walls  are  carried  down  to  a  depth  as  shown  in  section  (Plate  XL). 

These  walls  are  built  of  porox  stone  in  regular  courses  of  alternate  headers  and 
stivtchers  carefully  breaking  joints  vertically  (excepting  in  one  case  on  an  interior  pier 
where  the  joints  coincide  in  two  courses).  The  average  dimensions  of  these  squared 
stones  ai-e  1.20  m.  in  length,  O.GO  m.  in  width,  and  0.37  m.  in  height.  The  total  width 
of  walls  is  3.73  ni.  The  stones  ai-e  laid  up  without  mortar  or  clamps,  but  so  nicely  fitted 
that  at  some  of  the  joints  they  seem  to  have  gi'own  together. 

I  shall  now  describe  the  course  of  reasoning:  which  I  followed  in  mv  restoration  of 
the  temple  (Plate  XVIL).       Fig.  58  shows  a  beautifully  vehied  limestone  block  resem- 


120 


ARCHITKCTUUK  OF  THE   AUCJIVE   IIERAEUM 


RECONSTRUCTION   OF  THE   SECOND  TEMPLE 


121 


^ijj 


L-«« 


3E 


:553a: 


^ 


t 

i 


^irrAT/oN  or  /acc  or^TONti. 


Wing  inar]»le.  It  measures  1.633  m.  in  length,  0.32  m.  in  height.  Tlie  other  diniensions 
C'ouhl  nut  be  measured,  as  the  stone  was  broken.  The  face  of  this  stone  is  cut  with  a 
drafted  edge  at  one  end,  and  with  two  HUets  and  a  slight  cove  moulding  along  the  bottom. 

Its  toji  shows  sufficient  traces  of  tiie 
*-  HvmniHi  to  determine  exactly  the  size 
of  the  base  of  the  cohunns.  The 
channelings  cut  on  the  stone  were 
sufficiently  inbict  and  clear  to  enable 
me  to  Hnd  the  centre  of  the  circle  by 
erecting  {)er)>endiculars  to  the  chords 
of  two  flutings.  At  the  hitersection 
of  these  })er|>endiculars  I  found  a 
small  centring  hole  and  a  mason's 
scratch-mark  at  right  angles  to  the 
face  of  the  stone.  One  leg  of  the 
mason's  comjKiss  had  been  set  in  the 
hole,  and  with  the  other  a  radius  of 
O.GG  m.  had  l)een  nuirked  off'  on  the 
stone.  The  nidius  to  the  chord  of 
the  channelings  is  ().G5  m. 

These  dunensions  are  of  es]>ecial 
interest,  as  they  give  a  clue  to  the 
unit  of  measurement  which  I  found 
prevailed  throughmit  the  building.' 
The  Greek  unit  equals  0.32G  m.,  mak- 
ing the  length  of  the  stone,  as  beftu-e 
given,  1.G33  m.,  equal  to  five  units, 
and  the  dijimeter  of  the  columns  be- 
tween chonls  (twice  the  radius  O.fVj  m.  =  1.30  m.)  equal  to  four  units.  I  found  the 
triglypiis  measured  two  units  and  the  meto|)es  three  units.  By  referring  to  the  eleva- 
tions (Fig.  59  and  Plate  XVIII.),  it  will  \m  seen  at  a  glance  that  if  the  triglyphs  are 
s{>aced  five  units  on  centres,  the  columns  will  be  s]Niced  ten  units  on  centres,  except  the 
corner  ones,  which,  owing  to  the  jiosition  of  the  triglyphs,  are  spaced  one  unit  less  from 
the  next  adjacent  column  or  nine  units  from  centre  to  centre. 

Proceeding  on  this  line  still  further,  I  found  the  following  proportions  develo|)ed  as 
shown  graphically  on  Plate  XIX.  The  front  of  the  tenq)le  measures  from  centre  to 
centre  of  columns,  in  units,  9  + 10 -f- 10 +  10 +  9  =  48  units.  The  height  of  tenqde  to 
the  under  side  of  the  cornice  equals  3G  units.  Considering  48  units  the  base  of  a  right- 
angled  triangle  and  36  units  its  height,  the  liy|M»thenuse  will  W  60  units,  which  if  thrown 
over  and  added  to  the  base  of  48  units,  yields  108  units,  or  the  length  of  the  tenqile,  viz. : 
9  -H  10  +  10+10  +  10  +  10+10+10  +  10  -1-10  +  9=  108.    The  alM.ve  triangle  may  have 


Off*  M€T€m 


Fio.  58.  —  Akuivk  IIkrakum  :  Actual  statk.  ok  a  btylobate 

8TUME  OF   TliK   SKCOND   T»:MrLb. 


'  III  this  connection,  I  wish  to  express  my  obligation 
to  Dr.  Durpfeld,  who  first  discovered,  when  looking  over 
my  note-books  and  diagrams,  that  the  measurements 
shown  by  the  stone  in  question  coincidetl  with  the  unit  of 
measurement  at  Olympia,  or  about  0.326  m.,  being  I  of 
an  inch  longer  than  the  English  foot,  which  equals 
a304m. 


Many  of  the  minor  mcasnrrnients  seem  to  iiidirati-  that 
the  unit  may  have  been  subdivided  into  twelfths,  like  the 
English  foot,  as  follows  :  — 


,«,  =  .027- 

,S=1.08- 

,^,  =  1.90- 

H=2.71 

^=.(irA- 

,S  =  1.3.-.- 

,»,  =  2.17- 

U  =  2.1« 

A=081- 

,\  =  1.63- 

A  =  2.44- 

\i  =  3M 

each  side  divided  by  12,  reducing  it  to  4  for  base,  3  for  height,  and  5  for  hypothenuse, 
which  is  the  sinqdest  right-angled  triangle  known.' 

To  return  to  the  detiiiled  reconstruction  of  the  temjde :  I  found  several  poros  stone 
capitals  with  well-preserved  i>rofiles.  The  firm  line  of  the  echinus  (Fig.  51,  A,  and  Fig. 
52,  A)  and  the  gener.d  proportions  of  the  capifcil  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Parthenon. 
The  width   of   the  abacus  is  1.36  m.  or,  like  the  Parthenon,  a  little  more  than  the 


Fio.  30.  —  Akuivk  Hkrakum  :  Front  Elkvation  of  Second  Tkmple.    Restored  by  Edward  L.  Tilton. 

diameter  .at  the  base  of  the  column  ;   the  height  of  abacus  is  0.24  m.,  eqiuil  to   ^^  of  a 
unit ;  the  height  of  the  echinus  including  annulets  is  0.203  m.,  and  height  of  the  neck  is 


'  This  proportion  of  the  length  equaling  the  width 
plus  the  hypothenuse  of  a  triangle  which  has  as  its  third 
side  the  height  to  the  cornice  prevails  here  because  the 
temple  has  but  twelve  columns  on  the  side.  A  similar 
pro|N>Kion  may  be  found  in  these  hcxastyle  temples  : 
that  of  Zeus  at  Olympia,  the  "Theseum"  at  Athens,  and 
the  temple  of  Poseidon  at  Paestum,  if  limited  to  the 
twelfth  ooliimn  on  the  side  and  if  this  twelfth  column  is 
spaced  as  a  corner  column. 

I  found  another  series  of  equations  as  follows  :  The 
width  of  temple  to  outside  of  columns  (see  Plate  XIX.)  is 
5'2  units,  its  corres{>onding  length  is  112  units,  and  its 
height  to  top  of  rorona  is  37  units,  whence  develoi>ed  — 

37  is  to  52  as  2.^  is  to  ^,  or  37  x  3^=52  X  2^  =  130, and 


37  is  to  112  as  \\  is  to  4^,  37x-4  =  112x  1^  =  1G7.  Or 
the  height  to  the  width  of  the  temple  is  as  in  the  major 
scale  in  music,  viz. :  two  full  tones  and  a  half  tone  to  three 
full  tones  and  a  half  tone,  and  height  is  to  length  of 
temple  as  in  the  minor  scale  in  music,  viz. :  one  full  tone 
and  a  half  tone  to  four  full  tones  and  a  half  tone.  I  cite 
this  analogy  because  so  much  has  been  written  about 
the  relation  between  Greek  architecture  and  music, 
although  I  do  not  suppose  that  any  such  musical  propor- 
tion was  considered  by  Eiipolemus.  It  does  convey  the 
idea,  however,  that  what  is  pleasing  to  the  eye  may  bear 
a  certain  harmonious  relation  to  that  which  is  pleasing  to 
the  ear  in  music,  and  to  the  mind  in  geometry  :ind  iimth- 
ematics. 


120 


AKClIITKCTrKK   OK  TIIK   AUCilVK    IIKKAKl'M 


£t.cvATioN  or  fAcc  orSroNC. 


])Hiig  mjirl)lu.  It  iiiejisiires  l.()3*J  in.  in  lenj^th,  0.32  ni.  in  lu'ij^ht.  Tlit*  otluT  dinuMisions 
(M>ul<l  not  l»e  nieasnied,  as  the  stone  was  broken.  The  face  of  this  stone  is  eut  with  a 
drafted  edge  at  one  end,  and  with  two  HUets  and  a  slij^ht  cove  niouldin<>;  ahinj;  the  hottoni. 

Its  top  shows  snificient  traces  of  the 
Y  f«(tuiif/i  to  determine  exactly  the  size 
of  the  base  «»f  the  cohiinns.  The 
channelin<;;s  cut  on  the  stone  were 
sufficiently  int<U't  and  clear  to  enahle 
nie  to  find  the  centre  of  the  circle  hy 
erectinjj  j)er|>endiculars  to  the  chords 
of  two  Hutin*^.  At  the  intersection 
of  these  |>erpendiculars  I  found  a 
small  centrin<f  hole  and  a  masoirs 
scratch-mark  at  ri«;ht  any;les  to  the 
face  of  the  stone.  One  lej^  of  the 
mason's  comjmss  had  heen  set  in  the 
hole,  and  with  the  other  a  radius  of 
O.OG  m.  had  heen  marked  olf  on  the 
stone.  The  radius  to  the  chord  of 
the  channelin«^s  is  (KGo  m. 

These  dimensi(U)s  are  of  esiH'cial 
interest,  as  they  j^ive  a  clue  to  the 
unit  of  measurement  which  I  found 
prevailed  throu(]^hout  the  huihling.' 
The  Greek  unit  equals  O.IJ2()  m.,  mak- 
ing the  length  of  the  stone,  as  Itefore 
given,  1.G33  m.,  etpial  to  five  units, 
and  the  diameter  of  the  columns  l>e- 
tween  chords  (twice  the  radius  O.O.'Ji  m.  =  1.30  m.)  equal  to  four  units.  I  found  the 
triglyphs  measured  two  units  and  the  meto|)es  tlii*ee  units.  Hy  referring  to  the  eleva- 
tions (Fig.  59  and  Plate  XVIII.),  it  will  he  seen  at  a  glance  that  if  the  triglyphs  are 
8|){iced  five  units  on  centres,  the  columns  will  be  spaced  ten  units  on  centres,  except  the 
corner  ones,  which,  owing  to  the  })osition  of  the  trigly[>hs,  are  spaced  one  unit  less  from 
the  next  adjacent  column  or  nine  units  from  centre  to  centre. 

Proceeding  on  this  line  still  further,  I  found  the  foHowing  proportions  dcvclo|KMl  as 
shown  graphically  on  Plate  XIX.  The  front  of  the  temple  measures  from  centre  to 
centre  of  ctdumns,  in  units,  9-1-10+10  +  10  +  9  =  48  units.  The  height  of  temple  to 
the  under  side  of  the  cornice  etpials  3G  units.  Considering  4tS  units  the  base  of  a  right- 
angled  triangle  and  3G  units  its  height,  the  hypothenuse  will  be  60  units,  which  if  thrown 
over  and  added  to  the  base  of  48  units,  yields  108  units,  or  the  length  of  the  temple,  viz. : 
9  +  10  +  10+10  +  10  +  10  +10  +  10  +'lO  + 10  +  9=  108.    The  above  triangle  may  have 


Om«-  McTcm 


Fio.  58. 


Akuivk  IIkkakum  :  Actual  statk.  ok  a  stylobate 

STUNK   OF   TIIK   SKCOND   TkMI'LK. 


'  III  this  connection,  I  wish  to  express  my  obli{|^ti«>ii 
to  Dr.  Diirpfehl,  who  first  discovered,  when  looking  over 
my  note-books  and  diagrams,  that  the  ineasiireiiients 
shown  by  the  stone  in  question  coincided  with  the  unit  of 
measurement  at  Olympia,  or  about  0..'}2G  m.,  being  \  of 
an  inch  longer  than  the  English  foot,  which  equals 
0.304  m. 


Many  of  the  minor  measurements  seem  to  indicate  that 
the  unit  m.iy  have  been  sulnlivided  into  twelfths,  like  the 
Kiiglish  foot,  as  follows  :  — 


,i5  =  .0-.'7- 


,S=i.o«- 


;,  =  2.17- 
A  =  2.44- 


11 

13 


2.71 
}i  =  '_MI8 


KKCONSTKUCTIOX   OF  TIIK   SKCOM)  TKMPLK 


121 


each  side  divided  by  12,  reducing  it  to  4  for  base,  3  for  height,  and  5  for  hypothenuse, 
which  is  the  simplest  right-angled  triangle  known.' 

To  return  to  the  detiiiled  reconstruction  of  the  temjde :  I  found  several  porns  stone 
capit^Us  with  well-[)reserved  profiles.  The  firm  line  of  the  echinus  (Fig.  51,  A,  and  Fig. 
52,  A)  and  the  general  proportions  of  the  capit^il  closely  resendde  those  of  the  Parthenon. 
The  width   of  the  abacus   is  l.IiG   m.  or,  like   the  Parthenon,  a  little   more  than   the 


Fh8.  r»9.  —  AuoiVK  IIkkakum  :  Fkont  Elkvation  ok  Second  Temple.    Restored  by  Edward  L.  Tiltox. 

diameter  at  the  base  of  the  column  ;    the  height  of  abacus  is  0.24  m..  equal  to   ^^  of  a 
unit ;  the  height  of  the  echinus  including  annulets  is  0.203  m.,  and  height  of  the  neck  is 


'  This  proportion  of  the  length  equaling  the  width 
pins  the  hy|H>tlieiiuse  of  a  triangle  which  has  as  its  third 
side  the  height  to  the  cornice  prevails  here  because  the 
temple  has  but  twelve  columns  on  the  side.  A  similar 
pnqH»rtioii  may  Ih>  found  in  these  hexastyle  temples  : 
that  of  Zeus  at  Olympia,  the  "Theseum"  at  Athens,  and 
the  temple  of  Poseidon  at  Paestum,  if  limited  to  the 
twelfth  column  on  the  side  and  if  this  twelfth  column  is 
spaced  as  a  corner  column. 

I  found  another  series  of  equations  as  follows:  The 
width  of  temple  to  outside  of  columns  (stH>  Plate  XIX.)  is 
5'i  units,  its  corres)tonding  length  is  112  units,  and  its 
height  to  top  of  corona  is  .'17  units,  whence  develojied  — 

37  is  to  52  as  2\  is  to  3^,  or  37  X  3^ = 52  X  2 J  =  130,  and 


:i7  is  to  112  as  11  is  to  4i,  37x  4.\  =  112  X  U  =  1G7.  Or 
the  height  to  the  width  of  the  temple  is  as  in  the  major 
scale  in  music,  viz. :  two  full  tones  and  a  half  tone  to  three 
full  tones  and  a  half  tone,  and  height  is  to  length  of 
temple  as  in  the  minor  scale  in  music,  viz. :  one  full  tone 
and  a  half  tone  to  four  full  tones  and  a  half  tone.  I  cite 
this  analogy  because  so  much  has  lieen  written  alnnit 
the  relation  between  Greek  architecture  and  music, 
although  I  do  not  siqqtose  that  any  such  musical  pro|Hir- 
tion  was  considered  by  Eupolemus.  It  does  convey  the 
idea,  however,  that  what  is  pleasing  to  the  eye  may  bear 
a  certain  harmonious  relation  to  that  which  is  ])leasing  to 
the  ear  in  music,  and  to  the  mind  in  geometry  and  nrith- 
eiuatics. 


122 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE   ARRIVE   IIERAEUM 


0.127  m.,  which  toj^ether  is  0.33  in.,  e<}ualin<]r  one  unit  or  one  fourth  of  the  diameter  of 
the  cohunn  at  base.     Dowel-holes  exist  both   in  the  top  and  bottom  of  capitals,  one 

measuring  0.15x0.17  m.  and  0.20  in  depth  (cf.  Fig. 
51,  A).     The  diameter  of  the  hypotrachelium  Ihj- 

r->^- ^"-^  tween  bottom  of  channels  is  .%7  m.  or  three  units, 

I  V'^  .^s=^ ^===e5>.  ^W  exactly  the  proporti<m  of  the  Parthenon.     1  found 

several  drums  of  jioros  stone  which  fitted  properly 
one  over  the  other  (cf.  Fig.  60),  the  lower  one 
agreeing  exactly  with  the  M'fimiifi  on  the  above- 
described  stylobate  stone  (Fig.  58).  Some  of  the 
drums  nie<isured  slightly  longer  on  one  side  than  on 
the  opposite,  and  doubtless  inclined  inward  toward 
the  building,  a  refinement  practice<l  in  the  l)est  pe- 
riod.' The  columns  had  twenty  channelings.  The 
length  of  the  chord  of  a  channel  at  the  hypotrache- 
lium measured  .16  m.  or  one  half  of  a  unit ;  the 
depth  of  the  channel  was  .013  m.  Slight  vestiges 
of  plaster  remained  which  originally  no  doubt  cov- 
ered the  columns  to  offer  a  smooth  surface  for  paint- 
ing. I  determined  the  heights  of  column  drums  as 
follows,  beginning  with  the  bottom  (cf.  Fig.  GO) 
(the  interrogiition  niiirk  indicates  that  the  excict 
height  was  not  found) :  .87  +  .80  +  .80  +  .86  + 
.84?  +  .^?  +  .84  +  .84?  -H  .57  m.,  making  a 
total,  including  ciipital,  of  7.38  m.  or  22 ,'0  units 
or  5.07  diameters.  The  Parthenon  columns  measure 
10.42  m.  or  5.29  diameters.  The  columns  of  the 
"  Theseum "  measure  5.72  m.  in  height  or  5.55 
diameters. 

I  arrived  at  the  dimensions  of  tlie  entablature  as 
follows :  — 

A  fragment  of  pornn  triglyph  gsive  the  distance 
between  centres  of  glyphs  as  scant  0.22  m. ;  three 
times  which  showed  the  totjd  width  of  triglyph  to 
l>e  0.05  m.  or  two  units.  The  totiil  height  of  tri- 
gly])h  of  this  period  is  about  3^  x  2  their  width, 
which  in  this  case  would  be  3/j  X  .325  =  1.029  m. 

Tn  temples  of  this  period  the  height  of  the  epistyle 
equals  the  height  of  the  triglyphs ;  a  fragment  of 
the  epistyle  confirmed  this  measurement  by  showing 
the  tiienia  to  be  0.09  m.  high, and  the  regula  0.06  m. 

'  Since  none  of  the  stylobate  stones  remained  in  situ,  I  was  unable 

to  ascertain  wliether  there  were  any  of  the  refineil  curves  whicli  Pen- 

nethome  discovered  as  having  prevailed  throughout  the  Parthenon  ; 

but  judging  from  the  general  beauty  of  detail  in  the  existing  frag- 

Fio.   60.  —  Argivk   IlKKAEt'M  :    Column        raents,  it  would  seem  tlrnt  every  aesthetic  refinement  known  at  the 

AND    STYLORATR     9TONK    OF    SECOND        time  must  have  been  practiced  in  the  design  and  construction  i>f  this 

Tr5l?LK.  Argivc  temple. 


ORNAMENTATION   OF  THE   SECOND  TEMPLE  123 

high,  which  are  in  due  proportion  for  an  epistyle  1.02  m.  high.*  Remains  of  stucco 
adhere  to  this  epistyle  frag^nent. 

The  guttae  under  the  regula  were  0.058  m.  in  diameter.  A  cornice  block  (f/eison),  also 
of  j)oro8  stone,  gave  the  width  of  the  mutules  as  0.64  m.,  the  diameter  of  dieir  guttae  as 
0.055  m.,  and  their  distance  on  centres,  0.115  m.  The  mutules  were  spaced  0.172  m. 
apart,  making  the  distance  from  centre  Ui  centre  of  the  mutules  over  the  triglyjjhs 
1.624  m.  or  (practically  1.63  m.)  =5  units.  The  height  of  the  face  of  the  cornice  from 
the  top  of  mutules  to  the  top  of  the  beak-moulding  was  0.315  m. ;  add  the  height  of 
mutule,  0.047  m.,  and  we  have  0.362  m. 

We  now  have  the  total  height  of  the  entablature  as  follows :  — 

Epistyle 1.029 

Frieze 1.02 

Coniice,  omitting  vyiua  or  crowu  moulding 362 

2.411  m. 
Tliis  is  a  little  le&s  than  one  third  the  height  of  the  columns,  which,  as  above  shown, 
was  7.38  m.     The  exact  proportion  is  as  1  to  3.05.     The  proportions  in  the  Parthenon 
are  as  1  to  3.07." 

The  sIoim;  of  the  i)ediment  I  could  not  verify  exactly,  so  I  assumed  the  height  of  the 
tymitanum  equal  to  one  ninth  of  the  total  length  of  the  horizontal  cornice,^  Avhich  is 
equal  to  the  width  of  eleven  triglyidis  at  0.652  m.,  or  7.17  plus  ten  metopes  at  0.978  m. 
or  9.78  m.  plus  the  overhang  of  the  cornice  at  each  end,  which,  omitting  the  beak-mould- 
ing, is  0.49  ni.,  and  for  both  ends  is  0.49  m.  X  2  or  0.98  m.  The  total  horizontal  length 
therefore  is  17.93  m.,  which  equals  55  units. 

The  height  of  the  tymi)anum  is  i  X  17.93  or  1.99  -f-. 

The  height  from  the  stylobate  to  the  ajjex  of  the  tyuqmnum  is  therefore  shown  to  be 
as  follows :  — 

Columns 7.38  m. 

Entablature 2.41  m. 

Tynq>anum 1.99  m. 

11.78  m. 

This  is  almost  exactly  36  units  (cf.  Plate  XIX.). 

The  cyma-moulding  and  lion's  head  water-spouts  are  shown  in  detail  on  Figs.  61,  62. 
They  are  of  white  marble.  In  this  connection  I  may  remark  that  white  marble  is  the 
material  which  was  used  for  all  the  sculpture  and  carA-ed  i>ortions  of  the  temple,  i.  e. 
the  metojies,  the  })ediment  figures,  and  the  cyma-mouldings,  and  for  the  roof  tiles  as  well. 
The  crown-mould  of  the  cornice  or  cyma  is  beautifully  carved  hi  high  i-elief  with  the 
conventional  anthemion  oniament  intersiiersed  with  Hera's  typical  bird,  the  cuckoo- 
dove  {Macropi/fjia  .^),  symbohcal  of  gentleness,  peace,  and  love.*  The  anthemion  orna- 
ment was  frequently  used  to  decorate  the  cyma  during  the  best  jieriod  of  Greek  art,  but 

'  I  made  the  measurements  with  great  care,  but  owing  '  This  pitch  is  a  little  steeper  than  that  of  the  Parthe- 

to  the  worn   condition   of  many  of  the   stones  and  the  non,  but  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  "  Theseum  "  and 

slight  differences  caused  by  the  stucco,  absolute  accuracy  less  than  that  of  the  temple  at  Sunium. 
could  not  be  assured.      In  the  drawings  of  the  restored  *  Compare   the   old   stone,  Fig.   53,  and   the  Argive 

elevations  the  epistyle  is  a  little  too  low  and  the  frieze  as  coin  which  shows  Hera's  crown  ornamented  like  the  cyma 

much  too  high,  making  the  total  height  correct.  with  anthemion  (Fig.  12),  and  again  her  sceptre  as  de- 

*  P.    Faur^,    Thenrie  de$   Pro/tortiutu  en   Architecture,  scribed  by  Pausauias  (cf.  Note  on  p.  117,  and  Fig.  M). 
Parts,  1893,  plate  16. 


— — - 


■«fti 


^ 


124 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


in  other  examples  which  are  left  to  us  it  is 
only  painted ;  this  carved  cynia  is  therefore 
quite  unique.  I  found  a  great  niany  frag- 
ments of  the  cyma,  some  well  preserved  and 
others  much  weathered,  probably  due  to  their 
relative  exposures  on  the  north  and  south  si<les 
of  the  temple.  A  diflFerence  in  execution  was 
also  discernible,  showing  that  different  carvers 
had  been  employed.  The  profile  of  the  mould- 
ing is  shown  in  Fig.  62 ;  its  height  over  all  is 
approximately  0.27  m.  or  {5  of  a  unit,  or  about 
eqiml  to  the  combined  heights  of  the  cornice 
fascia  and  beak-moulding.  The  broad  fillet  of 
the  cyma  is  O.OT.'i  m.  high,  the  small  moulding 
at  top  0.028  m.  and  the  overhang  is  0.03  m. 
beyond  the  line  of  its  fillet. 

Many  fragments  of  lion's  head  watei^spouts 
were  found  attache<l  to  ]M>rtion8  of  the  cyma 
and  well  carved  from  the  same  white  marble. 
They  are  superior  in  design  and  execution  to 
most  of  such  gargoyles  as  are  left  to  us  from 
the  temples  of  the  periotl.  Several  of  these 
heads,  which  were  almost  perfect,  were  of  two 
sizes.  In  my  restoration  I  have  placed  the 
larger  head  over  each  column  and  two  smaller 
ones  between,  as  this  arrangement  seemed  to 
space  properly  when  laid  out  full  size  with  the 
anthemion. 

The  roof  of  the  temple  was  coveretl  with 
white  marble  tiles,  which,  we  are  t<»ld  by 
Pausanias,  had  been  used  at  Olympia  about 
forty  years  earlier.'  Plate  I.  (Frontispiece 
of  this  chapter)  shows  the  details.  The  width 
of  the  flat  tiles  was  about  0.54  m.  or  }  .1  units. 

The  ridge-tiles  covering  the  joints  were 
0.19  m.  or  V^  units  wide.  Every  alternate 
ridge-tile  was  carried  down  and  attached  to 
the  back  of  the  cyma,  while  those  in  a  line 
with  the  lions'  heads  were  closed  at  the  ends 
and  stopped  about  a  half  length  back  of  the 
cyma  to  allow  the  water  to  run  out  of  the 
lions'  spouts. 


*  In  describing  the  Temple  of  Zens  at  Olympia,  Pau- 
sanias writes  (V.  10):  "The  architect  was  Libon,  a 
native.  The  tiles  are  not  of  baked  earth,  but  of  Pentelie 
marble,  which  is  wrought  into  the  shape  of  tiles.  They 
say  that  this  was  a  contrivance  of  Byzes,  a  Naxian,  who 
is  said  to  have  made  the  images  in  Nazos  which  bear  the 
following  inscription :  — 


'  luargari,  •  Nuian,  dedicated  me  to  the  offeprinc  of  LAtooa, 
,  WMi  of  Byiee,  who  lint  made  tile*  of  itooe.' 


"  This  Byzes  lived  in  the  time  of  Alyattes,  the  Lydian, 
and  of  Astyages,  the  son  of  Cyaxares,  king  of  the 
Medes." 


PLAN  OF  THE  SECOND  TEMPLE 


125 


The  groups  of  sculpture  shown  in  the  pediment  and  the  metopes  in  the  restoration  are 
com)H)se<l  entirely  from  imagination  to  give  the  ])ossible  appearance  of  the  original  temple. 
We  know  in  general,  however,  from  Pausanias  '  that  the  subjects  of  the  sculptures  were 
"  The  Birth  of  Zeus,"  "  The  Battle  of  the  Gods  and  Giants,"  and  "  The  Siege  of  Troy 
and  Taking  of  Ilium."  One  of  the  pediment  groups  probably  illustrated  "  The  Birth  of 
Zeus."  Fig.  63  shows  a  fragment  of  metoj)e  with  a  possible  restoration,  which  is  offered 
to  show  how  some  of  the  larger  torso 
fragments  and  heads  found  may  properly 
belong  to  the  metoiKJS.'"' 

Before  entering  the  temple,  we  may 
consider  its  plan  more  fully.  The  tem- 
ple was  a  hexastyle-i)eripteros-i)ycnostyle, 
having  six  columns  at  each  end,  twelve 
on  the  side,  and  with  intercolumniations 
of  one  and  one  half  diameters.  The 
rest<»red  pLm  is  shown  on  Plate  XVII. 
The  inside  of  the  foundation  is  indicated 
by  the  dotted  line  which  shows  that  the 
corner  columns  centre  over  a  45°  line 
that  connects  the  outer  and  inner  angles 
of  the  foundation.'  The  pteroma  was 
pave<l  with  limestone  similar  to  that  of 
the  stylobate.     These  jjaving  stones  are 

shown  stjuai-e  on  the  plan,  although  many  were  oblong;  beneath  them  were  breccia 
blocks  which  rested  on  the  poros  stones  of  the  foundation.  The  walls  of  the  cella  were, 
I  think,  of  poroii  stone,  like  the  columns,  and  similarly  plastered  with  stucco.  The  ceil- 
ing of  the  pteroma  was  coffered  and  formed  of  limestone,  the  sides  of  each  lacuna  being 
decorated  with  a  fret  ornament  cut  in  the  hard  stone  to  a  depth  of  two  millimetres.* 

The  plan  of  the  temple  develo})ed  certain  proportions,  graphically  illustrated  on 
Plate  XIX.,  which  I  discovered  after  the  completion  of  the  plan  of  the  restoration. 
The  width  of  the  cella  is  g  of  48  units,  or  I  of  the  width  of  the  front  of  the  temple 
between  the  axes  of  the  end  columns.  The  distance  from  the  axis  of  the  sixth  column 
on  the  side  to  the  anta  of  the  cella  wall  is  36  units,  which  equals  the  height  of  the  tem- 
ple to  under  side  of  roof.  The  distance  measures  also  36  units  from  the  same  anta  to  a 
line  tangent  to  the  columns  on  the  opposite  side.  Again  a  triangle  with  a  height  of  36 
units  an<l  a  base  equal  to  the  width  of  the  cella  will  have  a  hypothenuse  which,  if  swimg 
around  and  added  to  the  height,  will  give  the  total  length  of  the  cella. 

The  approach  to  the  temple  is  by  a  ramp  similar  to  that  of  the  temple  of  Zeus  at 
Olympia. 

In  Fig.  64  I  liave  attempted  a  restoration  of  the  interior  of  the  temple.^     The  height 


Fig.  62.  —  Argive  Herakl'm  :  Marble  lion's  head  gar- 
goyle ANH  WATER-SPOUT  FROM  SECOND  TeMPLE.  OnE 
FIFTH   THE   ACTUAL  SIZE. 


I  Cf.  Note  on  p.  117,  and  Introduction,  pp.  21  ff. 

'  For  the  architectural  sculpture  see  the  next  chapter. 

'  As  it  was  more  usual  to  have  an  uneven  number  of 
columns  on  the  side  of  the  temples  of  this  period,  I  at  first 
attempted  a  restoration  of  this  one  with  thirteen  side 
columns,  but  found  afterwards,  upon  piecing  together  the 
fragments  of  the  entablature,  that  twelve  columns  fitted 
exactly  both  the  superstructure  and  the  crepidoma. 


The  intercolumniations  equal  one  and  one  half  diam- 
eters, making  a  pycnostyle,  the  proportion  usual  for  the 
best  fifth  century  work. 

*  I  found  stones  from  the  ceiling  and  the  crepidoma  of 
the  temple  built  into  the  walls  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Pana- 
gia  near  the  village  of  Merbaka. 

'  For  sections  through  the  entablature  see  Plate  I., 
frontispiece  of  this  chapter. 


124 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE   ARGIVE   HERAEUM 


in  other  examples  which  are  left  to  us  it  is 
only  painted;  this  carved  cyma  is  therefore 
quite  unique.  I  found  a  great  many  fnig- 
mi-nts  of  the  cyma,  some  well  preserved  an<l 
others  much  weathered,  probably  due  to  their 
reliitive  exjMJSures  on  the  north  and  8<iuth  sides 
of  the  temple.  A  difference  in  execution  was 
also  discernible,  showing  that  different  carvers 
had  been  employed.  The  j)rofile  of  the  mould- 
ing is  shown  in  Fig.  62 ;  its  height  over  all  is 
approximately  0.27  m.  or  }5  of  a  unit,  or  about 
eqiml  to  the  combined  heights  of  the  cornice 
fascia  and  beak-moulding.  The  broad  fillet  of 
the  cyma  is  O.Oirt  m.  high,  the  small  moulding 
at  top  0.028  m.  and  the  overhang  is  0.03  ui. 
beyond  the  line  of  its  fillet. 

Many  fragments  of  lion's  head  watei^spouts 
were  found  attiched  to  jNirtions  of  the  cyma 
and  well  carved  from  the  same  white  marble. 
They  are  superior  in  design  and  execution  to 
most  of  such  gargoyles  as  are  left  to  us  from 
the  temples  of  the  |>eriod.  Several  of  these 
heads,  which  were  almost  jwi-fect,  wei-e  of  two 
sizes.  In  my  restoration  I  have  placed  tlu» 
larger  head  over  each  column  and  two  smaller 
ones  between,  as  this  arrangement  seemed  to 
space  properly  when  laid  out  full  size  with  the 
anthemion. 

The  roof  of  the  temple  was  covered  with 
white  marble  tiles,  which,  we  are  told  by 
Pausanias,  had  been  used  at  01ym])ia  about 
forty  years  earlier.'  Plate  1.  (Frontispiece 
of  this  chapter)  shows  the  details.  The  width 
of  the  flat  tiles  was  about  0.54  m.  or  |  S  units. 

The  ridge-tiles  covering  the  joints  were 
0.19  m.  or  Vo  units  wide.  Every  alternate 
ridge-tile  was  carried  down  and  attached  to 
the  back  of  the  cyma,  while  those  in  a  line 
with  the  lions'  heads  were  closed  at  the  ends 
and  stopped  about  a  half  length  back  of  the 
cyma  to  allow  the  water  to  run  out  of  the 
hons'  spouts. 


*  In  describing  the  Temple  of  Zens  at  Olympia,  Pau- 
sanias writes  (V.  10):  "The  architect  was  Libon,  a 
native.  The  tiles  are  not  of  baked  earth,  but  of  Pentelic 
marble,  which  is  wrought  into  the  shape  of  tiles.  They 
say  that  this  was  a  contrivance  of  Byzes,  a  Naxian,  who 
is  said  to  have  made  the  images  in  Nazos  which  bear  the 
following  inscription  :  — 


" '  KiMgiw,  •  Naxiaii,  dedicated  me  to  the  offiprioR  o(  Latoas, 
Bnergus,  eon  of  Byaea,  who  flrat  made  tile*  of  itone.' 

"This  Byzes  lived  in  the  time  of  Alyattes,  the  Lydian, 
and  of  Astyages,  the  son  of  Cyaxares,  king  of  tiie 
Medes." 


PLAN  OF  THE  SECOND  TEMPLE 


125 


The  groups  of  sculpture  shown  in  the  pediment  and  the  metopes  in  the  restoration  are 
com|M>sed  entirely  from  imagination  to  give  the  possible  appearance  of  the  original  temple. 
We  know  in  general,  however,  from  Pausanias  '  that  the  subjects  of  the  sculptures  were 
"  The  Birth  of  Zeus,"  "  The  Battle  of  the  Gods  and  Giants,"  and  "  The  Siege  of  Troy 
and  Taking  of  Ilium."  One  of  the  jiediment  groups  probably  illustrated  "  The  Birth  of 
Zeus."  Fig.  G3  shows  a  fragment  of  metoj)e  with  a  possible  restoration,  which  is  offered 
t<»  show  how  some  of  the  larger  torso 
fragments  and  heads  found  may  proi>erly 
belong  to  the  metojies.'' 

Befoi-e  entering  the  temple,  we  may 
consider  its  plan  more  fully.  The  tem- 
ple was  a  hexastyle-iHjripteros-pycnostyle, 
having  six  columns  at  each  end,  twelve 
on  the  side,  and  with  intercolumniiitions 
of  one  and  one  half  diametei-s.  The 
restored  pLm  is  shown  on  Plate  XVII. 
The  inside  of  the  foundation  is  indicated 
by  the  dotted  line  which  shows  that  the 
corner  columns  centre  over  a  45°  line 
that  connects  the  outer  and  inner  angles 
of  the  foundation.'  The  pteroma  was 
])iived  with  limestone  similar  to  that  of 
the  stylobate.     These  paving  stones  are 

shown  square  on  the  plan,  although  many  were  oblong;  beneath  them  were  breccia 
blocks  which  rested  on  the  jjoros  stones  of  the  foundation.  The  walls  of  the  cella  were, 
I  think,  of  porox  stone,  like  the  columns,  and  similarly  plastered  with  stucco.  The  ceil- 
ing of  the  pteroma  was  coffered  and  formed  of  limestone,  the  sides  of  each  lacuna  being 
decorated  with  a  fi-et  ornament  cut  in  the  hard  stone  to  a  depth  of  two  millimetres.* 

The  plan  of  the  temple  develoi>ed  certain  proportions,  graphically  illustrated  on 
Plate  XIX.,  which  I  discovered  after  the  completion  of  the  plan  of  the  restoration. 
The  width  of  the  cella  is  I  of  48  units,  or  I  of  the  width  of  the  front  of  the  temple 
between  the  axes  of  the  end  columns.  The  distance  from  the  axis  of  the  sixth  column 
on  the  side  to  the  anfci  of  the  cella  wall  is  36  units,  which  equals  the  height  of  the  tem- 
ple to  under  side  of  roof.  The  distance  measures  also  36  units  from  the  same  anta  to  a 
line  tiingent  to  the  columns  on  the  oi)posite  side.  Again  a  triangle  with  a  height  of  36 
units  and  a  base  eqiuil  to  the  width  of  the  cella  will  have  a  hypothenuse  which,  if  swung 
around  and  added  to  the  height,  will  give  the  total  length  of  the  cella. 

The  approach  to  the  temple  is  by  a  ramp  similar  to  that  of  the  temple  of  Zeus  at 
Olympia. 

In  Fig.  64  I  liave  attempted  a  restoration  of  the  interior  of  the  temple.''     The  height 


Fig.  62.  —  Argivk  Herakum  :  Marblk  lion's  head  gar- 
goyle ANI>  WATER-SPOUT  FROM  SECOND  TeMPLE.  OnE 
FIFTH    THE   ACTUAL  SIZE. 


>  Cf.  Note  on  p.  117,  and  Introduction,  pp.  21  ff. 

*  For  the  architectural  sculpture  see  the  next  chapter. 

*  As  it  was  more  usual  to  have  an  uneven  number  of 
columns  on  the  side  of  the  temples  of  this  period,  I  at  first 
attempted  a  restoration  of  this  one  with  thirteen  side 
columns,  but  found  afterwards,  upon  piecing  together  the 
fragments  of  the  entablature,  that  twelve  columns  fitted 
eiactly  both  the  superstructure  and  the  crepidoma. 


The  iiitercolumniations  equal  one  and  one  half  diam- 
eters, making  a  pycnostyle,  the  proportion  usual  for  the 
best  fifth  century  work. 

*  I  found  stones  from  the  ceiling  and  the  crepidoma  of 
the  temple  built  into  the  walls  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Pana- 
gia  near  the  village  of  Merbaka. 

'  For  sections  through  the  entablature  see  Plate  I., 
frontispiece  of  this  chapter. 


126 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE   HERAEUM 


from  floor  to  ceiling  as  shown  is  about  8.60  m.  The  seated  figure  of  Hera  is  base<l  on 
the  description  of  Pausanias  (see  note  on  p.  117,  and  above,  pp.  21  if.),  and  u})on  repre- 
sentations of  the  goddess  found  on  Argive  coins.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  her  crown 
or  aT€<f>dvr)  was  decorated  with  ornament  which  resembled  the  cyma-moulding  descrilied 
above.*  The  details  of  the  throne  are  partly  taken  from  Laloux's  restoration  of  the 
stiitue  of  Olympiiin  Zeus. 

The  interior  columns  in  the  naos  I  have  restored  as  shown  in  Fig.  52,  B.  The  jmroa 
stone  capitcil  for  the  lower  cohmm  (Fig.  51,  F)  I  found  in  the  museum  at  Argos.  It 
has  no  remains  of  channels,  but  it  has  scpiare  dowel-holes  at  top  and  bottom,  and  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  neck  there  are  round  holes,  as  though  a  grille  of  metal  had  been 
secured  between  the  columns.     The  capital  for  the  su))erimposed  columns,  also  of  2>oron 


Fig.  63.  —  Argive  IIerakum  :  Mktope  from  the  S»xokd  Temple,  restored 

from  fragment. 


stone,  I  found  lying  in  the  West  Building  (VII).  It  has  a  profile  almost  straight,  square 
dowel-holes,  and  a  section  cut  out  of  the  echinus,  as  shown  in  Fig.  51,  L,  as  though  a 
wooden  upright  had  been  fastened  to  the  column. 

1  Cf.  Waldstein,  Journal  o/HeUm.  Studies,  XXI.  (1901)  pp.  31  ff. 


THE   SOUTH   STOA 


127 


it.etiuri'd  by  Eiltmtit  L.  Tulun. 


Fig.  W.  —  Argivk  Hkraeim  :   Kestorku  Section  of  Second  Temple,  showing  Statl'e  ok  IIeka. 

MoTB.  —  Kur  tlie  correct  wctiou  through  eiitabUture  mx  Plate  I. 


SOUTH   STOA. 

If  we  leave  the  Second  Temple  and  turn  to  the  right,  we  soon  reach  the  head  of  the 
l)eautiful  flight  of  steps  which  descends  to  the  lower  level  and  to  the  South  Stoa  (VI). 
(Cf.  Plate  IV.) 

The  actual  state  of  the  ruins  is  shown  on  Plates  XX.  and  VII.,  and  Figs.  57  and 
65.  On  Plate  XX.  the  height  of  the  various  objects  is  indicated  by  the  shadows, 
which  upon  all  the  drawings  are  projected  at  45°.  The  Stoa  measures,  inside  the  walls, 
44.45  m.  in  length,  including  walls  46.09  m.,  and  from  the  inside  of  the  rear  wall  to  the 
outside  of  the  stereobate  12.74  m.  The  stereobate  is  1.08  m.  in  width.  The  long  axis  of 
the  Stoa  is  16°  30'  south  of  east,  and  its  level  is  22.93  m.  below  that  of  the  Old  Temple. 
The  rear  wall  is  21  m.  south  of  the  Second  Temple  foundation,  and  is  nearly  parallel  to 
it.  The  face  of  the  rear  wall  consists  of  light  limestone,  the  joints  are  very  close,  and 
the  tops  of  the  stones  are  fastened  together  with  clamps  about  0.60  m.  long  of  the 
double  T-shape  which  were  used  in  the  fifth  century  b.  c.  and  thus  aid  in  establishing 
the  date  of  the  building.  The  existing  wall  has  three  offsets  of  0.065  m.,  and  the 
height  of  the  first  course  above  grade  is  0.20  m.,  of  the  second  0.37  m.,  and  of  the 
top  one  0.39  m.  There  are  four  projections  from  the  rear  wall  (cf.  Fig.  65)  resembling 
pilasters  and  possibly  intended  to  take  trusses,  although  the  projections  do  not  all 


126 


ARCIIITPXTURE  OF  THE   ARGIVE   HERAEUM 


THE  SOUTH   STOA 


127 


from  floor  to  ceiling  as  shown  is  about  8.G0  m.  The  seated  figure  of  Heni  is  hase<l  on 
tlie  description  of  Pausanias  (see  note  on  p.  117,  and  above,  pp.  21  if.),  and  u|M)n  i*epre- 
sentiitions  of  the  gotldess  found  on  Argive  coins.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  her  crown 
or  (TT€<f>dtnj  was  decorated  with  ornament  which  resembled  the  cyma-moulding  descril>ed 
above.*  The  details  of  the  throne  are  partly  tciken  from  Liiloux's  restoration  of  the 
stiitue  of  Olympian  Zeus. 

The  interior  columns  in  the  ntios  I  have  restored  as  shown  in  Fig.  52,  B.  The  j)orn8 
stone  capitiil  for  the  lower  column  (Fig.  51,  F)  I  found  in  the  museum  at  Argos.  It 
has  no  remains  of  channels,  but  it  has  stpmre  dowel-holes  at  t4)p  and  bottom,  and  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  neck  there  are  round  holes,  as  though  a  grille  of  metal  had  been 
secuitid  between  the  columns.     The  capital  for  the  su{)erimposed  columns,  also  of  poron 


FiQ.  C3.  —  Aruivk  Herakvm  :  Mktopk.  krom  thk  StxoNU  Tkmplk,  k»u»torkd 

KROM    KUACMKNT. 


stone,  I  found  lying  in  the  West  Building  (VII).  It  has  a  profile  almost  straight,  wpiare 
dowel-holes,  and  a  section  cut  out  of  the  echinus,  as  shown  in  Fig.  51,  L,  as  though  a 
wooden  upright  had  been  fastened  to  the  column. 

1  Cf.  Waldstein,  Journal  of  HeUen.  Studies,  XXI.  (1901)  pp.  31  ff. 


\ 


e 


10 


MCTKE* 


i^etiorcil  bg  Eiliriiiil  L.  TiiUm. 


Flu.  U4.  —  Akuivk  Hkraki'm  :   Ki-jjtorku  Skction  or  Skcxind  Tkmplk,  siiuwixu  ^^tatce  ok  Hkka. 

MoTB.  —  Kur  tlie  correct  lectiuii  tbrough  eiiUbUtun;  ■««  Platk  I. 

SOUTH   STOA. 

If  we  leave  the  Second  Temple  and  turn  to  the  right,  we  soon  reach  the  head  of  the 
beautiful  flight  of  steps  which  descends  to  the  lower  level  and  to  the  South  Stoa  (VI). 
(Cf.  Plate  IV.) 

The  actual  stiite  of  the  ruins  is  shown  on  Plates  XX.  and  VII.,  and  Figs.  57  and 
65.  On  Plate  XX.  the  height  of  the  various  objects  is  indicated  by  the  shadows, 
which  ujwn  all  the  drawings  are  projected  at  45^.  The  Stoa  measures,  inside  the  walls, 
44.45  m.  in  length,  including  walls  46.09  m.,  and  from  the  inside  of  the  rear  wall  to  the 
outside  of  the  stereobate  12.74  m.  The  stereobate  is  1.08  m.  in  width.  The  long  axis  of 
the  Stoji  is  16°  30'  south  of  east,  and  its  level  is  22.93  m.  below  that  of  the  Old  Temple. 
The  rear  wall  is  21  m.  south  of  the  Second  Temple  foundation,  and  is  nearly  jmrallel  to 
it.  The  face  of  the  rear  wall  consists  of  light  limestone,  the  joints  are  very  close,  and 
the  tops  of  the  stones  are  fastened  together  with  clamps  about  0.60  m.  long  of  the 
double  T-shajie  which  were  used  in  the  fifth  century  b.  c.  and  thus  aid  in  establishing 
the  date  of  the  building.  The  existing  wall  has  three  offsets  of  0.065  m.,  and  the 
height  of  the  first  course  above  grade  is  0.20  m.,  of  the  second  0.37  m.,  and  of  the 
top  one  0.39  m.  There  are  four  projections  from  the  rear  wall  (cf.  Fig.  65)  resembling 
pilasters  and  possibly  intended   to  take  trusses,  although   the  projections  do  not  all 


128  AKCIIITErTrHE   OF  THE   ARfJIVE   IIERAEUM 

exactly  coincide  with  the  cohiiniis  in  front  of  them.  The  lower  portions  of  the  end  walls 
are  also  constructed  of  lij^ht  limestone,  forming  socles  or  dados  (as  shown  on  Plate  XI.) 
to  the  height  <if  the  rear  coui-ses  (cf.  also  Fig.  Gi5).  The  base  of  the  tlado  is  0.26  m. 
and  the  main  course  O.HO  m.  in  height.  Over  this  are  three  courses  of  porot<  stone  eiwh 
i)Mrt  m.  high.  The  St<Ki  was  built  against  the  retiiining  wall  of  the  termces  which  had 
be»'n  previously  constructed  of  jxints  stone  fastened  together  with  T-cLimps.  The 
retaining  wall  is  about  two  metres  thick,  and  is  strengthened  by  buttresses  2.00  X  1.80  m. 
extending  into  the  bank.  Still  farther  back  are  the  two  ancient  graves,  and  a  )M)rtion 
of  the  old  [leribolus  wall  described  above  (cf.  Plates  XX.  and  VII.).  On  the  floor  of 
tht>  Stoa  there  still  remain  nine  limestone  column-lnises  of  the  dimensions  and  sjKicing 
as  are  shown  on  the  plan.  The  existing  crepidoma  or  stereobate  is  carefully  built  of 
/ioros  stone,  the  blocks  averaging  in  size  1.20x0.00x0.35  m.  The  architectural  frag- 
nuMits  that  were  found  were  suiticient  to  enable  me  to  make  a  restoration  of  the  Stoa 
which  is  shown  on  Platk  XXI.  Owing  to  the  variation  in  the  width  of  several  of  the 
meto}»es,  it  seemed  possible  to  restore  the  Stoji  with  either  seventeen  or  nineteen  columns 
along  the  front;  the  latter  I  am  convinced  is  really  the  correct  solution  (Plate  XXI.), 
as  this  arrangement  makes  every  other  colunni  of  the  front  coincide  with  a  column  in  the 
centre,  and  it  makes  the  I'elation  of  diiimeter  to  intercolumniation  about  as  1  is  to  1.], 
a  pycnostyle  arrangement  like  that  of  the  Second  Temple,  while  the  wider  meto|)es  tit 
un  the  end  walls. 

The  })roHles  of  tlie  columns  resemble  those  of  the  temple  (cf.  Plate  XXII.  and 
Fi:.^  r/i,  D). 

Four  interior  bases  had  column-drums  in  sltn^  the  most  eastern  base  having  two  drums 
erect,  while  the  remaining  drums  and  capitiil  of  this  column,  all  of  pnnts  stone,  were 
lying  prostnite  as  is  shown  in  section  (Plate  XI.  and  Fig.  G.5).  Traces  of  stucco 
painted  yellow  were  a}>jKirent  on  the  drums,  and  red  |Kiint  on  the  echinus  of  the  capitjil. 
Vustijjfes  of  stucco  were  visible  also  on  the  entablature. 

I  shall  letter  the  drums  downward  from  the  top  as  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  beginning  with 
the  capitiil,  and  give  the  height  and  the  bottom  diameter  of  each  measured  between 
the  chords  of  the  channels. 

DiAMKTKR.  IIf.IGIIT. 

Capital    ••......         .GiJS  .458 

A 704  .964 

B 74:]  1.025 

C 78  1.015 

D 812  1.015 

E 840  1.03 

F 87  .85 

Total  height  of  coliunnH    .......         G.357  m. 

—  which  is  exactly  IDi  units  of  0.32G  m.  each. 

The  height  of  the  column  is  eipial  to  7.30  dianietei-s  of  the  Iwse,  which  at  first  ap|>ear8 
out  of  proportion  for  Greek  work  of  this  period,  but  by  referring  to  the  section  (Plates 
X1.«nd  XXII.)  it  will  be  observed  that  these  interior  columns  support  only  a  wooden 
roof,  whereas  the  outer  columns  are  one  drum  less  in  height,  or  .'5.342  m.,  which  is  about 
G.IG  diameters.* 

'  At  Olympia  the  interior  columns  of  the  Kulpiiterion      anieter  bein^  measured  just  above  the  plinth.     The  Leo- 
are  7.70  diameters  in  hciji^ht  and  the  eolunms  of  the  front      nidaeuni  columns  are  6.42  diameters  high, 
iu  the  Echo  Colonnade  are  U.40  diameters  high,  the  di- 


THE   SOUTH    STOA 


120 


Some  of  the  column-drums  meiisui'e  one  centimetre  higher  on  one  side  than  on  the 
other,  indicating  that  they  inclined  slightly  inwards.  The  drums  had  dowel-holes  at  both 
top  and  bottom,  about  0.10  m.  s([uare  and  0.10  m.  deep,  with  an  offset.  The  capitals 
had  similar  dowel-holes  and  mason's  scratch-marks  to  show  the  centi-es.  The  abacus  is 
1.03  m.  square  and  0.18  m.  high  ;  the  echinus,  annulets,  and  neck  together,  0.278  m. 
in  height. 

The  entablature  of  poros  stone,  stuccoed  and  ]>ainted,  and  the  cyma,  with  its  fillet,  was 
of  terra-cottii.  The  epistyle  was  0.71  m.  high,  and  was  made  up  of  two  stiuies  in  thickness 
0.42(5  m.  eju'h,  together  equaling  the  diameter  of  the  column  at  its  base.  The  triglvphs 
wei-e  0.77  m.  high. 

The  top  of  the  epistyle  had  a  scratch-mark  to  show  the  locati<»n  <»f  metoj>e,  0.045  m. 
back  from  the  face  of  the  fillet.     One  of  the  e}>istyle  bh)cks  had  on  its  face  under  the 


Fui.  G5.  —  Argivk  Hrrakum  :  Vikw  looking  kast  on  tiik  South  Stoa  (VI). 

Note  the  tiue  rear  wall  with  its  pilaster-like  projections,  and  the  column-drums  and  bases.     Mount  Arachnueum 

shows  in  the  centre  distance. 

centre  of  a  triglyph  a  snmll  hole  which  may  have  been  made  by  a  nail  that  seemed  a 
bronze  or  other  ornament. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  unit  of  measurement  of  the  temple,  e(pial  to  0.320  m., 
prevailed  throughout  this  Stoa. 

The  clue  to  the  restoration  is  given  by  a  cornice  {geisou)  block  whose  mutules  weiv 
0.475  m.  wide  and  spaced  0.0i)7  m.  apart ;  and  as  a  mutule  is  the  width  of  a  triglyph  and 
every  alternate  mutule  centres  over  a  metope,  we  have  the  width  of  the  triglyph  0.475  m., 
and  of  the  metope  0.097  -}- 0.475  -f-0.0i)7  m.  =  0.GG9  m.,  making  the  distiince  from  centre 
to  centre  of  the  triglyjdis  0.475  -f  0.(J00  m.  -  1.144  m.  Twice  this,  or  2.288  m.,  gives 
the  spacing  l>etween  column  centres,  but  2.288  m.  is  seven  units  (within  six  millimetres 


128  AUnilTECTrHK   OV  TIIK   AKCilVK   IIEKAKrM 

c'x;utly  eoiiicMh'  with  tlu*  colmiiiis  in  front  of  tliiMU.  The  lower  portions  of  the  eml  walls 
are  also  eoiistrneted  of  lij>^ht  limestone,  forniin«^  s<K-les  »>r  dados  (as  shown  on  Platk  XI.) 
to  the  heij;;ht  of  the  rear  tonrses  (cf.  also  Fij«;.  Go).  The  Iwise  of  the  dado  is  ().2G  ni. 
and  the  main  eojirse  ().8G  m.  in  hei«>;ht.  Over  this  are  three  conrses  of  poi'us  stone  eaeli 
{).'Xi  m.  hi^h.  The  Stoa  was  hnilt  a«>^ainst  the  ret;iinin<>;  wall  of  the  termces  which  had 
heen  previously  constructed  of  jtoros  stone  fastened  tojjjether  with  T-clam|»s.  The 
n'taininy;  wall  is  ahout  two  metres  thick,  and  is  stren^'thened  hy  huttit'sses  2.00  X  1.80  m. 
extendini;-  into  the  hank.  Still  farther  hack  are  the  two  ancient  <|friives,  and  a  {Nirtion 
of  the  old  peribolus  wall  dcscrihed  ahove  (cf.  Platks  XX.  and  VII.).  On  the  H<M»r  of 
the  Stoa  there  still  remain  nine  limestone  column-lKises  of  the  dimensions  and  s|KU'in^ 
as  are  shown  on  the  plan.  The  existin*;  crepithima  or  stereohate  is  carefully  built  of 
jkh'os  stone,  the  blocks  avera«»;in«^  in  size  1.20x0.00x0.35  m.  The  architectural  frajj- 
inents  that  were  found  were  sufficient  to  enable  n>e  to  make  a  restoration  of  the  Stoii 
which  is  shown  on  Platk  XXI.  Owin<^  to  the  variation  in  the  width  of  several  of  the 
meto)M>s,  it  seemed  possible  to  restore  the  Stoji  with  either  seventeen  or  nineteen  columns 
alon«»-  the  front;  the  latter  I  am  ccuivinced  is  really  the  correct  s<dution  (Platk  XXI.), 
as  this  arranu'cmeut  makes  every  other  colunni  of  the  front  coincide  with  a  column  in  tho 
centre,  aiul  it  makes  the  n'lation  of  diameter  to  intercolumniation  about  as  1  is  to  1^,, 
a  pycnostyle  arrangement  like  that  of  the  Second  Temple,  while  the  wider  metu|)es  tit 
on  the  end  walls. 

The  profiles  uf  the  colunuis  resemble  those  uf  the  temple  (cf.  Plate  XXII.  and 
Fi-.  r>2,  D). 

Four  interior  bases  had  cohunn-drums  hi  s'ltffj  the  most  eastern  base  having  two  drums 
erect,  while  the  remaining  drums  and  capital  of  this  column,  all  of  jtorott  stone,  were 
lying  prostrate  as  is  shown  in  section  (Pl^vtk  XI.  and  Fig.  iiTt).  Tmces  of  stucco 
IKiinted  yeHow  were  apparent  on  the  drums,  and  red  [Kiint  on  the  echinus  of  the  capitd. 
Vestijres  of  stucco  were  visible  also  on  the  entablature. 

I  shall  letter  the  drums  downward  from  the  top  as  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  beginning  with 
tlu'  capital,  and  give  the  height  and  the  bottom  diameter  of  each  measured  between 
the  chords  of  the  channels. 

DiAMI'TKR.  llKinilT. 

Capital  ........         .♦»<»o  .458 

A 704  .%4 

B 74.)  1.025 

C 78  1.015 

I) 812  1.015 

K 84«;  1.03 

F 87  .85 

Total  lifijjjlit  «)f  t'oluinns    .......         G.357  ni. 

—  which  is  exactly  V.)-j  units  of  0.32G  m.  I'acli. 

The  height  of  the  colunui  is  cipial  to  7. .'JO  diameters  of  the  base,  which  at  first  appears 
out  of  proportion  for  Gi-eek  work  of  this  period,  but  by  referring  to  the  section  (Platks 
XI.Mud  XXII.)  it  will  be  observed  that  these  interior  columns  support  only  a  wooden 
roof,  whereas  the  outer  columns  are  one  drum  le.ss  in  height,  or  5.342  m.,  which  is  about 
G.  i(>  diameters.' 

'  At  Olympia  the  interior  eoliiiiins  of  the  Hiilcnterioii      anieter  beinj;  measured  just  almve  the  plinth.     The  I.ieo- 
are  7.70  iliaiueteRi  in  ht'i<r|it  anil  tho  columns  of  thu  front      uidaeum  columns  are  ti.42  diameters  high, 
ill  the  Kchu  Colonnade  arc  G.4U  diameters  high,  the  di- 


TIIK   SOUTH    STOA 


120 


Some  of  the  column-drums  measure  one  centinu'tre  higher  on  one  side  than  on  the 
other,  indicating  that  they  inclined  slightly  inwards.  The  drums  had  dowel-holes  at  both 
top  and  bottom,  about  0.10  m.  sjpiare  and  0.10  m.  deep,  with  an  offset.  The  cajiitals 
had  similar  dowel-holes  and  mason's  scratch-marks  to  show  the  centres.  Tin*  abacus  is 
1.03  m.  s(|uare  and  0.18  m.  high  ;  the  echinus,  annulets,  and  neck  together,  0.27S  m. 
in  height. 

The  entidilature  of  pornn  stone,  stuccoed  and  jiainted.  and  thecyma,  with  its  fillet,  was 
of  term-cottji.  The  epistyle  was  0.71  m.  high,  and  was  made  up  of  two  stmies  in  thickness 
0.42G  m.  each,  together  e(pialing  the  diamettM-  of  the  column  at  its  base.  The  triglvphs 
were  0.77  m.  high. 

The  top  of  the  epistyle  had  a  scratch-mark  to  show  tho  l<»cation  of  nietojK'.  O.iM.li  in. 
back  from  the  face  of  the  fillet.     One  of  the  epistyle  blocks  lia<l  (mi  its  face  under  the 


KiG.  C5.  —  Aruivk.  Ukkakcm  :  Vikw  UM>KiN«i  k.\st  ox  TIIK.  South  Sto.\  (VI). 

Note  the  fine  rear  wall  with  its  pilaster-like  projections,  and  the  eolumn-driims  and  bases.     Mount  Arachnaeiiiu 

shows  in  the  centre  distance. 


centre  of  a  triglyph  a  small  hole  which  may  have  been  made  by  a  nail  that  secured  a 
bronze  or  other  ornament. 

It  is  inteitisting  to  note  that  the  unit  of  measurement  of  the  tennde.  e<|ual  to  0.*>2()  m.. 
pi'evailed  throughout  this  Stoa. 

The  clue  to  the  restoration  is  given  b}'  a  cornice  (f/fison)  block  whose  mutules  were 
0.475  m.  wide  and  sjKiced  0.097  m.  apart ;  and  as  a  mutule  is  tiie  width  of  a  triglyph  and 
every  alternate  mutule  centres  over  a  metope,  we  have  the  width  of  the  triglyph  0.475  m.. 
and  of  the  metope  0.097  -f-  0.475  -}-0.0i)7  m.  =  0.(>G9  m.,  making  the  dist^mce  from  centre 
to  centre  of  the  triglyjdis  0.475  -fO.GGOm.  =  1.144  m.  Twice  tiiis,  or  2.28S  m.,  giv«'s 
the  s}>acing  between  column  centres,  but  2.288  m.  is  seven  units  (within  six  millinietres 


'     i 


130  ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE   HERAEUM 

or  one  fourth  of  an  inch).  The  distance  from  each  end  cohimn  to  the  outside  of  the 
anta  is  a  half  triglyph  more,  or  2.52  m.  =  7, "3  units,  which  gives  a  total  as  follows  :  — 

Spacing  at  ends 7/^X2=     15*.^  units 

Spaces  between  colunnis  .         .        .         .       18      X  7  =  12G 

141,*.  units  at  0.326  m.  equals  46.07  m.  This  is  only  two  centimetres  (three  fourths 
of  an  inch)  less  than  the  measurement  of  the  actual  ruins  given  ahove,  viz. :  46.01>  n«. 
This  gives  nineteen  columns  to  the  front  or  one  opposite  each  interior  column  and  one 
opposite  each  space  between. 

For  the  end  walls  a  corner  triglyph  measured  0.428  m.  wide  on  one  face  and  0.363  m. 
on  the  other.  I  found  that  eleven  times  1.144  (the  width  of  triglyphs  and  metoiMJ  as 
above)  plus  0.428  gave  13.01  m.  which  coincided  with  the  actual  measurements  of  the 
ruins.     This  distance,  13.01  m.,  furthermore,  e(|uals  40  units. 

To  return  to  the  front,  the  entire  height  of  the  order  is,  as  before  shown  :  — 

Columns 5.342  m. 

Epistyle 71 

Triglyph 77 

Cornice  from  top  of  beak-mouUling  to   bottom    of    mutule    which 

lines  with  the  top  of  triglyphs .296 

7.117  in. 

This  is  nearly  22  units  (22  units  would  l>e  7.172  m.),  and  I  found  the  difference 
accounted  for  by  a  terra-cotta  fillet  which  fitted  into  the  cut  above  the  beak-moulding  as 
shown  in  the  detail  on  Plate  XXII.     The  fillet  is  de8cril)ed  below. 

The  height  of  the  entablature,  which  is  made  up  of  the  sum  t)f  ejnstyle,  triglyph,  and 
cornice,  as  above,  is  1.77.'>  m.,  and  is  thus  one  third  the  height  of  the  columns. 

The   cyma   was   .20   m.   high,   of   colored   terra-cotta,  shown  in   detiiil   on    Plate 

XXIII.,  G. 

The  different  pieces  of  terra-cotta  cyma  prol)ably  were  secured  by  a  rod  running 
through  the  hole.  A  violet  line,  0.023  m.  wide,  along  the  under  side  sliowed  tliat  the 
cyma  overhung  the  fillet  so  far. 

The  fillet  below  the  cyma  was  a  flat  terra-cotta  band,  0.07  m.  high,  decorated  with  a 
fret  similar  to  that  attached  to  the  antefix  (Plate  XXIII.,  B).  The  soffit  of  this  Imnd 
was  painted  for  a  distance  of  .08  m.  back  from  its  face,  showing  that  it  overhung  the 
beak-moulding  of  the  cornice,  and  it  had  a  projection  cast  on  it  which  fitted  into  a  cut  on 
the  top  of  the  cornice  and  was  thereby  kept  in  place.  (Cf.  detail  section,  Plate  XXII.) 
I  found  a  fragment  of  a  painted  terra-cotta  lion's  head,  from  which  I  restored  the  entire 
head,  as  shown  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  Plate  XXII.,  and  assumed  that 
it  belonged  to  this  Stoa.  A  small  piece  of  a  ridge-antefix  similar  in  design  (Plate 
XXIII.,  C)  also  may  have  lielonged  to  this  building. 

THE  STEPS. 

Our  attention  is  next  naturally  directed  to  the  broad  flight  of  steps  which  lead  up  to  this 
Stoa  from  the  south  and  continue  upward  along  the  east  side  to  the  level  of  the  temple. 
The  length  of  the  flight  in  all  was  81  m.,  or  about  25  units  ;  its  run  about  30  m.  and 


THE   WEST  BUILDING 


131 


its  rise  about  13  m.  The  eastern  retaining  wall  (shown  on  Plate  XIIL,  A)  resembled 
that  of  Building  IV.,  the  stone  work  being  laid  in  courses  where  two  wide  courses  alter- 
nate with  one  narrow  course.  At  an  obtuse  angle  from  this  wall  ran  another  in  the 
form  of  high  steps,  each  course  being  about  0.75  m.  wide  and  of  the  same  height.  The 
remains  of  the  main  flight  of  steps  under  consideration  consist  of  j^oros  stones  carefully 
jointed  but  without  clamps.  The  finished  steps  were  probably  limestone.  The  width 
of  the  treads  measured  on  the  jjoron  foundations  is  about  0.45  m.,  and  the  rise  0.32  m. 
Portions  of  the  foundation  stones  were,  fortunately,  in  situ  at  the  eastern  end  and 
half  way  up  the  sloi)e,  which  indicated  that  the  steps  had  been  continued  to  the  temple 
terrace. 

In  my  restorations  I  have  placed  an  altar  at  the  head  of  the  steps  on  the  rectangle  of  old 
walls,  upon  which  the  Phylakeion  now  stands,  and  various  cuttings  in  the  stones  imply 
that  other  altars  and  stelae  may  have  been  placed  at  different  levels  on  the  steps. 

WEST  BUILDING. 

The  next  building  in  order  of  position  is  the  so-called  West  Building  (VII),  of  which 
I  have  attempted  two  free  restorations,  one  shown  in  the  perspective  on  Plate  VI.  and 
the  other  in  Fig.  66,  but  owing  to  the  insufficiency  of  data,  for  neither  of  them  can  I 
claim  any  certainty.     The  ruins  are,  however,  of  interest. 

The  orientation  of  the  building  is  8°  30'  east  of  north,  and  its  level  is  21.35  m.  below 
that  of  the  Old  Temple.  The  foundations  measure  over  all  33.30  m.  along  the  east  side 
and  30.40  m.  along  the  south  ;  allo>ving  for  offsets,  the  main  walls  must  have  measured 
almost,  if  not  exactly,  100  X  90  units  of  0.326  m.  each.    It  is  much  older  than  the  Second 


Fro.  06.  — Argivk  Hkraeum  :  Wtar  Building;  free  restoration  of  the  elevation. 

Temple  and  probably  dates  from  the  sixth  century  b.  c,  as  is  indicated  by  («)  the  paving 
stones  in  the  central  court,  {h)  the  dove-tail  clamps,  (r)  the  columns  whose  channels  are 
fourteen  and  sixteen  in  number  instead  of  twenty,  and  {(I)  the  spread  of  the  echinus  of 
the  capitals,  as  is  shown  in  detail  in  Fig.  51,  E,  I,  and  K.     (See  Plate  XXIV.) 

The  building  lay  outside  the  original  walls  of  the  peribolus  on  the  south  side  of  an  early 
road  which  led  up  to  the  sanctuary.  The  ground  for  the  building  had  been  leveled  by 
cutting  away  the  native  conglomerate  rock  (at  the  northeast  corner  to  a  depth  of  nearly 
five  metres),  and  by  filUng  in  the  lower  sides  against  retaining  walls  previously  con- 
structed. The  walls  remaining  along  the  south  (Plate  XIII.)  and  half  of  the  eastern 
sides  are  of  fine  light  Hmestone  with  tooled  faces  and  carefully  fitted  joints.  The  backs 
of  the  stones  are  irregular,  having  been  buried  in  the  earth.    The  western  retaining  wall 


132 


AKCHITECTURE  OF  THE   ARGIVE   IIERAEUM 


was  Imilt  of  larger  blocks  many  of  which  had  been  later  removed,  thereby  causing  the 
partial  destruction  of  the  terrace.  These  walls  on  the  west  side  appear  to  be  older  than 
the  others,  and  may  have  belonged  to  an  earlier  Stoa  to  which  was  added  later  the  rest 
of  the  building.  The  foundation  stones  of  the  north  and  east  sides  are  of  regular  poros 
blocks  similar  to  those  of  the  temple  and  as  carefully  fitted  and  leveled  (cf.  Plate 
XXV.).  The  plan  of  the  building  comprised  a  peristyle  court  with  five  columns  on 
the  north  and  south  sides  and  six  on  the  east  and  west,  counting  the  corner  columns 
twice.  The  positions  of  several  of  these  colimins  are  shown  by  the  circles  on  the  lime- 
stone base  course.  The  distances  between  the  centres  of  corner  columns  measure  13.10  m. 
and  10.90  m.,  or  about  40  and  33  units.  The  main  entrance  to  the  building  was  on  the 
north  side,  where  a  limestone  sill  0.75  X  1.73  m.  has  two  dowel-holes  about  one  metre 
a})art  and  0.35  m.  from  the  stone  jambs,  indicating  wooden  casings  (see  the  plan).  The 
door  opens  into  a  vestibule  about  2.50  m.  wide  and  6.50  m.  long  leading  to  the  central 
court.  Three  rooms,  each  about  6  X  8  m.,  occupy  the  remainder  of  the  north  side  of  the 
building.  On  the  other  three  sides  the  roof-span  is  supported  by  columns  whose  spacing 
is  somewhat  irregular.  On  Plate  XXIV.  the  present  state  of  the  building  is  shown ; 
on  Plate  XXVI.  I  show  a  plan  and  section  restored,  and  in  Fig.  52,  C,  a  detail  of  the 
columns. 

The  original  destination  of  the  building  is  uncertain,  and  conjecture  has  made  it  a 
gymnasium.  Its  location,  however,  and  arrangement  lead  me  to  think  that  it  may  have 
been  a  hospital  especially  for  women,  which  would  be  a  natural  accessory  to  the  Heraeum, 
whose  goddess  was  the  sjiecisil  patroness  of  births  and  marriages.  In  the  two  rooms 
flanking  the  vestibule  were  benches  or  couches,  shown  on  Plate  XXIV.  These  couches 
consist  of  upright  blocks  of  limestone  rebated  0.05  m.  deep  into  the  base  course  of  the 
rooms.  The  uprights  are  0.25  X  0.75  m.  and  0.55  m.  high  with  dowel-holes  in  their 
upper  surfaces  by  which  the  horizontal  slabs  were  secured.  Lead  is  still  visible  in  one  of 
the  dowel-holes.  The  distances  between  the  uprights  varies,  as  is  shown  on  the  plan, 
from  1.22  to  1.45  m.,  to  which  the  addition  of  twice  0.25  m.,  the  width  of  the  uprights, 
makes  the  total  length  1.72,  1.95  m.  The  width  of  couches,  as  similarly  indicated,  was 
one  metre.  It  is  possible  that  the  horizontal  slabs  overhung  the  supports  both  in  length 
and  width,  and  they  may  have  been  of  wood,  since  I  found  no  stone  which  fitted  the 
position.* 

The  most  easterly  of  the  three  rooms  has  no  indications  of  stone  couches,  and  may 
have  been  used  as  a  strong  room  to  keep  the  gifts,  money  and  tokens,  received  from  the 
patients.  It  had  a  noteworthy  limestone  door,  a  fragment  of  which  is  shown  on  Plate 
XXVI.  (cf.  Plate  XXV.).  The  pivot  was  0.10  m.  in  diameter,  cut  from  the  solid  stone 
of  the  door,  and  originally  it  revolved  upon  a  bronze  plate  let  into  the  dowel-holes  in 
the  limestone  door-sill.' 

The  right  side  of  the  door-sill  is  worn  more  than  the  left,  indicating  that  the  corre- 
sponding valve  of  the  door  was  more  frequently  used.  The  dimensions  of  the  door-sill 
are  shown  on  Plate  XXVI.,  and  the  sunken  cuts  at  either  end  indicate  that  there 
were  wooden  door-jambs.'  The  doors  were  evidently  fastened  by  a  bolt  which  slipped 
into  the  rebate  shown  on  the  face  of  the  sill.     The  stone  step  inside  of  this  room  was 

1  For  couches  of  similar  construction  found  in  a  rock-  a  grave  at  Palititza  now  in  the  LouTre  ;  Henzey,  Miuitm 

cut  grave  on  Aegina  see  Expedition  de  More'e,  III.  p.  40.  Archrdogique  de  Macfdoine,  pi.  xxi. 

Also  Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greek*  and  Romatu,  '  For  the  arrangement  of   wooden  door-jamb«  and 

Figs.  102  and  103.  casings,  see  Durm,  Die  Baukunst  der  Griecken,  and  also 

3  For  a  similar  stone  door  see  the  marble  door  from  the  Olympian  Heraeum  in  the  German  work  on  Olympia. 


THE  WEST  BUILDING 


133 


FiQ.  07.  — Aboivk  Heraeum:  View  looking  northwest  upon  the  Northwest  Building  (VIII). 

Mycenae  lies  among  the  hills  iu  the  right  distance. 

made  of  pieces  which  were  secured  together  by  metal  clamps.  Flanking  the  doorway  on 
the  east  side  ai-e  two  j)oros  stones  with  centres  carefully  hollowed  out,  although  for  what 
reason  is  uncertain. 

In  the  central  court  we  find  an  old  paving  of  irregular  blocks  not  unlike  that  on  the 
Old  Temple  terrace.  Over  this  older  paving  was  a  better  one  of  limest<jne  blocks,  about 
flusli  with  the  podium  or  stylobate,  with  which,  in  the  plan  of  the  restoration,  I  have 
shown  the  entire  building  to  have  been  jmved.  From  the  court  a  stone  drain  carried  the 
water  beneath  the  floor  and  through  the  south  wall. 

The  only  column-drum  remaining  upright  is  on  the  northeast  base  (cf.  Plate  XXV.). 
It  measures  0.58  m.  in  diameter  between  the  chords  of  the  opposite  flutings,  which  are 
sixteen  in  number. 

The  only  fragments  I  found  with  which  to  attempt  a  restoration  were  the  small  poros 
stone  capitab  (Figs.  51,  E,  I,  and  K),  each  with  only  fourteen  channelings,  the  capital  B 
with  sixteen  channeUngs,  and  the  pieces  of  entablature  (Plate  XXVI.),  cornice,  triglyph, 
and  epistyle  stones ;  and  as  regards  the  cornice  block,  I  am  in  some  doubt,  since  the  shape 
of  the  clamps  would  indicate  a  later  building.  This  apparent  discrepancy  may  be  ac- 
counted by  supposing  that  the  building  had  been,  at  a  later  time,  reconstiucted  or 
repaired.  In  other  respects,  the  stone  might  have  belonged  to  this  structure.  Another 
block  which  resembles  it  has  the  earHer  dovetail-shaped  dowel-hole,  and  still  another  has 
a  very  large  T-shai)ed  hole,  as  though  to  take  a  dowel  of  wood  instead  of  metal.  The 
lifting-holes  are  shown  on  the  top  of  the  stone.  The  mutules  alternate  with  rows  of  five 
and  four  guttae,  and  I  found  one  which  had  been  repaired  by  fastening  a  gutta  in  place 


132 


AKCIIITECTURE  OF  THE  AKGIVE   IlERAEUM 


was  Imilt  of  larger  blocks  many  of  which  had  been  later  removed,  thereby  causing  the 
|Kirtial  destruction  of  the  terrace.  These  walls  on  the  west  side  ai>i>ear  to  be  older  than 
the  others,  and  may  have  belonged  to  an  earlier  Stoa  to  which  was  added  later  the  rest 
of  the  building.  The  foundation  stones  of  the  north  and  east  sides  are  of  reguUir  poro8 
blocks  similar  to  those  of  the  temple  and  as  carefully  fitted  and  leveled  (cf.  Platb 
XXV.).  The  plan  of  the  building  comprised  a  j)eri8tyle  court  with  five  columns  on 
the  north  and  south  sides  and  six  on  the  east  and  west,  counting  the  corner  columns 
twice.  The  positions  of  several  of  these  columns  are  shown  by  the  ciR-les  on  the  Unie- 
stone  base  course.  The  distances  between  the  centres  of  corner  colunuis  measure  13.10  m. 
and  lO.lK)  m.,  or  about  40  and  33  units.  The  main  entrance  to  the  building  was  on  the 
mirth  side,  where  a  limestone  sill  0.75  X  1.73  m.  has  two  dowel-holes  about  one  metre 
a[Kirt  and  0.35  m.  from  the  stone  jambs,  indicatuig  wooden  casings  (see  the  phm).  The 
door  opens  into  a  vestibule  about  2.50  m.  wide  and  G.50  m.  king  leading  to  the  central 
court.  Three  rooms,  each  about  (J  X  8  m.,  occupy  the  remainder  of  the  north  side  of  the 
building.  On  the  other  three  sides  the  roof-span  is  sujiported  by  columns  whose  spacing 
is  somewhat  irregular.  On  Plate  XXIV.  the  present  state  of  the  building  is  shown  ; 
on  Plate  XXVI.  I  show  a  phm  and  section  restored,  and  in  Fig.  52,  C,  a  detail  of  the 
columns. 

The  original  destination  of  the  builduig  is  uncertain,  and  conjecture  has  made  it  a 
gymnasium.  Its  location,  however,  and  arrangement  lead  me  to  think  that  it  may  have 
been  a  hospital  especially  for  women,  which  would  be  a  natural  accessory  to  the  Heraeum, 
whose  goddess  was  the  special  patroness  of  births  and  marriages.  In  the  two  rooms 
flanking  the  vestibule  were  benches  or  couches,  shown  on  Plate  XXIV.  These  couches 
consist  of  upright  blocks  of  limestone  rebated  0.05  m.  deep  into  the  base  course  of  the 
rooms.  The  uprights  are  0.25  X  0.75  m.  and  0.55  m.  high  with  dowel-holes  in  their 
upper  surfaces  by  which  the  horizontal  slabs  were  secured.  Lead  is  still  visible  in  one  of 
the  dowel-holes.  The  distances  between  the  uprights  varies,  as  is  shown  on  the  plan, 
from  1.22  to  1.45  m.,  to  which  the  addition  of  twice  0.25  m.,  the  width  of  the  uprights, 
makes  the  totiil  length  1.72,  1.95  m.  The  width  of  couches,  as  similarly  indicated,  was 
one  metre.  It  is  possible  that  the  horizontal  slabs  overhung  the  supports  both  in  length 
and  width,  and  they  may  have  been  of  wm>d,  shice  I  found  no  stone  which  fitted  the 

position.' 

The  most  easterly  of  the  three  rooms  has  no  indications  of  stone  couches,  and  may 
have  been  used  as  a  strong  room  to  keep  the  gifts,  money  and  tokens,  received  from  the 
patients.  It  had  a  noteworthy  limestone  door,  a  frag^nent  of  which  is  shown  on  Plate 
XXVI.  (cf.  Plate  XXV.).  The  pivot  was  0.10  m.  in  diameter,  cut  from  the  solid  stone 
of  the  door,  and  originally  it  revolved  ujion  a  bronze  plate  let  into  the  dowel-holes  in 
the  limestone  dooi'-sill.'- 

The  right  side  of  the  door-sill  is  worn  more  than  the  left,  indicating  that  the  corre- 
sponding valve  of  the  door  was  more  frequently  used.  The  dimensions  of  the  door-sill 
ai-e  shown  on  Plate  XXVI.,  and  the  sunken  cuts  at  either  end  indicate  that  there 
were  wooden  door-jambs.^  The  doors  were  evidently  fastened  by  a  bolt  which  slipped 
into  the  rebate  shown  on  the  face  of  the  sill.     The  stone  step  inside  of  this  room  was 

*  For  couches  of  similar  construction  found  in  a  rock-  a  grave  at  Palititza  now  in  the  louvre  ;  Henzey,  M'usion 

cut  grave  on  Aegina  see  Expedition  de  More'e,  III.  p.  40.  Archfdogique  de  Macedoine,  pi.  xxi. 

Also  Guhl  and  Koner,  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  •   For   the   arrangement   of   wooden   door-jambs   and 

Figs.  102  and  103.  casings,  see  Durm,  Die  Baukunst  der  Griecken,  and  also 

2  For  a  similar  stone  door  see  the  marble  door  from  the  Olympian  Heraeum  in  the  German  work  on  Olympia. 


THE  WEST   BUILDING 


133 


Fio.  07.  —  Aroivk  Hkrakum  :  Vikw  umking  northwest  upon  thk  Nortuwkst  Hciluing  (VIII). 

Mycenae  lies  among  the  hills  in  the  right  distance. 

made  of  i>ieces  which  were  secured  together  by  metal  clamps.  Flanking  the  doorway  <mi 
the  east  side  are  two  jforos  stones  with  centres  carefully  hollowed  out,  although  for  what 
reason  is  uncerbiin. 

In  the  central  court  we  find  an  old  paving  of  irregular  blocks  not  unlike  that  on  the 
Old  Temple  terrace.  Over  this  (dder  jKiving  was  a  better  one  of  limestone  l)l()cks,  about 
flush  with  the  iKxlium  or  stylobate,  with  which,  in  the  plan  of  the  restoration,  I  have 
shown  the  entire  building  to  have  been  jKived.  From  the  court  a  stone  drain  carried  the 
water  beneath  the  floor  and  through  the  south  wall. 

The  only  column-drum  remaining  upright  is  on  the  northeast  base  (cf.  Plate  XXV.). 
It  measures  0.58  m.  in  diiimeter  between  the  chords  of  the  opposite  flutings,  which  are 
sixteen  in  number. 

The  only  fragments  I  found  with  which  to  attempt  a  restoration  were  the  small  poros 
stone  capitals  (Figs.  51,  E,  I,  and  K),  each  with  only  fourteen  channelings,  the  capitid  B 
with  sixteen  channelings,  and  the  pieces  of  entablature  (Plate  XXVI.),  cornice,  triglyph, 
and  epistyle  stones  ;  and  as  regards  the  cornice  block,  I  am  in  some  doubt,  since  the  sliape 
of  the  clamps  would  indicate  a  later  building.  This  apparent  discrepancy  may  be  ac- 
counted by  supposing  that  the  building  had  been,  at  a  later  time,  reconstructed  or 
repaired.  In  other  respects,  the  stone  might  have  belonged  to  this  structure.  Another 
block  which  resembles  it  has  the  earlier  dovetail-shaped  dowel-hole,  and  still  another  has 
a  very  large  T-shaped  hole,  as  though  to  take  a  dowel  of  wood  instead  of  metal.  The 
lifting-holes  are  shown  on  the  top  of  the  stone.  The  mutules  alternate  with  rows  of  five 
and  four  guttae,  and  I  found  one  which  had  been  repaii-ed  by  fastening  a  gutta  in  place 


134 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


with  lead.  The  epistyle  block  also  has  but  five  guttae  under  the  regula.  The  face  of 
the  cornice  is  plain  and  may  have  been  covered  with  terra-cotta  like  that  of  the  Treasury 
of  Gela  at  Olympia,  since  a  nail-hole  is  seen  on  one  of  the  cornice  stones. 

The  soffits  of  the  cornice  bear  evidences  of  red  paint.  The  cyma  may  have  been  as 
on  Plate  XXIII.,  D. 

The  southern  outlook  over  the  plain  from  the  site  is  so  beautiful  that  one  might  expect 


Fig.  68.  —  Abgive  Ueraeum  :  Vikw  looking  wkst  krom  the  Nokthwest  Bi;ui>iNG  (Vlll). 

The  meu  are  excavating  the  Roman  Building  (IX). 

an  open  colonnade  on  this  side,  but  the  existing  walls  evidently  did  not  support  columns. 
In  order  to  harmonize  the  idea  of  a  wall  with  a  colonnade,  I  have  made  a  sketch  as  a 
suggestion  in  Fig.  66. 

THE  NORTHWEST  BUILDING. 

In  the  Northwest  Building  (VIII)  there  is  still  less  to  guide  one  in  attempting  a 
restoration  (cf.  Fig.  67,  and  Plate  XXVII.).  The  rough  walls  are  built  over  lime- 
stone bases,  which  indicate  an  earlier  Stoa.  It  is  possible  also  that  this  may  have  been 
the  site  of  an  ancient  Propylaeum.  I  think  the  capital  P,  Fig.  51,  shown  agaui  in  Fig. 
52,  F,  may  have  belonged  to  the  late  building  on  this  site. 

THE  ROMAN  BUILDING. 

The  remains  of  the  Roman  Building  (IX)  (Plates  XXVIII.  and  XXIX.,  and  Fig. 
68),  are  somewhat  confused,  but  the  construction  of  the  floor  is  interesting.  An  earlier 
Greek  structure  had  occupied  the  eastern  part  of  this  site,  the  remains  of  which  are  a 
finely  cut  limestone  wall,  door-sill, j»oro8  stone  foundation,  and  a  fragment  of  mosaic  floor. 


THE  LOWER  STOA 


135 


shown  in  detail  on  Plate  XXIX.,  W.  The  Roman  flooi-level  was  about  0.56  m.  above 
tliat  of  the  Greek.  On  the  plan  in  Plate  XXVIII.  the  four  irregular  circles  are  indica- 
tions of  what  appear  to  be  cisterns,  which  were  in  depth  from  1.50  to  3  m. 

The  principal  interest  in  the  building  centres  in  the  hypocaust  or  hollow  floor  and 


if^m^yy^y^/y^Y^^^^^^ 


Fig.  69.  —  Aroive  Hkraeum  :  Roman  Bcildixg  (IX) :  plan  and  elevation  restored. 


wall  construction,  through  which  warmed  air  circulated  as  in  other  Roman  buildings, 
notably  the  baths  at  Pompeii.  On  Plate  XXIX.,  A  and  G,  are  shoMii  the  actual  plan 
and  a  restored  section.  The  floors  were  first  covered  with  flat  tiles  about  0.(50  m.  square, 
uiM)n  which  were  built  piers  about  0.70  m.  high  of  smaller  square  or  round  tile  and  in 
one  case  of  stone.  On  these  piers  large  tiles  were  laid,  upon  which  was  spread  the  con- 
crete about  0.17  m.  thick,  and  all  was  finished  with  a  floor  of  mosaic  or  marble  tile.  The 
hollow  walls  were  made  by  si)ecial  flat  tiles  about  0.49  m.  square  by  0.02  m.  thick,  ^nth 
projecting  lugs,  as  is  shown  by  a  fragment,  Plate  XXIX.,  A,  and  the  section  G. 

A  coat  of  plaster  was  first  applied  to  the  wall  of  the  building  to  even  the  surface  and 
to  take  the  jwints  of  the  tiles,  which  left  an  air  space  of  about  0.06  m.  The  tiles  were 
then  covered  and  held  in  place  by  a  coat  of  plaster  0.0&5  m.  thick.' 

Small  j)assages  or  ducts  through  the  walls  were  left  between  the  rooms  and  under  the 
floors  to  permit  the  wai-med  air  to  circulate  throughout  the  various  apartments. 


*  The  Stabian  Tliermae  at  Pompeii  have  the  floors 
and  walls  of  the  tepidariuni  constructed  as  above  de- 
scribed, but  the  walls  of  the  calidarium  are  made  of  tile 
pipe  rectangular  in  section,  measuring  inside  about  O.OG 


by  0.10  m.  Tliis  pipe  construction  starts  from  the  top  of 
the  hollow  floor,  and  is  carried  up  the  walls  around  the 
vaulted  ceiling  and  down  to  the  floor  again,  thus  permit- 
ting a  complete  circulation  for  the  hot  air. 


134 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  ARGIVE   HERAEUM 


with  lead.  The  epistyle  block  also  has  but  five  giittae  under  the  reguLu  The  face  of 
the  cornice  is  plain  and  may  have  been  covered  with  terra-cottii  like  that  of  the  Treasury 
of  Gela  at  Olympia,  suiee  a  nail-hole  is  seen  on  one  of  the  cornice  stones. 

The  soffits  of  the  cornice  bear  evidences  of  red  iwint.  The  cyma  niay  have  been  as 
on  Plate  XXIII.,  D. 

The  southern  outlook  over  the  plain  from  the  site  is  so  beautiful  that  one  mijj^ht  expect 


Fig.  68.  —  Argivk  IIeraeum  :  Vikw  looking  wkst  from  tiik  Noktiiwest  Building  (VllI). 

The  meu  are  excavating  the  Ruiuau  Building  (IX). 

an  open  colonnade  on  this  side,  but  the  existing  walls  evidently  did  not  support  columns. 
In  order  to  harmonize  the  idea  of  a  wall  with  a  colonnade,  I  have  made  a  sketch  as  a 
suggestion  in  Fig.  66. 

THE  NORTHWEST  BUILDING. 

In  the  Northwest  Building  (VIII)  there  is  still  less  to  guide  one  in  attempting  a 
restoration  (cf.  Fig.  67,  and  Plate  XXVII.).  The  rough  walls  are  built  over  lime- 
stone bases,  which  indicate  an  earlier  Stoa.  It  is  possible  also  that  this  may  have  been 
the  site  of  an  ancient  Propylaeum.  I  think  the  capital  P,  Fig.  51,  shown  again  in  Fig. 
52,  F,  may  have  belonged  to  the  late  building  on  this  site. 

THE   ROMAN   BUILDING. 

The  remains  of  the  Roman  Building  (IX)  (Plates  XXVIII.  and  XXIX.,  and  Fig. 
68),  are  somewhat  confused,  but  the  construction  of  the  floor  is  interesting.  An  earlier 
Greek  structure  had  occupied  the  eastern  part  of  this  site,  the  remains  of  which  are  a 
finely  cut  limestone  wall,  door-sill, j>oro«  stone  foundation,  and  a  fragment  of  mosaic  floor. 


THE  LOWER   STOA 


135 


• 


shown  in  detiiil  on  Plate  XXIX.,  W.  The  Roman  flooi-level  was  about  0.56  m.  above 
that  of  the  Greek.  On  the  plan  in  Plate  XXVIII.  the  four  ineguhir  circles  are  uidica- 
tions  of  what  appear  to  be  cisterns,  which  were  in  depth  from  1.50  to  3  m. 

The  principal  interest  in  the  building  centres  in  the  hypocaust  or  hollow  floor  and 


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lIlttliEniHIHHHHIIIHIIttti^^ 


n 


Fig.  G9. —  Abgiv>:  Ih:R.\EUM :  Roman  Bi'ilding  (IX):  plan  and  klf.vation  restored. 

wall  construction,  through  which  warmed  air  circulated  as  in  other  Roman  buildings, 
notably  the  baths  at  Pompeii.  On  Plate  XXIX.,  A  and  G,  are  shown  the  actual  plan 
and  a  restored  section.  The  floors  were  first  covered  with  flat  tiles  about  0.60  ni.  square, 
upon  which  were  built  piei-s  about  0.70  m.  high  of  smaller  s(|uare  or  r<»un(l  tile  and  in 
one  case  of  stone.  On  these  piers  large  tiles  were  laid,  upon  which  was  spread  the  con- 
crete about  0.17  m.  thick,  and  all  was  finished  with  a  floor  of  mosaic  or  marble  tile.  The 
hollow  walls  wei-e  made  by  sj^cial  flat  tiles  about  0.49  m.  sqiuire  by  0.02  m.  thick,  with 
projecting  lugs,  as  is  shown  by  a  fragment,  Plate  XXIX.,  A,  and  the  .section  G. 

A  coat  of  plaster  was  first  applied  io  the  wall  of  the  building  to  even  the  surface  and 
to  take  the  points  of  the  tiles,  which  left  an  air  si)ace  of  about  0.06  m.  The  tiles  were 
then  C()vered  and  held  in  place  by  a  coat  of  plaster  O.OS")  m.  thick.* 

Small  passages  or  ducts  through  the  walls  were  left  between  the  rooms  and  under  the 
floors  to  permit  the  warmed  air  to  circulate  throughout  the  various  apartments. 

>  The  Stabian  Thermae  at  Pomjteii  have  the  floors  by  0.10  ni.  This  pipe  construction  starts  from  the  top  of 
and  walls  of  the  tepidarium  constructed  .is  above  dc-  the  hollow  floor,  and  is  carried  np  the  walls  around  the 
8cribe<l,  but  the  walls  of  the  calidarium  are  made  of  tile  vaulted  ceiling  and  down  to  the  floor  again,  thus  permit- 
pipe  rectangular  in  section,  measuring  inside  about  0.06  ting  a  complete  circulation  for  the  hot  air. 


136 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE   ARGIVE   HERAEUM 


The  central  room  on  the  plan  (Plate  XX VIII.)  is  where  the  fire  was  probably  made, 
as  it  is  supplied  with  what  appears  to  be  a  smoke-flue,  and  there  are  vestiges  of  burnt 
matter. 

Many  of  the  rooms  have  floors  of  plaster,  which  is  spread  directly  on  the  earth  with 
rounded  plaster-angles  between  floors  and  walls,  indicating  that  the  walls  were  also  plas- 
tered. Some  of  these  compartments  may  have  been  used  as  reservoirs  and  others  as 
pliuige-baths.  The  sketch-restoration  (Fig.  G9)  is  merely  a  suggestion  and  makes  no 
claim  to  accuracy.  In  the  plan  I  have  assumed  that  the  purpose  of  the  various  rooms 
may  have  been  as  follows  :  — 


A.  Atrium. 

B.  Room  for  Attendant. 

C,  M,  and  N,  and  jwssibly  E.  Wanned  rooms. 

D,  G,  J.  Passages. 


F.  Kitchen  and  Furnace-room. 

K.  Sleeping  chamber. 

L.  Anteroom. 

O.  Cisterns  or  tanks  for  swinnning. 


LOWER  STOA. 

South  of  the  Roman  Building  are  the  remains  of  an  L-shapd  building  (X),  one  leg 
measuring  over  all  74.33  m.  and  the  other  about  52  m.  in  length.  At  the  extreme 
southern  end  a  retjiining  wall  was  built  which  was  continued  l)eyond  the  line  of  the 
building,  and  it  may  have  been  the  original  intention  to  carry  the  building  around  one 
or  both  of  the  two  ojwn  sides.  It  may  have  formed  a  court  for  herding  cattle  before 
the  sacrifice. 

The  remains  are  insufficient  to  justify  an  attemj)t  at  restomtion.  The  outer  walls  are 
too  narrow  for  colinnn  foundations,  and  indicate  that  the  building  was  inclosed  with  a 
central  row  of  columns  to  support  the  roof.     See  the  plan  of  site  restored,  Plate  V. 

CISTERNS. 

Several  cisterns  or  baths  are  shown  on  the  general  plan,  Plate  TV. :  A,  west  of  the 
Old  Temple;  B,  C,  D,  in  the  Upi)er  Stoa  (II);  E,  Efi,  east  of  the  Lower  Sttwi.  This 
last  is  underground  and  cross-shai)ed.  F,  a  small  bath  south  of  E ;  in  this  chamber  a 
strisril  was  found.  There  were  several  drains.  The  one  dotted  on  the  plan  between  the 
Upi^er  Stoa  and  the  Temple  was  constructe<l  of  tile  pi}>e,  a  detiiil  of  which  is  given  on 
Plate  XXIX.,  Y.  The  underground  aqueducts  south  of  the  site  have  been  referred  to 
by  Dr.  Waldstein  (above,  p.  IG). 


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ARCIIITECTUKE   OF   THE   AKtilVE    HERAEUM 


The  central  room  on  the  i)lan  (Plate  XXVIII.)  is  where  the  Hre  was  probahly  made, 
as  it  is  supphed  witli  what  appears  to  he  a  smoke-Hue,  and  tliere  are  vesti«(es  of  hurnt 

matter. 

Manv  of  the  rooms  have  Hoors  of  plaster,  whieli  is  spread  (Ureetly  on  tlie  earth  with 
rounded  plaster-ancles  hetween  Woors  and  walls,  in<licatini;-  that  the  walls  were  also  plas- 
tered. Some  of  these  compartments  may  have  been  used  as  reservoirs  and  others  as 
pluno-e-haths.  The  sketch-restoration  (Fi^-.  (>!>)  is  merely  a  sui>««estion  and  makes  no 
claim  to  accuracv.  In  the  plan  1  have  assumed  that  the  purpose  of  the  vari»)us  rooms 
mav  have  heen  as  follows  :  — 


A.  Atrium. 

R   Ho<»m  for  Atteiulant. 

V,  M.  ami  X,  and  possibly  E.   AVunned  ro^uns. 

D,  G,  J.  Passages. 


F.  Kitflii'U  and  Furnacf-rooni. 

K.  Sh'fpiiii;  «'liaiiibcr. 

L.   AnttTooiu. 

O.  Cisterns  or  tanks  for  swiunuinf^. 


LOWER   STOA. 

S(uith  <»f  the  Roman  Buildino-  are  the  remains  of  an  L-shape<l  huildinij  (X).  <hm»  lejj 
measurino  over  all  74.:>:>  m.  and  the  other  ahout  .V2  m.  in  lcni;:tli.  At  the  extreme 
southern  end  a  retainino-  wall  was  huilt  which  was  continued  heyond  the  line  of  the 
huildino'.  and  it  may  have  heen  the  original  intention  to  carry  the  huiklino:  around  one 
or  hoth  of  the  two  open  sides.      It  may  have  tornu'd  a  court   for  herdino-  cattle  hefore 

the  sjuritice. 

The  remains  are  insutticient  to  justify  an  attempt  at  restoration.  The  outer  walls  are 
too  narrow  for  c«dumn  foundations,  and  indicate  that  the  huildiu"-  was  inch>se<l  with  a 
central  row  of  colunnis  to  su])port  the  roof.     See  the  plan  of  site  restored,  Pi.atk  V. 

risTKUNS. 

Several  cisterns  or  haths  are  shown  on  the  neneral  plan,  Platk  TV.:  A,  west  of  the 
Old  Temple;  15.  (\  D,  in  the  Upper  Stoa  (II);  K,  Kn,  east  of  the  L»wer  Stoa.  This 
last  is  underground  and  cross-shape<l.  F,  a  small  hath  south  of  E;  in  this  chand)er  a 
stri<»-il  was  found.  There  were  several  <lrains.  The  one  dotted  on  the  j»lan  hetween  the 
Upi>er  Stoa  and  the  Temple  was  constructed  of  tile  ])ipe.  a  detail  of  which  is  •••iven  on 
Platk  XXIX..  Y.  The  underi;rouiul  aqueducts  south  of  the  site  have  heen  referred  to 
hy  Dr.  Wahlstein  (above,  p.  IG). 


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Plate  IV 


1 1 


ARGIVE  HERAEUM.  —  GENERAL  PLAN  OF  THE  SITE :  ACTUAL  STATE  AFTER  EXCAVATION 


I.   OUl  Temple 
II.  North  Stoa 


Drawn  and  mirrei/rif  b'f  Eilwartl  L.  Tiffoii,  Arrfiiffrt 

III.  Northeast  Stoa  V.   Second  Temple  VII.   West  Huilding 

IV.  E;ist  Building  VI.   South  Stoa  VIII.   Northwest  Building 

XI.   Plylukeion  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F.   Cisterns  and  Baths 


IX.  Roman  Building 
X.  Lower  Stoa 


♦  . 


)<1 


The  Argive  IIerakum 


Plate  IV 


1.   Ol.l  Temple 
II.    North  St«a 


AUGIVE  IIEUAEUM.  — GENERAL  PLAN  OF  THE  SITE:  ACTUAL  STATE  AFTER  EXCAVATION 

Jh-iiiVii  oihI  siirrrjffil  b;i  Ji'lmirtl  L.  Tifton,  Ai-rhitiH 
III.   Northeast  Stou  V.   Secoiul  Temple  VII.    West  lUiihling  IX.   Roman  Buiklmg 


IV.    Vm>X.  IJuildini,' 


VI.    Soiitli  Sto:i 


VIII.    Northwest  lUiilUiiij; 


X.   Lower  Stoa 


XI.    J'ft/hth'ion 


A,  H.  (*.  I),  E,  F.   Cisterns  and  Uaths 


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The  Akgive  IIeraeim 


Plate  VI 


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ARGIVE  HERAEUM.  —  RESTORATION   IN   PERSPECTIVE 

By  Edward  L.  Tilton,  Architect 


The  AiiuivK  IIkkakim 


Plate  VI 


ARGIVE  HERAEUM.  —  RESTORATION   IN   PERSPECTIVE 

By  Ethrnt'il  L.  Tlitoii,  Architect 


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Plate  VIII 


•  I 


ARGIVE  HERAEUM.  -  OLD  TEMPLE  PLATFORM :  ACTUAL  STATE 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  IX 


AKGIVE  HERAEUM.  — THE  OLD  TEMPLE  AND  STOAS  H.  AND  IIL :  ACTUAL  STATE  AND  RESTORATION 

MmHui'ed  and  Jie*hnd  Oi/  Eilicurd  L.  Tiltua 


TiiK  AiuuvK  IIkkakim 


Plate  IX 


AUGIVK  IIEliAElM.  — TIIK  OLD  TEMPLK  AND  ST()A>  II.  AND  III.:  ACTUAL  STATE  AND  KESTOPtATlON 

Jl'itsiiriit  II ltd  liintni-ril  li;  hldirmtl  L.  TiUnn 


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The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XI 


•  i 


ARGIVE  llERAEUM.  —  SECTION  THROUGH  SITE  FROM  NORTH  TO  SOUTH:  ACTUAL  STATE  BELOW  AND 

RESTORED  VIEW  ABOVE 

Measured  and  Jiestoi'ed  by  Edu-ai-d  L.  T'dton 


The  Akgive  IIekaeim 


Plate  XI 


u   # 


ARGIVE  llEKAEUM.  — SECTlOxN  THROUGH  SITE  FROM  NORTH  TO  SOUTH 

RESTORED  VIEW  ABOVE 

3Itasunil  mid  Jiiatond  bif  EUwanl  L.  TUtun 


ACTUAL  STATE  BELOW  AND 


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The  Argive  IIeraeum 


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B,  C,    I).      ("ISTKKNH  OR    UaTHM 


ARGIVE  HERAEUM.  —  PLAN  OF  NORTH  STOA,  NORTHEAST  STOA,  AND  EAST  BUILDING:  PRESENT  STATE 


EAST  Bl 


Plate  XII 


^    \ 


EAf^T   BUILDING   (IV) 


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The  Argive  IIeraeum 


^ 


Plate  XVI 


#  METERS 


«      CREEK   UNITS' 


ARGIVE  IIERAEUM.  — SECOND  TEMPLE:  ACTUAL  STATE 

Meutmed  l'>j  Hdwiutl  /,.  Tilton 


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Restninl  htf  Edirnrd  L.  Tilton 

ARGIVE   HERAEUM.  — SIDE  ELEVATIOiN  OF  THE  SECOND  TEMPLE:   RESTORED 

X„TEs.  — The  roof-tiles,  metoiies,  ami  cyma-nu.ulding  are  of  white  marble,  the  oniice,  epistyle,  and  ec.l.imus  are  oi jm-on  stone.  The  stvh.bate  and  stops 
are  of  limestone.  The  carvings  sket<'lK'd  in  the  mctoiHJS  art-  pun-ly  imaginary.  Owing  to  the  great  reduction  of  the  original  drawin-i  the  detail  <d'  the 
cyma-mouliling  is  very  imi»erfectly  nprotluceU.  ° 


PI.ATE   XVIII 


■■sNxvxvx.^,»^v^^^t^^^^km.i,i.m.i.i  I  Al,^,ly,i^^:^^i^y^^^.^l«.^^.^^^^^^.l>l>kl^^^ 


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The  ARnivE  Heraeum 


Plate  XIX 


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'*       WJ*  METERS 


ARGIVE  HERAEUM.-OirrLINE  PLAN  AND  ELEVATIONS,  SHOWING  THE 
PROPORTIONS  OF  THE  SECOND  TEMPLE 


li 


7 


i 


The  Akgive  TIekaeum 


/'lll^ 


ARGIVE   UERAEUM.— ACTUAL  STATE  OF 


SOUTH  ST( 

Mentdired  l-U  ^■'' 


A   (VI)  AND   OF  STEPS   LEADING   TO   UPPER  LEVEL 

/-^  K'hintl  L.  Tiltuii 


Plate  XX 


wiww 


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AUGIVE  UEUAEUM.— ACTUAL  STATE  OF  SOUTH  ST^A   (VI)  AND  OF  STEPS  LEADING   TO   UPPER  LEVEL 


X 


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Plate  XXIII 


JUUILJIk 


D 


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iGN^ru-i)/ 


cnnn: 


AUGIVE   HER AEmi.  — PAINTED  TERRA-COTTA  ARCHITECTT'RAL  FRAGMENTS 


The  Aruivk  IIkrakcm 


I'latk  XXIII 


AUr.IVE   HEKAErM.  — PAIXTKI)   TEIMJA-COTTA   AU(  HITErTTRAL   FIJAGMENTS 


Plate  XXIV 


AROIVE  IIERAErM.-WB>r  Urii.HlNO  (VII):  ACTUAL  STATE 

MtasurttI  ■'■•)  l^fluur,,  I.  TUtom 


The  Argivk  IIkkaki  m 


Platk  XXIV 


AKIUVE  HKKAKIM.-WIM    Ul'lI-'IVO  (Vll):   ArTl  AL  STATE 
MtusHrtd  •  y  Wtfur..  A.  TUltm 


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The  Argive  Hekaeum 


West  BuililinK'  (^'TI)  :   Srrtioii  restored 


Plate  XXVI 


West  BuiMiii};  (VII) :   Plan  restored 


r--^^,. 


Actual  state  of  wall  retaining  tlie  west  side  of  the  Temue  of  tlie  Second  Temple,  and  adjacent  to  the  West  Building 


V  ^ 


f«>niice,  tri{r|yph,  and  epistyle  blocks 

ARGIVE   HER AKUM.  — WEST   milflNG  (VII):    PLAN  AND   DETAII^ 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


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Plate  XXVII 


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ARGIVE  HERAEUM.— NORTHWE^lnriLDING  (VIII):  ACTUAL  STATE 


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MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 


MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  IIERAEUM 

By  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN 

THOUCiH  there  were  iiumeruus  finds  of  plastic  work  in  other  materials  made  during 
the  excavations  on  this  site  (nofcibly  in  terra-cotta  and  bronze),  the  larger  works  of  scidiJ- 
ture  are  almost  exclusively  of  marble.  This  has  been  the  case  in  most  great  excavations, 
owing  mainly  to  the  fact  that  statues  of  other  materials,  bronze  and  gold  and  ivory, 
were,  from  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  material,  seized  and  utilized  by  the  hordes  that  suc- 
cessively swept  over  the  sites  of  classical  antiquity. 

An  exception  is  furnished  by  two  fmgments  of  large  terra-cotta  sculpture,  which 
escai)ed  our  notice  while  we  were  arranging  our  finds  transported  from  the  Hemeum  to 
the  Centr.il  Museum  at  Athens.  They  were  rediscovered,  by  Professor  Richard  Norton, 
at  the  bottom  of  one  of  the  numberless  baskets  in  our  storeroom.  He  tells  me  that  they 
are  cerfciinly  archaic,  but  were  too  fragmentary  and  amorphous  to  be  pubhshed. 

Another  exception  is  furnished  by  the  fragment  of  the  rude  stone  pillar  referred  to  in 
my  Gener.il  Introduction  (p.  43),  which,  though  it  cannot  be  called  a  work  of  sculpture, 
must  find  its  place  here  (Fig.  70),  for  if  I 
am  right  in  my  surmise,  it  would  be  the 
earliest  ext;int  synd)olical  inuige  in  stone  of 
a  Gi-eek  divinity.  That  such  pillars  were 
frequently  symbolical  i-enderings  of  Gi-eek 
divinities  has  been  recognized ;  and  at  the 
Hemeum  we  hear  of  such  a  pilhir  as  the 
eiirliest  "  image  "  round  which  the  priestess 
Callithoe  wound  her  ribbons.^  This  "  pil- 
hir  "  was  fnictured  at  about  half  its  height, 
and  smaller  fragments  of  the  upper  part 
were  subse(juently  found.  It  was  probably 
hcdlowed  out  at  the  fractured  end  in  later 
times.  In  its  present  state  it  is  0.91  m. 
high  by  0A7  m.  wide  at  the  base.  This 
base  is  formed  by  cutting  away  the  four* 

cornei-s  of  the  sqiuire  block  so  as  to  give  a  hexagonal  form  to  the  pillar,  and  only  leaving 
them  at  about  a  foot  from  the  bottom.  At  the  front,  moreover,  this  base  projects 
slightly  in  the  middle  as  well  as  at  the  angles,  thus  giving  it  the  general  appearance  of 
the  rudest  primitive  terra-cottas.  The  whole  pillar  tai)ers  upwards ;  but  just  before  the 
point  where  it  is  now  fractured,  in  the  front  view  there  is  a  slight  turn  outwards.  There 
is  no  arehitectural  or  other  purpose  which  we  could  assign  to  it ;  and  considering  the 
rough  primitive  method  in  which  it  is  worked  and  the  corners  are  beveled  away  with 
some  rude  implement  used  like  a  saw,  we  venture  to  suggest  that  the  most  ancient 
pillar-like  image  of  Hera  has  here  been  preserved  to  us. 

*  Phoronis  ap.  Clem.  Alex.  Strom.  I.  24,  §  151. 
139 


Fig.  70.  —  FRAGMEirr  ok  a  Stone  Pillar. 


MAK15LE  STATITAIIY  FROM  THE  IIERAEUAr 


Bv  CHAULES  WALDSTEIN 


TuoiKJii  tliei-e  were  numerous  finds  of  plastic  work  in  other  materials  made  durin 
the  excavations  on  this  site(notiihly  in  terra-eotta  and  bronze),  the  larger  works  of  seulj 
ture  are  almost  exelusively  of  marble.  This  has  been  the  ease  hi  most  "reat  excavations, 
owinj^  mainly  to  the  fact  that  stiitues  of  other  materials,  bronze  and  gold  and  ivory, 
were,  from  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  material,  seized  and  utilized  by  the  hordes  that  suc- 
cessively swept  over  the  sites  of  classical  antiquity. 

An  exception  is  furnished  by  two  fraj^ments  of  lar<i^e  terra-cotta  sculpture,  which 
escaped  our  notice  while  we  were  arran«»-in«^-  our  finds  transported  from  the  Heraeum  to 
the  Central  Museum  at  Athens.  They  were  rediscovered,  by  Professor  Richard  Norton, 
at  the  bott(un  of  one  of  the  nund>erless  baskets  in  our  storeroom.  He  tells  me  that  they 
are  certainly  archaic,  but  were  too  fra«»iuentiiry  and  amorphous  to  be  published. 

Another  exception  is  furnished  by  the  fraj^ment  of  the  rude  stone  i)illar  referred  to  in 
my  General  Introduction  (p.  -tIJ),  which,  thou<;h  it  cannot  be  called  a  work  of  sculpture, 
must  find  its  place  here  (Fi«^.  70),  for  if  1 
am  ri«;ht  in  my  surmise,  it  would  be  the 
e:irliest  extant  symbolical  imaw  in  stone  of 
a  Greek  <livinity.  That  such  j)illars  were 
fre(piently  synd»olical  renderinj^s  of  Gi-eek 
divinities  has  been  reco«»;nized  ;  and  at  the 
Heraeum  we  hear  of  such  a  pillar  as  the 
earliest  "  ima«»e  "  roinid  which  the  priestess 
Callithoi'  wound  her  ribbons.'  This  "  pil- 
lar" was  fractured  at  about  half  its  heijrht, 
and  smaller  fraj'iiu'nts  of  the  upper  part 
were  subse(juently  found.  It  was  probably 
ludlowed  out  at  the  fractured  end  in  later 
times.  In  its  present  stiite  it  is  0.91  m. 
hij-h  by  0.47  m.  wide  at  the  base.  This 
base  is  formed  by  euttino-  away  the  four 

corners  of  the  stpiare  block  so  as  to  <rive  a  hexagonal  form  to  the  pillar,  and  only  leavinjr 
them  at  ab(uit  a  foot  from  the  bottom.  At  the  front,  moreover,  this  base  projects 
slio-htly  in  the  middle  as  well  as  at  the  anjrles,  thus  j;ivino-  it  the  oeneral  appearance  of 
the  rudest  primitive  terra-cotfcis.  The  whole  piHar  tapers  upwards ;  but  just  before  the 
point  where  it  is  now  fractured,  in  the  front  view  there  is  a  sli<»ht  turn  outwards.  There 
is  no  architectural  or  other  purpose  which  we  could  assign  to  it ;  and  considering  the 
rough  primitive  method  in  which  it  is  worked  and  the  corners  are  beveled  away  with 
sonu'  rude  implement  used  like  a  siiw,  we  venture  to  suggest  that  the  most  ancient 
pillai-like  image  of  Hera  has  here  been  preserved  to  us. 

1  Phorouis  ap.  Clem.  Alex.  Strom.  I.  24,  §  151. 
139 


Fig.  70.  —  Fragment  ok  a  !Stonk  Pillar. 


140  MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE   HERAEUM 

It  k  a  noteworthy  fact  that  out  of  so  large  a  number  of  '«'»'P'"f /"^mento  "f  sto,« 
preserved,  there  should  be  only  two  insignificant  pieces  of  j>oros  statimry,  all  the  othe« 
nTcTjUble.  One  of  thei  y»ro-  fragments  represents  the  hock  of  a  colossal  horse. 
Th^  prlbly  belonged  to  pedimental  groups  of  early  buildmgs  erected  nu.„y  yea« 
befl  Z  desLtion  of  the  oid  Temple,  and  may  possibly  have  come  *"'«»«»*"»*'»»» 
oiZ  Temple  at  a  date  corresponding  to  the  erection  of  the  temple  on  the  AcroH» 
at  Athens,  which  was  adorned  by  the  poros  groups  there  found  during  the  last  exca 
vations. 

SIKGLE   STATUES. 

It  is  also  remarkable  that  out  of  this  large  number  of  nmrble  f™g"«".;«^''™^"* 

few  isolated  specimens  that  can,  with  any  degree  of  probabihty,  be  ascnbed  o  separate 

WlT  te^e^  statues,  that  is,  which  stood  by  themselves  on  separate  pedesU^s.  whether 

ZI^  Z  buUdings  or  in  the  open  air.     We  can,  in  fact,  d»tu.g«.sh  as  belonging  to 

*1  !lTu7f:gL.lti:::;^gi:"tm:ie  figure  of  the  archaic  .«riod  about  lif^i. 
/fL  7*7  Ho  Tis  a  mass  of  r^ilar  folds  gradimlly  converging  ;  straight  gnnives,  not 
d5y  i,  "th  a  rounded  rise  Lween  each  two  grooves.     Ho.  1  «  a  more  elaborate 


SINGLE  STATUES 


141 


■y 


5  ' 

Fio.  71.  — FRAOireim  or  Auchaic  Sctjiptcm. 

n.ass  of  the  same  drapery,  with  a  broad,  central  pleat-hke  ^*  f  ^^^^^^^^  ^"^'l, 

folds  descend  terrace-like.  The  edges  are  here  mo-  ;harp  jr  cut,  but  -  ^"^^^^^ 
this  central  massing  we  find  the  same  rounded  folds  with  straight  shallow  grooves. 
nI  3  shows  ^e  same  general  folding,  only  here  the  edge  of  the  garment  falls  m  freer 
^Lc.^^    N^^^^^^  same  size  ..  No'  2.     This  class  of  drapery  is  well  known  in 

S^Grlk  marble  sculpture  and  has  its  analogies  in  extant  statues.'     No.  6  api>ea« 

>  Cf  .  e.  g.,  the  Hera  of  San.o,  (CoUignon.  H...  .e  U.     iiW  in.);  tbe  "^^JfJ^J-f ^^'J^  '^'  ^"°^^- 
SaUpLGr   i.  p.  63);  the  draped  female  figure,  from      (Cavvad..,,  Mu.ee  d  Athene.,  1886),  etc. 
Delos  (HomoUe,  BuUet.  de  Corresp.  HeUen.  III.  1879,  pU. 


to  be  a  fragment  of  an  upper  arm  extended,  with  indications  of  straight  folds  and 
possibly  of  the  long  hair  hanging  over  the  shoulder.  A  larger  fragment.  No.  5,  may 
have  belonged  to  the  same  figure,  with  shallow  but  firmly  cut  grooves  at  larger  inter- 
vals than  in  the  other  fragments,  converging  towards  one  point,  probably  the  shoulder. 
This  api)ears  to  be  a  portion  of  the  back  covered  by  the  himaiion  or  upper  garment,  and 
being  at  the  back,  the  elevation  of  the  folds  is  flatter  than  in  the  other  fragments.  The 
statue  in  question  could 
not  have  belonged  to  a 
later  time  than  the  first 
qiuirter  of  the  fifth  century 
B.  c. 

II.  —  Small  archaic  torso 
of  a  female  figure,  with 
close-fitting  up))er  garment 
and  indications  of  a  girdle 
{zone)  at  the  waist  (Fig.  71, 
No.  7).  There  were  long 
curls  hanging  over  either 
shoulder.  There  are  two 
terra-cottas  of  the  archaic 
period '  which  correspond 
to  this  marble  torso.'* 

Between  these  fragments 
of  archaic  sculptui'e  and 
those  belonging  to  the 
Graeco-Roman  period  there 
are  no  works  which  we 
could  ascribe  to  single  and 
separate  statues.  But  of 
the  Graeco-Roman  period 
there  are  portions  of  two 
statues,  the  one  evidently 
over,  the  other  sUghtly  un- 
der, life-size. 

III.  —  Five  fragments, 
probably  belonging  to  the 

same  statue,  remain  of  a  larg^  draped  female  figure,  probably  seated  (Fig.  72).  The 
marble  appears  to  me  to  be  Parian.  No.  1  is  the  upper  and  front  portion  of  a  large 
female  head,  from  upper  lip  to  occiput.  It  was  found  dui-ing  the  digging  at  the  West 
Building,  and  was  evidently  transferred  here,  at  some  distance  from  its  original  position, 
in  later  times.     The  dimensions  are  the  following :  — 

Greatest  height  of  fragment  (in  centimetres) 29.50 

Greatest  width  »*  " 22.50 


Fig.  72.  —  Marble  Fragments,  probably  part  of  a  Female  Figure 

OF  THE  GrAECO-KoMAN   PERIOD. 


*  These  will  be  figured  and  described  in  the  second 
volume. 

^  Cf.  the  winged  "Nik^"  attributed  to  Archermus 
(CoUignon,  op.  cU.  I.  p.  135)  ;  the  statuette  of  one  of  the 
"Eumenidea"  from  Olympia  (P.  Gardner,  Joutiwl  of 


Hellen.  Studie.,  XVI.  1896,  p.  277);  Olympia,  III.  p.  27, 
pi.  T. ;  similar  types,  CoUignon,  op.  cit.  I.  pp.  120  ff. 

I  must  thank  Dr.  Carroll  N.  Brown,  who  rendered  val- 
uable assistance  in  the  taking  of  measurements  of  the 
marbles  at  Athens  in  1896. 


140  XIAKULE  STATUARY   FROM  THE   IIERAEl'M 

It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  out  of  s„  large  a  number  of  scul,.ture<l  fraginents  of  stone 
Jjll  there  should  be  .u.ly  t»o  insiguifieant  ,,!«.»  of  ,oro.  st,.t.u,ry,  all  the  othen. 
E"  .  f  narble.  One  of  the^  ,>o,-o.  fragments  m-resents  the  hock  ot  a  eoh.s«>l  ho,«. 
T^:;  robably  Monged  to  ,«dimental  gro«,s  of  early  buiUhngs  c^^ted  u.any  yean, 
b  tW  he  destnutiont-f  the  iui  Tem,.le,  and  may  p-^ibly  have  come  from  ,.sto,-at,o  « 
'  t  -s  Temple  at  a  cUUe  eorre«,.nding  to  the  erection  of  . W  teu.j.le  on  t^-  A^.  h  - 
at  Athens,  ^vhich  «as  adorne,!  by  the  ,,oro.  group  there  lound  Amng  the  Ust  exca 
vations. 

SINGLE   STATUES. 

It  is  also  remarkable  that  out  of  this  la.-ge  nnmln-r  of  uuuble  fr..gn>ent»  there  are  but 

few  il^l    ed  specimens  that  can,  with  any  degree  of  pr«b..bility,  be  ascnbed   o  separate 

II  e    b  nes-  statues,  that  is,  which  stoml  by  themselves  on  se,«rate  ,«<lestaU,  whether 

Se  tXmng.  or  in  the  o,K>„  air.     We  can,  in  fact,  d.tn.gu.sh  as  belong,ng  to 

^F  ;  71       NO  2  is  a  ma.s  o?  regular  folds  gn.dually  eouvergiug  ;  stnught  grooves,  not 
Sy  cX  ^1  a  rounded  rise  between  e.«.h  two  grooves.     Ho.  1  «  a  more  eU.b..r-ate 


I- 


Fig.  71.— Fragmf.sts  or  Archaic  Scri.PTVRK. 

nnss  of  the  same  drai^erv,  with  a  hroacl,  central  pleat-hke  foUl  hum  .hieh  the  smaller 
J^Ws^WuTtlace-like.  The  edges  are  here  more  sharply  cut,  hut  <m  either  sule  ot 
£  ciir nl^^-^^  r  we  find  the  ^ame  rounded  folds  with  straight  shaHow  <n<,oves. 
t  3^sZ  ..L  general  folding,  only  here  the  edge  of  the  garment  hdls  m^^^r^^^^ 
^°zals  No  4  is  of  the  same  size  as  No.  2.  This  class  of  drai>ery  is  well  kno.n  .n 
aSc  G^ek  marhle  sculpture  and  has  its  analogies  in  extant  statues  •     No.  6  appear 

.  Cf.,e.g.,the  Hen.  of  S.nos  (ColUgnon.  H.,.  ..  la      u^aad  iU.);  ^^;:-:^'XT^  ^^^ 
ScnlpL  Gr    i.  p.  63);  the  drai>ed  female  figure,  from      (Cavvadias.  Mus^e  d  Atk.ne.,  1880), 
Delos  (HomoUe,  Bullet,  dt  Carrtsp.  Hellin.  111.  ISTU,  pla. 


SINGLE   STATUES 


141 


to  be  a  fragment  of  an  upper  arm  extended,  with  indications  of  straight  folds  and 
l)ossibly  of  the  long  hair  hanging  over  the  shoulder.  A  larger  fragment,  No.  5,  may 
have  belonged  to  the  sjime  figure,  with  shallow  but  firmly  cut  grooves  at  larger  intei- 
vals  than  in  the  other  fragments,  converging  towards  one  point,  probably  the  shoulder. 
This  ap{)eiii-s  to  be  a  portion  of  the  back  covered  by  the  hhiidtion  or  upper  garment,  and 
being  at  the  back,  the  elevation  of  the  folds  is  flatter  than  in  the  other  fragments.  The 
statue  in  question  could 
not  have  belonged  to  a 
later  time  than  the  first 
(puirter  of  the  fifth  century 
B.  c. 

II. —  Small  archaic  torso 
of  a  female  figure,  with 
close-fitting  upi>er  garment 
and  indications  of  a  girdle 
{zone)  at  the  waist  (Fig.  71, 
No.  7).  There  were  long 
curls  hanging  over  either 
shoulder.  Tliei*e  are  two 
terra-cottas  of  the  archaic 
period  '  which  correspond 
to  this  marble  torso.-' 

Between  these  fragments 
of  archaic  scul})ture  and 
those  behuiging  to  the 
Graeco-Roman  |)erio(l  there 
are  no  works  which  we 
could  ascribe  to  single  and 
sejiarate  stiitues.  But  of 
the  Gmeco-Ronian  period 
there  are  portions  of  two 
stiitues,  the  one  evidently 
over,  the  other  slightly  un- 
der, life-size. 

ni.  —  Five  fragments, 
probably  belonging  to  the 

same  statue,  remain  of  a  large  draped  female  figure,  probably  seated  (Fig.  72).  The 
marble  appears  to  me  to  be  Parian.  No.  1  is  the  ui)per  and  front  portion  of  a  large 
female  head,  from  upper  lip  to  occiput.  It  was  found  during  the  digging  at  the  West 
Building,  and  was  evidently  transferred  here,  at  some  distance  from  its  original  position, 
in  later  times.     The  dimensions  are  the  following :  — 

Greatest  height  of  fragment  (in  centimetres) 29.50 

Greatest  width   "  " 22.50 


Fig.  72.  —  Marble  Fragmknts,  probably  part  ok  a  Fk.m.\le  Figure 

OK  THE   (JrAECO-RoMAN    PKKIUU. 


^  These  will  be  figured  and  described  in  the  secoud 
Tolunie. 

■■'  Cf.  the  winged  "  Nik<? "  attributed  to  Archernius 
(Collignon,  op.  cit.  I.  p.  I'.io)  ;  the  statuette  of  one  of  the 
" Eumeuides "   from   Olympia  (P.  Garduer,  Journal  of 


Hellen.  Studies,  XVI.  1896,  p.  277);  Olympia,  III.  p.  27, 
pi.  V. ;  similar  types,  Colliguon,  op.  cit.  I.  pp.  120  ff. 

I  must  thank  Dr.  Carroll  N.  Brown,  who  rendered  val- 
uable assistance  in  the  taking  of  measurements  of  the 
marbles  at  Athens  in  1896. 


142  MARBLE   STATUARY   FKOM   THE   IlERAEUM 

12. 

Width  between  outer  angle  of  eyelida ^^^ 

From  pupil  to  pupil g  20 

From  root  of  nose  to  extant  end  of  nose       .         • "" 

«       u     u      u     "  end  of  forehead,  middle  of  hair • 

...  \i.o\) 

From  temple  to  temple . 

The  heaais  evidently  iconic,  as  is  clear  from  the  reeding  forehea.l  ^vith  i..o.,c.tn.s 

1,  J^  benlTh  which  the  eyes  a,,,H,ar  .lee,«*t  and  at  the  .une  tnne  hulRinj:  an,  heavy, 

:      lei  h;tnd-like  evelil.    These  eyelids  seem  to  join  at  the  onter  ed^e  -m   he  same 

;  :,  and  Ihns,  in  connection  with  their  band-like  treatment  -«»;•;•»«■"«/;'  ^^ 

Lt  (when  viewed  hastily  or  from  a  distance)  an  archaic  char-acter,  hke  that  ot  the  .j.» 

that  a  *  H-'e  "*  the  oLr  angle  of  the  jnnctnre  of  the  lids  nuuks  the  contn.uat.on  „f 
.e  .;  .,t  id  over  the  lower  lid  la  characteristic  which,  1  have  Ions  s...ce  ...amt., ncd, 
m^k  the  .a..se  fr.m.  archaic  sc-nlptare  to  the  highest  fr^Kh.m  al„.»t  the  year  4^  H  c. 
The  s..tr6ciar"  archaic  "a,,,H-ara„ce  of  the  eye  is  thus  co.n.ten.cted  as  ».g.mls  the 
ul  Tth  ter  cha.-acter  is  fnrther  accent.u.ted  l.y  the  deeply  cnt  eyek.  1  w.th  ,...  -.1 
T  \    link  the  ..revaiUn.'  in.nressio,.  which  has  fo.n.d  its  way  ...to  hterat..re,  that 

T"-"l  .t    ,  V  he  eyet.in,y  s^^nlptnred  incision  ...arks  a  late  Ro...a..  ong...   .s  as 
;Z  M  ^^^^^  ^.e  ,J...liar  dee,.  c..tti..g  of  the  ,...,.i.  ..oticeal  e  ,„  .  e 

i;Tve  of  this  held  seems  to  n.e  to  ,H.int  to  a  later  ,«riod.     I..  ge..en,l,  In.we  er,  t  w.l 
1  wd    f!r  .      ol.r.lr  that  in'...«hle  st..t..es  of  all  ..riods  where  the  .r.s  .s  ..o 
irdkl     .     ..^s^a  lines,  it  was  ,.ai„te.l  in  ;  and  that  i..  l.ea.ls  like  the  very  .arly  he.^ 
HerTfr    ..  the  Her..e....  at  01vn.,.ia  (0/,y»./">'.  "'•  1-'-  *>  "-^  '^  .nd.cat.o..s  of  the 
Ifsedi"    while  in  l.ro..»  a..d  chryselei,l.a,.ti,.e  sc..l,.t..re  the  eye  was  generally  ^  .- 
ZTl  in  U    det..il  by  various  ...aterials.     It  was  o.,ly  Utter,  whe..  n.  the  Helle..«>t,c  an 
tm  .  V  iod  U.e  sc^h-tor,  reveh..g  i..  his  technical  skill  as  a  ,«..  .....deler,  d.s,....sed 

r...Id  I  we  ev  i^^  and  the  si..ki.,g  h.  of  the  te...,les  at  the  end  of  the  ro...al  lH...e; 
r::^  thl  f.I;^  l.ti..g  away  from  the  ..ostril  and  acce..t«ati„g  the  fle,h...ess  ot  the 
cheek  <Hves  individ.u.litv,  while  indicating  a  ...ore  adva..ced  age. 

The^kbo.^te  an-ange...e..t  of  the  hair,  with  braid  folIow.ng  ..pon  bra.d  w.m.  d  ro.  nd 
the  1  IrUpalleled  h.  „«.ny  heads  of  the  Roma.,  period,  and  ap,H.ars  to  ...e  cl.arac  e. 
i^^c  .  the  coiifnre  adoptcl  bv  priestesses.  From  this  fact  alo..e  .t  «  «..t  .m,K.ss.We 
^t  he ttue  ...ay  havi  been  thit  of  a  priestess  of  Hen.  n.  ^«^"^j;^  ^^ 
;n.r  to  Pmsmias  (11.  1«.  5),  st.M.d  before  the  te.nple.  B.it  the  late  chanitter  ot  t ne 
;!rk  is  »aXt  from  the  mecha,.ical  and,  at  the  s.u..e  ti...e,  slovc.ly  t-f;-".;^  ,  ^^ 
Zid,  or  twistecl  ...eshes  of  hair.  These  are  imUcate.1  by  ...ea..s  of  sl.aUow  aralk 
„"oves  subdividing   the  hair  at  e<i.ua  distances,  witl.o..t  a..y  var.ety  or  modeh,.g  to 

Hr.trL:^!^,:!™' t-proWdy  l.h.nging  to  this  statue.    It  ^.«s  to  repr«.n. 
the  sho.Jder  and  upper  ann  covered  by  dra,«ry.     The  di.nens.ons  are  :  - 

From  top  of  shoaWer  to  massed  folds  below  centre  (in  centiraetrcO      .        .    46. 

Extreme  height 29. 

"         width   .         .  '>2.50 

depth "  ' 

The  folding  is  flat  and  superficial  on  the  side  of  the  nhoulder  and  ann,  deei>er  on  the 


SINGLE   STATUES  143 

mass  hanging  down  inside  the  shoulder.  But  these  more  deeply  cut  fold-grooves  are 
mechanical  and  coai-se  and  throughout  show  the  use  of  the  drill.  The  short  groove 
hetween  the  two  deej^jr  and  longer  folds  on  the  top  illustrates  this. 

No.  3.  Part  of  a  di-aiwd  upper  arm,  with  bare  forearm  of  similar  dimensions  and 
marble  to  the  previous  fragments.  What  remains  of  the  folding  is  similar  in  late  chai- 
acter  to  the  previous  fragment.  Compare  tlie  mechanical  cutting,  the  shallower  short 
perpendiciUar  fold  near  the  bare  portion  of  the  arm.  It  is  not  impossible  that  frag- 
ments 4  (hand)  and  5  (thumb  with  round  object)  belonged  to  this  arm,  though  the 
fractures  ai-e  not  such  as  to  allow  of  piecing  them  together.  It  cannot  be  determined 
with  certainty  what  the  object  to  which  the  thumb  is  attached  is,  but  it  seems  probable 
that  it  was  the  internal  boss  of  a  sacrificial  patera  held  in  the  extended  hand  of  the 
priestess,  an  action  which  is  familiar  in  statues,  vases,  and  terra-cottas.  The  fractured 
foot  with  elaborate  sjindal  (6)  also  may  have  belonged  to  this  statue. 

The  dimensions  of  the  fmsfment  of  arm  are  :  — 


Extreme  length  (in  centimetres) 

width 

"         depth 

Inside  elbow  joint  to  end  of  fracture<1  forearm 
Bare  forearm       ...... 


46. 
29. 
21. 
18. 
11.50 


IV.  —  Torso  of  a  dni\)ed  figure,  probably  male,  two  thirds  life-size  (Fig.  73).  Found 
at  no  great  depth  on  the  south  sloiie.  It  apparently  i-epresents  a  boy,  holding  a  large  bird 
(dove  ?)  in  his  left  hand.  Dowel-holes 
at  the  neck  of  the  figure  and  of  the 
bird  probably  point  to  later  restora- 
tions, after  the  head  had  been  broken 
off.  The  figure  is  cLul  in  three  dis- 
tinct garments:  (1)  a  chiton  which 
api»ears  clearly  under  the  triangukr 
ojHjp.ing  of  the  second  giirment  beh)w 
the  neck,  (2)  a  thick,  fluffy  shirt-Hke 
garment,  eitiier  of  sheepskin  or  of 
rough,  hairy  Limb's  wool,  such  as 
{leasiints  and  shepherds,  jjarticularly, 
wetir  to-day,  and  (3)  a  heavy  himation 
over  the  back,  the  ends  falling  over 
the  left  shoulder  and  arm,  which  it 
covers ;  dmwn  under  the  left  arm,  it 
leaves  the  gretiter  i>ortion  of  the  left 
arm  and  shoulder  bare.  The  work- 
manship is  rough  and  unskillful,  and  is  either  quite  provuicial  or  very  late,  or  both. 

v.  — Finally  there  are  several  smaller  fragments  (Fig.  74)  —  heads  of  various  sizes 
and  workmanship,  as  well  as  an  object,  perhaps  representing  a  hydrk  —  which  cannot  be 
assigned  to  the  main  body  of  Argive  scidpture  with  any  degree  of  probability.  The 
only  one  of  these  about  which  there  can  be  any  doubt  is  the  much  corroded  head  with  a 
portion  of  neck,  cheek,  and  lower  portion  of  hair,  between  which  and  the  fractured  upper 
portion  of  the  head  there  is  a  sharply  cut  groove.  The  fragment  of  a  helmet  distinctly 
belongs  to  the  metopes. 


Fio.  73.  —  Late  Torso,  found  on  the  South  Slope. 


i 


142 


MAKBLE   STATUARY   FKOM   TllK   IIEKAF.UM 


SINGLE   STATUES 


143 


12. 
8.30 
8.20 
4.70 

17.30 


Witlth  between  outer  angle  of  eyelitU 

From  pupil  to  pupil 

From  root  of  nose  to  extant  entl  of  nose        •         •         ' 

,t       u     *.      u     "  enil  of  forehead,  mitltHe  of  hair    .         .         .         • 

From  temple  to  temple         .         •         • . 

The  hea.l  is  evUlentlv  U-nic,  »s  is  .leav  frnn,  .1...  n..e,li,,,  f,....!....!  w.th  V''^^^S 
,1.  ,vl,i..l,  t'h..  fves  ai.l.euv  (Im-set  and  at  tlu-  same  tnue  l.iiljfil.!;  and  luMVX. 

•    H  .    r,l    fnm   the  O  vm,.ia  ,.e.linu.nts.     l!ut  .,,...,.  .los..,-  ins,.e.t,o»  it  w.U  l.e  «,•„ 
H  ;        r.      .e  '  .tel  anile  of  the  junefue  of  the  li.ls  nnuks  tin-  eontnuiafon  ot 

a.k    t  le  .luunn.  fron.  arehaie  seul,.tuve  to  the  highest  f,ve.lon,  ahon.  the  veav  4..  0  ... 

..hppV  oives  individualitv,  while  ii.(licatin«,^  a  more  atlvaiiteil  aoe. 

tL       1 .  -^^  <•**  tl-  hair,  with  hraia  foUowino-  upon  hraul  w.>una  roun  1 

tl  J  :^  i:  iarallelea  in  man,  heads  of  the  lloman  ^riod,  -d  ^H---  " - 
istie  <.f  the  -oitture  adopted  hv  priestesses.  From  this  tact  ah.ne  i  is  m  t  i  nposs,  e 
Tt    le  St  ttue  mav  hav    heen  thlt  of  a  priestess  o^  Hera  in  Roman  t.mes  wlneh,  aeeo  d- 

;r  ^^:::i::  fll.  lO.  .),  stood  l>efore  tl.  temple.  But  ti.e  U.  ^r^  <>  h^ 
work  is  manifest  from  the  mechanical  and,  at  the  s^tme  tune,  slovenl>  treat  mnt  ot  a 
W  i^;  J"^  d  meshes  <.f  hair.  These  are  indicated  by  means  ot  shallovv  pralkd 
!:r;.:  slividin,   tl.  hair  at  e,ual  distances,  without  any  variety  or  modehn,  to 

the  shoulder  and  upper  arm  covered  l.y  drai>ery.     The  dnnens.ons  are  :  - 
From  top  of  shoulder  to  massed  folds  below  centre  (in  eentimetres>      . 
Extreme  height 


width   . 
depth   . 


4C. 
53. 
20. 
22.50 


o 

le 


46. 
29. 
21. 
18. 


The  folding  is  Hat  lud  superticiul  on  the  side  of  the  shoulder  and  arm,  deeper  on  the 


nuiss  hanjrinj.-  down  inside  the  shoulder.  IJut  these  more  deeply  cut  fold-orooves  are 
mechanical  and  coarse  and  throughout  show  the  use  of  the  drill.  Tlie  short  groove 
between  the  two  deeper  and  longer  folds  on  the  top  illustrates  this. 

No.  3.  Part  of  a  draped  upper  arm,  with  bare  forearm  of  sinular  dimensions  and 
marble  to  the  previous  fragments.  What  remains  of  the  folding  is  similar  in  late  chai- 
acter  to  the  previ(uis  fragment.  Compare  the  mechanical  cutting,  the  shallower  short 
perpendicular  told  near  the  bare  portion  of  the  arm.  It  is  not  impossible  that  frag 
ments  4  (liaiid)  and  5  (thumb  with  round  object)  belonged  to  this  arm,  thouoh  tf 
fractures  ai-e  not  such  as  to  allow  of  piecing  them  together.  It  cannot  be  determined 
with  certiiinty  what  the  object  to  which  the  thumb  is  attached  is,  but  it  seems  probable 
that  it  was  the  internal  boss  of  a  sacrificial  patera  held  in  the  extended  hand  of  the 
juiestess,  an  action  which  is  familiar  in  statues,  vases,  and  terra-cottas.  Tlie  fractured 
foot  with  elaborate  siunbd  (6)  also  may  have  behinged  to  this  statue. 

Tlie  dimensions  of  the  fragment  of  arm  are  :  — 

Extreme  length  ( in  centimetres) 

"         width 

"         depth 

Inside  ellwiw  joint  to  end  of  fractured  forearm 

Rire  f(>rearm        ............     11.50 

IV.  —  Torso  of  a  draped  figure,  probably  male,  two  thirds  life-size  (Fig.  73).  Found 
at  no  great  depth  on  the  south  sloiw.  It  apparently  represents  a  boy,  holding  a  large  bird 
(dove?)  in  Iiis  left  hand.    Dowel-lndes 

at  the  neck  of  the  Hy:ure  and  of  the 
bird  probably  point  to  later  restora- 
tions, after  the  head  had  been  broken 
olf.  The  figure  is  clad  in  tliree  dis- 
tinct garments  :  ( 1 )  a  chiton  which 
ap|H*ars  clearly  under  the  trianguhir 
o|KM»ing  of  the  second  gannent  bek)w 
the  neck,  (2)  a  thick,  Huil'y  shirt-like 
garment,  eitlier  of  sheepskin  or  of 
rough,  hairy  hiinb's  wool,  such  as 
I)easjints  and  shepherds,  particularly, 
wear  to-day,  and  (.'{)a  heavy  hiination 
over  the  back,  the  ends  fallinir  over 
the  left  shoulder  and  arm,  which  it 
covers ;  drawn  under  the  left  arm,  it 

lejives  the  greater  portion  of  the  left 

11111  mi  1  ''''"•  ^^-  —  Latk  Tokso,  found  on  tiik  South  Slope. 

arm  and  shoulder  bare.  The  work- 
manship is  rough  and  unskillful,  and  is  eitlier  quite  provincial  or  very  late,  or  both. 

V.  —  Finally  thei-e  are  several  smaller  fragments  (Fig.  74)  —  heads  of  various  sizes 
and  workmanship,  as  well  as  an  object,  perhaps  representing  a  hydria  —  which  cannot  be 
assigned  to  the  main  body  of  Argive  sculpture  with  any  degree  of  probability.  The 
only  one  of  these  about  which  there  can  be  any  doubt  is  the  much  corroded  head  with  a 
lM)rtioii  of  neck,  cheek,  and  lower  i)ortioii  of  hair,  between  which  and  the  fractured  upper 
portion  of  the  head  there  is  a  sharply  cut  groove.  The  fragment  of  a  helmet  distinctly 
belongs  to  the  metojies. 


144 


MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 


ARCHITECTURAL  SCULPTURE. 

The  whole  large  mass  of  sculptured  marble  fragments,  with  these  exceptions,  belongs 

to  one  date  and  style  of 
workmanship,  and,  as  we 
shall  later  see,  forms  i^irts 
of  the  sculptured  orna- 
mentation of  buildings, 
either  metoiies,  friezes,  or 
pedimental  groups. 

Yet  it  must  not  be  be- 
lieved that  in  the  ancient 
days     of     the     Heraeum 
thei-e  were  not  numerous 
single    statues  distributed 
over  the   sacred  precinct. 
Pausanias'  definitely  men- 
tions statues  of  priestesses 
and  of  heroes  as  standing 
in   front   of    the    temple. 
Some  of  the  bases  belong- 
ing   to    these   and   other 
statues  were  found  in  our 
excavations  at  the  east  end 
of  the  temple.     From  ana- 
logous experience  in  other 
excavations  (Olympia,  Del- 
phi, etc.),  we  know  that  a 
small  portion  of  the  great 
number  of   statues  which 
studded   the    sacred    pre- 
cincts of   ancient   sanctu- 
aries, like  trees  in  a  grove, 
have  come  down  to  us,  and 
how  vastly  the  works  of  architectural  sculpture  predominate  in  proportion. 

.  Pans.  II.  17.  3.     a.8..«i^«  ..  ^^t^--  .p^  r,.  i.6,o.,      dedicated  to  Athena,  representing  one  of  the  g.rl  basket- 


Fig 


74,  _  1-RAU.MKNT8   KKOM  TUB   AKUIVE   UkKAKL.M. 


Kai  ywaiKiiy  at  -^ttivaaiv  iiptiai  t^j  "Hpai,  Ka\  Tjpci-i'  «AA»v 
T«  «ol  'OpiffTov    TbK  yiii>  i^lypaiiticL  Ixo^na  it   *in  SaffiA.ii 
AC70u«rroi,  'Op«'<rT7,y  €lKai  Xf^offfiK.    Ibid.  7.   '\fr,t'ioi  8i  Kalittf 
KaKoZ  TTtMKoirov  wap6,nos   a<pi'n  rhr  fl>c6y»  »"  -a**'^""  ■^» 
Xpvffviios,  iviiicf  iTa.  hi  Koi  ts  rohs  toC  kooD  toC  KaraKavOiyros 
tp,wpoo9*v.    The  latter  passage  seems  to  show  that  some 
of  the  statues  of  priestesses  before  B.  c.  423  still  stood  in 
front  of  the  ruins  of  the  First  Temple  in  the  time  of  Pan- 
sanias,  while  the  statues  before  the  Second  Temple  all 
belonged  to  dates  subsequent  to  b.  c.  420.     Statues  of 
priestesses  stood  also  before  the  temple  of  Demeter  at 
Hermione  (Paus.  II.  35.  8),  and  at  Cerynea  in  Achaia. 
There  were  statues  of  women,  said  to  be  priestesses,  at 
the  entrance  to  the  sanctuary  of  the  Eumenides.     (Paus. 
VII.  25.  7.)    A  sUtuette  at  Paestum  has  been  found 


bearers  {^av^^ipoi)  who  figured  in  her  worship.    Professor 
Curtius  thinks  that  there  may  have  been  whole  rows  of 
such  stetuettes  in  the  temples.     See  Arch.  Zeit.  1880,  pp. 
27-30;  Curtius,  Gesammelte  Ahhandlungen,  II.  pp.  286- 
21W.    The  Argives  dated  their  years  by  the  priesthood  of 
Hera.     Hellanicus  the  historian,  B.  c.  480-395,  wrote  a 
history  of  the  priestesses  of  the  Argive  Hera,  which  must 
have  been  of  great  importance  for  Greek  chronology.  See 
VTe\\eT,Ausgew(ihlteAu/$(it2e,Vp.  51  «f.;  Fragmenia  hittor. 
Graec.  ed.  Miiller,  I.  pp.  xxvii.  seq.  51  seq.   Frazer's  Pau». 
III.  (notes),  p.  182.    Similar  bases  of  statues  to  those  in 
front  of  the  Heraeum  have  been  found  also  at  Epidaurus. 
Statues  and  statuettes  of  basket-bearers  have  been  found 
at  Athens,  Eleusis  — in  fact,  on  most  sites  where  there 
was  a  temple  dedicated  to  a  female  divinity. 


ARCHITECTURAL  STATUARY 


146 


This  is  due  to  the  fact,  mentioned  above,  that  a  large  proportion  of  such  single  statues 
were  of  bronze,  which  were  the  first  to  be  carried  off,  and,  furthermore,  to  the  fact  that 
statues  which  stood  below,  on  the  level  of  the  terrace,  were  more  readily  destroyed  and 
taken  away  by  tlie  iconoclast  and  despoiler  than  those  which  ornamented  metopes  or  pedi- 
ments of  a  high  building.  We  i-emember,  for  instance,  what  difficulties  the  Venetians, 
and  later  Lord  Elgin,  had  in  lowering  statues  from  the  Parthenon.  At  the  Heraeum 
such  statues  could  be  procured  only  after  the  building  had  fallen  in,  and  then  had  to  be 
extracted  laboriously  from  beneath  the  debris  of  the  ruined  building. 

Undoubtedly  this  was  the  fate  of  this  ancient  sanctuary  of  Hera.  From  its  lofty  posi- 
tion on  the  slopes  of  the  hills,  it  commanded  the  vast  plain  of  Argos.  But  at  the  same 
time  this  glorious  group  of  resplendent  buildings  had  to  pay,  as  it  were,  the  penalty  of 
its  serene  position  and  of  the  attractive  beauty  of  its  shrine  gleaming  through  the  limpid 
atmosphere  of  Hellas  to  the  furthest  confines  of  the  mountain-encircled  plain.  There  was 
no  point  from  which  it  could  not  be  seen.  And  thus  the  Byzantines,  Franks  or  Normans, 
Slavs  or  Albanians,  Venetians,  Turks  and  modern  Greek  peasants,  passing  through  or 
settling  in  any  part  of  the  plain,  made  the  Heraeum  their  stone  quarry  and  —  their  lime- 
kiln.' The  "  Larisa  "  or  mediaeval  citadel  of  the  town  of  Argos,  the  Palamidi  of  Nauplia, 
and,  nearer  home,  the  Byzantine  and  Frankish  churches  of  the  neighboring  villages, 
Chonica,  Merbaka,  Anyphi,  Priphtani,  Pasia,  as  also  the  well-stones,  lintels,  and  thresh- 
olds of  the  peasants'  houses,  all  made  heavy  drafts  upon  the  ruined  Heraeum  for  their 
building  material. 

To  this  must  be  added  as  an  important  fact  (to  account  for  the  comparatively  small 
rem<ains  of  extant  architectural  sculpture),  that  in  the  manufacture  of  the  great  amount 
of  excellent  mortar  used  by  these  later  buildei-s,  the  lime  produced  by  the  burning  of 
marble  was  preferred  to  all  other,  and  that  thus  marble  sculpture  of  all  kinds  was  espe- 
cially sought  after. 

What  was  not  carried  away  or  destroyed  by  the  hand  of  man  was  undone  by  nature. 
The  buildings  that  were  not  actually  pulled  down  were  shaken  down  by  earthquakes,"  and 
the  remains  of  sculpture  lying  about  the  ground  and  beneath  the  debris  of  the  buildings 
were  either  carried  off  by  the  despoiler,  or  further  mutilated  by  the  iconoclastic  hordes 
passing  through  or  dwelling  in  the  Argive  plain,  because  they  represented  Pagan 
religion.  The  great  height  from  which  the  sculptures  of  pediment  or  entablature  fell  to 
the  ground  caused  the  thinner  and  more  undercut  portions,  extremities  of  bodies  and 
drapery,  to  breiik  off  most  freely.  It  was  not  worth  the  barbarian's  while  to  transport 
these  smaller  fragments  to  his  lime-kiln  or  to  use  them  as  building  stones ;  thus  the 
larger  portable  masses  of  marble  —  toi-si,  larger  heads,  etc.  —  were  first  chosen  by  him, 
and,  if  too  large,  they  were  split  or  cut  into  portable  larger  fragments. 

We  can  thus  undershind  why  the  excavations  yielded  so  few  specimens  of  sculpture 
besides  architectural  sculpture,  and,  furthermore,  why  there  should  be  found  so  few 
larger  or  complete  specimens  of  even  these  works ;  we  can  realize  also  how  fortunate  are 
the  accidents  that  have  yielded  such  fine  and  representative  specimens  of  important  sculp- 
ture, for  which,  under  these  untoward  conditions,  we  hardly  dared  hope. 

The  vast  number  of  smaller  pieces,  the  numerous  hands  and  feet  of  men  and  horses. 


*  See  W.  G.  Clark,  Peloponnesus,  p.  84. 

'  That  there  must  have  been  some  such  destruction, 
and  that  it  was  probably  by  earthquakes,  is  proved  by 
metope  fragments  found   underneath  other  heaped-up 


fragments  from  the  South  Stoa  on  the  pavement  of  the 
latter,  the  roof  having  been  broken  while  other  portions 
of  the  Stoa  stood  when  the  temple  fell  in. 


lU 


MAKBLE   STATUARY   FROM  THE   IIEKAEUxM 


ARCHITECTURAL  SCULPTURE. 

Tlie  whole  lai-e  mass  of  sfulptured  marble  fragments,  with  these  exceptions,  belongs 

to  one  (late  and  style  ot 
workmanship,  and,  as  we 
shall  later  see,  forms  jKirts 
of  the  sculpt u red  orna- 
mentation of  buildings, 
either  mcto\)es,  friezes,  or 
|>t(limental  groups. 

Yet  it  must  not  be  be- 
lieved that  in  the  ancient 
davs     of     the     Heracum 
there  were  not  numerous 
single    statues  distributed 
over   the   saci-ed   precinct. 
Pausjinias'  definitely  men- 
tions statues  of  priestesses 
jind  of  heroes  as  standing 
in    front    of    the    temple. 
Some  of  the  bases  belong- 
in**-    to    these   and    other 
statues  were  found  in  our 
excavations  at  the  east  end 
of  the  temple.     From  ana- 
logous exi)erience  in  other 
excavations  (Olympia,  Del- 
phi, etc.),  we  know  that  a 
small  portion  of  the  great 
munber  of    statues  whicli 
studded    the    sacred    pre- 
fincts  of   ancient    sanctu- 
aries, like  trees  in  a  grove, 
have  come  down  to  us,  and 

how  vastly  the  works  (,f  architectural  sculpture  predominate  in  proportion. 

'  Pans.  II.  17.  3.     i.8p.--s  "  ^'^--  'P^  ^^'  ^"''""^      «^"^'^'^^^'^  '"  ^*''""'  -P-^^"^"'^. ""^  °'  '}"'  ^t  'f '''■ 


Fig.  li.  —  Fkaumksts  kkom  tuk  Akuivk  Uek.\klm. 


T.  Koi  'Op4,rTov  rhy  7af,  iwiypau^a  txoma.  iv  .Tt,  3affiA.J»t 
Mryovaro^,  'Opiarw  fivo.  \iyov<Ti^.  IhUI.  7.  'Apy^'^oi  it  Kaiwfp 
KMod  mKiKOVTOv  irap6uros  <T<t>[ai  r^v  tlKova  ov  Ka«t'i\ov  T^f 
Xpvaviios,  iiyiKfirai  hi  Kal  .'»  rohs  roi  vooD  toC  KaTaKavOivros 
«V»pofffl«y.     The  latter  passage  seems  to  show  that  some 


bearers  («avt,.>.<Jpo.)  who  figured  in  her  worship.  Professor 
Curtius  thinks  that  there  may  Jiave  been  whole  rows  of 
such  statuettes  iu  the  temples.  See  -4  re*.  Zeil.  1880,  pp. 
27-30;  Curtius,  Gemmmelle  Ahhandlnugen,  II.  pp.  28C- 
titW.  The  Argives  dated  their  years  by  the  priesthood  of 
Hera.     Hellauicus  the  historian,  H.  c.  480-3l)o,  wrote  a 


:;r:;.r:;:^=i^::i^-,;^:« -.1.;-^^ 


front  of  the  ruins  of  the  First  Temple  in  the  time  of  Paii- 
sanias.  while  the  statues  before  the  Second  Temple  all 
belonged  to  dates  subseciuent  to  B.  c.  4l»0.  Statues  of 
priestesses  stood  also  before  the  temple  of  Demeter  at 
Hermione  (Paus.  II.  35.  8),  and  at  Cerynea  iu  Achaia. 
There  were  statues  of  women,  said  to  be  priestesses,  at 
the  entrance  to  the  sanctuary  of  the  Eumeuides.  (Pans. 
VII.  25.  7.)     A  statuette  at  Paestum  has  been  found 


have  been  of  great  importance  forCireek  chronology.  See 
VK\\vT,AHi<iewiihUeAuf»iitze,\>^.  51  ff.;  Fraffmeutu  hlttor. 
Crnec.  ed.  Miiller,  I.  pi..  xxvii.  mi-  51  seq.  Frazer's  Pau$. 
III.  (notes),  p.  182.  Similar  bases  of  statues  to  those  in 
front  of  the  Heraeum  have  been  found  also  at  Epidaurus. 
Statues  and  statuettes  of  basket-bearers  have  been  found 
at  Athens,  Elcusis  —  in  fact,  on  most  sites  where  there 
was  a  teujple  dedicated  to  a  female  divinity. 


ARCHITECTURAL   STATUARY 


145 


This  is  due  to  the  fact,  mentioned  above,  that  a  large  proportion  of  such  single  statues 
were  of  bronze,  which  wei-e  the  first  to  be  carried  off,  and,  furthermore,  to  the  fact  that 
statues  which  stood  below,  on  the  level  of  the  terrace,  were  more  readily  destroyed  and 
tiiken  away  by  the  iconoclast  and  despoiler  tlian  those  which  ornamented  metopes  or  pedi- 
ments of  a  high  buihling.  We  remend)er,  for  instcince,  what  difficulties  the  Venetians, 
and  later  Lord  Elgin,  had  in  lowering  stiitues  from  the  Parthenon.  At  the  Heraeum 
such  statues  could  be  procured  only  after  the  building  had  fallen  in,  and  then  had  to  be 
extracted  laboriously  from  beneath  the  (febris  of  the  ruined  buildin<>-. 

Undoubtedly  this  was  the  fate  of  this  ancient  sanctuary  of  Hera.  From  its  lofty  posi- 
tion on  the  sloiHis  of  the  hills,  it  commanded  the  vast  plain  of  Argos.  But  at  the  same 
time  this  glorious  group  of  resplendent  buildings  had  to  pay,  as  it  were,  the  penalty  of 
its  serene  position  and  of  the  attractive  beauty  of  its  shrine  gleaming  through  the  limpid 
atnM)sphere  of  Hellas  to  the  furthest  confines  of  the  mountiiin-encircled  plain.  There  was 
no  point  from  which  it  could  not  be  seen.  And  thus  the  Byzjintines,  Franks  or  Normans, 
Slavs  or  Albanians,  Venetians,  Turks  and  modern  Greek  peasjints,  passing  through  or 
settling  in  any  part  of  the  plain,  made  the  Heraeum  their  stone  quarry  and  —  their  lime- 
kiln.' The  "  Lirisji  "  or  mediaeval  citadel  of  tlie  town  of  Argos,  the  Palamidi  of  Nauplia, 
and,  nearer  liome,  the  Byziintine  and  Frankish  churches  of  the  neiohborhisr  villages. 
Chonica,  Merbaka,  Anyphi,  Priphtani,  Pasia,  as  also  the  well-stones,  hntels,  and  thresli- 
oUls  of  the  peasants'  hou.ses,  all  made  heavy  drafts  upon  the  ruined  Heraeum  for  their 
building  material. 

T<>  this  must  be  added  as  an  imporfcmt  fact  (to  account  for  the  comparatively  small 
remains  of  extiint  architectural  sculi)ture),  that  in  the  manufacture  of  the  great  amount 
of  excellent  mortar  used  by  these  later  builders,  the  lime  produced  by  the  burnhig  of 
marble  was  preferred  to  all  other,  and  that  thus  marble  sculpture  of  all  kinds  was  espe- 
cially sought  after. 

What  was  not  carried  away  or  destroyed  by  the  hand  of  man  was  undone  by  nature. 
The  buildings  that  were  not  actually  pulled  down  were  shaken  down  by  earthquakes,"  and 
the  remains  of  sculpture  lying  about  the  ground  and  beneath  the  cUhrin  of  the  buildings 
were  either  carried  off  by  the  despoiler,  or  further  mutilated  by  the  iconoclastic  hordes 
passing  through  or  dwelling  in  the  Argive  plain,  becaiLse  they  represented  Pagan 
religion.  The  great  height  from  which  the  sculptures  of  pediment  or  entablature  fell  to 
the  ground  caused  the  thinner  and  more  undercut  portions,  extremities  of  bodies  and 
dnipery,  to  break  off  most  freely.  It  was  not  worth  the  barbarian's  while  to  transport 
these  smaller  fragments  to  his  lime-kiln  or  to  use  them  as  building  stones ;  thus  the 
larger  portiible  masses  of  marble  —  torsi,  larger  heads,  etc.  —  were  first  chosen  by  him, 
and,  if  too  large,  they  were  split  or  cut  into  poi-tiible  larger  fragments. 

We  can  thus  understand  why  the  excavations  yielded  so  few  specimens  of  sculpture 
besides  architectural  .sculpture,  aiul,  furthermore,  why  there  should  be  found  so  few 
larger  or  complete  specimens  of  even  these  works ;  we  can  realize  also  how  fortunate  are 
the  accidents  that  have  yielded  such  fine  and  representative  specimens  of  important  sculp- 
ture, for  which,  under  these  untoward  conditions,  we  hardly  dared  hope. 

The  vast  number  of  smaller  pieces,  the  numerous  hands  and  feet  of  men  and  horses, 


'  See  W.  G,  Clark,  Peloponnesus,  p.  84. 

'  That  there  must  have  been  some  such  destruction, 
and  that  it  was  probably  by  eartlupiakes,  is  proved  by 
metope  fragments  found   underneath  otiier   heaped>up 


fragments  from  the  South  Stoa  on  the  pavement  of  the 
latter,  the  roof  having  been  broken  while  other  portions 
of  the  Stoa  stood  when  the  temple  fell  iu. 


146  MARBLE   STATUARY   FROM  THE   HERAEUM 

es -"  "at  iLt  t,ve„ty-Bix,  and  pn.bably  «ell  over  thirty  sb.  ues  ,»  the  round. 
Yet  tho".:.  of  the  metopes  only  three  larger  pieces  and,  fortunately  for  .«.  seven  eon  - 
nil  3  were  found,  only  one  of  these  larger  pieces  could,  a  ter  pahent  «.arch 
ammJ  h  f ir.ents,  b^  so  supplemented  as  to  form  an  almost  complete  metope  (Platb 
XXX  )  W  Ae  ...imental  stotnes  there  is  only  one  torso  and  a  few  krger  p.eees 
wWle  i  fid  of  these  but  one  head,  the  attribution  of  which  to  a  pedmient,  however, 

'^  M  ™  IS:,  -th  s.m.e  degree  of  certainty,  that  all  these  marble  fragments 
t       iriTof  t  e  sculptured  decoration  of  the  Second  Temple  (the  only  arch.tectuia 

p,;«?bcrof  the  saiue  period  give  no  evidence  of  having  been  decorated  with  figures  and 

%t  t„"'o;tlief  work,  as  well  as  of  statues  in  the  round,  are  all  of  the  same 
"Parian"  marble/ 

THE  METOPES. 
That  metoiws  surmounted  the  columns  of  this  Doric  temple  is,  of  course    proved 
archU^tundl!-.     The  .p-tion  is  whether  all,  or  how  many,  ot  these  were  decoi-ated 

"trS::ce'oS  sculptu^a  decorations  is  pn.ved  by  Pausanias's  phnise  W,  ro« 
„W      Amou<r  our  finds  the,,  are  marble  reliefs  which  were  undoubtedly  fn.m  meto,H.» 
'      h  s  teml.  "  There  are  m,  less  than  twenty-nine  se,«rate  fragments  which  show  the 
th"   "fwork  rising  from  the  background  of  the  metope;  wh.  e  two  met„,.s  a. 
nearly  complete,  and  a^  least  five  larger  fragments  give  us  the  essential  l>''rt.o»"f  »  fi^^ 
^oL  a  met„i«.     From  these  as  well  as  from  architectural  evidence  we  learn  that  the«. 
mil  ^ei-e  1.029  m.  high  bv  0.978  m.  wide,  and  that  the  block  fr.m,  which  they  were 
TrXs  about  0.34  m.  thick.     The  unworked  backing,  or  portion  remainnig  for   he 
rX.tmn  d.  averages  about  9  cm.     The  highest  H"*  "«  «l-f  *""''  "^    -kgronnd  is 
%  cm      This  corr:spo„ds  with  the  height  of  the  relief  of  the  metopes  of  the  Parthenon 
The  extreme  ori-^inal  thickness  of  the  metopes  would  thus  be  about  W  cm  ,  or  about 
le  f™0..t  of  this  background  the  relief  rises  very  boUlly,  the  heads  and  the  limbs 
^inlmite  undercut  and  worked  in  the  round.     In  falling  these  would  break  away  from 
SrwuSethe  thin  portions  of  the  background  would  aUo  be  fractured  into  many 

the  specimens  it  would  be  difficult  if  not  iminissible  to 
identify  the  marbles  beyond  all  doubt. 

TheM  doubts  and  misgivings  of  Professor  Ix?p»!u«  have 
been  fully  justified,  for  jwrtions  of  what  can  be  proved 
to  be  the  same  metopes  were  assigned  to  different  mai^ 
bles.  I  thus  abide  by  the  decision  at  which  I  arrived  and 
which  is  supported  by  the  judgment  of  Dr.  II.  S.  Wash- 
ington, as  well  as  our  helpful  friend  Mr.  Kalourgis,  the 
marble-worker  at  the  Museum  at  Athens,  in  considering 
all  these  heads  and  fragmenU  to  be  of  Parian  marble. 


>  I  did  not  think  that  on  so  imporUnt  and  technical  a 
question  as  the  identification  of  different  marbles  I  could 
trust  mv  own  judgn.ent;  and  considering  the  scientific 
raineralogical  work  done  by  Professor  Lepsius,  of  Darm- 
stadt, on  Greek  marbles,  I  felt  that  in  this  instance  his 
help  ou-rht  to  be  invoked.  Accordingly  I  sent  him  speci- 
mens of  marble  chips  taken  from  the  fractured  portions 
of  our  sculptures,  which  were  necessarily  very  small.  He 
warned  me  in  his  letter  that  in  view  of  the  smallness  of 


THE   METOPES 


147 


pieces.  Tlius  it  is  that  so  niaiiy  fracrments  of  legs,  feet,  and  arms,  and  undercut  drapery, 
toj^ether  with  several  solid  hejids,  have  come  down  to  us,  and  that  the  larger  pieces  of 
metoiies  that  have  heen  preserved  are  those  in  which  the  torso  formed  one  thick  mass 
with  the  background. 

Contrary  to  what  might  be  inferred  from  tlie  description  of  Pausiinias  (see  below)  and 
from  analogous  buildings,  such  as  tlie  "  Theseum  "  at  Athens,  the  sculptured  metopes  of 
tlie  Hemeum  were  not  confined  to  front  and  back,  —  perhaps  overlapping  for  a  few 
intercolunniiations  on  either  side,  —  but  ran  round  the  whole  of  the  temple.  This  mio-ht 
of  itself  have  been  inferred  from  the  comparatively  great  number  of  limbs,  hands,  and 
feet  belonging  to  such  metopes  which  have  come  down  to  us.  A  general  view  of  fraoments 
on  the  Hoor  of  one  gallery  in  the  Athens  museum,  assigned  to  us  for  purposes  of  sort- 
ing, will  illustrate  this  (see  Fig.  75).'     This  is  furthermore  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  a 


Flu.  75.  —  Makiiij-:  Fkaumknth,  as  akkanuici>  kuk  soktinu  on  tiik  kluuk  ok  a  K<mim  ix  the  Ckxtkal 

Ml'SKl'M,    .\THEN8. 

The  statues  iu  the  background  do  nut  belong  to  the  Heraeuin  Marbles.     The  statue  on  the  right  is  the 

Diadu  menus  from  Delus. 

number  of  metoj)e  fragments  were  actually  found,  not  at  the  front  and  back  of  the  temple, 
l)ut  at  the  north  and  south  sides.  Several  of  these  (among  them  one  complete  and  one 
fragmenfciry  metoi>e  hejid)  were  discovered  on  the  spot  on  which  they  must  have  fallen 
from  tlie  entiiblature  which  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  temple.  Crashing  through  the  roof 
of  the  South  Stoa,  these  and  other  fragments  from  the  falling  temple  above  were  deposited 
on  the  fl<K)r  of  this  Stoa,  and  were  covered  anew  when  the  Stoa  itself  was  destroyed. 
There  is  a  further  question,  whether  all  these  fragments  of  relief  sculpture,  which 

*  Kangab^  {Awgmhuugen,  etc.,  p.  23)  mentiuns  42  fnigiiieiits  of  bands  and  anus,  and  IGO  fragments  uf  feet  and 
le«»s  found  during  his  tentative  excavations. 


140  MAUltLE   STATUARY   FROM  THE   HERAKl'M 

of   umuv  and  .Iniperv,  evi.lentlv  WonRins  t,.  metopes  or  friezes  iu  n-Uef,  »f  themselves 
Ik    «"  r      L  th'at  ihe  Sec-o.ui  Temple  »as  ,lecorate<l  with  sixty-four  .neto,H.s ;  wh.le  as 
"  m  .rse.  i  he  proved,  the  many  ft^gments  of  larger  «g»res  m  the  nun.d  Ije -nged  to 
h    pX     tal  -'-"F  <f  tl-t  temple,  which  each  cmtuined  at  east  thirteen  l.te..ze  hg- 
es-" er"at  1  ast  twe.,tv-si',  and  prohahly  well  over  thnty  statues  n.  the  ronnd. 
Yet  tho  '.  of  the  meto,.s  only  three  larger  pieces  and,  fortunately  lor  -.--■>;;;■; 
plete  heads  were  found,  only  one  of   these  larger  pieces  could,   after  P"  >«"*  -'-'' 
11.   the  fra.nnents.  hJ  so  supplemented  as  to  form  an  almost  complete  n.etope  (Plat. 
XXX)      O    the  pedimental  st!.t«es  there  is  only  one  torso  and  a  tew  larger  pieces, 
wldle  t  found  of  these  hut  one  head,  the  attrihution  of  wh.ch  to  a  ,«,du»e»t.  l'-«^'^'' 

'^  S;ni'r:lt!;:2i.  .Ith  ....  deg,.e  of  eertamty,  tlmt  all  these  marhle  fn;,n.e..ts 

fomd  ™rtof  the  sculptured  decoration  of  the  Sec.,u.d  Temple  (the  only  arch,tec.m.l 

c Xture  noted  by  Pau«u.ias  on  this  site),  and  that  the  other  hmldmgs  ,n  the  sac.ed 

;:;:I^lct  .,f  rt.e  saL  period  give  no  evidence  of  having  been  decorated  wuh  figures  and 

trrniins  pitliev  ill  relief  or  in  the  round. 

^  Zse  eomlusions  are  based  upon  the  collective  arguments  wh.ch  wdl  form  the  rcnunn- 

del-  of  this  introduction.  .  ,,     -    , 

The  fragments  of  relief  work,  as  well  as  of  statues  u.  the  round,  are  all  of  the  san.e 

"Parian"  marble.' 

THE  METOPES. 
That  metopes  surmounted  the  columns  of  this  Doric  temple  is.  of  cours...  proved 
archLturally.     The  .p.estion  is  whether  all,  or  how  n.any,  ot  these  were  dec-o.a.cd 

with  sculpture  in  relief.  ,  ,     .„  .    ,      i  e    ^         < 

The  existeiu-e  of  sueh  sculptured  decorations  is  proved  hy  Pausamas  s  phrase  u.ep  rov. 
J!Z      Anion.,  our  finds  there  are  marble  reliefs  which  were  undoubtedlv  from  nietoip 
:     th  :  temple.     There  are  m.  less  than  twenty-nine  se^Kirate  fragments  which  show  the 
t     .elief\vork  risin,  from  the  backc^ound  of  the  metope;  win  e  two  metopes  a  e 
j:uly  complete,  and  at  least  five  larger  fra,nnents  ,nve  us  the  essential  l-t-"  <>    ^   ^^ 
re  on  a  metope.     From  these  as  well  as  from  architectural  evidence  we  lean,  that  these 
etl     "e  1.029  m.  hi.h  by  0.978  m.  wide,  and  that  the  block  from  which  th.^-  were 
I^elwas  about  0.34  m.  thick.     The  unworked  backing,  or  p.ntion   remaining  tor    he 
^ lund,  avera.es  about  9  cm.     The  hij^hest  point  of  relief  from  the  background  is 
%  cm      This  coriCsponds  with  the  height  of  the  ivlief  of  the  metopes  ot,,  Parthenon 
The  extreme  ori.anal  thickness  of  the  metopes  would  thus  be  ab<mt  34  cm    or  about 
It  f^t      Out  of  this  background  the  relief  rises  very  boldly,  the  heads  and  the  limbs 
bn*-  quite  undercut  and  worked  in  the  round.     In  falhng  these  w<uild  l>-»^  -.ly  from 
the  relilf,  while  the  thin  portions  of  the  background  would  also  be  fractured  into  many 

1  I  ai.l  not  think  that  on  so  in.portant  and  technical  a  the  s,K.cime„s  it  wonUl  be  aiflicnU  if  not  in,.o.s..ible  to 

,  Jir:r:ient.Heation  o.  .i.e.nt  n.rUc,  I  conM  ^'^^^J— ^"^^  :^trcssor  .....  La.e 

trust  my  own  judgn.ent;    and  cons.denng  the  sc.ent.fic  J^'^^  ~  ^^  Tor  ,H,rtL.s  of  what  can  be  proved 

.„i„en.h,g.al  work  done  ^^ ^-^^^-^:;:^Z  ^  W      e^tl^s  lere  assigned  to  aifferent  .ar- 

stadt,  on  Greek  marbles  I  felt  that  m    »----'_  ^^^^      ,  ^,„,  ^.^j,  ^  „.,  decision  at  which  I  arrived  and 

help  ought  to  be  invoked.     Accordingh  I  sent  hun  sj^c.  ,„,,_„rted  bv  the  judgment  of  Dr.  H.  S.  Wash- 

niens  of  marble  chips  taken  from  the  .  -tnred  i-rt.on  w  h.h  -»1  J^-»J^  ....i, '^friend  Mr.  Kalonrgis.  the 

of  our  sculptures,  which  wer..^^^^^^^^^^^  Zrworker  at  the  Muleum  at  Athens,  in  consnlcrin, 

warned  me  in  his  letter  that  in  view  ot  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  fragmeuU  to  be  of  Parian  marble. 


TIIK   MKTOPKS 


147 


pieces.  Thus  it  is  th;it  so  many  fragments  of  legs,  feet,  and  arms,  and  undercut  drapery, 
together  witli  several  solid  heads,  have  come  down  to  us,  and  that  the  larger  pieces  of 
metopes  that  have  been  preserved  are  tliose  in  which  the  torso  formed  one  thick  mass 
with  the  backgnuind. 

Contrary  to  what  iniglit  be  inferred  from  tlie  description  of  Paus;inias  (see  below)  and 
from  analogous  buildings,  such  as  tlie  '•  Theseum  "  at  Athens,  the  sculptured  metopes  of 
the  Heiaeuin  were  not  confined  to  front  and  back,  —  perliaps  overlapping  for  a  few 
iiitercoluniniations  on  either  side,  —  but  ran  round  the  whole  of  the  temple.  This  mi<»ht 
of  itself  have  been  inferred  from  the  comparatively  great  number  of  limbs,  hands,  and 
feet  belonging  to  such  metopes  which  have  c(»me  down  to  us.  A  general  view  of  fragments 
on  the  fioor  of  one  gallery  in  the  Athens  museum,  as.signed  to  us  for  purposes  of  sort- 
ing, will  illustrate  this  (see  Fig.  To).'      This  is  furthermore  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  a 


In,.  13.  —  M.VKIII.I':    l'K.V»i.MKXTS,    .\S    .VKK.V.NtiKli    H>U    .soHTI.Vti    o.\    TIIK    H.«M>K    OK    .V    K«K».M    l.N    TIIK    t'K.\TK.\L 

MCSKCM.    .\TIiKNS. 

The  Htulues  in  the  backgnmiul  do  not  belong  to  the  lit-raetiiii  Marbles.     The  statue  on  the  right  is  tlie 

Diadiiineiios  from  Delos. 

number  of  met«)pe  fragments  were  actually  found,  not  at  the  front  and  back  of  the  temple, 
but  at  the  north  and  south  sides.  Several  of  the.se  (among  them  one  complete  and  one 
fragmentary  metope  head)  were  discovered  on  the  spot  on  which  they  must  have  fallen 
from  the  entablature  which  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  temple.  Crashing  through  the  roof 
of  the  South  Stoa,  these  and  other  fragments  from  the  falling  temple  above  were  deposited 
on  the  fioor  of  this  Stoa,  ami  were  covered  anew  when  the  Stoa  itself  was  destroyed. 
There  is  a  further  (piestion,  whether  all  these  fragments  of  relief  sculpture,  which 

'  KaMgalH«  (.ItiKffrahunfftn,  etc.,  p.  23)  meiitiuiis  4*2  fragments  of  hands  and  arms,  and  100  fragments  of  feet  and 
IftTH  found  during  his  tentative  excavatiiuis. 


M 


|i 


148  MAKHLE  STATUARY   FROM   THE  HERAEUM 

ration,  and  since  these  Uinereiices  in  »i«;  ^i        r  i?    *..,„„  fi.o  Pirtlipnon 

20  cm. ...  he,g , t,  -'"'%*;  .'^;*; ^^^Ift^^^^^^^^^^        fro...  the  Parthe......  (Micl.aelU,  D.r 

,„eas«reso..ly  IJe...     ^'""''y' f  ^  *;;^°;  j;  j         ^ies  i..  the  ai.,.e.,si<m»  of  other 
I'.rtkenon  p  .  .v.  32  a.„l  pi.  v.  ^'^^X^^ohii  ...ea.s..res  b..t  25  «...  r.......l  the 

•  0'  ro.  ..d  the  calf.     The.*tore,  the  slight  .Uscrej«u.cy  ...  s.ze  betwee..  «o.,.e  of  ...r  .e  ef 
fl.:i  r..o  wav  affects  o..r  ccclusion,  W.1  opon  style  and  .ovk„.a..sh,p,  that 

.J^ZZ:^y  after  «e  have  exa,..i..ed  the  .,.estion  of  the  ,.d....e..t.d  sc...lpt..».. 

THE  PEDIMENTS. 

thet  is  as  ;et  no  conscsus  of  opinio.,  as  to  how  the  s.*nes  e«.....emtol    .y  1 . ...m..,.  s 

tl  Itril  uted.     Now  it  api^ars  evident,  and  is  '«<l«'  »*«  . '>y  »»  '"'''T7\    1^^^^ 
7m  Pa««.nias  i.nplv  a  l.road  twofold  division  i,.  the  d.stnb«t.on  of  the  s,.bj«  s 
He  tls  ckl.lv  to  iudic;.te  that  the  Birth  of  Ze..s  and  the  GiRanton.ach,a  were  ....    he 
« .eTde  (pmbably  the  front)  and  the  T...jan  War  a..d  the  C,pt..re  .,f  Troy  ..n  the  oth 
eSr    All  authorities  Ln  agreed  that  one  scene  -tan.ly  1«  o.^ea  to  a  H 
lit,  probably  the  easten.  or  front  H™'-'' — «"-'>  *«  ''""'  "'  ^"'-      ^'  " 

»  It  is  hanlly  conceivable  that  this  scene  could  have 
been  split  up  into  single  metope  co«,iH«itiou»,  while  its 
intrinsic  character  would  fit  it  for  the  principal  ,«jdinient. 
Exactly  how  the  scene  was  represented  it  is  difticult  for 
«s  to  conceive,  for  we  have  no  bo«m1  guide  in  exUut  raon- 
uuients,  nor  do  the  literary  records  instruct  us  uik.u  the 


1  Frazer's  translation,  PoM.tamVw,  I.  p.  9."j  (II.  17).   The 
(ireek  text  runs  :  i*6<ra  8i  In^ip  roif  ,ctoyis  ier.y  .W«ffM».'«. 

-  Cf.  Waldstein,  Exmmlious  of  the  Am.  Sch.  of  Mhena 
at  the  Heraim  of  Ary<>s,  WJri,  p.  6;  Ftazer,  op.  cU.  III.  182. 


a 


THE   PEDIMENTS 


149 


the  distribution  of  the  three  other  scenes  that  we  meet  with  tlie  jrreatest  diver«'-ence  of 
opinion. 

Curtiiis  *  and,  foUowinjr  liim,  Welcker  -  assijjn  the  Capture  of  Troy  to  the  western 
|>ediment,  and  then  appropriately  phice  the  Gigantomachiji  below  the  Birth  of  Zeus  in 
the  metoi)e8  on  the  east  side,  letiving  scenes  from  the  Trojan  War  to  adorn  the  metoi)es 
on  the  west,  beneath  the  crowning  event  in  the  war,  the  Capture  of  Troy.  Professor 
Tarbell  and  Dr.  Bates  ^  put  forward  the  conjecture  —  the  ground  for  which  I  fail  to 
see  —  that  the  Birth  of  Zeus  and  the  Battle  of  Greeks  and  Trojans  occupied  the  pedi- 
ments, the  Gigantomachia  and  Iliupersis  occupying  the  metopes.  Mr.  Frazer,*  while 
considering  my  fii-st  suggestion  "  pLiusible,"  incHnes  more  towards  the  restoration  of 
Curtius. 

In  the  preliminary  publications  of  our  first  year's  finds,'*  I  based  my  conjectural 
distribution  chiefly  upon  the  comparison  of  this  passiige  in  Pausiinias  with  his  description 
of  the  pediments  of  the  Parthenon  (I.  2Jr,  25).  The  description  would  thus  follow  the 
usiuil  method  of  the  periegete  in  enumerating  the  various  objects  and  places  as  he  suc- 
cessively siiw  them  in  their  pkice,  and  he  would  thus  group  together  first  those  scenes 
at  the  front  and  then  those  at  the  back.  The  further  analogy  of  the  Parthenon,  in  which 
a  .scene  from  the  Capture  of  Troy  was  represented  in  the  metopes,  and  the  analogy  of  a 
scene  of  departure  and  preparation  to  be  found  in  the  eastern  pediment  of  the  temple 
of  Zeus  at  Olympia,  led  me  to  assign  the  Capture  of  Troy  to  the  metopes  and  the  depar- 
ture of  the  heroes  for  Troy  to  the  pediment.  The  appropriateness  of  representing  the 
moment  of  preparation  for 
their  depai-ture  to  Ilion  is 
manifest,  as,  according  to 
a  late  tradition,''  the  He- 
raeuni  was  the  spot  chosen 
fur  this  purjiose. 

But  the  bearing  of  at 
lea  .-it  one  of  our  subsequent 
finds,  the  significance  of 
which  is  made  clearer  by 
the  very  comparison  with 
the  metoi>es  of  the  Parthe- 
non, causes  me  to  doubt 
the  cliiiiiLs  of  my  own  con- 
jecture and  to  revert  to  the 
hypothesis  of  Curtius,  the 
strength  of  which,  on  other  grounds,  I  had  always  felt.  The  find  in  question  is  the 
archaic  torso  of  a  ^oavou,  round  the  back  of  which  a  life-sized  arm  is  roughly  sculptured 
—  evidently  the  arm  of  one  clasping  the  sacred  image  as  a  protection  against  an  advan- 
cing foe  (Fig.  7G).  This  finds  its  complete  parallel  in  the  scene  represented  on  a  metope 
of  the  Pai-thenon  showing  Helen  clasping  the  Palladium,  while  Menelaus  is  advancing 


Fig.  70.  —  Makblk  Image,  with  Hand  grasping  it  at  the  Back. 
Probably  from  the  Western  Pediment  of  the  Second  Temple. 


artistic  presentation  of  this  obscure  moment  in  Greek 
mythology. 

'  Der  Pelo/xmnex,  II.  p.  'tlO. 

«  .intile  DfttLmtiler,  I.  pp.  191-194. 

•  .imerican  Journal  of  Archaeology,  First  Series,  VIII. 
(1893/,  p.  24. 


*  L.  c. 

'  Excavations  of  the  American   School  at  the  Heraion, 
p.  7. 

«  Dictys  Cretens.  Bell.  Troj.  I.  10. 


>'l 


j^g  MVKHLK  STATUARY   FKDM   THE   IlEKAKUM 

•^  .  •  1'  •         f.v..  Iiwf-iiwp   ft«*  IS  tlu*  cjist*  111  the  laiiiu'iuMi. 

these  (inu  .llttereiues  in  size  are  icmnnon  in  ancient  Greek  metopes.      1  lie 

„.    I         p.  .■  1.1...  ...e.;.,«s.     The  ..r.li,....,  I..,.i.l.  l.™.!  f......  t  ..•  Partl.e......  ...casu,,. 

.     .."n  •».   in  height.  «h  le  a  Ce,.ta...-  I.ea.l  f."...  t.-,.  t..  ,K....t  oJ  bear.   ...casuros  alnrnt 

oH,.      E  e.    ...  the  Parthe......  frieze  there  a.e  .liffe«.,.ces  n.ore  ...arke.!  .ha..   ...    W 

rie^^...  fra^,.e.,ts  Move  „s.  S.,  .he  hea.l  ..f  Ze-.s  fro,.,  the  eastern  fneze  <"«•—  •''  '"^ 
'>nr  ..  h XH.t,  whUe  the  heaa  of  the  «irl  fro...  the  ce,.t,.a  sla  ,  nnn.e-ha.e  .v  .esHle  h  .n 
„     o..ly  i:  c.„.     Fi..ally,  if  we  take  two  ...etoiH.  fro...  the  Parthe......  ^^"^""^^'^ 

i:;:r  „: ./  s :. •  ::a  the':;f iiK: =«>  is  as .......  as ....  ..o .he ...... .....i 

.  ro  ,  a  the  ealf.     Therefore,  the  slight  ,lisere,«..cy  ...  s.ze   .etwee.,  so.ne  o  . 

;!atn."e..ts  i..  ..o  wav  affects  o..r  eonclusi.....  ha«..l  ..,-...  style  a...l  w„.k.,.a..sh>,.,  that 
thev  ill  fon..e<l  part  of  the  ...etojies  of  the  Sceo..<l  Te...i.le.  .,  ,  .,., 

H,w  tlu  s,.hWts  ,«e..ti,...e,l  Iv  Pa..sa..ias  are  to  l«  .listr,l...te.l  a,..,...«    he  .n..t..,H.s 
..a.":  .11  ..,.:' J.,.. ly  after  we  have  e.a...i..ea  the  ....estion  of  the  ,...l....e..tal  se..l,.,..... 

THE   PEDIMENTS. 

P.,...,..,.s  deserilH.s  tl...  se..l,.t..re.l  .le.-o.-ati....  of  .l-  TIerae.un  i..  ">'•  f"""-"'R  »'■"»«  = 

..  Tt::ipt«.";>ver  ...e  eoU..I...s  re,..vse..t.  s ..the  «ir.h  of  /e..s  a...l  the  Battle  of  the 

G...1S  a...l  Giants  others  the  IVoia..^^^^^^^^^^^ 

A <siiinni<»"  for  the  moment  that  the  jmiase      "^t^i  ""^  i   i      n  •    , 

tl..t  r     ve   ....  eo.,se..s«s  of  o,,i..io..  as  to  how  the  s..e„..s  e,...,.....atcKl  hy  I'.msj... 

,e  ,Ustrilmte.l.     Now  it  a,.,-...  evi.le..t.  a...l  is  a.l.nitte.l  l.y  all  au.l,..r...es,  that  .he 
.^     f  P  .^.nias  i...,.lv  a  l..-oa.l  twof,.l.l  -Uvisi.-n  i..  the  .listr,l,«t,o..  ol  the  s-.I-j-ks. 
seems  eea.  V  to  i...  ieate  that  the  Bi-th  of  Ze..s  a,..l  the  Giffa..to,..aeh.a  we..  ....    he 

elk! , rol.ai.lv  the  front,  a..d  the  Troja.,  War  a...l  the  Ca,t....  ..f  Troy  on    he  ..... 

,  helJ       AU  a...l.orities  seen,  agree.!  that  o..e  s,.ene  '-'""''.V  '-";;«"  J"  j        '  . 
„.e,.t,  ,.robahly  the  easter..  ur  fro..t  ,«.lhne..t,  -  na.nely  the  B.rth  ..f  /e..s.      It  .s 

.        „  .       o-,II  .71    TW  »  It  U  lmr<llv  .■oiicoW.l.lo  that  this  »cc..c  eo.iMI»vc 

,;„...k  t..x.  ru,„  :  M'.  «  ^^P  -.  '^•^'  '•■"■:  •■«;';•-      ^  „rll  ,e,„„l  m  it  t!,r  t.,c  ,,ri„..i,«.l  ,..di........ 

rt  ,),  U  ,V  A,l„  V.......  ..1  «."  -^  7..."-  ^X,"  'X...  '»     »^'»  -  ^^^  ^^^  „,,„»„tc,l  it  i,  .Ufli..,.lt  t,.r 

.  n.  wa„.s.c.i„  .v,.,,„.»,,« .,  ;-^;-; :; .  ~  ;,:.;:::;:•  Th-o..,  ..t„:..'-i..».™»t  „,  „.... ...» 

flf  f/«e  Ueraioh  oj  Aryos,  IMKi,  i». »»,  r  razer,  op.  t«.  m 


TIIF-:    PKDIMKXTS 


140 


the  (listrihiitioii  of  the  thi-ee  otiier  scenes  that  we  meet  with  the  "-reatest  (Uver"eiice  of 


oninioii. 


'I 
Curtiiis'  and,  foUowinjr  liim,  Welcker  -  assijrn  the  Capture  of  Troy  to  the  western 

|)e(liment,  and  tlieii  apprcjpriately  place  tlie  Gi^antomachia  helow  the  Birth  of  Zeus  in 
tlie  meto|>es  on  the  east  side,  k'avin<>^  scenes  from  tlie  Trojan  War  to  adorn  the  metopes 
on  the  west,  l>eneath  the  crowninj--  event  in  the  war,  the  Capture  of  Troy.  Professor 
Tarhell  and  Dr.  Bates  ^  put  forward  the  conjecture  —  the  «»Touiid  for  which  I  fail  to 
see  —  that  the  Birth  of  Zeus  and  the  Battle  of  Greeks  and  Trojans  occui)ied  the  pedi- 
ments, the  Gi<rant<miachia  and  Iliupersis  occupyinj^  the  metopes.  Mr.  Frazer,^  while 
eoiisideiin«;  my  first  sujrjrestion  "  plausihie,"  inclines  more  towards  the  restoration  of 
Ciirtius. 

In  the  preliminary  imhlications  of  our  first  year's  finds,'  I  hased  my  conjectural 
distribution  chieHy  upon  the  comparison  of  this  pass;ioe  in  Pausiinias  with  his  description 
of  the  pediments  of  the  Parthenon  (I.  24,  25).  The  description  would  thus  foUow  the 
usual  method  of  the  periej^^ete  in  enuineratinjj^  the  various  objects  and  places  as  he  suc- 
cessively sjiw  them  in  their  place,  and  he  would  thus  <»Toup  tooether  first  those  scenes 
at  the  front  and  then  those  at  the  back.  The  further  anah)<»y  of  the  Parthenon,  in  which 
a  scene  from  the  Capture  of  Troy  was  represented  in  the  metopes,  and  the  analogy  of  a 
si'ene  of  departure  and  preparation  to  be  found  in  the  eastern  pediment  of  the  temple 
of  Zeus  at  Olympia,  led  me  to  assijrn  the  Capture  of  Troy  to  the  metopes  and  the  depar- 
ture of  the  heroes  for  Troy  to  the  i)ediment.  The  appropriateness  of  representing  the 
moment  of  preparation  fur 
their  departure  to  llion  is 
manifest,  as,  according  to 
a  late  tradition,''  the  He- 
raeum  was  the  spot  chosen 
for  this  pur))ose. 

But  the  bearing  of  at 
least  one  of  our  subsequent 
finds,  the  significance  of 
which  is  made  clearer  by 
the  very  comparison  with 
the  metopes  of  the  Parthe- 
non, causes  me  tu  doubt 
the  claims  of  my  own  con- 
jectui-e  and  to  i*evert  to  the 
hypothesis  of  Curtius,  the 
strength  of  which,  on  other  grounds,  I  had  always  felt.  The  find  in  question  is  the 
archaic  torso  »)f  a  ^oauov,  round  the  back  of  which  a  life-sized  arm  is  roughly  sculptured 
—  evidently  the  arm  of  one  clasping  the  sjicred  image  as  a  protection  against  an  advan- 
cing foe  (Fig.  70).  This  finds  its  complete  parallel  in  the  scene  represented  on  a  metope 
of  the  Parthenon  showing  Helen  clasping  the  Palladium,  while  Menelaus  is  advancing 


Fiu.  70.  —  Makhlk  Imaok,  with  Hand  graspixu  it  at  thk  Hack. 
Probably  from  tbe  Western  I'edimeut  of  the  Secoud  Temple. 


artistic  presentation  of  this  obscnre  moment  iu  (ireck 
niytholo|ry. 

'   I)er  I'elofHiunes,  II.  p.  .'»70. 

'  AnlUe  lhnkm<Her,  I.  pp.  191-194. 

•  Ameriraii  Journal  of  A rchneology.  First  Scries,  VIII. 
(1893,,  p.  24. 


*  L.  c. 

^  Excavation.'!  of  the  American    School  at  the  Herttion, 
p.  7. 

«  Dictys  Cretens.  Hell.  Troj.  I.  IG. 


150  MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE   IIERAEUM 

towards  her,  a  scene  so  ingeniously  reeonstrueted  from  the  fn.,nnenU.ry  meU>,.s  ^y 
Miclmehs  in'  a  comparison  with  a  red-fisurea  vase  pmtn.g.  But  our  ^oa.o.,  .ith  the 
L,  must,  from  the  dimensions,'  be  assigned  to  the  i^^chment  and  not  to  the  metoi>es, 
and  I  therefore  conclude  with  Curtius  and  Welcker  that  the  general  represent.it,<,n  of  the 
Trojan  War  is  to  he  assigned  to  the  western  iH^diment,  and  the  seiKirate  scenes  from  the 

Troian  War  to  the  metopes  below  it.'  ,     ,    •      ,•  •     .i  * 

The  disjointed  scenes  from  the  Trojan  War  would  thus  reach  then-  chmax  m  the  m<.st 

inu>ort.int  and  final  event  in  that  great  drama,  the  Capture  of  Troy  m  the  iK-dnnent. 

iinpoiwnr  ^^  .^  probable  that  the  i^itron  divnuty 

of  the  Atridae,  Hera,  was  the  central 

figure  in  this  pediment,  presiding  over 

j^  ^\       •  ""^^H      ^^^*^  victory  of  the  Greeks.     The  high- 

^-.^OlJI^S^J^^H      est    tyi^es  of   Hellenic  life    in    divine 

-  SP^  ^I^^^B      J">a  heroic  mythology  w(ndd  thus  be 

'"'  '^^1      forcibly  presented   in    the   front  and 

back  of  this  temple,  as  in  the  Parthe- 
non a  great  and  ct)nsistent  idea  com- 
bines the  sculptures  of  the  front  and 
back.  We  should  then  have  repre- 
sented on  the  Heraeum :  —  in  the  front, 
the  estiiblishment  of  the  rule  of  the 
^1,  ^      great   Hellenic   divinity,   Zeus,   whose 

^.  \^      hirth   marks   the  thiwnfall  of  Cronus 

and  the  overthrow  of  the  giants  by 
Zeus  and  the  divinities  over  whom  he 
presides;  in  the  rear,  the  assertion  of 
the  national  unity  and  national  suihj- 
F,u.77.-FuAUMKNTo»  aMkto..;,  WITH  Pklta.  riority    of    the    Hellenic    i>eople    over 

whom  these  gods  rule,  in  the  over- 
throw of  the  great  eastern  rival,  and  the  victory  of  the  hennc  ancestors  of  the  historical 
Hellenes  (headed  by  the  Argolic  Atridae).  All  these  sculptures  dlustrate  the  great  steps 
in  the  establishment  of  Hellenic  civilizjition,  its  social,  conjugal,  and  domestic  laws,  over 
which  Zeus  and  Hera  presided.  The  front  refers  to  Zeus,  as  the  rear  shows  the  sway  ot 
Hera,  in  truly  typical  scenes  from  Greek  mythology.  t         ,       -i    i 

In  the  preliminary  publication  I  had  also  suggested  that  Pausjinias  may  have  described 
merely  the  metoi>es  in  front  and  rear,  and  that  -  as  we  should  exi^-ct  from  his  cur8<»ry 
description  of  the  Heraeum -he  had  omitted  all  mention  of  the  scenes  depicted  in  the 
metopes  of  the  side.  Even  after  our  first  year's  excavation  it  api)eared  to  me  probable 
that  an  Amazonomachia  was  represented  in  the  metoi)e8  of  at  least  one  of  the  sides.  This 
hypothesis  has  since  received  confimation  from  our  discoveries.  Among  our  marbles 
there  are  a  head  (Plate  XXXI.,  No.  3)  and  several  torsi  (Plate  XXXV.)  which  are 
distinctly  of  the  type  of  Amazons ;  another  fragment  of  rehef  api>ears  to  me  a  \^\ti 
(Fig.  77),  the  shield  characteristic  of  Amazons. 

^  Der  Parthenon,  v.i:i9.  Thicke,t  part  of  am.  on  back 8-2 

«  The  dimensions  of  this  fragment  are  :  -  Le«Rt»'  "'  -~  '«"«  -"-J  »«;''«'' ,  '    ;    •.    •    f 

•  I  bow  to  the  force  of  Mr.  Frazer's  criticism  (/.  c.)  of 
Extreme  height  (in  centimetres)      '     '     *    '     '    '^^  „y  rendering  of  the  t4  Si  i,  ri..  wpht  Tpola^  w6?<*^r  as 

.,  JT 15.  implying  the  preparation  for  the  departure. 

From  breast  to  breast 9J» 


THE   PEDIMENTS   AND   METOPES 


151 


Moi-eover  it  is  hardly  conceivable  that  two  definite  battle-scenes  could  have  been  con- 
tinued throughout  sixty-six  metopes.  Even  on  the  sides  of  the  Parthenon  the  series  of 
Centaiiromachia-metopes  was  interrupted  and  varied  by  interpolated  subjects.  Thus  the 
Amazonomachia  was  probably  introduced  on  one  or  both  of  the  lon«-  sides  of  the 
Heraeum.  If  on  one  only,  the  other  side  may  have  been  decorated  with  the  Centauroma- 
chiii,  though  no  traces  of  this  subject  have  come  down  to  us  among  our  fragments. 

According  to  the  evidence  at  our  command,  both  literary  and  monumenfcd,  we  should 
assign  the  following  subjects  to  the  diflFerent  parts  of  sculptured  ornamentation  on  the 
Heraeum :  — 

The  eastern  i)ediment  contiiined  the  Birth  of  Zeus  —  perhaps  with  Cronus  and  Rhea, 
whose  rule  is  about  to  cejise  at  that  moment,  in  the  centre.  The  western  pediment  had 
the  Capture  of  Troy,  with  jwrhaps  Hera,  or  Zeus  and  Hera,  presiding  over  this  first 
victory  of  the  Hellenic  race  under  their  divine  sway.  The  eastern  metopes  contained 
scenes  from  the  Gigantomachia,  as  the  western  had  representations  from  the  Trojan  War; 
and  these  scenes  may  have  overlapped  from  the  east  and  west  front  to  either  side  on  north 
and  south.  But  the  bulk  of  the  metopes  on  these  sides  were  decorated  with  the  Amazono- 
machia and,  possibly,  the  Centauromachia  or  some  similar  mythological  scene.  These 
(with  the  exception  of  the  Birth  of  Zeus,  which  appears  to  have  been  an  individual  and 


Fig.  78.  — Corskk  «»k  thk  R<k»m  in  thk  Ckntrai.  Mcskum,  Atiikns,  containing  Fragments  of 

DhAI'KRY    KRt»M    FlGURI-:8   IN   THK    KoUND,   PROBABLY   FRO.M    THE    PEDIMENTS   OK   THE   HkRAEUM. 

original  idea  of  the  great  Argive  artist)  are  subjects  with  which  we  are  familiar  in  the 
fifth-century  buildings  (the  Parthenon,  the  temple  of  Athena  at  Aegina,  the  temple  at 
Siinium,  the  temple  of  AjKillo  at  Bassae,  the  temple  of  Zeus  at  Agrigentum,  etc.)  and 
Oil  numerous  works  of  minor  art  in  all  periods.  No  doubt  we  must  look  backwards  to 
the  great  mural  jmintings  by  Polygnotus  for  the  establishment  of  these  scenes  in  art, 
and  not  to  the  works  of  sculptors,  for  he  appears  to  have  furnished  the  sculptors  with 
the  dramatic  compositions  that  deal  with  these  subjects. 

We  have  hitherto  proceeded  on  the  assumption  that  the  Heraeum  was  decorated  with 
liedimental  statiury  as  well  as  with  metopes.  Before  our  excavations  this  assumption 
was  founded  on  insufficient  evidence ;  for  the  phrase  of  Pausanias,  virc/o  tov%  kIovo.^^  is 


150  MAUBLK  STATrAUY   FliOM   THE   IIEUAKr.M 

towanis  Lev.  a  s.-e„e  so  in«e„i.,«sly  ■«.»ns.,uHe.l  f,-.n..  .I,e  f,aS"K.n.arv  ,„et.,K.s  l,y 
MkLaelis  i,,'  a  .muiK.rison  «itl.  a  .-...l-fiji.ncMl  va«.  i«..nt.ns.  But  «.»•  foa.o.,  ».t  >  tht 
■St.  fvo...  .hi  .li..u.nsi..„s  •  U.  a..i,nK.a  t„  the  ,..  i.no,,.  a„.l  n..t  ...  .lu;  nK..o,>es, 
.,,,,1  I  .hcvtore  n-nchule  will.  Crtius  and  WcKker  .ha.  the  !je.H..al  ,e,.r,.sen.a..on  ,.t  ... 
'Tr..jan  War  is  ...  U'  a»sis..e.l  ...  .ho  »i.s.e.-..  ikhU,....,.,  a...!  .he  sfiaratc  sicnes  1,„„>  .h. 

■|'r..iaii  War ...  the  metoi.es  heh.w  i..'  ,     ,    •      i-         •    ,i  , 

The  .lisi..h,.«l  scenes  ir„.„  .h..  Tn.ja,,  Wa,-  «..„hl  .hus  rea.l,  .!»•..■  .•ln,.ax  in  .he  „...s. 

h„,„.r.a».  an.l  final  eve...  in  .ha.  «-.  .In.n.a.  .he  Ca,..«iy  ,.t  Tn.y  ...  ...■  ,.e.h,ne,... 

""1  It  is  |H(.l»al»U'  that  the  iKitroii  (hviiiity 

of  tiie  Atiidae.  Heia,  was  thr  tfiitial 
tii^iire  ill  this  |K'(liuu'iit,  iuvsi<liii«!f  ovor 
thf  viitoiv  «»f  tlu-  GrtH'ks.     Tlie  liijfli- 
est    tyiR's  of    Ilrllfnii-   hfe    in    «livine 
and  iu'ioio  mythoh>j;y  wouKl  thns  he 
foicihlv  |ut'senttHl    in    the    front  and 
hack  of  this  tenjple,  as  in  the  Paithi- 
iion  a  j^reat  and  consistent  idea  coni- 
hines  the  scnlptnies  of  the  front  and 
liack.     We  shouhl    tht-n    have   repre- 
sented on  tlie  Ileraenni :  —  in  the  front, 
the  estahhshnient  of   tin*  ruU*  of   tlie 
i^nat    Hellenic   divinity,   /ens,    whose 
hirth    marks   the  «lownfall  of   Cronns 
and   the   overthrow  of   the  j-iants  l»y 
Zeus  and  the  divinities  over  whom  he 
|»resides;  in  the  rear,  the  assertion  of 
the  national  unity  and  national  supe- 
riority   of    the    Hellenic    people    over 
whom    these    '^ods  rule,  in   the   over- 
throw of  the  -reat  eastern  rival,  and  the  victory  of  the  heroic  ancestors  of  the  historical 
Hellenes  (heade<l  hv  the  Aroolic  Atridae..     All  these  sculptures  illustrate  the  -reat  steps 
i„  the  estal.lislnnent  of  Helienic  civili/.ition,  its  social,  conju-al.  and  donu-stic  laws,  over 
which  Zeus  and  Hera  presided.     The  front  refers  to  Zeus,  as  the  rear  shows  the  sway  ot 
Hera,  in  trulv  tvpical  scenes  from  Greek  mytholoj^y. 

In  the  preiiminarv  puhlication  1  had  also  su-n-sted  that  Paus;,nias  may  have  des.r.hed 
merely  the  metopes  in  front  and  rear,  and  that  -  as  we  should  expect  from  his  cursory 
description  of  the  Heraeum  -he  had  omitted  all  mention  of  the  si-enes  depicted  in  the 
meto,>es  of  the  side.  Even  after  our  first  year's  excavati«u»  it  api^-ared  to  me  prohahle 
that  an  Amaz^numiachia  was  represented  in  the  metopes  of  at  least  one  of  the  sules.  1  his 
hvpothesis  has  since  receive<l  cinifirmation  fron.  our  discoveries.  Amonjr  <,„r  marhles 
there  are  a  head  (Platk  XXXI.,  No.  I?)  and  several  torsi  (Platk  XXXV.)  which  are 
distinctly  of  the  type  of  Amazons  ;  another  fragment  of  relief  appears  to  me  a  iK-lt^i 
(Fi«'-.  77),  the  shield  characteristic  of  Amazons. 


1-Ki. 


t  t. 


FuAiiMKM  o^   A  Mkiui'k,  with  I'klta. 


>  Der  Parthenon,  p.  139. 

*  The  diinensioiis  of  this  fra{»inent  are  :  — 

Extreme  lieiiilit  (in  centimetres) »4. 

breadth -•• 

•*         thickness ^•'• 

From  breast  to  breast 0..J 


Thickest  part  of  ann  on  back 

I.en;;th  of  arm  from  wrist  to  elbow      ....     ".i-- 
•  I  Ih>w  t«»  the  force  <»f  Mr.  Frazer's  critii-ism  (/.  <•)  "f 
niT  reuderin}!  »f  the  ri  Si  it  rh»  wpit  Tpow  f&Xttiov  as 
implying  the  preparation  for  the  dejMirture. 


TIIE   PEDIMENTS    AND    METC)PP> 


151 


Moreover  it  is  hanlly  conceivahle  that  two  definite  hattle-scenes  could  have  heen  con- 
tinuetl  thnuijrhout  sixty-six  metopes.  Even  on  the  .sides  of  the  Parthenon  the  series  of 
Centaurtnnachia-inetopes  was  interrupted  and  varied  hy  interpolated  suhjects.  Thus  the 
Aiiiazonomachia  was  prohahly  introduced  on  one  or  hotli  of  the  lon<r  sides  of  the 
Heraeum.  If  on  one  only,  the  other  side  may  have  heen  decorated  with  the  Centiiunmia- 
chia,  thoiicrh  no  traces  of  this  stihject  have  come  down  to  us  amonjr  om-  fmcrments. 

Accordinj;'  to  the  evidence  at  tuir  command,  hoth  literary  and  monumental,  we  shoidd 
assijrn  the  followinj;'  suhjects  to  the  different  parts  of  sculptured  ornamentiition  on  the 
Heraeum :  — 

The  eastern  pediment  contained  the  Birth  of  Zeus  —  perhaps  with  Cronus  and  Rhea, 
whose  rule  is  ahout  to  cease  at  that  nitmient,  in  the  centre.  The  western  pediment  had 
the  Capture  of  Troy,  with  perhaps  Hera,  or  Zeus  and  Hera,  presidinjr  over  this  first 
victtuy  of  the  Hellenic  race  under  their  divine  sway.  The  eastern  metopes  contained 
s<-enes  from  the  Gijranttunachia,  as  the  western  had  representations  from  the  Trojan  War; 
and  these  scenes  may  have  overlapped  from  the  east  and  west  front  to  either  side  on  north 
and  stuith.  But  the  hulk  of  the  metopes  on  these  sides  were  decorated  with  the  Amazono- 
machia  and,  possihly,  the  Centauromachia  or  some  similar  mytholosrical  scene.  These 
( with  the  exception  of  the  Birth  of  Zeus,  which  appears  to  have  heen  an  individual  and 


Flli.  7.S.  —  ('oltXKK    OK   TIIK    |{«M»M    IX    TIIK    CkXTRAI,    MfSKfM,  .\TIIKXS,  CONTAISIXCJ    FltACMKXTS    OK 

Dkai'Kky  kkom  Fn;tKKs  ix  tiik  Uolxd,  I'Robablv  kkom  tiik  I'kdimkxts  ok  thk  Hkkakcm. 


oriojiial  idea  of  the  jjfreat  Arj^five  artist)  are  suhjects  with  which  we  are  familiar  in  the 
fifth-century  huildinjrs  (the  Parthenon,  the  temple  of  Athena  at  Aeo;ina,  the  temjde  at 
Sunium,  the  temple  of  Aim>Uo  at  Bassjie,  the  temple  of  Zeus  at  A«»rioentum,  etc.)  and 
on  numerous  w<nks  of  minor  art  in  all  periods.  No  douht  we  must  look  hackwards  to 
the  jrreat  mural  paintinj^s  by  Polyonotus  for  the  estjihlishment  of  these  scenes  in  art, 
and  not  to  the  works  of  sculptoi-s,  for  he  appears  to  have  furnished  the  sculptors  with 
the  dramatic  ctmipositions  that  deal  with  these  suhjects. 

We  have  hitherto  prtK-eeded  on  the  assumption  that  the  Heraeum  was  decorated  with 
pedimental  statuary  as  well  as  with  metopes.  Before  our  excavations  this  assumption 
was  founded  on  insufHcient  evidence ;  for  the  phrase  of  Pausauias,  vtrkp  tovs  /ctoj/a?,  is 


152  MARBLE   STATUARY   FROM   THE   IIERAEUM 

so  singular  when  applied  to  peaiments  that,  taken  l.y  itself,  it  would  lead  us  to  iufer  that 
rh^-vere  only  n^^opes,  for  had  he  n.ant  to  include  j>edin;ents  he  -^MoHo^^ 
his  usa<.e,  have  added  some  such  phrase  as  eV  roc.  KaXov^e.oc.  acroc.      Ev«»  ^^ 
recentlv    since  I  puhlished  the  results  of  our  first  year's  work  m   1892,  Mr.  Stimrt 
W  ;.2^^^^^^    hat  the  phrase  used  hy  Pausanias  "  unmistakahly  refers  to  metoi>es 
aJnot  to  pediments.     But\he  excavations  show  beyo.ul  all  ^^f^^^^J^^^ 
tures  in  the  i>ediments.     Amonj?  our  finds  are  many  fragments  (Fig.    8),  of  the  s,m  e 
stvle  and  per  od,  that  formed  i^rt  of  statues  in  the  round  and  not  of  reliefs  winch  could 
2t  all  ha  -e  belonged  to  single  statues  pWl  sepamtely  on  their  pedestals  in  monu- 
m  n  al  repose.     TMie  action  of  the  bodies  as  indicated  in  the  numerous  fragmen  s,  the 
iLng  of  drapery  of  figui^s  moving  rapidly  forward  or  through  the  air,  could  not, 
e    e^^^^^^^^  in  this  perLl,  have  come  from  single  statues  placed  m  the  oi>en  air  or  within 
buildini.     Even  if  there  had  been  one  or  two  such  exceptional  st^itues  there  could  no 
il  be^en  so  large  a  number  as  is  suggested  by  a  mere  survey  of  such  fragments  massed 
ogether,  for  purposes  of  sorting,  in  a  c<,rner  of  our  room  in  the  Museum  of  Athens 
U  might  perhaps  be  held  that  some  of  these  fragments  of  drai>ery,  drawn  t  ghtly 
'^      ^        ^  round  the  limbs  or  fluttering   freely, 

belonged  to  Nike-like  figures  used  as 
Acroteria  or  corner  decorations,  as  at 
Epidaurus.    But  these  fragments  point 
i€.  '^     to  statues  in  life-size,  which  Acroteria 

*'**^  ^  would  not  have  been.  Furthermore, 
even  the  extant  fragments  furnish  too 
large  a  number  of  such  figures  for 
Acroteria.  Finally,  several  of  these 
distinctly  show  that  the  stjitues  to  which 
they  belonged  were  meant  to  be  seen 
from  a  side  >iew  and  not  from  all  sides, 
and  this  treiitment  clearly  indicates 
pedimentiil  statiuiry. 

Further,  the  fragment  representing 

^^  ^^^— ^--—  mr-.^.^^^     th^  h*^^®^  portion  of  a  leg  resting  upon 
W^WP^^^^TC^-^^^2^^     a  cushion  (Fig.  79)  can  hardly  In?  ex- 
plained unless  as  a  imrt  of  a  reclining 
figure  at  the  angle  of  one  of  the  pedi- 
FiG.  79.-FRAr.MKNT  OF  A  L>:g  besting  upon  a  CisHioN,      jj^pjj^g^  jjg  ^e  fi„a  that  the  figures  at 
PKOBABLv  FKOM  A  Pedimknt  OF  THE  Heraeum.  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  westeru  pediiueiit  of 

the  temple  of  Zeus  at  Olympia  were  resting  their  arms  -r.cu^on.r 

Finally,  this  is  confirmed  by  the  backs  of  several  ex.uit  ^^S"-"^;^  f  ;;  ;^  ^^  ""^^ 
toi^  of  a  draped  female  figure  found  by  R;uigab^  (Plate  ^XXV  I.)  shm>s,  with  the 
e^isite  finish'^f  the  fnmt,  a  rude  treatment  of  the  back,  which  could  be  fjnd  on  y 
a  Llimental  figure.     The  last  and  most  convincing  evidence  is  furnished  by  a  small 

.          ,.r                   r^      ««/„/     «     l-W-    "Waldstein  Extreme  length  from  end  of  drapery  to  button 

1  Anc.    Writers  on   Or.  Sculpt     V-l^  .       Wad,te.n                  „,  ,„,,,i„„  <;„  eentimefren) 3ft. 

appears  to  take  Pausanias's  words  to  be  a  de«cnpt.o„  of             j^,^„,  b^,a,h  .long  leg ^■ 

pediment  sculptures.     This  would  be  ri  ^r  to.,  «to.,  in             r^-^^,^ 24- 

the  language  of  Pausanias;  while   Tii»ipToi»  moFM  un-  i,^„pth  of  leg  from  ends  of  fracture  .     ...  32. 

mistakably  refers  to  metopes."  p^,„  b^i„w  knee  to  fracture  at  uikls     ...  251. 

2  The  dimensions  are  :  —                                                                Tbickneaa  of  calf *^ 


a 


PEDIMENTAL   STATUARY 


153 


fragment  of  a  large  figure  (Fig.  80),  a  piece  of  drapery  and  shoulder,  of  which  the  back, 
treated  in  the  sjime  manner  as  the  female  t<jrso,  has  a  large  square  hole  for  a  dowel 
which,  as  we  know  from  the  Parthenon,  was  the  regular  means  of  fixing  the  pedimental 
statues  to  the  tympanum  of  the  pediment.' 

We  shall  be  less  astonished  to  find  divergences  of  dimension  among  the  pedimental 
figures  than  in  the  case  of  the  fragments  from  the  metopes.     We  find  these  divero-ences 


Fig.  80.  —  Fkacmk.nt  of  a  I'kdimk.ntal  Fiourk  from  tiik  IIkraf.um. 
The  back  view  shows  the  duwel-hole. 

in  the  earliest  stages  of  pedimental  sculpture  in  the  round,  such  as  the  poros  sculptures 
from  the  Acropolis,-  the  figures  found  at  Delos  by  the  French,^  the  pediments  from 
Aegina  in  which  the  statues  of  the  eiistern  pediment  are  on  a  distinctly  larger  scale  than 
those  of  the  western,*  the  central  figures  of  the  Olympia  i)edinieiits,'^  which  are  much 
Lirger  than  those  in  the  angles.  In  later  times,  in  the  Parthenon,  we  find  that  the 
torsf)  of  Poseidon  and  that  of  Athene  are  on  a  much  larger  scale  than  are  those  further 
removed  from  the  centre.  The  same  diflFerence  is  found  in  the  stjitues  ascribed  to  the 
Epidaurian  temple  of  Asclepiiis,  and  many  others. 

While,  therefore,  the  pedimentjil  sculpture  of  the  Heraeum  was  in  scale  about  life-size, 
some  fragments,  such  as  the  leg  on  the  cushion,  which  probably  was  placed  at  the  extreme 
angle  of  the  pediment,  as  well  as  several  nude  legs  and  feet  of  warrioi-s  (see  Fig.  81 ),  are 
slightly  below  life-size  and  diflFer  slightly  among  themselves. 

There  are  also  slight  divergences  of  workmanship  and  style,  —  certainly  not  greater 
than  are  to  be  found  among  the  Parthenon  marbles,  if  as  great,  —  yet  all  insignificant 
in  comparison  with  the  technical  resemblances. 

THE  GENERAL  STYLE  OF  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES. 

The  general  workmanship,  the  actiuil  method  of  carving  the  marble,  and  the  peculiar 
use  of  tools  are  markedly  the  same,  not  only  among  the  fragments  coming  from  the 


'  The  dimensions   of  this   fragment  of  shoulder  and 
front  of  drapery  are  :  — 

Extreme  height  of  fragment  (in  centimetrea)    .  27. 

brvadth .IT. 

Thickntw 21. 

Till-  dowel-hole  is  (in  mm.)  in  hfiglit  ....  5 

in  width  ....  4 

in  depth  ....  7 


*  Collignon,  op.  cit.  pp.  205-215. 

=•  Bullet,  de  Corr.  Hellfn.  III.  (1879),  pp.  515  flf.  (!!.>- 
molle). 

*  Collignon,  pp.  28C-300. 

*  See  Olympia,  \l\.,  Sculpturen,  pp.  44  ff. 


I 

I 


j.^  MAKBLK  STATl-AUY    KUOM    THE   IIERAEUM 

„.  sin.n,lar  wi.en  um,lie,l  t,,  ,H..li..u.nts  that,  tak.-,  l.y  its-^lf,  it  wouM  Wm\  ..s  t..  inf..-  that 
m  singular  , ,  ,h..,1  luflits  ho  wouhl,  fon.)«inK 

thtre  wei-e  only  metopes,  toi  ha.l  lit  meant  lo  iini"       i  _ 

his  «»ase,  have  aa.le.l  souk,  s.u-h  ,.h,-ase  as  cV  ro«  K«We.c.,  a.ro.,      Ku,  ^tc 
recentW,  si.ue  I  ,.«hlishe,l  the  ..suits  of  our  first  ye-ar  »  work    u    IhOi    M,    b  uart 
.Toues-  maiutaius    hat  the  ,,h.-,.se  use,l  hy  Pausanias  •' uunustakahly  rete.-s  to  .ueto,>e 
luot  to  ...limeuts.    But'  the  e.eavatious  show  heyo.u.  all  douh.  ^at  »•-  -- sc..^ 
tures  in  the  iK.ain,ents.     Amo»s  our  fimls  are  mauy  trasmeuts  (F  «.  .8),  ot  tht  s,.  «c 
t    e  ana  per  „!,  that  tor.uea  ,«rt  of  statues  in  the  round  a„a  not  ot  .vhets,  wh.eh  c-o     I 
2i  all  ha  e  hel  n,.ed  to  single  statues  plaeed  separately  on  their  i^des  als  ,n    non  .- 
.tol  rep.,se.     T^.e  action  of  the  hodies  as  indicate,!  in  the  nun.erm.s  tn.sn.ents. .». 
Lterin.A.f  dmpery  of  figures  moving  rapidly  forwar.1  or  through  the  an,  eoul.l     o  , 
e   H  ialW  in  this  period,  have  eon.e  frou,  siu«le  statues  plaeea  ,n  the  open  a.r  or  w.thn 
huniin..;.     Even  if  there  had  heeu  one  .n-  two  sueh  exceptional  statues   there  could  no 
e  l.:en  so  lar«e  a  uund-er  as  is  su«seste.l  l.y  a  ...e..  survey  of  such  ..a^.n.., ts  ...a.s...l 
.ether,  for  purposes  of  sorting,  i"  a  c,.r..cr  of  o..r  room  ...  the  Muse...  o    Atl.e., 
U  ...ight  perhaps  Ik.  held  that  some  of  these  fVas,nue..ts  „t  drape.-y.  dn.wn  t  r1.  ly 
**      ^        *  louiul   the   Innl.s   <.r  Hutterinj,^    tiet'ly, 

beloiijretl  to  Niki-like  ti«;uies   used  as 
Aeroteiia  or  corner  tlecoratious,  as  at 
Epidaurus.     But  these  t'ia«,nueuts  point 
to  statues  in  Ht'e-size,  wliieh   Acroteiia 
would   not  have   been.      Furtherniore, 
even  the  extiint  f'ra«,nnents  furnish  too 
larj^e  a   number   of    sueh    fij-ures    for 
Aeroteria.      Finally,    several    of    these 
distinctly  show  that  the  statues  to  which 
thev  helonjred  were  meant  to  he  seen 
frolu  a  side  view  and  not  from  all  sides, 
and    this    treatment    clearly    indicates 
pedimental  statuary. 

Further,  the  fraj^nuent  representing; 
the  lower  portion  of  a  lej;  resting-  upon 
a  cushion  (Fi«;-.  70)  can  hardly  he  ex- 
plained unless  as  a  part  of  a  reclininj; 
ti<riire  at  the  angle  «»f  one  of  the  pedi- 
ments, as  we  find  that  the  figures  at 
the  angles  of  the  western  pediment  of 
the  te.„ple  of  Zeus  at  Oly.npia  were  resti..^  their  ar...s  o..  cushi.,us  = 

Finally,  this  is  c,...Hr.«e.l  hy  the  hacks  of  several  exfc.nt  *'-^'K"'^''r;„f  "•  '  ""  ''^:  f' 
to.s."of  a  a.apea  fe,..ale  fij;u.^.  fou..a  l.y  lU«ffM  (P..ATK  XXXV    .    shows,  w.tl  the 

a  Lli...ent.d  Hsnre.     The  last  a,.a  m..st  co..vi..ci..R  ev..le..ce  ,s  fur...»l.ea  l.y  a  s,..all 

I  ....,•  »^   .     1 1,  t,^.,,  oii<1  iif  ilr»iM>rv  to  button 

1  Anc.    Writers  on   dr.  Sculpt.,  p.    IIW :    "  >N  aldstem 


PlO.  79.  —  FKAiiMKNT   OK   A    Lwi    RK.STIMS    ll-OX    A  ClSIUON, 
PROBABLY    FROM   A   i'EUIMKNT   OF   THE    IIeBAEUM. 


appears  to  take  Pausanias's  words  to  l>e  a  description  of 
p,.diment  sculptures.     This   would  be  rk  .V  tou  a.rois  iu 
the  hinguage  of  Pausanias;  while  ra  i^ip  rohi  Kioyas  un- 
mistakably refers  to  metopes." 
2  The  dimensions  are  :  — 


Extreme  l.iij;th  from  end  »f  drapery  to  button 

of  cushion  (in  i-entimetren) •'''• 

Extreme  breadth  alonj;  lej; •'-'• 

Thickness *  ' 

Lenirth  i>f  le;;  fn»m  ends  of  fnutures  ....  :•*-• 

Fn.iii  below  knee  to  fnicture  at  ankle      .     .     •  2:1. 

Thickness  of  calf 


PKniMP:XTAL   STATUARY 


153 


fragment  of  a  large  figure  (Fig.  80),  a  i)iece  of  <lrapery  and  shoulder,  of  which  the  hack, 
treated  in  the  smim  manner  as  the  female  t(u-so,  has  a  large  square  hole  for  a  dowel 
which,  as  we  know  from  the  Parthenon,  was  the  regidar  means  of  fixing  the  pedimental 
st^itues  t(t  the  tympanum  of  the  pedinuMit.' 

We  shall  he  less  astonished  to  find  divergences  of  (Hmension  among  the  pedimental 
figures  than  in  the  case  of  the  fragments  from  the  metopes.     We  find  these  divero-ences 


Fig.  80.  —  KuA<iMKNT  of  a  I*ki>imkxtai.  Fkjuuk  from  tiik  IIkuakum. 
The  hack  view  shows  the  dowel-hole. 

in  the  earliest  stag<»s  of  pedimental  sculpture  in  the  round,  such  as  they>oro.s'  sculptures 
from  the  Acropolis,"  the  figures  found  at  Delos  hy  the  French,'  the  pediments  from 
Aegina  in  wiiich  the  statues  of  the  eastern  pediment  are  on  a  distinctly  larger  scale  than 
tiu).se  of  the  western,^  the  central  figures  of  the  Olympia  pediments,'  which  are  much 
larger  than  tlu)se  in  the  angles.  In  later  times,  in  the  Partiienon,  we  find  that  the 
toi-so  of  Poseidon  and  that  of  Athene  ai-e  on  a  much  larger  scale  than  are  those  further 
removed  from  the  centre.  Tlie  siune  difference  is  found  in  the  statues  ascribed  to  the 
Epidaurian  temple  of  Asclepius,  and  many  others. 

While,  therefore,  the  pedimental  sculpture  of  the  Ileraeum  was  in  scale  about  life-size, 
some  fragments,  such  as  the  leg  on  the  cushion,  which  j>robably  was  placed  at  the  extreme 
angle  of  the  pedinu*nt,  as  well  as  several  nude  legs  and  feet  of  warriors  (.see  Fig.  81),  are 
slightly  below  life-size  and  differ  slightly  among  themselves. 

Tiiei-e  ai*e  also  slight  divergences  of  workmanship  and  .style,  —  ccrtaiidy  not  greater 
than  are  to  be  found  among  the  Partiienon  marbles,  if  as  great,  —  yt^t  all  insignificant 
in  comparison  with  the  technical  resendilances. 


THK  GENERAL  STYLE  OF  THE  HERAET  M  MARRLE.S. 

The  general  workmanship,  the  actual  method  of  carving  the  marble,  and  the  ])eculiar 
use  of  tools  are  markedly  the  sjime,  not  only  among  the  fragments  coming  from  the 

•  The  dimensions   of   this    fragment  of   shouhlcr  and  ^  Ccdlignon,  op.  ril.  !>]».  2().">-21."». 

front  .)f  dra|»orv  are  :—  ■=  Jhilhl.  tie  Corr.  lleUm.  III.  (1870),  pj*.  31,".  flf.  (H.k 

Extreme  hei(;ht  of  fra(;nient  (in  centimetres)    .       'SI.  molk'). 

breadth .17,  4  Collignon,  pp.  28r.-:5O0. 

Thickness 21.  s  .S,.o  0/.ym/Ma,  III.,  .Sculpturen,  pp.  44  flf. 

The  dowel-hule  is  (in  mm.)  in  hei{;ht  .....*> 

hi  width  ....     4 
in  depth  ....     7 


I 


154  MARBLE  STATUARY    FROM   THE   IIERAEI'M 

...etopes,  but  M,  in  U.ose  .hich  we  as.sis..  t„  the  H"-t«:    J''  ^^^ff :i'th"e 
the  Parthenon  nmbles  (where  even  the  ,«rts  th,.t  were  not  y.»,hle  to   l'«  »l«^^  '  "'^  '  « 
backs  of  the  ...limenta  fignres,  r«eive.l  a  c.o„M«n.t.vely  ...«.  I'"';;''^"   ^^  '^'^^^ 
ron.'hlv  blocke.1  ont  on  the  back  an.l  on  the  niner  sule  of  the  hjj.ires  that  a.e  t.-eely 
it   .t  fr.^^^  baekgroun.1  of  the  meto,«s.-     The  treatme.U  ot  the  back  of  the 

tfi^sMe  portions  stan.ls  in  the  strongest  contrast  to  the  h.^h  an.l  deluate  hn.sh  of 

nSii^^of  tT7t.r::rS ::;  7^.^^>^ ».... ... ..;,. ...... .h. 

Ihe  biocKi..  euefiillv  wovked  over  in  the  finish  when  visihle)  was  can  ml 

::r:;:r;:r        a    it  Itr  *..  t^ces  of  which  ..„  .m  ..  Cean,  r«.«ni.e... 
out,  moiei)>er,  i  ^j^.^  jteeuhar  niethocl  con- 

sists in  the  free  use  that  is 
made   of   the    (hill.      The 
(bill    was    of    course    fi-e- 
quently  resorted  to,  to  hore 
holes    for    the    fixing   of 
bronze    ornaments   or   ac- 
cessories to  the  statues,  as 
is  evident  in    the  earh«»le 
of    the    large    Hera    head 
(Frontispikce  and  Plate 
XXXVI.),  at  the  side  of 
the  helmet  (  Plate  XXXT., 
4),  at  the  side  of  the  large 
torso   from   the  iK'dinjents 
(Plate  XXXVll.),  or  the 
warrior  head  from  the  me- 
tops  (Plate  XXX.);  as 
well  as  in  the  hands  hold- 
lug     swords     and     spears 
(Fig.  82).     Its  use  is  not 
unconnuon    for   this    pui- 
|M)se,    for    we    find    it    as 
early  as  in  the  figures  from 
the  pediment  of  the  temple 
(»f  Athena  at  Aegina.    But 
a  more  peculiar  use  (d"  the 
drill   for  Idocking  out  or 
undercutting  the  marble  is 
manifest  in    these   Argive 
sculptures,  and  this  method 
I  have  not  met  before. 
When  the  sculptor  had 
to  cut  away  the  marble  from  the  back  or  the  side  of  a  head,  as  it  rose  freely  fron.  the 

1  Platk  XXX.,  and  the  backs  or  sides  of  head,  nearest  the  l«ckgro««d  in  the  metopes.  Plat.^  XXXL.  XXXIL. 
XXXIII. 


FiO.SL-LkOS   and  t^THKR    FRAGMKNT8,   PROBABLY    KROM    TIIK 
Jt»l':DIMKNTS   OK   TUK.    HeRAEUM. 


f! 


GENERAL   STYLE   OF  THE   HERAEUM   MARBLES 


155 


background  in  the  high  relief  of  the  metopes,  he  saved  himself  trouble  by  using  the 
drill,  which  he  ran  through  the  i)ortion  of  marble  between  the  head  and  the  background, 
which  was  to  be  worked  away  in  order  that  the  head  should  stand  out  freely.  He  thus 
weakened  the  "  isthmus  " 
of  marble,  so  that  it  did 
not  require  violent  chop- 
ping with  mallet  and  chisel 
to  cut  away  the  solid  mar- 
ble, for  this  might  have 
fractured  the  whole  head. 
Thus  in  the  female  head 
(Plate  XXXIL,  1  and  2), 
at  the  unfinished  side  near- 
est the  background,  we 
see  two  broad  runs  or 
grooves  which  were  forced 
through  the  marble  "  isth- 
mus "  holding  the  head  to 
the  background.  It  was 
thus  made  easy  for  the 
sculptor  to  work  away  the 
marble  from  the  back  of 
the  head  without  fractures. 
This  same  method,  with 
the  same  use  of  the  drill, 
we  find  applied,  not  only  to 
other  heiids  from  the  me- 
topes, such  as  the  back  of 
the  head  in  Plate  XXXL, 
1  and  2,  but  also  in  other 
portions  of  figures,  even  in 
those  from  the  }>ediments. 
So,  for  instiince,  the  frac- 
tured lower  portion  of  a 
draped  figure  from  the  ped- 
iments (  Plate  XXX  VIIL) 
clearly  shows  beneath  the  drapery  that  has  been  broken  away,  behind  the  foot  and 
between  it  and  the  plinth  upon  which  the  figure  stood,  the  hollowing  out  and  under- 
cutting of  a  triangular  space  by  mejins  of  a  series  of  such  drill  holes. 

Now  in  later  times,  especially  in  the  Hellenistic  and  Graeco-Roman  periods,  the  drill 
was  constiintly  used  by  sculptors  (see  above,  p.  143).  But  in  those  works  this  mechanical 
appliance  was  used  on  the  visible  finished  surface,  in  order  to  economize  the  artistic  labor 
of  the  sculptor  in  giving  grooves  to  the  drapery  and  similar  phases  of  actual  modeling. 
The  residt  is  an  inferior  artistic  effect,  in  which  the  mechanical  working  obtrudes  itself  to 
the  detriment  of  the  illusion  which  careful  modeling  and  hand  finish  (such  as  we  find  in 
our  Argive  marbles)  produced  upon  the  specfcitor.  In  our  marbles  the  drill  is  never  used 
to  work  the  finished  fold  groove,  but  has  oidy  been  applied  for  the  rough  blocking  out 


Fig.  82.  —  Fragments  from  the  Metopes  :  Hands  that  held 
Swords  and  Spears,  and  Feet. 


154  MAKBLE   STATUARY    FROM    TlIK    IIKHAErM 

metopes,  but  ak»  in  those  wlntli  we  assijrn  to  the  imiiuams 

meiones,  visil) »'  to  the  speetator,  the 

Hi*»  Piithenon  uuiihles  (where  even  the  paits  tiiai  >>eit   nui     '  ' 

rouohlv  hhK-ked  out  on  the  hauk  anil  ou  the  ninei   suU    <»i  n.^  ,.,,,,       i-  ,1... 

iou.,nu  iMutK       ,       ,      ,  1     r  H...  ...Ptones'      T  u*   tieatuu-ut   ot   tlie   l»a(k   ot   the 

iiiKleirut  from   the   hatkj-round  «»t  tlu'  metopes.       iiu    i 
uuleuui  iiom  ^         VVYVII  )  ilhistrates  this  fuUv.     This  rou-h  ^vorkn^o:  ot 

SnSr;'.;::.  ir, '*".,' 4-. - » ■•- '»» "■■ — - 

sists  in  the  free  use  that  is 
made    of    the    thill.      The 
drill    was    of    coui-se    fiv- 
»|uentlv  resorted  to,  to  hore 
holes     for     the     Hxinj?    of 
hron/e    ornanu'iits    or    m- 
«rssori»'s  to  th»'  statues,  as 
is   evitlent    in    the   earhole 
<.f    the    larj^e    Hera    hea«l 
(Fkontisimkck  and  Pi.atk 
XXXV 1.),  at   the  side  of 
the  helmet  (  Pi.atk  XXXI., 
4  ),  at  the  side  of  the  larp,e 
torso   from   the  jM'diments 
(Pi.atk  XXXVII.),  or  the 
warrior  heu«l  from  the  me- 
tn|»es  (Platk   XXX.):   as 
well  as  in  the  hands  hold- 
in«.-     swords     ami     spears 
(Fi«;-.  S2).      Its  use  is  not 
untommon    for    this    pui- 
pose,    for    we    timl    it    as 
early  as  in  the  fi«>:ures  from 
the  jK'diment  of  the  temple 
of  Athena  at  Aej^ina.     Hut 
a  more  peeuliar  use  of  the 
drill   for   Idockinj;-  out   or 
undeiruttin*^  the  inarhle  is 
manifest   in    these   Arj,nve 
sculptures,  and  this  method 

I  have  not  met  hefore. 
When  the  sculptor  hatl 
to  cut  away  the  marhle  from  the  hack  or  the  si<le  of  a  head,  as  it  ros*-  freely  from  the 

1  P.ATK  XXX.,  and  the  backs  or  si.hs  ot  beads  nearest  the  backgrouud  i»  the  u.etojK-s.  I'.AT.s  XXXI..  XXXll.. 

xxxin. 


Fig.81.-U:gs  asi.  othkr  Fk.vumknts,  i-mmABLY  kku.m  tiik 

FkW.MK.STS   ok   TUK    llEKAtUM. 


(iKxNEKAL   STYLE   OF   THE    IIEKAEUM    MARBLES 


155 


usin<^  the 


us 


haekjriouiid  in  the  hi«;^li  relief  of  the  metopes,  he  sjived  himself  trouhle  l)v 
drill,  whieii  he  ran  throujrli  the  portion  of  marhle  between  the  head  and  the  hackjrroimd 
whieh  was  to  be  worked  away  in  order  that  the  head  should  st<iiid  out  freely.     He  th 
weakened    the    "  isthmus  " 
of  marble,  so   that   it  did 
not    ixMpiire    violent    eho|>- 
pin((  with  mallet  and  eliisel 
to  eut  away  the  s<did  mar- 
ide,    for    this    mijii-lit    have 
fractured    the  whole  head. 
Thus    in   the   female   hea<l 
(Platk  XXXIl.,  1  and  2), 
at  the  iinfini.siied  si<le  neai*- 
est     the     back<<^round,     we 
see     two     bniad     runs    or 
•grooves  which  were  forced 
tlirouo;ii   the  marble  ''  isth- 
mus "  holdin«>;  the  head  to 
the    back<j^round.       It    was 
thus    made    easy    for    the 
sculptor  to  Wfuk  away  the 
marble    from    the    back    of 
the  head  without  fractures. 
This    .s;ime    method,    with 
the  .sjime  use  of  the  drill, 
we  find  applied,  not  only  to 
other  heads  fiH)m  the  me- 
to|)es,  such  as  the  back  of 
th'.'  head  in  Platk  XXXI.. 
1  and  2,  but  also  in  other 
])ortions  of  fij^ures,  even  in 
those  from  the  pe<liments. 
So,  for  instance,  the  frac- 
tured   lower   piU'tion    of   a 
draped  fi«»;ure  from  the  pt»d- 
imeiitsl  Platk  XXXVIII.) 
clearly  shows  beneath  the  drapery  that  has  been    broken   away,  behind   the  foot  and 
between   it  and  the  plinth  upon  which  the  fijj^ure  .stood,  the  hollowing  out  and  under- 
cutting of  a  triangular  space  by  means  of  a  series  of  such  drill  holes. 

Now  in  later  times,  especially  in  the  Hellenistic  and  Graeco-Roman  periods,  the  drill 
was  constiintly  u.sed  by  sculptors  (see  above,  p.  14.3).  But  in  those  works  this  mechanical 
ajjpliance  was  used  on  the  visible  finished  surface,  in  order  to  economize  the  artistic  labor 
of  the  sculptor  in  giving  gr(K)ves  to  the  drapery  and  similar  phases  of  actual  modeling. 
The  result  is  an  inferior  artistic  effect,  in  whieh  the  mechanical  working  obtrudes  itself  to 
the  detriment  of  the  illusion  which  careful  modehng  and  hand  finish  (such  as  we  find  in 
our  Argive  marbles)  produced  upon  the  .spectjitor.  In  our  marbles  the  drill  is  never  used 
to  work  the  finished  fold  groove,  but  has  only  been  applied  for  the  rough  blocking  out 


Fiu.  82.  —  Fragmk.nt."*  kr«>m  tiik  MKropt:*  :  Hands  that  iiklu 
SwoRi>s  and  Spears,  and  Fekt. 


'    i 


15tt  MAKBLE  STATUAKY    FliOM   THE   IIERAEUM 

ami  working  away  of  su,«rflu««8  material.     We  detect  its  use  only  iu  those  ,H.rtions 

whifli  are  not  meant  to  be  seen.  i  x    *i   •     ♦! 

I„  all  visible  ,H,rtions  »e  must  be  struck  by  the  complete  naturalness  and  tmth  n.  t  u. 
,.„,leri„g  of  poL  and  movement,  and  by  the  ex,,„isite  finish  of  the  surface.  n  t  us  the 
mecba„i«d  working  of  the  material  never  obtrudes  itself,  and  each  nunutest  ,«rt  .s  trea^d 
with  a  care  and  finish  «ne<,ualed  ,.r,  at  all  events,  „nsur,,assed  l>y  any  «xta„t  works. 
And  this  minute  finish  l«con.es  the  more  reu.arkable  when  we  remember  hat  the  figures 
in  the  meto,«.s  were  only  half  life-size,  and,  placed  as  they  were  about  th,rty-e,gh  feet 
fro„>  the  ground,  were  hardly  visible  to  the  si«cbvtor  in  the  defculs  of  the.r  elaboration. 

The  fr^dom,  naturalness,  and  boldness  of  ,K>se  and  n.oven.ent  u.  all  these  figm-es  .s 
not  only  evident  in  a  few  n.ther  c.m.plete  torsi  that  h.ave  come  down  to  us  such  as  tW  two 
•^  metoi)es  of  Plates  AAA. 

and  XXXIV.,  the  (IiuikmI 
torsi   from   the  pdiments 
of  Plate  XXXVIII.,  hut 
in     similar    fra«;ments    of 
bodies  (Fig.  83),  as  well  aa 
in    the    legs,    hands,   and 
feet  of  Fig.  82,  all  of  which 
enable  us  to  reconstruct  in 
our  minds  the  flowing  com- 
position   of    metojKJS   and 
pediments.     The  attitudes 
and    movements    of    these 
figures   are,   on    the    one 
hand,  as  far  removed  from 
the  constmint  of   the  ar- 
chaic i)eriod  or  the  severe 
art  of  about  the  middle  of 
the   fifth   century  as  they 
are,    on    the    other    hand, 
from    the    violent    contoi- 
tions  of  the  Hellenistic  \>e- 
riod,   or   even     the    more 
passionate  movement  which 
began  with  Seoims. 

As  reg;ird8  our  appreci- 
ation of  the  treatment  of 
the    nude    figure,  we    can 
«)nly   fall    back    up<m    the 
beautifidly    preserved    tor- 
so of  Plate  XXXI V., — 
which,  however,  is  enough 
in  itself,  -  and  the  numerous  smaller  fragments  of  bo(hes,  legs,  hands,  and  feet.     The 
treatment  of  the  nude  female  figure  we  can  divine  only  through  the  treatment  of  those 
portions  which  are  covered  with  the  thin  undergarment,  and  this  leads  us  to  form  the 
very  highest  estimate  in  this  particular.    The  absence  of  the  nude  female  figure  among  so 


Fig.  83.  -  Fragmknts  krom  the  Metopes,  illustrating  chieely  the 

SHARP   yet    delicate   CLTTING   OF   THE   FOLDtt   IN    DRAPERY. 


157 


"•lue  was 


GENERAL   STYLE   OF  THE   HEKAEUM   MARBLES 

great  a  nund>er  of  fragments  perhaps  justifies  us  in  concluding  that  tlie  female  fi 
not  represented  in  its  nude  form;  and  this  would  strengthen  our  general  conclusion  that 
these  works  are  not  to  be  pkced  in  the  fourth  century  b.  c,  but  in  the  fifth.  Judoin*'- 
from  the  extant  remains  of  draped  female  figures,  however,  we  may  venture  to  say  that  at 
least  as  regjirds  the  supreme  finish  of  modeling,  no  works  of  architectural  sculpture  mani- 
fest the  siime  perfection.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  not  one  of  the  Lapitliae  from  the 
Parthenon  metoi)es  shows  the  siune  delicacy  of  modeHng  and  finished  surface  work  as  does 
the  torso  of  the  youthful  nude  warrior  from  our  metope.  This  is  evident  if  we  examine 
every  portion  of  the  body ;  and  for  the  supreme  finish  of  detiiil,  I  would  draw  special 
attention  to  the  hand  pressed  against  the  armpit,  and  to  the  peculiar  and  unique  treat- 
ment of  the  inguinal  region,  which  is  .so  striking  that  anatomi.sts  have  assured  me  it  must 
have  been  copied  from  an  individual  model  showing  this  abnormal  idiosyncrasy.' 

In  spite  of  this  minute  finish  it  can  never  be  siiid  that  the  figures,  taken  as  a  whole, 
present  that  exaggeration  and  obtrusion  of  the  anatomical  study  of  muscles  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  that  extreme  softness  and  sensuousness  {morhldezza)  in  the  treatment  of  the 
nude  which  chardcterizes  the  art  of  a  Liter  period.  There  is  in  them  still  a  certain  hardi- 
hood that  shows  them  to  be  the  offshoot  of  a  Peloponnesian  feeling,  the  precursors  of 
which  we  might  find  in  the  Aeginetjin  marbles. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  dnii^ry,  the  fragments,  whether  in  relief  or  in  the  round, 
all  manifest  the  sfime  character.  They  are  bold  and  free  and  delicate  without  conven- 
tionalism or  restraint,  and  yet  without  florid  exaggeration  or  want  of  conciseness.  The 
larger  folds  cover  the  Hmbs  in  broad  ma.sses,  freely  undercut  and  sharp  in  their  edges, 
resembling  in  this  respect  the  pedimentiil  drapery  of  the  Parthenon.  Yet  if  we 
except  the  Reclining  Fate  (or  Thalassa,  as  I  should  call  her)  from  the  eastern  pediment 
of  the  Parthenon,  the  elaboration  or  finish  of  the  drapery  in  the  majority  of  our  figures 
and  fragments  goes  a  step  further  and  finds  its  nearest  parallel  in  some  of  the  Nikes  from 
the  biilustrade  of  the  temple  of  Nike-Apteros.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  the  system 
of  small  folds  encircling  or  stjirting  away  from  the  breasts  of  female  figures.  These 
folds  are  worked  in  delicate  relief  from  the  smooth  surfaces  where  the  thin  drapery  is 
stretched  over  the  rounded  forms ;  yet  in  spite  of  the  delicacy  of  these  reliefs,  they  never 
lose  their  sharpness  of  edge,  as,  for  instjince,  is  the  case  with  the  Olympian  Nike  by 
Paeonius. 

No  stu<lent  who  gives  some  time  to  the  examination  of  the  numerous  fragments  of 
drajHTy  from  these  marbles  can  fail  to  receive  the  impression  that  they  are  aU  of  the 
same  workmanship  and  style,  whether  they  belong  to  figures  in  relief  or  in  the  round. 

If  now  we  turn  to  the  heads,  we  shall  find,  tiiking  them  as  a  whole,  that,  compared 
with  the  treatment  of  the  bodies,  nude  and  draped,  they  are  comparatively  severer.  To 
begin  with,  not  one  of  them  can  be  said  to  reflect  in  its  expression  the  strong  movement 
and  action  which  are  manifest  in  the  treatment  of  the  extant  bodies  and  as  the  .scenes  we 
know  to  have  been  depicted  would  lead  us  to  expect.  The  female  head  of  Plate  XXXII., 
3,  wjis  evidently  pulled  to  the  side  with  violence,  the  hair  on  the  top  of  the  head  clutched 
by  a  warrior;  and  yet  the  expression  of  emotion  was  limited  to  the  attitude  of  the  head  and 
a  very  delicate  and  slight  indication  in  the  upward  and  sideward  turn  of  the  eye,  perhaps 
also  in  the  modeling  between  the  nostril  and  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  The  graceful  head 
of  Plate  XXXIL,  4,  has  the  lips  well  parted,  with  a  clear  indication  of  the  teeth,  yet 

'  Further  account  will  be  given  of  tLis  when  dealing  with  this  metope  separately. 


15«  MAlilSLK   tiTATl'AUY    KUOM    TIIK   HEKAKUM 

a„.I  «,..kins  away  of  su,.erflm,i.s  matevial.     Wc  Uetett  its  usi.  ..nly  in  tl...se  ,H,.ti.ms 

whiih  are  not  meant  to  be  seen.  i  »    .1   •    ,1.. 

1„  all  visible  poftioMs  we  nu.st  be  stru.k  by  tl.e  c-on.plcte  naturalness  an,l  tmtb  n,    b. 
renderini;  of  ,.os..  an.l  n.oven.ent,  au.l  by  tl.e  ..N.,uisite  finisb  of  tl.e  M.rtaee.       ..  t  ..s   be 
„.e,l.anieal  working  of  tl.e  n.aterial  nevr  ol.tr.„les  itself,  a.nl  eael. ........test  |«rt  .s  treate.l 

»itl.  a  eare  a..d  ti..isl.  ,...e,,,.alea  or,  at  all  eve..ts.  ....s,.r,.as.,e.l  by  any  extant  works. 

A..a  this  .ni....te  fi..ish  beeo,.,t^  tl.e  ...o.-e  rc.arkable  wl.e..  we  re.n™.lH.r    bat  tl.e  h}C.,reH 

i,.  tbe  n.et,.pes  were  o,.lv  half  lif.-size.  a,..l,  (.laee-l  as  they  were  about  tb..ty-e.Kb    feet 
fro,.,  tbe  ™>.....l.  were  i.ardlv  visible  to  tl.e  »,.eeb.tor  i..  tl.e  .leta.ls  of  tl.e.r  elaborat.on. 

Tl.e  free.lo.«.  ..at,..al..ess.  a...l  boldness  of  pose  a..d  ...«ve...e..t  n.  all  tbes.'  hs...es  .s 
.„,t  0..IV  evi.le..t  h.  a  few  .atl.er  e«...l.lete  torsi  that  have  eo.ne  dow.,  to  us  s.uh  as  tin' two 

inft(>i>fs  of  Platks  AAA. 
aiitl  XXXIV.,  tlu'  (IraiKMl 
toi-si    from   the   [KMliiuents 
of  Platk  XXXVllI.,  but 
ill    similar    fiaj^ments    of 
bodies  ( Fig.  81$),  as  well  as 
ill    the    legs,    hands,    and 
feetof  Fig.82,allof  which 
enable  us  to  reeonstiuet  in 
our  minds  the  Howing  eoin- 
|»osition    of    metopes   and 
pediments.     The  attitiuhs 
and    movements    of    these 
figures   are,    on     the    one 
hand,  as  far  renujved  from 
the  constraint   «»f    the  ar- 
chaic i»erio<l  or  the  severe 
art  of  about  the  miildle  of 
the   fifth   century  as  they 
are,    on    the    other    hand, 
from    the    violent    contor- 
tions of  the  Hellenistic  pe- 
riod,   or    t'ven     the    more 
passionate  movement  which 
besian  with  Seopas. 

As  regards  our  aj»preci- 
1     atioii  of  the  treatment  of 
the    nude    figure,   we    can 
only   fidl    back    upon    the 
beautifully    preserved    toi'- 
so  of  Platk  XXXI V., — 
which,  however,  is  enough 
t„  itself, -and  the  numerous  smaller  fragments  of  bodies,  legs,  hands,  and  feet.     The 
treatment  of  the  nude  female  figure  we  can  divine  <.nly  through  the  treatment  of  those 
portions  which  are  covered  with  the  thin  undergarment,  and  this  leads  us  to  term  the 
very  hiohest  estimate  in  this  particular.    The  absence  of  the  nude  female  figure  among  so 


Fhj.  83.  -  Fkagmkxts  kk...m  tiik  Mktopks.  illcstratix.;  ciuk.h.y  tuk 

SHAKI-    VKT    DK.IJCATK    CUTTISi;    UK    THK    FOLDS    IS    I.KAl'KKV. 


ni 


GENEKAL   STYLE   OF  THE   HEKAEUM   MARBLES  157 

great  a  number  of  fragments  perhaps  justifies  us  in  concluding  that  the  female  figure  was 
not  represented  in  its  nude  form;  and  this  would  strengthen  our  general  conclusion  that 
these  w«.rks  are  not  to  be  placed  in  the  fourth  century  n.  c,  but  in  the  fifth.  Jud«nn«»- 
from  the  extiint  remains  of  draped  female  ligures,  however,  we  may  venture  to  siiy  that  a't 
least  as  regards  the  supreme  finish  of  modeling,  no  works  of  architectural  sculpture  mani^ 
fest  the  sjinie  perfection.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  not  one  of  the  Lapithae  from  the 
Parthenon  metopes  sln»ws  the  same  delicacy  of  modeling  and  finished  surface  work  as  doess 
the  torso  of  the  youthful  nude  warrior  from  our  metope.  This  is  evident  if  we  examine 
every  portion  of  the  body ;  and  for  the  su[)reme  finish  of  detail,  I  wcuild  draw  special 
attention  to  the  hand  pressed  against  the  armpit,  and  to  the  peculiar  and  unique  treat- 
ment of  the  inguinal  region,  which  is  so  striking  that  anatomists  have  assured  me  it  must 
have  been  copied  from  an  individual  model  showing  this  abnormal  idiosyncrasy.' 

In  spite  of  this  minute  finish  it  can  never  be  siiid  that  the  figures,  taken  as  a  whole, 
present  that  exaggeration  and  obtrusion  of  the  anatomical  study  of  muscles  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  that  extreme  softness  and  sensuousness  {inorlthlczzn)  in  the  treatment  of  the 
nude  which  characterizes  the  art  of  a  later  period.  There  is  in  them  still  a  certain  hanli- 
hood  that  shows  them  to  be  the  olfshoot  of  a  Peloponiiesian  feeling,  the  precursors  of 
which  we  might  find  in  the  Aeginetiin  marbles. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  drapery,  the  fragments,  whether  in  relief  or  in  the  round, 
all  manifest  the  sjime  character.  They  are  bold  and  free  and  delicate  without  conven- 
tionalism or  restraint,  and  yet  without  florid  exaggeration  or  want  of  conciseness.  The 
larger  folds  cover  the  limbs  in  broad  masses,  freely  undercut  and  sharp  in  their  edges, 
resembling  in  this  respect  the  pedimeiital  drapery  of  the  Parthenon.  Yet  if  we 
except  the  Reclining  Fate  (or  Thalassa,  as  I  should  call  her)  from  the  eastern  pediment 
<»f  the  Parthenon,  the  elaboration  or  finish  of  the  drapery  in  the  majority  of  our  fioures 
and  fragments  goes  a  step  further  and  finds  its  nearest  parallel  in  s«»me  of  the  Nikes  from 
the  balustrade  of  the  temple  of  Nike-Apteros.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  the  system 
«tf  small  folds  encircling  or  starting  away  from  the  breasts  of  female  figures.  These 
folds  are  worked  in  delicate  relief  from  the  smooth  surfaces  where  the  thin  drapery  is 
stretched  over  the  rounded  forms ;  yet  in  spite  of  the  delicacy  of  these  reliefs,  they  never 
lose  their  sharpness  of  edge,  as,  for  instance,  is  the  case  with  the  Olympian  Nike  by 
Paeonius. 

N<»  student  who  gives  some  time  to  the  examination  of  the  numerous  fragments  of 
drapery  from  these  marbles  can  fail  to  receive  the  impression  that  they  are  all  of  the 
same  workmanship  and  style,  whether  they  belong  to  figures  in  relief  or  in  the  round. 

If  now  we  turn  to  the  heads,  we  shall  find,  taking  them  as  a  whole,  that,  compared 
with  the  treatment  of  the  bodies,  nude  and  draped,  they  are  comparatively  severer.  To 
begin  with,  not  one  of  them  can  be  said  to  reflect  in  its  expression  the  strong  movement 
and  action  which  are  manifest  in  the  treatment  of  the  extant  bodies  and  as  the  scenes  we 
know  to  have  been  depicted  would  lead  us  to  expect.  The  female  head  of  Plate  XXXIL, 
3,  was  evidently  pulled  to  the  side  with  violence,  the  hair  on  the  top  of  the  head  clutched 
by  a  warrior;  and  yet  the  expression  of  emotion  was  limited  to  the  attitude  of  the  head  and 
a  very  delicate  and  slight  indication  in  the  upward  and  sideward  turn  of  the  eye,  perhaps 
also  in  the  modeling  between  the  nostril  and  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  The  graceful  head 
of  Plate  XXXIL,  4,  has  the  lips  weU  parted,  with  a  clear  indication  of  the  teeth,  yet 

'  FurtLtT  account  will  be  given  of  this  when  dealing  with  this  metope  separately. 


158  MAKBLE  STATUARY   FROir   THE   tlERAEUM 

it  would  be  hard  to  fix  u,H,n  any  definite  shade  of  emotion  in  it.'  The  same  applies  to  the 
head  of  the  warrior  placed  upon  the  torso  of  Platk  XXX.  The  turn  o  the  eyes  with 
Zt  downward  gaJin  the  head  of  the  Amazon  (Plate  XXXI  3)  would  not  he  p  us 
far  in  appreciating  an  expression  of  pathos,  if  it  were  not  for  the  act ua  .lownwar.1  and 
sideward  droop  of  the  head;  for  in  the  face  itself  there  is  but  slight  .£  any  indication 

of  emotion.  ,  ^     ,.  .  »      , 

All  this  tells  us  simply  that  our  sculptor  still  clung  to  the  severer  traditions  of  art 
maintained  in  the  fifth  century  b.  c,  in  which  emotion  was  not  yet  freely  expressed  in 
the  heads  of  Hellenic  type,  though  the  bodies  rendered  with  perfect  freedom  every  phase 
of  life  and  action.  To  our  knowledge  the  step  towards  more  adequate  expression  c.t 
emotion  in  the  heads  was  not  made  before  the  thne  of  Scopas  or  towards  the  middle  ot 

the  fourth  century  b.  c.  ,  ,     ,  .  ,  c  •  u 

If  we  commre  these  heads  with  each  other  we  shall  find,  looking  at  them  sui)erficially, 
that  thev  present  a  certain  variety  of  type  and  that  there  ai-e  cerfciin  diffei-ences  oi 
detailed 'treatment.  As  regards  the  variety  of  type,  we  shall  find  that  this  may  cori-e- 
spond  to  the  variety  of  subject.  For  among  the  nine  heads  or  f»^JJ»-"t«  "^^  »;«^^^^ 
three  are  heads  of  Greek  youths,  two  of  which  have  helmets  (Plates  XXX. ;  XXXI.,  1, 
2,  4),  and  these  are  distinctly  of  the  same  type,  while  the  <,thei-s  aie  female  Ih.i<Is,  one 
of  an  Amazon,  an(,ther  probably  of  a  helmeted  goddess  (Plates  XXXI.  3;  XXXIl., 
XXXIIL,  1,  2),  another  of  a  young  girl,  two  others  «,f  maturer  young  women  and  the 
last  of  a  girl  whose  hair  is  being  clutched.     The  difference  is  thus  seen  to  be  due  t<,  the 

difference  of  subject  and  action.  ,       ,     •  i        ,  i 

The  siime  applies  to  the  differences  of  detailed  treatment :  a  head  with  a  d,»wnwai< 
look  is  different  in  the  ti-eatment  of  the  eyes  from  one  with  a  straight  or  upward 
<.lance.  So  also  as  regards  the  position  of  the  head  as  it  follows  the  movement  ot  the 
Torso.  Moreover,  it  must  be  remembered  that  all  these  heads,  with  one  exception,  wei-e 
worked  in  relief,  and  were  thus  meant  to  be  seen  only  from  one  point,  be  it  in  proWe, 
full  face,  or  three-tiuarter  view  ;  and  that  thus,  among  the  comparatively  small  number 
of  such  heads  (we  roughlv  compute  that  there  must  have  been  in  pediments  and  metopes 
at  least  100  heads)  which  have  come  down  to  us,  we  are  fortunate  m  having  so  Large 
a  number  as  three  belonging  to  the  same  category. 

There  is  thus  a  very  slight  divergence  in  the  ti-eatment  of  the  eyes  of  one  or  two  of 
these  heads,  and  there  is  some  difference  and  uncerfciinty  in  the  treatment  of  the  hair. 
If  we  compare  the  Parthenon  metopes  and  frieze  (unfortunately  we  have  no  head  which 
we  can  assign  to  the  pediments  beyond  all  doubt)  as  regards  the  treatment  ot  hair,  we 
shall  find  fully  as  great  a  variety,  -  from  a  cai>-like  treatment  to  the  finished  modeling 
of  locks  and  strands ;  so,  also,  in  the  i)ediments  and  metopes  fr(,m  the  temple  of  Zeus 
at  Olympia,  even  with  regard  to  the  heads  coming  from  the  same  pediment.     Hut  it 
appears  to  me  that  in  our  marbles,  and  perhaps  in  those  instiuices  I  have  just  «iuoted  as 
well   the  sculptor  who  has  evolved  a  fixed  style  for  the  rendering  of  hair  in  monumenfcil 
sculpture,  in  bronze  or  gold  and  ivory,  may  be  still  hesifciting  and  searching  for  the 
proper  manipulation  in  the  rendering  of  such  texture  when  he  comes  to  marble  sculpture 
which  -he  uses  in  the  decoration  of  great  edifices.     We  must  not  forget  that  so  far  as  the 
evidence,  both  literary  and  monumental,  now  at  our  disposed  goes,  we  have  no  proof  of 
the  i>erfect  working  of  marble  in  the  minute  indication  of  texture  and  all  its  inherent 
artistic  qualities  before  the  advent  of  Scopas  and  Praxiteles. 

.  The  earliest  instance  of  showing  the  teeth  known  to      the  Third  Temple,  and  in  the  fallen  h*"-  '«>- J^e  eaat- 
n.e  is  in  the  fallen  giant  from  the  metope  of  Selinus  from      em  pediment  of  the  temple  of  Athena  at  Aegma. 


GENERAL  STYLE  OF  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES 


159 


4 


In  spite  of  this  slight  divergence,  I  confidently  maintiiin  that  no  one  who  is  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  a  large  series  of  heads  in  the  different  periods  of  Greek  art,  and 
has  carefully  observed  and  studied  these  sculptures  from  the  Heraeum  together,  can  fail 
to  see  that  they  definitely  belong  to  the  Scime  school,  and  that  they  have  in  common 
marked  characteristics  which  not  only  point  to  a  common  origin,  but  clearly  disthiguish 
them  from  the  heads  of  other  schools.* 

To  begin  with,  they  all  have  the  same  structural  frame,  the  same  broad  outline,  the 
sjime  formation  of  the  skull.  It  can  best  be  described  as  square  and  massive ;  and  this 
a)>plies  to  the  profile  as  well  as  the  full  face.  It  is  neither  strongly  oblong  nor  pear- 
shaped  with  a  point  at  the  chin  on  a  triangular  system,  nor  oval,  nor  round  and  ball- 
like.^  The  hair  is  in  its  main  arrangement  close  fitting,  not  free  and  rich  in  its 
treatment  as  it  rises  from  the  head ;  but  it  seems  almost  skivishly  to  follow  in  its  outline 
the  main  sqiuire  shape  of  the  skull.  And  this  is  so  even  in  the  case  of  the  more  profuse 
hair  of  the  female  heads.  With  the  exception  of  the  female  head  whose  hair  is  grasped 
on  the  top,  the  hair,  generally  jiarted  in  the  middle,  is  arranged  in  the  siime  system  of 
waves  on  either  side  of  the  central  j)arting  and  covers  the  upper  part  of  the  ear.  The 
forehead  is  thus  left  in  a  comparatively  smooth  arch-like  curve.  The  brows  are  cut  in 
the  siune  simple  arch  with  the  siime  angle  to  the  nose ;  both  lids  of  the  eyes  are  then  cut 
in  the  sjime  firm  line  with  the  same  indication  of  the  lacrimal  irland.  The  nose  is  com- 
paratively  br(»ad  and  thick,  with  a  strong  bridge  slightly  thickened  in  the  middle  and  a 
broad  rounded  ti[).  The  nostrils,  too,  though  they  do  not  project  far  in  comparison  to 
the  breadth  of  the  tip  of  the  nose,  are  tiiick  and  well  curved.  The  upper  lip  is  well 
arched  and  clearly  defined,  in  most  cases  slightly  opened,  giving  something  of  a  pouting 
expression  to  the  mouth.  Mr.  Edward  Robins«)n  of  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Aits 
has  drawn  my  attention  to  a  marked  peculiarity  in  the  treatment  of  the  upper  lip,  which 
he  has  noticed  in  the  heads  hitherto  ascribed  to  Polycleitus,  and  which  is  to  be  found  in 
all  these  heads  from  the  Heraeum.  It  consists  in  an  upturning  and  widening  out  of  the 
curves  at  either  side  of  the  central  point,  which  accentuates  the  peculiar  pouting  expres- 
sicMi.  This  expression  is  still  more  heightened  by  the  hollow  between  the  upper  lip  and 
the  nose  and  the  marked  protrusion  of  the  lower  lip,  with  the  short,  deep  hollow  between 
it  and  the  chin.  There  is  thus  a  central  mass  of  the  lower  lip,  well  defined  in  all  these 
heads,  which  protrudes  in  its  rounded  curve,  and  this  central  protrusion  is  clearly  djvided 
from  either  side  of  the  lower  lip.  From  the  curve  under  the  lower  lip  the  strong, 
rounded,  but  not  over-long  chin  projects  almost  within  a  line  of  the  foremost  point  of 
the  lower  lip.  The  cheeks  present  a  broad,  well-rounded  surface,  not  approaching  chubbi- 
iiess,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  far  from  thin  or  tapering  towards  the  chin.  In  the  profile 
view  the  middle  of  the  frontal  bone  above  the  nose,  and  the  outer  tip  of  the  upper  lip 
are  about  on  the  same  line.  The  forehead,  rising  upward,  inclines  slightly  inward,  as, 
in  a  downward  direction,  the  lower  lip  and  chin  slant  inward.  From  this  most  promi- 
nent iK>int  of  the  frontal  bone  the  nose  projects  outwards  gradually.  All  these  peculiar- 
ities these  heads  have  in  common. 


'  Since  this  was  written  I  have  endeavored  to  define 
the  style  of  these  heads  in  an  attempt  to  identify  the 
Argive  Hera  with  a  head  in  the  British  Mu.scnm. — 
Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies,  XXXI.  (1901),  pp.  30  ff. 


'  See  the  discussion  on  this  point  in  my  previous  puhli- 
cntion  of  one  of  these  metope  heads.  Amfricdn  Journal 
of  Archneolof/i/,  IX.,  1895,  p.  SSi  {Papers  of  the  American 
School  at  Athens,  VI.  p.  252). 


y, 


IGO 


MAKBLE   t?TATUARY   FROM   THE   IIEKAEUM 


THK    I'ElUOl)   AND  SCHOOL  OF  THE   HKUAKUM   MARULES. 
We  must  iu)w  solve  tlie  question,  To  what  i»eriod  and  to  what  school  may  we  assign 

these  seuli)tures?  ,   .      .  ,  u        *i      i  *    i      f 

The  -eneral  characteristics  of  art  manifested  ni  these  works,  as  well  as  the  detiuls  ot 
style  anTl  workmanship,  i><.int  towards  the  fifth  century  n.  c-.  But  if  we  compare  these 
,uetoi>es  from  the  Heraeum  with  the  metoi)es  fron.  the  l>arthen<m,  we  shall  at  once 
assi-n  to  the  former  a  later  date  than  to  the  latter.  They  undouhteilly  mark  a  greater 
elaboration,  nune  detiiled  modeling,  moi-e  accentuated  finish  n.  the  nude  and  in  the 
dr  ipery  than  the  most  advanced  of  the  Parthenon  marbles.  As  an  ..utside  limit  m  the 
other  'directi.m,  1  should  put  the  fragments  from  the  Tegean  temi.le  and  ..f  the  Scj»- 
pisian  School,  which  certainly  manifest  a  later  development  in  the  rendering  of  indi- 
viiluulity  and  of  emotion  in  the  treatment  of  the  heads.  In  their  manifest  outside 
limits  they  must  thus  have  been  produced  between  the  years  B.  c.  4:i8  and  3G0. 

Positively  we  may  coinimre  them  with  the  Phigalian  marbles  fnnn  the  temple  of  Apollo 
at  Bassiie.  *  But  thesi-  are  coarser  in  workmanship  and  in   sentiment.     The  heads  are 
rounder,  more  bullet-shai)ed,  the  movement  more  exaggerated,  esiKJcially  in  the  restlessly 
llutterin-  drai»ery,  in  the  stretched  folds  of  drapery  drawn  into  parallel  lines  by  the  knees 
bent  apa"t-a  feature  characteristic  of  these  sculptures.     The  Heraeum  marbles  have 
the  oreatest  aiudogv  among  extant  works,  as  regards  the  treatment  of  the  body  and  of 
draiil'iy,  with  the  beautiful  reliefs  from  the  Balustrade  of  the  temple  of  Nikt^  Apteros  at 
Athens,  and  with  the  reliefs  and  pedimental  figures  fnmi  the  temple  of  Asclepius  at 
Epidauius.     Yet  a  minute  examination  will  show  that  there  is  greater  elaborateness  and 
sensm»usness,  as  well  as  ciunplexity,  in  the  treatment  of  drai»ery  in  the  Athenian  reliefn 
from  the  Balustrade,  which  appear  to  me  distinctly  less  severe  and,  in  so  far,  later  in 
character.      The   Epidaurian   sculpture,  again,  has  a  very  ch.se  affinity  in  style  ;    but 
esi>ecially  when  we  take  the  Acroteria  (Nereids  and  Flying  Victories),  it  shows  givater 
softness  in  the  hidication  of  the  female  figure  and  greater  complexity  and  heaviness  in  the 
treatment  <»f  drapery  than  we  find  in  our  works,  which  are  in  so  far  of  an  earlier  iK«riod, 
i  e  earlier  than  about  :580  n.  ( .     The  ditference  betAveen  the  sculptures  from  these  two 
\r<.olic  sites  corresponds  very  much  to  the  difference  which  1  have  noted '  with  regard 
to  die  ^imn  from  the  Heraeum  (see  above,  p.  124)  and  that  from  the  Thoh.s  at  Eiji- 
daurus.     A  careful  comparative  examination  of  the  s'nnas  of  various  Greek  temples  will 
show  that  the  Heraeum  .suna  is  later  than  that  of  the  Parthenon,  and  that  of  the  temple 
of  ApolU.  at  Bassiie  ;  while  it  is  distinctly  earlier  than  those  of  the  Epidaurian  building, 
the  Mausoleum  of  Halicarnassus,  the  second  temple  of  the  Ephesian  Artemis,  and  the 
temple  at  Priene.     The  closest   approximation  to  it  is  found  in  the  ornamentiition  of 
the  Erechtheum  of  Athens,  but  this  shows  signs  of  being  a  slightly  later  development 
of  the  pattern  which  is  given  on  the  sinta  of  the  Heraeuin.'- 

1  See  .uv  Kjrcavations,  etc.,  pp.  15  .-^nd  16.  monn.uents  and  critical  reuderinp  of  texts  combined.  I 
".  It  would  be  impossible  to  exaggerate  the  imp^irtancc  cannot  in  this  instance  develop  the  full  import  of  «.m1.  a 
of  a  careful  compirative  study  of  such  architectural  details,  com,Kirison  in  all  its  details;  but  the  n.ere  outhne  of  the 
which  I  feel  confident  will  Uar  the  n.ost  fruitful  results,  comparison  I  maile  between  these  carvings  .n  the  buildings 
when  viewed  in  the  light  of  the  whole  history  of  Greek  art.  referred  to  in  the  text  will  illustrate  my  meaning.  Coin- 
In  the  present  instance,  a  careful  tabulation,  followed  by  a  pared  with  our  sima,  that  of  the  Parthenon  is  simpler  in 
conscientious  analysis  of  the  honeysuckle  pattern  as  given  design  and  line,  while  the  lions'  heads  are  less  co.nren- 
on  .imas  and  cornices,  in  connection  with  the  treatment  of  tional.  I  do  not  mean  by  this  that  they  have  any  of  the 
the  lion's  head  serving  as  water-spout,  will  furnish  a  safer  realism  which  some  belonging  to  later  buildings  ( wl.uh 
chronological  foothold  than  many  elaborate  treatises  of  often  combine  these  elements  of  realism  with  more  de- 


4 


PERIOD  AND  SCHOOL  OF  HERAEUM  MARBLES 


161 


As  we  shall  see  more  clearly  the  further  we  juoceed,  there  is  everv  reason  to  accept 
a  certain  rehitionship  between  the  Argive  Heraeum  and  the  Epidaurian  works  of  art ; 
only  this  rehitionship  would  mean  that  the  Argive  works  inttneiice<l  the  construction  of 
those  at  Epidaurus.'  The  younger  Polycleitu.s,  grandson  of  the  great  sculptor,  was  com- 
missioned to  produce  the  beautiful  Tholos  at  Epidaurus,  and  from  the  proximity  of  the 
two  places  we  might  well  exjiect  an  Argive  inHuence  there." 

As  the  architectiir.d  decorations  have  the  clearest  affinity  with  the  Erechtheum  of 
Athens,  so  the  head  of  Hem  has  some  points  in  common  with  the  heads  <d"  the  Caryatids 
from  that  temple.  But  as  we  shall  see  later,  this  resemblance,  as  far  as  it  goes,  makes  it 
more  likely  that  the  tyiHj  of  head  in  the  Caryatids  was  influenced  by  Argive  art  than 
that  the  reverse  cnri*ent  of  influence  was  in  force  in  that  period.^ 

All  this  internal  evidence  of  the  monuments  themselves  naturally  leads  us  to  fix  the 
(lite  of  these  sculptui-es,  judging  them  merely  from  their  style,  in  the  second  half  of 
the  fifth  century  n.  c,  later  than  the  Parthenon  and  slightly  earlier  than  the  Erechtheum. 
And  when,  further,  we  have  the  definite  stjitement  that  the  temple  was  burned  down  in 
423  n.  c,  and  bear  in  mind  that  it  must  have  been  rebuilt  at  once,  we  are  justified  in 
assigning  to  these  stailptures  the  date  determined  for  the  erection  of  the  temiile,  that  is 
420  n.  V.  This  date,  moreover,  is  the  one  assigned  by  Pliny  (N.  If.  XXXI V.  40)  to 
Polycleitus,  ami  has  univei-sjilly  been  admitted  to  refer  to  his  making  the  statue  of 
Hem  for  our  temi)le.  When,  further,  we  i*emember  that,  at  all  events,  the  metopes  had, 
for  reiisons  of  construction,  to  be  put  in  their  place  before  the  building  was  completed, 
tliei*e  can  hardly  be  any  further  doubt  respecting  the  date  of  these  sculptures,  a  degree 
of  certiiinty  which  is  hardly  e<|ualed  with  regard  to  any  other  monimients  that  have 
come  down  to  us  from  Ancient  Hellas.* 


veloped  conveiitimialization  in  other  features)  have.  The 
sima  of  the  l'hig:iliaii  temple  is  similar  in  arrangement 
to  ours,  but  is  on  the  whole  harder  and  less  developcil. 
On  the  other  hand,  .is  I  pointed  out  in  the  first  publica- 
tion in  IHD'J,  the  Epidaurian  simn  is  throughout  more 
"  barocco,"  a  distinctly  later  development.  In  the  Mau- 
soleum of  Halicarnassus,  the  lotos  and  honeysuckles 
alternating  have  a  more  conventional  character,  with  a 
toiieli  of  Orientalism,  while  the  lions'  heads  with  the 
deeply  sunk  eyes  are  at  once  more  realistic  and  yet  have 
a  more  conventionalize<l  pattern  to  the  "  whiskers."  The 
lions'  heads  in  the  temple  of  Athene  Polias  at  Priene  are 
similar,  but  are  gencRilly  coarsened  in  workmanship.  Still 
further  conventionalization  is  to  be  noted  in  the  Nereid 
Monument  from  Xanthus,  in  which  the  lines  about  the 
jaw,  etc.,  cover  the  whole  nose  and  cheeks,  and  have 
become  a  mere  decorative  pattern.  Perhaps  earlier  than 
these,  the  lions'  heads  from  the  Kphesian  temple  of  Arte- 
mis confine  these  lines  to  a  .symmetrical  arrangement  up 
the  nose  ;  the  eyeball  is  sunk  in  a  deep-cut  circular  clian- 
nel  surrounding  it,  the  two  ridges  on  the  forehead  have  be- 
come conventional  channels.  So,  too,  the  beautiful  scroll 
pattern  on  the  xima  is  an  advanced  elaboration  of  that  on 
ours  with  greater  conventionalization.  Each  one  of  the 
volutes  is  elaborately  grooved  (where  it  is  simple  in  ours) 
with  foliage  overlapping  —  blossom  and  twig  are  here 
eonfiise<l  and  mingled  with  each  other,  as  well  as  in  the 
neck  of  columns.  On  the  other  hand,  the  patterns  round 
the  door  and  console  of  the  Erechtheum  are  nearest  to 
our  o'.vn,  only  there  is  additional  grooving  in  the  twirling 


stem  of  the  scroll  pattern  ;  the  whole  is  later  and  more 
conventional.  The  similarity  is  still  more  striking  if  we 
can  assign  the  fragment  with  the  bird  to  this  building. 
lint  one  thing  seciiis  to  ine  clear  :  that  the  Erechtheum 
ornament  and  that  from  the  sima  of  the  Heraeum  are 
most  closely  related,  and  that  of  the  two  the  Erechtheum 
is  slightly  later  and  marks  one  step  further  in  the  natural 
history  of  ornament. 

'  According  to  the  inscription  published  by  Cavvadias 
(FouUles  fri'Jpidaure,  I.  p.  2.3),  and  Foucart  {Bull,  tie 
Correap.  Helltn.  XIV.  [1890],  pp.  589-594),  the  moilols  for 
the  {tediments  were  furnished  by  the  artist  Timotheiis  for 
the  sum  of  900  drachmae,  inferior  artists  being  engaged 
under  him.  This  famous  artist  Timotheus  we  can  follow 
in  his  successful  career  for  many  years  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury n.  c.  ^Ve  know  that  he  collaborated  with  Scopas, 
Bryaxis,  and  I^ocharcs  .it  the  decoration  of  the  Mau- 
soleum of  Halicarnassus,  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  to 
what  school  he  belonged,  whether  Attic  or  Argive. 

-  We  cannot  even  say  that  Thrasymedes,  who  made 
the  gold  and  ivory  statue  of  Asclepius  in  the  Temple  at 
Epidaurus,  belonged  to  the  Attic  school.  His  former  asso- 
ciation with  Phidias  as  his  pupil  rests  merely  ujwn  the 
mistaken  late  statement  of  Athenagoras  (177  A.  D.)  in 
his  Leg.  pro  Christ.  14,  p.  CI. 

'  See  below,  p.  1G7. 

*  It  might  l)e  said  that  the  metopes  were  let  in  with 
rough  marble  projections  to  be  worked  in  relief  in  situ  at 
a  later  perioil,  —  there  is  absolutely  no  reason  in  favor  of 
this  very  unlikely  proceeding. 


162 


MARBLE  STATUARY   FROM   THE   HERAEUM 


POLYCLEITUS   AND  THE   HKRAKUM    ^lARBLES. 
The  date  of  these  works  thus  beiiicr  fixed,  the  next  question  is  thait  of  the  sehool  to 
Avhich  we  must  uscriUe  them.     We  shall  see  more  elearly,  the  further  we  luoeeed   that 
there  is  every  reason,  internal  and  eircumstiintiiil,  for  assignnij;  them  t,.  the  Polycleitan 
seho(d,  and  no  valid  reason  aj^ainst  this.  „   ,       ,  i     • 

In  the  first  place,  we  must  naturally  assi-n  to  the  leading  seuli.tor  of  the  idace,  who  18 
ehar<red  with  the  creation  of  the  great  temple  statue,  the  superintendence,  if  "«t  the 
desi"nin<^  and  elaboration,  of  the  sculi.tured  ornamentation  of  this  very  temple.      Ihe 
l.robabiirties  in  favor  of  these  temple  ornamentations  bein-  representative  of  the  art  of 
Poly cleitus  are  as  great  as,  if  not  greater  than,  the  probability  that  the  Parthenon  marb  es 
are  rei.resentative  of  the  art  of  Phidias.     For  while  we  know  that  Phidias  had  a  powerful 
opposition  against  him  in  the  Athenian  state  which  tended  to  limit  or  to  interrupt  or  even 
to  stop  completely  his  work  at  Athens,  we  know  .»f  no  such  disturbing  elements  winch  cui^ 
tailed  and  limited  the  donunating  influence  of  the  leading  Argive  artist  in  his  home.     If 
the  local  Ar-ive  artists  were  of  inferior  talent,  or  even  second  to  some  other  leading  artist 
in  Hellas,  we  could  understand  why  part  of  the  great  work  should  be  assigned  to  a 
foreigner.     But  we  find  that  at  the  time  of  the  construction  .»f  the  Heraeum,  Polycleitus 
was  %vlh  prhweps,  that  he  stood  unrivaled  among  the  artists  of  the  whole  of  Greece, 
andthat  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  most  flourishing  school  of  sculpture,  which  for  genera- 
tions after,  when  this  school  passed  on  to  Sicyon,  made  its  influence  felt  upon  all  suc- 
ceeding artists,  so  that  even  a  Lvsippns  in  the  following  century  acknowledges  this  direct 
influeme.     When  we  consider  these  general  facts,  there  is  at  least  no  o  i^non  reason 
for  assuming  the  advent  of  foreign  sculptors  to  decorate  the  temple  f(U- which  Polycleitus 

fashioned  his  famous  statue  of  Hera.  ,       i      i      f 

I  have  just  emphasized  the  uniciue  position  held  by  Polycleitus  after  the  death  of 
Phidias.     But  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  prominent  position  of  the  Argive  sculptor  did  not 
depend  merely  upon   the  absence  of  his  great  Athenian  rival,  the  greatest  of  ancient 
sculptors.     For  subsetpient  generations,  who  had  the  works  of  all  the  great  masters  before 
them,  assio-ned  to  Polvcleitus  a  place  which  (though  in  our  eyes  it  does  not  detract  from 
the  supreme  genius  of  Phidias)  secures  f<»r  him  the  siinie  general  plane  of  excellence  from 
which  Phidias  rose  above  his  younger  contemiH>rary.     We  may  ignore  for  the  moment 
the  mssiiges  containing  the  exalted  praise  of  his  great  statue  of  Hera,  as  well  as  those 
concerning  his  peculiar  artistic  qualities,  with  which  we  shall  deal  later,  and  we  still 
find  that  the  representative  judges  of  the  ancient  world    couple  his  name  with  that  of 
Phidias  when  they  mention  the  greatest  artists  of  antiquity  ;  just  as  in  modern  music  — 
and  the  analogy  is  tempting  in  many  other  respects  -  Mozart  is  coupled  with  Beethoven. 
Xenophon,^   in  speaking  of  the  greatest  artists,  selects  Homer  to   represent  the  ei>os, 
Melanippides  the  dithyramb,  Sophocles  trage<ly,  Zeuxis  painting,  and  Polycleitus  seuli^- 
ture.     Aristotle  =  and  ^Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  '  single  out  Phidias  and  Polycleitus, 
the  latter  placing  Polycleitus  first.     Cicero  chooses  him  by  preference  to  illustrate  the 
hicrhest  sculpture,  and  Siiys  of  his  works,*  "  They  are  more  beautiful  and,  in  fact,  quite 
preferred."     Quintilian,  Statins^  Juvenal,  Lucian,  and  Aeliaii  all  adopt  the  siime  tone. 
Finally  Pliny ,^'  speaking  of  bronze  work,  sjiys  that  Polycleitus  developed  this  art  to  the 
highest  point,  and  carried  to  perfection  what  Phidias  had  opened  out. 


'  Memomhilin,  I.  4.  3. 

2  Eth.  Mrnm.  VI.  7. 

'  Ik  Dinarrho,  7,  and  De  Imtcrate,  13,  p.  541. 


*  llrnt.  18.  70. 

»  N.  H.  XXXIV.  S6. 


POLYCLEITUS  AND  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES 


163 


Is  it  at  all  likely  that  the  Argives  who  kept  up  the  tradition  of  the  Polycleitan  school, 
of  which  they  must  have  been  proud,  and  allowed  the  grandson  of  Polycleitus,  Naucydes, 
to  make  the  statue  of  Hebe  to  stand  beside  Hera,  is  it  likely,  with  tliis  giant  artist  in 
their  midst,  with  a  thriving  school  (in  which  were  his  own  sons  and  grandsons)  spreading 
its  ramifications  to  other  great  art  centres  in  Greece,  that  they  would  have  turned  to 
other  jKirts,  even  to  Athens,  for  sculptors  to  decorate  their  great  temple  ?  And  at  what 
period  would  they  be  doing  this  ? 

This  was  a  time  when  Phidias  was  dead,  and  with  him  Pericles,  and  a  strong  wave  of 
Attic  opposition  was  likely  to  counteract  the  vitality  of  the  school  of  Phidias ;  when  the 
Peloponnesian  War  was  exhausting  the  wealth  and  checking  the  artistic  advance  of  that 
centre  of  Greek  taste ;  when,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  so  far  as  undoubted  evidence  is  con- 
cerned, we  have  a  lacuna  as  regards  great  sculpture  in  Attica.  At  this  very  time  the 
genius  of  Polycleitus  and  the  vitality  of  his  school  reach  their  highest  point.  As  Furt- 
wjingler  puts  it : '  "  The  rise  of  Polycleitus  in  Argos  marked  no  less  an  epoch  than  that 
of  Phidias  in  Athens ;  the  Doryphonis  is  as  decided  an  advance  on  its  predecessor  as 
the  Lemnia  and  the  Parthenos  on  theirs." 

Is  it  not  more  likely  even  that  Argive  artists  of  the  Polycleitan  school  would  be  called 
to  Athens  than  that  Argives  would  call  in  inferior  Attic  artists,  the  two  states  being 
allies  at  the  time  ?  Are  we  not  even  more  justified  in  expecting  to  find  at  this  period 
the  artistic  influence  of  Argive  sculpture  at  Athens  than  post-Phidian  influence  at  Argos,^ 
esiHJcially  when  we  remember  that  such  influence  had  become  traditional  from  the  time 
of  Ageliiclis,  that  at  an  earlier  i>eriod  Polycleitus  had  vanquished  Phidias  with  his  statue 
of  an  Amazon,  and  that,  in  the  Attic  talk  of  even  the  period  when  Phidias  was  alive,  the 
names  of  the  two  artists  were  familiarly  coupled  together,  as  is  shown  in  Plato's  Protago- 
ras?^ If,  moreover,  as  I  hope  to  be  able  to  do,  I  can  establish  the  identity  of  pattern  on 
the  diadem  of  the  Hera  from  the  Argive  coin  (admitted  to  be  a  reproduction  of  the 
famous  Polycleitan  statue)  and  on  our  Hnna  from  the  temple  in  a  most  individual  feature, 
I  shall  have  gone  far  to  show,  by  actually  extant  works,  an  immediate  relation  between 
the  maker  of  the  great  statue,  Polycleitus,  and  the  marble-workei-s  of  the  temple  — 
a  fortiori  of  the  sculptoi-s  who  carved  the  metopes  and  pediments. 

When  now  we  find  that  among  the  marbles  from  the  metopes  of  this  temple  we  have 
a  head  which  is  unmistakably  Polycleitan,  closely  related  to  the  head  of  the  Doryi)honis 
and  to  other  heads  rightly  assigned  to  Polycleitus,*  that  the  second  of  our  six  extant  heads 


'  Masterpiecet  of  Greek  Sculpture,  translated  by  Eu- 
genie Sellers,  1895,  p.  220. 

*  I  shall  liave  to  jwiiit  out,  for  instance,  how  the  weight 
of  probability  goes  to  show  that  the  Erechtheiim  Caryatid- 
type  was  influeucetl  by  a  famous  statue  of  Polycleitus. 

■''  Of  this  passage  (.'Ul  c)  Furtwiingler  says  (p.  225) : 
"  Plato  is  evidently  citing  the  two  most  celebrated  artists 
and  leaders  of  the  two  schools  most  in  renown  at  the  time 
in  which  the  dialogue  is  supposed  to  have  taken  place." 

*  Any  intelligent  comparison  of  our  Argive  head  with 
that  of  the  Doryphonis  and  the  replicas  of  this  statue  will 
at  once  demonstrate  tliis.  The  difiFerence  between  the 
two  in  the  treatment  of  the  hair  is  on  the  one  hand  to  be 
a.scribed  to  the  difference  of  the  development  in  the  treat- 
ment of  hair  in  Polycleitan  works  from  the  Dorj'phorus 
to  the  Diadumenus,  as  well  as  to  the  difference  of  bronze 
and  marble  technique,  —  especially  when  we  remember 
that  our  head  formed  part  of  a  metope  placed  high  up  in 


a  building  and  not  of  a  statue  on  the  eye-line.  For  this 
variation  in  the  treatment  of  hair,  as  well  as  for  its  simi- 
larity to  Polycleitan  work,  I  would  also  ask  for  a  com- 
parison of  our  head  with  that  in  the  possession  of  Sir 
Edgar  Vincent  (Furtwiingler,  fig.  103)  and  of  the  head  in 
the  Hermitage  of  St.  Petersburg  (ibid.  fig.  104),  which 
Furtwiingler  considers  to  be  the  best  copy  of  an  athlete 
by  Polycleitus.  He  says  of  the  hair  :  "  The  hair,  though 
individual  enough,  is  not  worked  with  much  detail.  The 
style  is  distinctly  Polycleitan ;  this  is  still  more  the  case 
in  a  copy  of  the  head  in  the  Hermitage."  I  would  fur- 
ther ask  for  a  careful  comparison  between  our  head  and 
that  of  the  beautiful  statue  of  a  boy  in  Dresden  as  given 
by  Furtwiingler  (ibid.  fig.  112).  It  will  then  be  seen 
how  in  the  profile  view  the  general  arrangement  of  the 
hair  round  the  ear  and  at  the  back  of  the  head,  though 
roughly  blocked  out  in  the  metope  head  and  carefully 
elaborated  in  the  boy's  statue,  is  essentially  the  same. 


1G4  MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE   HERAEUM 

from  these  metopes,  that  of  the  Amazon,  shows  close  relationship  to  the  tyiHJ  of  an 
Amazon  head  hitherto  identified  with  Polyeleitus,  on  what  ground  can  we  reasonahly 
assign  these  sculptures  from  the  Heraeum  to  any  other  school  than  to  that  of  Polyeleitus 
of  Argos  ?     I  firmly  maintain  that  we  cannot. 

Still  this  hcis  been  done.  Furtwiingler  has  rather  hastily  siiid  (although  he  acknow- 
ledcres,  in  a  footnote,  that  he  had  not  seen  our  finds) : »  "  All  these  sculptures  have 
not'' the  least  relation  to  Polyeleitus  and  his  school.  .  .  .  The  head  of  Hera,  as  well  as 
most  of  those  pieces  of  sculptui-e  from  that  place  [Heraeum]  known  to  me  are  certanily 

Attic."  .11  1      u 

1  had  intended  to  pass  over  this  positive  statement,  together  with  other  remarks  by 
the  siime  author,  without  further  attention,  believing  that  their  somewhat  dogmatic  tone, 
as  well  as  the  inadequate  and  sui>erficiiil  habit  and  method  of  scientific  observation  of 
which  they  seem  to  give  evidence,  would  prevent  their  having  an  influence  on  the 
thoughtful  reader.  But  I  find  that  he  has  repeated  his  assertions  in  the  MeUtenrerke,' 
a  book  that  is  widely  read  and  contiiins  much  of  extreme  interest  and  value,  although 
this  is  closely  connected  with  some  rather  precipitate  and  apjmrently  unwarranted  views, 
which  are  unfortunatelv  so  expressed  as  to  give  the  impression  of  being  firmly  established 
facts.  As  this  work  is  widely  known  and  often  quoted,  I  feel  that  it  would  not  be  deal- 
mg  justly  by  the  treasures  which  a  good  fortune  has  put  into  our  hands,  if  we  were  to 
allow  their  proper  scientific  appreciation  to  be  i>erverte<l  or  even  retarded.^*  I  must  there- 
fore attempt  a  ref utiition  of  Professor  Furtwiingler's  doubts  as  well  as  of  his  assertions, 
which  will  at  the  siime  time  lead  to  a  more  detiiiled  appreciation  of  the  light  which  our 
discoveries  throw  upon  Polycleitan  art. 

It  is  difficult  to  account  for  such  opinions  as  those  expressed  by  Professor  Furtwiinglei , 
or  to  find  adequate  reasons  for  them.  In  studying  his  Me'tsterwerki',  however,  to  learn 
the  grounds  upon  which  he  rests  his  own  conviction  or  opinion,  I  find  that  these  views 
rest  'Iipon  a  general  theorv  developed  in  an  earlier  portion  of  the  book,  into  which  he 
is  naturally  led  to  fit  other  facts  as  they  arise.  This  general  theory  is  that  of  the 
>videspread  influence  of  the  artist  Cresilas.  On  p.  243  of  his  MeUterwerhe  he  says : 
«  We  may  assume  a  certain  amount  of  Attic  influence  in  the  later  i)eriod  of  Polyeleitus, 
and  for  this  Cresilas  may  well  have  been  the  medium ;  for  we  know  that  he  was  working 
at  Argos  jiLst  at  this  time.  And  we  must  bear  in  mind  that,  as  I  have  previously  shown, 
the  fragments  of  sculpture  from  the  Heraeum  of  Argos  are  worked  in  a  style  in  which 
Attic  influence  preponderated,  and  are  decidedly  akin  to  the  figures  on  the  Nike  Balus- 


1  Archaeologische  Studien  Heinrich  Brunn  Dargebracht, 
April,  1893,  pp.  89,  90. 

2  Meu<tertcerke,  p.  223. 

«  I  feel  this  the  more,  because  of  course  the  work 
which  Professor  Furtwiiiigler  has  done  entitles  him  to  a 
very  prominent  position  among  archaeologists.  If  he 
seems  to  me  to  be  lacking  in  the  power  of  delicate  artis- 
tic appreciation  and  to  be  overhasty  in  judging  the  rela- 
tive value  of  evidence  and  the  relative  degrees  of  cer- 
tainty, his  apprehension  of  mechanical  decorative  detail 
and  his  memory  for  these  important  matters  are  astound- 
ing ;  not  so,  I  believe,  his  appreciation  of  pure  sculpture 
on  the  artistic  side.  Still,  I  fully  recognize  that  his 
stupendous  productivity,  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
monuments  and  literature,  assimilated  into  a  phenomenal 
memory,  together  with  an  excellent  perception  and  mas- 
tery of  decorative  forms  and   technical   details  in  art. 


have  enabled  Professor  FurtwJingler  to  produce  funda- 
mental and  enduring  work  such  as  we  have  in  his  great 
monographs  on  vases,  gems,  bronzes,  and  in  the  intel- 
ligent cataloguing  of  great  collections.  It  is  true  Pro- 
fessor Furtwangler's  view  has,  so  far  as  I  know,  not 
been  accepted  by  any  authority.  Collignou  (Hist,  de  la 
Sndpt.  Grec.  1897,  p.  1C8)  says  :  "  M.  Furtwangler  la 
consid^re  comme  une  oeuvre  attique.  Mais  je  crois  que 
M.  Waldstein  a  raison  d'y  voir  une  oeuvre  de  style 
Argien."  Overbeck  refers  to  the  head  in  similar  terms. 
E.  A.  Gardner  (Handbook  of  Gr.  Sculp.  II.  p.  341),  while 
admitting  the  Argive  origin  of  the  Hera  bead,  hesitates, 
and  assumes  an  Attic  influence,  to  be  ascribed  to  the  fact 
that  Argive  artists  had  come  under  the  influence  of 
Phidias.  Tarbell  hesitotes  in  a  similar  nianuer  (//irt.  of 
Greek  Art,  pp.  211,  212). 


POLYCLEITUS  AND  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES         165 

trade  at  Athens,  all  of  which  seems  to  point  to  the  probabiHty  that  Attic  artists  were  at 
work  in  Argos."  In  a  footnote  he  adds  :  "  The  head  lately  found  at  the  Heraeum 
which  Waldstein  considered  to  be  Polycleitan  is  more  likely  Attic." 

Now  this  Cresilas  is  the  point  upon  which  rests  Professor  Furtwangler's  assertion  of 
the  transportation  of  Attic  art  into  Argos.     AU  we  know  of  this  artist  with  certainty  is 
that  he  was  not  an  Athenian,  but  a  Cydonian,  and  that  he  most  probably  emigrated  from 
his  Cretan  home  into  Greece.     He  certainly  made  a  portrait  of  Pericles  which  is  inscribed 
with  his  name,'  the  inscription  having  come  down  to  us.     A  second  inscription  found 
on  the  Acropolis  was  dedicated  by  a  certain  Hermolycus,  and  dates  back  to  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  century.^     A  third,  found  in  the  same  place/'  is  considerably  later. 
A  fourth  inscription  is  on  the  base  of  an  offering  to  Demeter  Chthonia  at  Hermione  * 
in  Argolis.     A  comi^nion  inscription  dedicated   by  the  same  man,  Alexias's  son,  gives 
the  name  of  an  Argive  artist.^     To  this  Furtwangler  adds :  "  Cresilas  is  thus  shown 
engaged  on  work  for  a  family  of  Hennione  in  company  with  an  Argive  artist;  and  the 
probabUity  is  that  he  was  living  at  Argos  at  the  time,  and  received  the  commission 
jointly  with  the  native  artist."     In  the  last  two  inscriptions  Cresilas  calls  himself  a  Cydo- 
nian.    Upon  these  facts  Professor  Furtwangler  builds  up  the  life  of  this  artist  (p.  116)  : 
"  Even  from  this  view  itself  we  can  gather  a  good  deal  of  information  concerning  tiie 
artist's  life.     Born  at  Cydonia  in  Crete,  he  must  have  left  home  early  in  order  to  culti- 
vate his  talents,  for  we  know  of  no  school  of  artists  in  Crete  at  that  time.  ...  It  was  of 
course  only  natural  tiiat  the  young  artist  should  turn  his  steps  to  the  brilliant  and  artistic 
Athens.     Here  he  seems  to  have  succeeded  in  working  his  way  up  among  the  first  artists 
and  in  obtaining  a  great  reputation,  especiiilly  as  a  portrait  sculptor.     Otherwise  he 
would  certtiinly  not  have  been  intrusted  with  the  bust  of  Pericles,  the  most  distinguished 
and  most  iK>werful  niiiii  in  the  city.  ...  As  to  the  migration  of  Cresilas  to  Argos,  it 
was  doubtless  occasioned  by  the  outbreak  of  the  Peloponnesian  War,  which  must  have 
rendered  residence  in  Athens  unpleasant  for  an  artist,  especially  if  he  was  a  foreigner," 
etc.     Now  it  is  this  Cydonian  artist  who,  Furtwangler  maintains,  brings  Attic  sculpture 
to  Argos  ui  the  time  of  Polyeleitus. 

If  we  were  so  inclined,  I  believe  we  could  more  readily  make  a  theory  that  this  Cresilas, 
who  worked  jointly  with  an  Argive  artist,  who  was  beaten  by  Polyeleitus  in  the  competi- 
tion for  the  Amazon  statue,  who,  as  it  were  in  imitation  of  the  great  artist,  makes  an 
Amazon  and  a  Doryphorus,  migrated  from  his  Cretan  home  to  Argos,  and  might  thus  be 
considered  an  Argive  artist  rather  than  an  Athenian  artist.  But  we  should  consider  such 
an  attempt  frivolous. 

There  are  other  more  definite  grounds  upon  which  Furtwangler  bases  his  assertion 
that  our  Argive  sculptures  are  Attic  in  style.  These  are  to  be  found  in  a  comparison  he 
establishes"  between  our  life-size  head  of  Hera  and  a  small  marble  head  of  a  boy  (83  mm. 
in  height)  which  came  from  Brauron,  and  which,  I  am  told,  is  in  his  private  possession 
(Fig.  84).  To  this  head  he  assigns  the  date  of  circa  b.  c.  420.  On  a  former  occasion^ 
Professor  Furtwangler  brought  tiiis  little  head  into  direct  relation  with  the  Olympian 
sculptures,  and  pointed  to  the  similar  treatment  of  tiie  hair  in  the  old  man  of  the  eastern 
pediment  and  the  treatment  of  the  eyes  in  Olympian  pedimental  heads.^     These  state- 


1  A«XT/or  ApxtuoK.  1889,  p.  36. 
«  Loewy,  Iruchr.  G.  BUdh.  No.  46. 

•  Loewy,  ibid.  No.  47. 

*  Loewy,  Ufid.  No.  45. 


•  Loewy,  ibid.  No.  51. 

•  Archaeologische  Studien,  etc.  p.  89,  pi.  iii. 
'  Athen.  MitlheU.  V.  (1880),  p.  45. 

•  "  Die  Haare  sind  bebandelt  wie  z.  B.  an  oem  altcn 


A 


» 

1 


166 


MAKBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 


ments  he  now  retracts,  and  maintains  that  "  the  nearest  parallel  to  my  small  '  Attic 
head  is  the  newly  discovered  beautiful  head  from  the  Heraeum  of  Argos,  belonging  to 
the  siime  date.     This  head  is  that  of  a  girl  who,  however,  like  our  boy,  has  a  hraiil  at 
the  parting  in  front  [the  italics  are  all  mine]  ;  behind  the  band,  however,  this  braid  is 
not  continued.*    One  of  the  Korai  of  the  Erechtheum,  also  of  the  same  date,  luis  quite  a 


Fig.  84.  —  Sm.\ll  Makble  Hkad  from  Braurox. 
In  the  possession  of  Professor  FurtwiiHgler. 

similar  braid  at  the  parting.  Aho  the  stromjhj  ^caving  hair  is  analogous  in  the  heads 
compared.  With  the  head  from  the  Heraeum  our  small  head  is  furthermore  sjmtaUt/ 
connected  through  the  cut  of  the  eyes,  the  formation  of  the  eyelids,  and  the  lacrimal 
glands  (Thranenkarunkel),  furthermore  through  the  supreme  sweetness  of  the  mouth 
and  the  flat  dimple  of  the  chin."  »  For  every  pohit  of  similarity  which  is  here  sui)posed 
to  establish  a  direct  connection  between  these  two  heads  we  might  almost  put  contrast  or 
marked  difference,  and  I  would  ask  the  reader  to  compare  the  cuts  here  given  with  our 
Plates  (Frontispiece  and  XXXVI.). 

1.  The  general  build  and  outline  are  quite  different.  The  upper  part  of  the  Brauron 
head,  when  taken  in  full  face,  is  broader  throughout,  and  maint<iins  this  breadth  across 
the  cheek.  It  thus  follows  a  round,  and  not  a  square  or  rectiingular  principle.  In  the 
profile  view,  the  top  of  the  head  rises  more  from  front  to  back  ;  its  highest  point  is  not 
in  the  middle,  but  more  towards  the  back  ;  while  the  whole  outline  of  the  face,  with  the 
receding  forehead  and  the  receding  lower  lip,  the  comparatively  great  breadth  and  flatter 
suiface  of  the  cheek  between  nostril  and  ear,  give  to  this  head  a  remarkably  different 

character  from  that  of  our  Hera. 

2.  The  "  strongly-waving  "  hair  is  dealt  with  in  so  peculiarly  delicate  and  almost  washed- 
out  a  manner  tha^t  \t  stands  in  strong  contrast  to  the  well-cut  waves  of  hair  hi  the  Hera, 
as  well  as  in  the  Caryatids  from  the  Erechtheum.  It  is  no  doubt  this  peculiar  quahty  of 
\oncr,  roundly  cut  waves  which  led  Furtwiingler  to  make  the  comparison  (justified  in  this 
poi^t)  between  his  head  and  some  of  those  from  Olympui.  A  further  comparison  of  the 
Bi-auronian  head  and  its  hair  with  that  of  the  youthful  Triptolemus  from  the  famous 


POLYCLEITUS   AND   THE   HERAEUM   MARBLES 


167 


Manne  vom  Ostgiebel ;  die  Augeu  ferner  und  das  etwas 
hervortretende  Untergesicht  sind  widenini  jenen  Sculp- 
turen  direct  verwandt."  Would  be  thus  also  consider 
our  Hera  direct  vencandt  with  the  pedimental  heads  from 
Oljnipia  as  regards  eyes  and  the  lower  face  ? 

»  "  Seine  nachste  Parallele  ist  der  neugefundene  eben 
um  diese  Zeit  [b.  c.  420]  datierbare  schbne  Kopf  vom 
Heraion  bei  Argos.  Dieser  stellt  ein  junges  Madchen 
dar,  das  aber  wie  unser  Knabe  vome  auf  dem  Scheitel 


eineu  Zopf  hat ;  hinter  der  Binde  setzt  sich  dieser  indess 
nicht  fort.  Einen  ganz  glcicliartigcn  Scheitelzopf  hat 
eine  der  Korai  des  Erechtheions,  die  um  dieselbe  Zeit  zu 
datieren  sind.  Auch  die  stark  wellige  Behandlung  der 
Haare  ist  an  den  verglichenen  Skulpturen  analog.  Mit 
dem  Kopf  vom  Heraion  ist  der  uusrige  noch  besonders 
durch  den  Schnitt  der  Augen,  die  Bildung  der  Lider  und 
der  Thriiuenkarunkel,  ferner  durch  den  iiberaus  lieblichcn 
Mund  und  das  tlache  Kiungriibcheu  verbunden." 


Eleusinian  relief  might  be  uistructive  and  profitable.  But  m  modeling  there  is  no  analogy 
to  the  hair  of  our  Argive  head. 

3.  The  outline  of  the  receding,  more  wavy  forehead  in  the  Brauroiiian  head,  with  its 
straight  line  about  the  braid,  diffei-s  essentially  from  the  simple  circular  sweep  of  forehead 
in  the  Hera. 

4.  And  as  for  the  "  cut  of  the  eyes,  the  formation  of  the  eyelids,  and  the  lacrimal 
glands,"  they  are  distinctly  different.  The  orb  of  the  eye  itself  is  flatter  and  more 
almond-shaiKjd  in  the  Brauronian  head.     This  is  especially  due  to  the  different  treatment 

of  the  upper  lid.    In  the  Brauronian  head  the  curve  is  very  slight  and  flat,  ^ \  while 

in  ours  it  has  a  bold  circidar  swee})  ^  ^^_ .    This  alters,  not  only  the  whole  aspect 

of  the  Hd,  but  the  whole  expression  of  the  eye  and  face,  which  becomes  more  dreamy  in 
the  Brauronian  head.  The  "  Thranenkarunkel "  is  Lirger  and  more  prominent  in  the 
Argive  head. 

5.  The  "  supremely  sweet "  mouth,  besides  behig  closed  in  the  Brauronian  head,  is 
much  smaller,  the  projecting  upi)er  lip  having  more  of  an  arch-like  curve ;  while  the 
lower  lip  has  not  the  characteristic  narrowly  defined  thickening  which  is  so  notable  a 
feature  in  all  these  Argive  heads. 

The  one  point  of  similarity  between  the  two  heads  is  the  "  braid,"  which  runs  from 
the  forehead  to  the  back  of  the  Brauronian  head,  and  is  not  continued  behind  the  band 
in  ours.  No  doubt  it  was  this  vague  and  trifling  similarity  of  one  detail  which  led 
Professor  Furtwiingler  to  make  what  I  must  call 
superficial  observation  and  to  draw  such  a  hasty 
conclusion.  The  analogy  in  this  arrangement  of 
the  hair  is  much  closer  between  our  head  and  the 
imiiden  from  the  Erechtheum ;  and  no  doubt  this 
obvious  similarity  again  has  led  others  to  observe 
an  Attic  character  in  the  Argive  head.  But 
though  this  peculiiir  arrangement  of  the  hair  is 
the  siune,  the  Caryatid,  with  the  long  curls  on 
either  side,  shows  a  more  mechanical  and  wooden 
treatment  in  this  central  braid,  coming  straight 
to  the  forehead,  while  in  ours  the  waves  of  hair 
part  symmetrically  and  yet  organically  beneath  and 
beside  it.  It  looks  almost  as  if  the  sculptor  of 
the  Caryatid  (Fig.  85)  had  not  fully  understood 
the  natural  arrangement  as  given  in  our  heiid. 
In  spite  of  the  similarity  of  arrangement  between 
these  heiids,  a  glance  at  the  rounded  forms  in 
foreheiid  and  cheeks,  the  more  fleshy  treatment  of  the  Attic  work,  compared  with  the 
sjKire,  sharply  cut  outline  of  our  Argive  work,  will  well  illustrate  the  difference  of  style 
in  spite  of  the  similarities. 

If  there  be  any  connection  between  these  two  works  as  regards  the  type  or  subject  repi-e- 
sented,  is  it  not  more  rational,  in  view  of  the  general  stiite  of  sculpture  in  that  period,  to 
which  we  have  referred  above,  to  assume  a  Polycleifcm  influence  in  Athens,  rather  than 
a  dei)endence  of  Argive  sculpture  upon  Attica  ?  And  does  not  this  become  still  more 
pressing  ui  this  definite  case,  when  we  find  that  world-famous  works  by  Polycleitus  were 
two  Canephorae  holding  a  sacred  vessel  on  their  heads  "  according  to  Attic  custom  "  ? 


Fig.  85.  —  Head  ok  one  of  the  Korai 
FROM  the  Erechtheum. 


1G6 


MAKBLE   STATUAHY   FKOM   THE   IIEKAEL'M 


ments  lie  now  retracts,  and  maintains  that  "  the  nearest  parallel  t«.  my  small  '  Attie 
head  is  the  newlv  (liscovered  heautit'ul  head  from  the  Henieum  of  Argos,  belonj^ng  tc. 
the  siime  iLite.     This  head  is  that  of  a  girl  who,  ht.wever,  like  our  hoy,  has  a  hnnd  nt 
th€2KU't',nij  in  front  [the  italics  are  all  mine];  behind  the  band,  however,  this  braid  ih 
not  continued."     Oiw  of  the  Komi  of  the  Erechtheum.  also  of  the  siiiiie  date,  l»as  qiiite  a 


Fui.  >W.  —  J^MALL  Makblk  Hk.ai.  kkom  Ukaukox. 
lu  the  possossioii  of  I'rofessor  Fiirtwiiiigler. 

similar  braid  at  the  parting.  Also  tfw  stroufjh/  irac'wi/  hu'w  Is  nnah^jous  in  the  luads 
connmred.  With  the  head  from  the  Heraeum  imr  small  head  is  furthermore  ^/mualfff 
connected  throufjh  the  cut  of  the  ( //.x,  the  fonnation  of  the  ej/e/ids,  and  the  lucnmul 
fdmuU  (Thranenkarunkel),  fnrfhennore  thronrjh  the  supreme  sweetness  of  the  mouth 
and  the  fiat  dimple  of  the  chin."  '  For  every  p<unt  of  similarity  which  is  here  supposed 
to  establish  a  direct  connection  between  these  two  heads  we  might  almost  put  contrast  or 
marked  difference,  and  I  would  ask  the  reader  to  compare  the  cuts  here  given  with  our 
Plates  (Frontispiece  and  XXXVI.). 

1.  The  general  build  and  outline  are  quite  different.  The  upper  juirt  of  the  Brauron 
head,  wheiT  taken  in  full  face,  is  broader  throughout,  and  maintains  this  breadth  across 
the  cheek.  It  thus  follows  a  round,  and  not  a  s(|uare  or  rectangular  principle.  In  the 
profile  view,  the  top  of  the  head  rises  more  from  front  to  back  ;  its  highest  point  is  n«»t 
in  the  middle,  but  more  towards  the  back  ;  while  the  whole  outline  of  the  face,  with  the 
recedino-  f„rehead  and  the  receding  lower  lip,  the  comparatively  great  breadth  and  flatter 
surface'of  the  cheek  between  nostril  and  ear,  give  to  this  head  a  remarkably  different 
character  from  that  of  our  Hera. 

2.  The  '•  strongly-waving  "  hair  is  dealt  with  in  so  peculiarly  delicate  and  almost  washed- 
out  a  manner  thaVit  stands  in  strong  contrast  to  the  well-cut  waves  of  hair  in  the  Hera, 
as  well  as  in  the  Carvatids  from  the  Erechtheum.  It  is  no  dcmbt  this  peculiar  cpiahty  of 
loner  roundlv  cut  waves  which  led  Furtwiingler  to  make  the  comi)arison  (justified  in  this 
point)  between  his  head  and  some  of  those  from  Olympia.  A  further  comparison  of  the 
Brauronian  head  and  its  hair  with  that  of  the  youthful  Triptolemus  from  the  famous 


Manne  vom  Ostgiebel  ;  die  Augcii  fenier  mu\  das  etwas 
bervortretende  Uutergesicht  siml  widermii  jeneii  Sculji- 
turen  direct  verwandt."  Would  be  thus  also  consider 
our  Hera  direct  verwandt  with  the  pedimental  heads  from 
Olympia  as  regards  eyes  and  the  lower  face  ? 

i  "  Seine  nJichste  Parallele  ist  der  neugefundene  eben 
um  diese  Zeit  [b.  c.  420]  datierbare  scbbne  Kopf  vom 
Ileraion  bei  Argos.  Dieser  stellt  ein  junges  Miidihen 
dar,  das  aber  wie  uuser  Knabe  vorue  auf  dem  Scbeitel 


ciuen  Zopf  hat ;  hinter  der  Hindo  set/t  sich  diesor  indew 
nicht  fort.  Einen  ganz  gltiehartigen  Scheitelzopf  hat 
eine  der  Korai  des  Ereclitheions,  die  um  dieselbe  Zeit  zu 
datieren  siud.  Auch  die  stark  welligc  Ikhandlung  der 
Ilaarc  ist  an  den  verglicheuen  Skulpturen  analog.  Mit 
dem  Kopf  vom  Heraion  ist  der  unsrige  noch  besonders 
durch  den  Schnitt  der  Augcn,  die  liildung  der  Lider  uml 
derThriinenkarunkel,  ferner  durch  den  iiberaus  lieblichcn 
Mund  und  das  tiache  Kinngriibchen  verbunden." 


POLVCLEITUS  AND  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES 


1G7 


Eleusinian  relief  might  be  instructive  and  profitiU)le.  But  in  modeling  there  is  no  analogy 
to  the  hair  of  our  Argive  head. 

3.  The  (Uitline  of  the  recetling,  more  wavy  forehead  in  tiic  Brauronian  head,  witli  its 
straight  line  about  the  braid,  ditt'ei-s  essentiidly  from  the  simple  circular  sweep  of  forehead 
in  the  Hera. 

4.  And  as  for  the  "  cut  of  the  eyes,  the  formation  of  the  eyelids,  and  the  lacrimal 
glands."  tliey  are  distinctly  different.  The  orb  of  the  eye  itself  is  flatter  and  more 
almond-shaped  in  the  Brauronian  head.     This  is  especially  due  to  the  different  treatment 

of  the  upper  lid.    In  the  Brauronian  head  the  curve  is  very  slight  and  flat,  ^ while 

in  ours  it  has  a  bold  circular  sweep  ^  ^^.     This  alters,  not  only  the  whole  aspect 

of  the  lid,  but  the  whole  expression  of  the  eye  and  face,  which  becomes  more  dreamy  in 
the  Brauronian  head.  The  "  Thrjinenkarunkel "  is  larger  and  more  prominent  in  the 
Aigivt'  head. 

5.  The  "  supremely  sweet "  mouth,  besides  being  closed  in  the  Brauronian  head,  is 
much  smaller,  the  projecting  upper  lip  having  more  of  an  arcli-like  curve ;  while  the 
lower  lip  has  not  the  characteristic  narrowlv  defined  thickening  which  is  so  notable  a 
feature  in  all  these  Argive  heads. 

Tiie  one  point  of  similarity  between  the  two  heads  is  the  '•  braid,"  which  runs  from 
the  forehead  to  the  iiack  of  the  Brauronian  head,  and  is  not  continued  behind  the  band 
in  ours.  No  (hmbt  it  was  this  vague  and  trifling  similarity  of  one  detail  wliicli  led 
Professor  Furtwiingler  to  make  what  I  must  call 
superficial  observation  and  to  draw  such  a  hastv 
conclusion.  The  analogy  in  this  arrangement  of 
the  hair  is  much  closer  between  our  head  and  the 
maiden  from  the  Erechtheum  ;  and  no  doubt  this 
ol)vious  similarity  again  has  led  others  to  observe 
an  Attic  character  in  the  Argive  head.  But 
though  this  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  hair  is 
the  siiiiie,  the  Caryatid,  witli  the  long  curls  on 
either  side,  shows  a  more  mechanical  and  wooden 
treatment  in  this  central  braid,  cominii-  straij»ht 
to  the  forehead,  while  in  ours  the  waves  of  hair 
part  symmetrically  and  yet  organically  beneath  and 
beside  it.  It  looks  almost  as  if  the  sculptor  of 
tlie  Caryatid  (Fig.  S7))  had  not  fully  understood 
the  natinal  arrangement  as  given  in  our  head. 
In  spite  of  tiie  similarity  of  arrangement  between 
these  heads,  a  glance  at  the  rounded  forms  in 
forehead  and  cheeks,  the  more  fleshy  treatment  of  the  Attic  work,  compared  with  the 
spare,  sharply  cut  outline  of  our  Argive  work,  will  weU  illustrate  the  difference  of  style 
in  spite  of  the  similarities. 

If  there  be  any  connection  between  these  two  works  as  regards  the  type  or  subject  repre- 
sented, is  it  not  more  rational,  in  view  of  the  general  state  of  sculpture  in  that  period,  to 
which  we  have  referred  above,  to  assume  a  Polycleitiin  influence  in  Athens,  rather  than 
a  dependence  of  Argive  sculpture  upon  Attica  ?  And  does  not  this  become  still  more 
juessing  in  this  definite  case,  when  we  find  that  world-famous  works  by  Polycleitus  were 
two  Canephorae  holding  a  siicred  vessel  on  their  heads  "  according  to  Attic  custom  "  ? 


Fig.  8o.  —  IIkai)  ok  «»xe  of  the  Kouai 

HJOM   TIIK    KUKCIITIIKUM. 


.f 


f 


168  MARBLE   STATUARY   FROM   THE   HERAEUM 

Cicero*  praises  them  for  their  supreme  grace  (eximia  V€mit<tate),  while  Syinmaehus' 
mentions  them,  together  with  the  Zeus  of  Phidias  and  the  famous  cow  of  Myron,  as 
the  most  famous  works  of  art  in  existence.  If  Polycleitus,  whose  fame  was  estahhshed 
long  before  the  Erechtheum  was  built,  created  a  type  of  maiden  carrying  some  object 
on  her  head,  a  work  of  world->vide  fame,  is  it  not  more  Ukely  that  the  inferior  Attic 
sculptor  who  fashioned  these  maidens  for  the  Erechtheum  should  be  influenced  by  such 

a  tj'pe  than  that  the  Argive  sculptor  should  borrow 
his  type  from  the  later  Erechtheum  ? 

If  there  was  such  Polydeitan  influence  in  Attic 
works  of  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  century,  there 
might  certainly  also  have  l)een,  and  there  most 
probably  was,  a  certain  Attic  influeiue  in  Argive 
work.    Even  so  great  an  artist  as  Polycleitus  could 
not  fail  to  be  affected  by  the  technical  advance 
made  by  Phidias  and  the  gieat  sweep  of  his  artistic 
genius.     We  can  thus  trace  the  influence  of  the 
technical  progress  made  by  the  Van  Eycks  in  oil- 
painting  through  Antonello  da  Messina  in  nearly 
all  the  great  Italian  masters ;  the  artistic  spirit  of 
a  Diirer  even  is  modified  by  his  travels  in  Italy ; 
even  a  Giorgione  and  a  Titian  are  not  to  be  wholly 
explained  by  the  specifically  Venetian  current  of 
artistic  growth;    Raphael  is  affected  by  Michael 
Angelo;   Francia,  even   at  an  advanced  age,  by 
Riiphael ;    Mabuse   the   Fleming   by   Itiilian    art ; 
Rubens  expands  his  genius  after  his  sfciy  in  Itiily 
and  Spain  ;  so  Van  Dyck  and  so  many  others.    But 
these  alien  influences  do  not  extiriMite  or  hide  the 
strong  original  and  native  "  style  "  if  it  ever  was 
the  direct  expression  of  a  marked  and  vital  artistic  i>ersonality. 

So,  too,  while  recognizing  the  strongly  surviving  "Doryphorus"  element  in  the 
youths'  heads  from  our  metopes,  we  see  certain  changes  from  the  severer  bronze  technique 
as  manifested  in  the  head  of  the  Polydeitan  Doryphorus  (Fig.  86),  especially  in  the 
treatment  of  the  hair.  This  is  no  doubt  due,  in  the  first  instonce,  to  the  change  in 
material,  and  consequently  in  technique,  from  bronze  to  marble.  Polycleitus,  more- 
over, was  chiefly  noted  as  a  bronze-worker,  while  Phidias  (though  his  chief  works  are 
caehiturae)  was  more  proficient  in  actual  carving.'  But  this  must  never  lead  us  to 
believe  that  the  great  sculptor  and  his  thriving  school  were  restricted  in  their  work  to 
the  one  material,  bronze,  and  could  not  extend  their  activity  to  the  plastic  decoration 
of  the  great  temple  in  which  they  were  working,  especially  when  we  know  that  his  Zeus 


POLYCLEITUS  AND  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES 


169 


>Ye.  86.  —  Head  of  the  Doryphorus. 

Ancient  marble  copy  of  the  statue  now  iu  the 

Museum  of  Naples. 


1  Cicero,  In  Verr.  IV.  3.  5.  Erant  aenea  praeterea 
[in  the  collection  of  Heius]  duo  signa,  non  maxima,  verum 
eximia  venustate,  virginali  habitu  atque  vestitu,  quae 
manibus  sublatia  sacra  quaedam  more  Atheniensinm  vir- 
ginum  reposita  in  capitibus  sustinebant,  canephorae  ipsae 
vocabantur.  Sed  earum  artificem  ?  Quemnam  ?  Recte 
admones,  Polycletum  esse  dicebant. 

•  Symmachus,  Epist.  I.  23 :  Tune,  inquies,  audeas  de 


philosophis  iudicare  ?  Licet  alienas  spectare  virtntes  : 
nam  et  Phidiae  Olympium  loveni  et  Myronis  bnculum  ct 
Polycleti  canephoras  rudis  ejus  artis  houiinum  pars  magna 
mirata  est. 

'  Dionys.  Halicam.  de  Dtnarrho  7  :  .  .  .  «tal  wxiirrai 
rk  no\vK\*lTOv  Kol  yAu^fli  rk  **iilou. 

Aristot.  Eth.  Nicom.  VI.  7.:  .  .  .  "Iw  ♦«i8fay  \ido*,fr,hv 


Meilichius*  was  a  marble  statue.  No  actual  marble  statue  is  ascribed  to  Phidias.  More- 
over, his  very  excellence  as  a  irXao-TT/?,  as  a  modeler,  would  make  Polycleitus  best  fitted 
to  make  the  wax  or  plastic  models,  tvttoi,  for  the  architectui-al  compositions  such  as  the 
Epidiurian  inscriptions  tell  us  were  made  by  Theotimus  for  that  neighboring  temple,  the 
figures  to  be  carried  out  in  marble  by  his  colleagues  and  pupils. 

Furthermore,  these  deviations  from  the  treatment  of  hair  in  the  Doryphorus  type  are 
U)  be  {i8cril>ed  to  the  peculijir  constructive  purpose  which  these  heads,  as  metope  heads, 
served  in  the  architectural  scheme  of  the  temple.  Small  heads  seen  at  such  a  height  iu 
the  building  by  the  8i>ectator  below  could  not  receive  the  same  delicate,  almost  engraved, 
work  in  the  modeling  of  the  hair  as  is  given  to  the  Doryphorus  heads  seen  on  the  eye- 
line  ;  and  thus  they  required  the  bolder  and 
more  massive  subdivision  of  locks,  which  is 
found  in  ours.  We  know  from  the  study  of 
the  Parthenon  marbles  how  carefully  these 
conditions  of  distance,  lighting,  and  pecuhar 
position  of  the  works  in  their  relation  to  the 
sjiectatijr  were  considered  by  the  sculptor.- 

Finally,  we  must  not  forget  the  natural 
development  and  advance  of  the  sculptor  liim- 
self  in  his  acquisition  of  greater  breadth  and 
freedom.  On  this  point  I  have  been  ably 
anticipiited  by  Professor  Furtwangler,^  who,  in 
discussing  the  development  of  Polydeitan  art, 
arrives  at  a  conclusion  which  I  had  reached 
indei)endently,  and  which  our  finds  strikingly 
confinn  ;  namely,  that  we  can  distinguish  an 
earUer,  .severer,  and  a  later,  freer  style  in  the 
master's  work  on  his  Doryphorus  and  on  his 
Diadumenus.  This  is  clearly  noticeable  when 
we  couqwre  the  heads  of  these  two  statues  with 
each  other  and  then  perceive  the  advance  in  modeling  and  general  freedom  of  composi- 
tion and  execution  in  the  Diadumenus  (Fig.  87).* 

With  a  very  slight  turn  to  the  side,  the  head  of  the  Doryphorus  is  placed  almost 
upright  and  at  right  angles  to  the  chest  in  the  simple  and  severe  manner  of  earlier  art. 
Now,  a  marked  feature  is  the  "build  of  the  skull"  {iSchadelbau},  which  is  square  in 
its  outline.  The  hair  is  laid  over  the  square  structure  at  an  even  height,  never  pro- 
jecting strongly  so  as  to  interfere  with  the  marked  suggestion  of  the  construction  of 


Fig.  87.  —  Head  of  the  Diadumjjvus. 
Ancient  marble  copy,  now  in  Dresden. 


'  Pausan.  II.  20.  1 :  Aths  Vl*i\ixiov,  \l9ou  Xtvitov,  TloXv- 
KKtlrov  ii  (pryoy.  TIlis  work  is  ascribed  by  some  to  the 
younger  Polycleitiu. 

*  See  Waldstein,  Essays  on  the  Art  of  Pheidias,  p.  79, 
Dote  1  ;  pp.  201  B.  ;  note  D,  pp.  227  ff. 

'  Mmterpiecex,  pp.  243  ff. 

*  Before  our  finds  at  the  Heraeum  led  me  to  recon- 
sider carefully  the  extant  monuments  and  records  concern- 
ing Polycleitus,  I  was  wont  to  explain  the  difference  of 
phraseology  applied  to  the  two  works  by  Pliny  {N.  H. 
XXXIV.  55),  fecit  tnoUiter  juvenem,  for  the  Diadumenus, 
and  viriliter  puerum,  for  the  Doryphorus,  as  devoid  of  any 
purpose  of  special  characterization  or  distinction  between 


the  two  works,  but  simply  as  arising  out  of  a  literary 
desire  of  the  author  to  give  variety  of  style.  Pliny,  or 
the  writer  from  whom  he  copied,  I  thought,  desired  to 
avoid  the  repetition  of  the  same  phrase,  and  thus  chose 
terms  which  iu  a  different  form  expressed  the  same  fact. 
The  technical  distinction  in  ancient  Greece  marked  by  the 
ephebic  age  was  conveyed  by  the  technical  meaning  of 
juvenis  and  puer ;  and  thus  the  molliter  drew  down  the 
juvenis,  as  the  virilUer  drew  up  the  puer  to  the  same  point 
of  age  between  youth  and  manhood.  Though  such  a 
literary  desire  may  still  have  been  active,  I  now  think 
that  the  two  terms  do  qualify  and  actually  distinguish  the 
two  different  works. 


'.^1 


168 


MARBLE   STATUARY   FROM   THE   IIERAEUM 


POLYCLEITUS   AND  THE   HERAEUM   MARBLES 


169 


Cicero*  praises  them  for  their  supreme  grace  {exlmia  fenHsfatc),  while  Symmachiis- 
mentions  them,  together  with  the  Zeus  of  Phidias  and  the  famous  cow  of  Myron,  as 
the  most  famous  works  of  art  in  existence.  U  Polycleitus,  whose  fame  was  estiihhshed 
long  before  the  Erechtheum  was  built,  created  a  type  of  maiden  carrying  some  object 
on  her  head,  a  work  of  world-wide  fame,  is  it  not  more  likely  that  the  inferior  Attic 
sculptor  who  fashioned  these  maidens  for  the  Erechtheum  should  be   influenced  by  such 

a  type  than  that  the  Argive  sculptor  should  borrow 
his  type  from  the  later  Erechtheum  ? 

If  there  was  such  Polycleitan  influence  in  Attic 
works  of  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  century,  there 
miirht  certaudv  also   have  been,  and   there   most 
probably  was,  a  certiiin  Attic  influence  in  Argive 
work.    Even  so  great  an  artist  as  P<ilycleitus  could 
not  fail  to  be  affected  by  the  technical  advance 
made  by  Phidias  and  the  great  sweep  of  liis  artistic 
srenius.     We  can  thus  trace  the  influence  of  the 
technical  progress  made  by  the  Van  Eycks  in  oil- 
painting  through  Antonello  da  Messina  in  nearly 
all  the  great  Italian  masters ;  the  artistic  spirit  of 
a  Diirer  even  is  modified  by  his  travels  in  Italy ; 
even  a  Giorgione  and  a  Titian  are  not  to  be  wholly 
explained  by  the  specifically  Venetian  current  of 
artistic  growth ;    Riiphael  is  affected  by  Michael 
Angelo;    Francia,  even   at  an   advanced  age.  by 
Raphael  ;    Mabuse    the    Fleming   by   Italian    art ; 
Rubens  expands  his  genius  after  his  stay  in  Italy 
and  Spain  ;  so  Van  Dyck  and  so  many  others.     But 
these  alien  influences  do  not  extirpate  or  hide  the 
strong  original  and  native  "  style  "  if  it  ever  wjia 
the  direct  expression  of  a  marked  and  vital  artistic  personality. 

So,  too,  while  recognizing  the  strongly  surviving  '' Doryphorus "  element  in  the 
youths'  heads  from  our  metopes,  we  see  certain  changes  from  the  severer  bronze  technitiue 
lis  manifested  in  the  head  of  the  Polydeitiin  Doryphorus  (Fig.  8G),  especially  in  the 
treatment  of  the  hair.  This  is  no  doubt  due,  in  the  fii-st  instance,  to  the  change  in 
material,  and  consequently  in  technique,  from  bronze  to  marble.  Polycleitus,  more- 
over, was  chiefly  noted  as  a  bronze-worker,  while  Phidias  (though  his  chief  works  ai-e 
caeffitin-ar)  was  more  proficient  in  actual  carving.'  But  this  must  never  lead  us  to 
believe  that  the  great  sculptor  and  his  thriving  school  were  restricted  in  their  work  to 
the  one  material,  bronze,  and  could  not  extend  their  activity  to  the  plastic  deconition 
of  the  great  temple  in  which  they  were  working,  esi)ecially  when  we  know  that  his  Zeus 


FlU.  80.  —  HkAD    UK    TIIK    DoKYl'IIORUS. 

Aucient  marble  copy  of  the  statue  novr  iu  the 
Museum  of  Naples. 


»  Cicero,  In  Verr.  IV.  3.  5.  Erant  aenea  praeterea 
[in  the  collection  of  Heius]  duo  sipna,  non  maxima,  verum 
eximia  venustate,  virginali  habitu  atque  vestitu,  quae 
mauibus  sublatis  sacra  quaedam  more  Atheniensium  vir- 
ginum  reposita  in  capitibus  sustinebant,  canephorae  ipsae 
vocabantur.  Sed  earum  artiiicem  ?  Quemnam  ?  Recte 
admones,  Polycletum  esse  dicebant. 

-  Symmachus,  Epist.  1.  23 :  Tune,  inquies,  audeas  de 


philosophis  iudicare?  Licet  nVwnnn  spectarr  virtutcs  : 
nam  et  Phidiae  Olynipium  loveni  et  Myronis  bucuhim  ct 
Polycleti  eanephoras  rudis  ejus  artis  hotiiinum  pars  uingna 
mirata  est. 

"  Dionys.  Halicam.  dc    Dinnn-ho   7  :  .  .   .  noS  wkiirrai 

Aristot.  Eth.  Nirnm.  VI.  7.:  .  .  .  oiuf  ♦««8i«»'  Ai»i.i»(0^ 


Meilichius '  was  a  marble  stjitue.  No  actual  marble  stiitue  is  ascribed  to  Phidias.  More- 
over, his  very  excellence  as  a  irXaa-T-qq,  as  a  modeler,  would  make  Polycleitus  be.st  fitted 
to  make  the  wax  or  pListic  models,  TuVot,  for  the  architectural  compositions  such  as  the 
Epidaurian  inscriptions  tell  us  were  made  by  Theotimus  for  that  neighboring  temple,  the 
figures  to  be  carried  out  in  marble  by  his  colleagues  and  pupils. 

Furthermoi-e,  these  deviations  from  the  treatment  of  hair  in  the  Doryphorus  type  are 
to  be  ascribed  to  the  peculiar  constructive  purpose  which  these  heads,  as  metope  head.s, 
.served  in  the  architectural  scheme  of  the  temple.  Small  heads  seen  at  such  a  height  in 
tlie  building  by  the  spectiitor  below  could  not  receive  the  same  delicate,  almo.st  engraved, 
work  in  the  modeling  of  the  liair  as  is  given  to  the  Doryphorus  heads  seen  on  the  eye- 
line  ;  and  thus  they  requii-ed  the  bolder  and 
more  massive  subdivision  of  locks,  which  is 
found  in  oui-s.  We  know  from  the  study  of 
the  Parthen<m  marbles  how  carefully  these 
conditions  of  di.stance,  lighting,  and  peculiar 
p(»sition  of  the  works  in  their  relation  to  the 
s|)ectator  wei-e  con.sidered  by  the  sculptor.- 

Finally,  we  must  not  forget  the  natural 
development  and  advance  of  the  sculptor  him- 
self in  his  acijuisition  of  greater  breadth  and 
freedom.  On  this  point  I  have  been  ably 
anticipated  by  Professor  Furtwiingler,'  who,  in 
discussing  the  development  of  P(dycleitiin  art, 
arrives  at  a  conclusion  which  I  had  reached 
indepen<lently,  and  which  our  finds  strikingly 
confirm  ;  namely,  that  we  can  distinguish  an 
earlier,  severer,  and  a  later,  freer  style  in  the 
master's  work  on  his  Doryphorus  and  on  his 
Diadumenus.  This  is  clearly  noticeable  when 
we  conq)are  the  heads  of  these  two  statues  with 
each  other  and  then  perceive  the  advance  in  modeling  and  general  freedom  of  composi- 
tion and  execution  in  the  Diadumenus  (Fig.  87).* 

With  a  very  slight  turn  to  the  side,  the  head  of  the  Doiyphorus  is  placed  almost 
upright  and  at  right  angles  to  the  chest  in  the  simple  and  .severe  manner  of  earlier  art. 
Now,  a  marked  feiiture  is  the  "  build  of  the  skull"  {Stliaddbcm),  wXnAi  is  square  in 
its  outline.  The  hair  is  laid  over  the  square  structure  at  an  even  height,  never  pro- 
jecting strongly  so  as  to  interfere  with  the  marked  suggestion  of  the  construction  of 


Fig.  87. — Head  of  the  Diadumenus. 
Ancient  marble  copy,  now  in  Dresden, 


'  Pausan.  II.  20.  1 :  Aiij  M«tA«x<'oi;,  \l9oti  XtvKov,  UoXv- 
KKtirou  ii  (pyov.  This  Work  is  ascribed  by  some  to  the 
younger  Polycleitus. 

*  See  Waldstein,  Enmyx  on  the  Art  of  Pheidias,  p.  79, 
note  1  ;  pp.  201  ff.  ;  note  D,  pp.  227  ff. 

•'  Masttrpiecex,  pp.  243  ff. 

*  Beforo  our  finds  at  the  Hemeum  led  rae  to  recon- 
sider carefully  the  extant  monuments  and  records  concern- 
ing Polycleitus,  I  was  wont  to  explain  the  difference  of 
phraseology  applied  t<»  the  two  works  by  Pliny  (JV.  H. 
XXXIV.  55),  fecit  molliter  juvenem,  for  the  Diadumenus, 
and  ririliter  puertm,  for  the  Doryphorus,  as  devoid  of  any 
pur{>ose  of  siM'cial  characterization  or  distinction  between 


the  two  works,  but  simply  as  arising  out  of  a  literary 
desire  of  the  author  to  give  variety  of  style.  Pliny,  or 
the  writer  from  whom  he  copied,  I  thought,  desired  to 
avoid  the  repetition  of  the  same  phrase,  and  thus  chose 
terms  which  in  a  different  form  expressed  the  same  fact. 
The  technical  distinction  in  ancient  Greece  marked  by  the 
ephebic  age  was  conveyed  by  the  technical  meaning  of 
juvenis  and  puer ;  and  thus  the  molltter  drew  down  the 
JuvenLi,  as  the  viriliter  drew  tip  the  puer  to  the  same  point 
of  age  between  youth  and  manhood.  Though  such  a 
literary  desire  may  still  have  been  active,  I  now  think 
that  the  two  terms  do  qualify  and  actually  distinguish  the 
two  different  works. 


y\ 


i 


170  MARBLE   STATUARY   FROM   THE   IIERAEUM 

the  skuU,  and  is  then  worked  in  crraceful  variety  in  the  locks,  engraved  into  this 
uniform  mass  rather  than  modeled  upon  .»r  chiseled  out  of  it.  All  is  kept  ni  restraint 
and  reserve  bv  a  prevailino-  sense  of  symmetry,  which,  with  all  the  variety  of  line  in 
the  hair,  giving  freedom  and  vitiility  and  removing  any  suggestion  of  archaic  conven- 
titmaUty,  sdU  casts  a  touch  of  severity  over  the  life  and  vigor  of  this  art.  In  nearly 
all  Polycleitan  heads  this  symmetrv  manifests  itself  in  a  characteristic  manner  in  the 
treatment  of  the  h)cks  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead,  where  they  form  a  distinct  archer's 

bow.     So  the  Dorvphorus.  0.1      •    r 

If  now  we  turn  to  the  Diadumenus,  we  find  a  marked  advance.  This  is  fi.und  espe- 
cially in  the  head,  but  also  in  the  bodies  of  the  numerous  ivplicas'  of  this  once  famous 
statue,  which  were  valued  at  the  high  price  of  one  hundred  fcilents  in  ancient  days. 

As  regards  the  body,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  copies  of  the  Diadumenus  pre- 
sent in  general  l)uild  and  construction,  as  well  as  in  attitude,  the  Siime  type  as  that  of  the 
Doryphorus.  But  the  treatment  of  the  surface,  the  indication  of  muscles  and  articula- 
tion, the  delicate  transitions  are  more  advanced,^  and  herein  they  approach  more  nearly 
to  the  modeling  of  the  torso  from  our  metoi)e8.  This  is  still  more  the  case  with  the 
beautiful  small  terra-cotta  figure  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  C.  Blacker  in  Lond()n,=' 
thouoh  we  dare  not  attach  too  much  importance  to  statuettes  for  comparison  with  life- 
size  figures  as  regards  details.  Of  course  the  greater  elaboration  and  greater  delicacy 
and  imturalness  of  modeling  may  in  these  copies  be  due  to  the  relative  skill  of  the 
copyist ;  but  especially  in  view  of  the  changes  in  the  head  and  the  modeling  of  the  hair, 
the 'variations  in  the  modehng  of  the  body  are  more  likely  to  be  due  to  the  difference  111 

the  bronze  original. 

The  heads  ag-ain  are  practically  the  same  in  general  structure  and  form.  The  marked 
shape  of  the  skull  is  the  siime,  though  with  the  different  treatment  of  the  hair  the 
superficial  appearance  of  the  outline  may  be  somewhat  altered.  The  features,  nose, 
mouth,  eyes,  cheeks,  and  chin,  are  of  the  sjime  characteristic,  somewhat  heavy  ipuihty. 
On  the  other  hand,  as  in  the  body,  greater  delicacy,  more  sentiment,  are  given  by  the 
changed  position  of  the  head,  which,  compared  with  the  almost  upright  and  straight 
lH)sitron  of  the  head  in  the  Doryphorus,  is  here  more  turned  to  the  side  and  drooping, 
though  far  from  the  moi-e  sentimentid  attitudes  observed  in  fourth-century  works. 

But  the  great  change  takes  place  in  the  hair.  No  doubt  the  advance  marked  in  the 
modeling  of  the  hair  is  amply  explained  by  the  progress  made  in  the  art  of  modeling  by 
the  artist  himself,  with  his  practice  and  experience,  as  well  as  the  observation  of  the 
work  of  other  masters,  within  a  period  of,  say,  twenty-five  years.  But  the  first  real 
cause  in  the  change  is  t<»  be  found,  as  I  have  so  freiiuently  pointed  out  in  other  spheres 
of  Greek  art,  simply  in  the  constructive  conditions  of  the  work,  in  the  peculiar  and  iiidi- 

»  Besides  the  Vaisou  statue,  so  frequently  reproduced,      head  ;  Paris,  Monnm.  et  M^m.,  \mi,  vol.  IV.  p.  62,  pis 


POLYCLEITUS  AND  THE   HERAEUM   MARBLES 


171 


replicas  of  the  Dia«lunieiius  have  been  published  by 
Jklichaelis,  Aunali  del"  Inst.  Arch.  Rome,  1878,  pp.  1,  seq., 
Monumenti,  pi.  x. ;  E.  Petersen,  Bullet,  delta  Comm. 
Arch.  Commmale,  Kome,  1890,  pp.  185  ff.;  Furtwiingler, 
Mmterpieces,  etc.,  pp.  "^38  ff.,  where  the  previous  and 
other  replicas  are  considered.  Since  Furtwiingler's  publi- 
cation, the  following  replicas  have  been  published  :  Mur- 
ray, Rerue  Arched.  XXVII.  (189.1),  pp.  143  ff.  pis.  xi.,  xii., 
a  head  in  the  British  Museum  ;  Couve,  Monuments  et  Mc- 
moires,  1895,  vol.  III.  pis.  xii.  and  xiii.;  the  beautifully 
preserved  copy  found  in  a  house  at  Delos  by  the  French, 
a  better  reproduction  of  the  Madrid  statue,  with  body  and 


i.,  ii.;  Bullet,  de  Correitp.  HelUn.  1895.     Another,  perhaps 
the  most  interesting  of  all  replicas  of  the  head,  I  saw  two 
or  three  years  ago  in  the  possession  of  a  dealer  in  Athens, 
but  cannot  trace  it  to-<lay.     (See  Infra,  p.  171,  note  1.) 
2  Cf.  Furtwiingler,  Mmterpieve»,  p.  24*i  ;  Couve,  /.  e. 
•  A.  S.  Murray,  Journal  of  Hellen.  Stud.,  1885,  pi.  61. 
The  Ihxly  of  this  statuette  shows  greater  slininess  and 
delicacy  than  the  other  replicas,  —  though  the  Madrid 
copy  is  an  advance  in  this  respect  upon  the  copy  from 
Delos,  and  still  more  n|>on  that  at  Vaison,  —  and  is  thus 
nearer  to  the  torso  from  our  metopes.     But  too  much  im- 
portance must  not  be  given  to  so  small  a  replica. 


vidual  subject  dealt  with.  In  this  case  it  means  that  the  Doryphorus  had  no  taenia 
or  band  wound  tightly  round  his  head  and  hair ;  while  in  the  Diadumenus  this  forms 
the  centr.il  and  most  impoi-tant  part  of  the  action  or  situation  depicted.  Thus  in  the 
Doryphorus  the  artist  could  naturally  maintain  with  greater  strictness  his  characteristic 
insistence  upon  the  sipiare  shape  of  the  skull,  even  while  skillfully  indicating  the  texture 
of  hair  in  his  delicate  cixeU  modeling  of  each  lock.  He  could  also  continue  his  severer, 
tr.iditional  system  of  bronze  modeling  of  hair  by  means  of  careful  engraved  work,  in 
contr.idistinction  to  bold  modeling  of  masses,  —  a  featuie  which  was  handed  on  from 
the  bronze  technique  which  prevailed  in  the  archaic  period.  But  when  once  the  tying  of 
a  broad  band  round  the  head  became,  not  merely  a  casual  accessory,  but  the  central  func- 
tion in  the  sfcitue  he  fashioned,  the  effect  of  such  a  tight  band  drawn  over  the  pliiint 
textui-e  of  hair  had  to  arrest  his  attention  and  call  forth  his  artistic  skill  in  modeling, 
now  concentrated  upon  the  changed  character  of  the  hair.  The  square  outline  of  the 
skull  could  no  longer  be  so  rigidly  preserved,  and  the  even,  cap-like  treatment  of  the  whole 
mass  of  hair,  with  its  delicate  surface-modeling  and  engraving,  had  to  make  way  for  a 
much  freer  and  radically  different  treatment.  This  hair  had  to  rise  out  at  the  edge  of 
the  tight  band  fhitly  compressing,  the  locks  under  it  to  the  skull,  in  higher  relief ;  locks 
were  disturbed  in  the  regular  arrangement ;  one  stood  out  higher  than  the  other ;  the  direc- 
tion of  its  curve  was  altei-ed,  and  some  had  to  project  over  the  band. 

This  is  exactly  the  change  which  takes  place  in  the  hair  of  the  Diadumenus.  While 
maintiiiniiig  in  some  points  its  relationship,  its  "  consanguinity,"  to  the  hair  of  the  Dory- 
l)horus,  it  rises  out  boldly  over  the  fillet  in  a  large  plastic  mass  of  locks,  and  escapes 
beneath  it.  It  produces  a  varied  tangle  of  locks  projecting  beneath  it  at  the  back  of  the 
ear,  as  well  as  above  and  in  front  of  the  ear  over  the  temples  —  in  fact,  over  the  eye. 
Now  these  changes  are  essentially  the  same  in  all  the  best  rephcas,  the  Dresden,  the 
Cassel,  the  Madrid,  the  Delos  —  in  fact,  all  Diadumenus  heads. 

Though  the  artist  followed  this  "  constructive  "  impulse,  dictated  by  the  subject  he 
deiilt  with,  the  vigor  and  freshness  of  this  new  modeling  of  hair,  when  once  he  had 
mastered  it,  mark  an  advance  over  the  restrained  and  severe  methods  guiding  him  when 
he  made  the  Doryphorus,  which  is  so  pronounced  that  our  appreciation  of  the  art  of 
Polycleitus,  as  based  upon  the  one  head,  must  be  essentially  modified  when  we  include 
the  other.  Yet  the  various  fine  rephcas  differ  from  one  another  in  the  actual  elabora- 
tion of  this  same  general  system,  —  especially  in  the  manner  in  which  the  copyist  was 
able  to  reproduce,  not  so  much  the  freely  modeled,  almost  undercut,  masses  of  projecting 
locks,  as  in  the  nuinner  of  transferring  to  marble  the  peculiar  crisp  and  firm  finish  of  the 
bronze  locks  in  the  original  and  the  survivalof  careful  "  engraved  "  work  in  the  indication 
of  textui-e  on  the  surface  of  each  lock. 

In  this  resi)ect  I  should  place  highest  the  head  in  the  British  Museum  and  the  one  I  saw 
at  Athens,  as  I  can  clearly  remember  this  characteristic  treatment.'  The  bronze  treat- 
ment of  the  locks  must  here  be  much  nearer  the  original  than  is  the  case  in  any  of  the 
other  replicas.  Mr.  A.  S.  Murray  recognizes  that  la  jiresence  des  characferes  qui  rap- 
pellent  la  sculpture  en  bronze  2)arait  attester  la  fideUte  de  la  repliqiie?     There  is 


*  I  have  thought  it  right  to  leave  the  text  of  my  manu- 
script standing  as  I  wrote  it,  and  to  add  this  footnote  just 
as  we  are  going  to  press,  for  it  appears  to  me  a  striking 
confirmation  of  the  facts  I  here  enumerate  that  I  should 
have  heard  by  accident,  within  the  last  few  days,  that  the 


head  now  in  the  British  Museum  and  the  one  I  saw  at 
Athens  are  —  the  same  head. 

2  Remit  Archeolog.  XXVII.  (1895),  p.  143.  Recog- 
nizing this  truthfulness  of  the  copy  in  its  relation  to  the 
original,  Mr.  Murray  proceeds  :   "  Mais  ces  charact^res 


%f 


172 


MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 


another  curious  feature  in  the  British  Museum  copy  which  I  distinctly  remember  in  the 
head  I  sciw  at  Athens ;  namely,  a  slight  puffiness,  or  rise  of  the  skui  m  the  infra-ocular 


memes  ne  seraient-ils  pas  dus  k  une  certaine  affecUtion  ? 
Un  tel  luxe  de  fantaisie  dans  les  details  ne  drfpasse-t-il 
pas  meme  la  portfe  de  I'^loge  de  Quintilien,  diligentia 
ac  decor  ?    A  mes  yeux,  la  difficult**  se  p««sente  dans  les 
termes  suivants.      L'exuWrance,  la  liberty  et  la  beauts 
des  oheveux  sont,  d'une  part,  en  si  parfaite  harmonie  avec 
le  visage,  qu'elles  impliquent  une  conception  non  alter^  ; 
d'autre  part  je  ne  puis  trouver  de  preuve,  meme  chez 
Quintilien,  que  Polyclete  ait  atteint,  dans  le  traitement 
des  details,  cette  singuli^re  richesse  de  fantaisie,  au  lieu 
de  la  large  simplicity  que  Ton  attendrait  de  son  style  et 
de  son  temps.     En  somme  je  considere  comme  certain 
que  la  nouvelle  tete  appartient  k  une  p^riode  tr^s  post^- 
rieure  k  Polyclete  ;  cela  est  suffisamment  attests  rien  que 
par  le  traitement  de  I'oreille  droite  et  de  la  boucle  de 
cheveux  devant  I'oreille.    Ces  details  pr^sentent  tous  les 
caracteres  de  I'art  grec  post^rieure  au  V'  sifecle."     I  can 
sympathize  with  Mr.  Murray's  difficulty,  the  more  so  as 
(vid.  infra)  1  formerly  held  the  same  general  conception 
of  the  art  of  Polycleitus,  based  upon  the  insufficient  monu- 
mental evidence  formerly  at  our  command,  and  the  con- 
sequent incomplete  appreciation  of  all  the  passages  in 
ancient  authors  relating  to  that  sculptor.    If  Mr.  Murray 
feels  that  the  head  contains  a  too  careful  elaboration  of 
details  in  the  hair,  why  should  he  stop  short  at  the  well- 
known  passage  from  Quintilian  concerning  diligentia  ac 
decor  f     Why  not,  for  instance,  take  note  of  what  Cicero 
{de  Oral.  II.  16.  70)  says  of  the  rendering  of  the  lion-skin 
and  of  the  hydra,  or  what  Plutarch  (de  Profectib.  in  Virt. 
17)  lets  Polycleitus  himself  say  concerning  the  complete 
finish  of  modeling,  —  and  then  reconsider  what  Quintilian 
means  by  diligentia  ac  decor  f     His  difficulty  is  that,  on 
the  one  hand,  he  is  forced  to  admit  that  the  careful  and 
free  working  of  the  hair  is  of  a  piece  with  the  whole,  and 
is  therefore  to  be  traced  back  to  the  original  (though 
something,  however  little,  will  have  to  be  ascribed  to  the 
transference  from  bronze  to  marble  by  a  later  copyist), 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  for  him  too  much  deli- 
cate detail  work  for  the  severe  Polycleitus  and  his  age. 
Now,  if  the  artist  of  the  Doryphorus  normally  advanced 
from  the  stage  marked  by  his  earlier  work,  and,  owing  to 
this  natural  progress  and  to  special  reasons  in  the  making 
of  a  youth  binding  a  fillet  round  his  head,  advanced  in  the 
freer  rendering  of  the  texture  of  hair,  would  he  not  aban- 
don the  flat  relief  work  as  well  as  the  severer  symmetry  ? 
Would  not  this  treatment  of  hair  with  its  careful,  crisp 
modeling  of  single   locks  be   the   natural   result?     So 
much  for  the  style  of  Polycleitus.     And  as  to  "  his  age," 
I  must  ask  Mr.  Murray  what  fully  authenticated  head  of 
the  fifth  century,  from  a  statue,  an  6ya\fui,  we  have  upon 
which  to  found  his  denial  ?     Take  the  head  of  the  beau- 
tiful charioteer  recently  discovered  at  Delphi  (Homolle, 
Monum.  et  Mem.  IV.  1898,  pis.  xv.  and  xvi.),  and  con- 
sider the  treatment  of  the  hair  in  this  statue,  especially 
in  the  treatment  of  the  "  ear  and  of  the  locks  of  hair  in 
front  of  the  ear,"  not  to  mention  the  singular  indication  of 
whiskers.     Yet  I  doubt  whether  anybody  will  place  this 
head  less  than  forty  or  fifty  years  before  the  year  b.  c.  420. 
Moreover,  these  locks  before  the  ear  recur  in  all  the  other 


replicas  of  the  Diadumenus  head.  When  Mr.  Murray 
considers  all  these  facts,  I  believe  he  will  not  refuse 
our  congratulations  on  his  having  under  his  charge  in 
many  respects  the  finest  of  the  Polycleitan  Diadumenus 

heads. 

I  subjoin  some  notes  taken  before  this  head  chiefly  in 
view  of  a  comparison  with  our  head  of  the  youth  from 
the  metopes  of  the  Heraeura  :  — 

Generally  softer  and  more  detail  than  in  our  head,  but 
coarser  workmanship  of  actual  carving  excepting  in  hair. 
Head  slightly  rounder  and  broader  in  cheeks,  shortened 
in  proportion.     The  eye  is  similar  to  that  of  our  metope 
head,  the  iris  somewhat  oblique,  showing  a  downward 
look.     Probably  colored   indication   of  iris,  as  in  ours. 
The   upper  eyelid   overlaps   slightly  at  angle,  a  sharp 
short  sunk  line  where  upper  lid  fits  into  brow.     Marked 
lacrimal  gland.     Short  upper  lip,  slightly  opened  mouth. 
Lips  do  not  come  sharply  to  a  point  at  angles,  but  the 
« laughing  "  muscle  bulges  out  slightly.     Nose  and  lips 
are  much  damaged,  but  the  nose  clearly  the  same  broad, 
thick  character  as  in  ours.     Hair  :  the  band  seems  suuk 
more  into  curly  hair,  which  gives  way  and  spreads  over 
it,  than  in  other  Diadumenus  heads.     Curls  well  defined 
on  (its)  right  side  of  head.     Bulge  out  strongly  towards 
back  on  that  side.    They  are  real  curls  worked  in  careful 
bronze  technique.     Here  an  interesting  point  :  While  on 
the  top  of  the  head  and  on  sides  we  have  really  modeled 
locks,  separately  modeled  in  relief,  the  flat  Doryphorus 
type  of  hair  has  survived  in  other  parts.     So  in  front, 
under  the  curls  there  remains  the  engraving  technique  of 
regular  parting  of  the  Doryphorus.     Nay,  this  character- 
istic symmetrical  arrangement  shows  in  the  curious  sur- 
vival of  two  tusk-like  meshes  of  hair  further  towards  the 

side  showing  under  the  band    y  yj  •     We  also  have 

the  same  lock  at  the  side  of  the  ear  in  front.  Behind  and 
above  his  right  ear  the  band,  which  was  crossed  over  be- 
hind, was  pulled  out  and  held  in  his  upraised  hand.  At 
back  on  the  right  side  there  is  a  curious  grooving  work, 
where  the  band  might  have  been.  This  must  have  been 
like  drill-work  at  the  back  of  our  metope  heads,  though 
now  corroded  away. 

When  the  light  falls  from  above  we  can  detect  a  soft 
rising  or  puffing  under  lower  lid  at  the  infra-ocular  de- 
pression, which  I  remarked  in  a  clearer  manner  in  the 
Athens  head.  Also  note  slight  "  bronze  "  applique  ridge 
or  sharp  edge  over  left  eyebrow  as  in  eariier  bronzes. 

As  far  as  the  face,  from  the  brow  downwards,  goes, 
our  metope  head  is  nearest  to  this.  The  hair  in  ours  is 
in  rougher  masses  and  less  defined,  but  locks  by  the  ear 
same  in  their  general  arrangement. 

Let  me  finally  add  that  when  Mr.  Murray  notes  the 
pouting  expression  of  the  British  Museum  head,  and  con- 
siders that  this  'air  morose'  does  not  suit  a  victor,  he 
points  to  a  characteristic  feature  which  all  the  Polycleiton 
heads,  from  the  Dorjphorus  downward,  have  in  common. 
It  arises  chiefly  out  of  the  peculiar  treatment  of  the  lower 
lip,  which  can  be  seen  in  all  our  heads,  in  conjunction  with 
the  generally  heavy  treatment  of  the  nose  and  other  fea- 


POLYCLEITUS  AND  THE  HERAEUM  MARBLES  173 

depression  under  the  left  eye  of  the  head,'  a  degree  of  « literalness  "  in  detail  modeling 
which  is  paralleled  by  the  curious  rise  in  the  groin  of  our  torso  from  the  Heraeum 
metope.     And  this  work  cannot  be  placed  later  than  420  b.  c. 

The  result  of  any  careful  comparison  of  these  heads  shows  that  the  Doryphorus,  as 
well  as  the  Diadumenus,  is  clearly  Polycleitan  ;  and  that  the  Diadumenus  marks  a  distinct 
advance  in  freedom  and  delicacy  of  modeling  over  the  Doryphorus.  Furtwiingler,- 
while  assigning  to  the  Doryphorus  and  the  Amazon  the  date  b.  c.  440,  thinks  that  the 
Diadumenus  should  probably  be  assigned  to  the  same  later  period  of  the  artist's  career 
as  the  Hera  (b.  c.  420).  «I  think,"  he  says,  «I  am  not  mistaken  in  finding  certain 
kinship  with  the  coin  of  Hera."  Without  attempting  to  assign  any  precise  date,  all  that 
we  are  prepared  to  state  is  that  the  Diadumenus  presents  the  master's  latest  style  ;  that 
all  these  heads  of  the  Diadumenus  are  of  the  same  general  character  as  the  head  of  our 
youth  from  the  Heraeum  metopes,  and  that  some  of  them  invite  interesting  comparisons 
A^ith  our  larger  female  head,  which  we  have  called  Hera,  and  that  it  was  the  revelation 
of  finish  and  dehcate  modeling  in  our  torso  from  the  metopes  which  enabled  me  to 
appreciate  these  qiiahties  in  the  heads  of  the  Diadumenus. 


A  full  appreciation  of  the  Diadumenus  and  of  our  Heraeum  finds  gives  us  quite  a  new 
conception  of  the  art  of  Polycleitus.  For  years  I  had  in  my  teaching  constructed  a  view 
of  Polycleitus  based  chiefly  upon  the  Doryphorus,  the  poor  copy  of  the  Diadumenus  from 
Vaison,'  and  the  Amazon,  as  well  as  upon  the  chief  passages  referring  to  him  in  Pliny  * 
and  Quintilian."*  In  this  light  Polycleitus  appeared  as  an  artist  of  undoubtedly  great 
talent,  but  devoid  of  genius,  who  never  attained  to  the  truly  artistic  and  spiritual  expres- 
sion, the  grandeur  of  a  Phidias,  and  was  wanting  in  weight  —  deesse  j)ondus.  And 
though  he  may  have  added  ideal  beauty  to  his  statues,  he  never  attained  that  ideal  which 
the  Greeks,  like  Phidias,  embodied  in  the  statues  of  their  gods  —  nam  ut  hiimanae  formae 
decorem  addiderit  supra  veruniy  ita  non  explevisse  deorum  auctoritatem  videtur.  His 
great  merit  lay  rather  in  the  academic  direction  of  sober  construction,  drawing  together 
in  a  masterly  manner,  in  technical  and  more  theoretical  control  over  his  art,  the  separate 
currents  of  genius  in  the  various  Greek  artists  that  made  for  the  puie  beauty,  grace,  and 
grandeur  which  Hellas  has  handed  down  to  posterity  —  erudisse  but  not  aperuisse. 
The  highest  praise  bestowed  upon  him  and  his  works  is  more  of  a  theoretical  and  sober 
nature,  dHujentia  ac  decor.  He  is  thus  able  to  establish  a  canon  of  human  proportions 
from  which  subsequent  artists  could  take  the  rules  of  art  as  from  a  law  —  quern  canona 
artifices  vocant  rmiamenta  artis  ex  eo  petentes  velnti  a  lege  quadam.  But  he  achieves 
this  at  the  cost  of  the  spontaneity  and  variety  of  his  productive  genius  and  imagination. 
And  thus  there  is  a  certain  sameness  in  his  work,  which  a  mere  survey  of  the  subjects 
ascribed  to  him  —  chiefly  athletes  and  purely  masculine  figures  —  suggests,  so  that  they 


tures.  It  is  another  strong  point  showing  that  all  these 
heads,  including  our  Heraeum  heads,  are  of  the  same 
school. 

'  See  account  of  the  head  at  end  of  previous  footnote. 

'  Meisterwerke,  p.  442. 

*  In  the  British  Museum.  This  copy  has  long  been 
recognized  as  inadequate  and  as  being  worked  over  in  the 
head.  It  appears  to  me  as  if  there  had  not  been  sufficient 
marble  on  the  left  side  of  the  head,  or  that  some  acci- 
dent had  forced  the  copyist  into  greater  tlatness  here. 


*  N.  H.  XXXIV.  56  :  Proprium  ejus  est  uno  crure 
ut  insisterent  signa  excogitasse,  quadrata  tamen  esse  ea 
tradit  Varro  et  paene  ad  exemplum. 

'  Inst.  Oral.  XII.  10.  7  :  Dilig^entia  ac  decor  in  Poly- 
cleto  supra  ceteros,  cui  quamquam  a  plerisque  tribuitur 
palma,  tamen,  ne  nihil  detrahatur,  deesse  poudus  putant; 
nam  ut  humanae  formae  decorem  addiderit  supra  verum, 
ita  non  explevisse  deorum  auctoritatem  videtur  ;  quiu 
aetatem  quoque  graviorem  dicitur  refugisse  nihil  ausus 
ultra  leves  genas. 


I 


VI 


I   . 


174  MARBLE   STATUARY   FROM   THE   HERAEUM 

are  all  after  one  pattern,  or  closely  follow  the  model  ^ propruim  ad  exempUtm  or  unum 
exempbim.  One  can  even  recognize  this  in  that  it  is  thought  necessary  to  tlmw  atten- 
tion to  one  definite  attitude,  the  walking  attitude,  as  peculiar  to  \um,  —  proprium  eiitx 
est  tow  crure  ut  Insisterent  signa  excogitnssey  —  an  advance  over  the  stiffness  of  archaic 
artists  which  the  transitional  sculptors,  Pythagoras  of  Rhegium,  and  Myron,  had  long 
since  achieved.  And  all  his  works  are  rather  heiivy  and  massive,  vigorous  and  sqimre  in 
type,  —  quadratae  tamen  esse  ea  tradit  Varro,  —  sane  and  healthy  and  unsentnnentiil, 
like  the  Doryphorus.  On  the  whole,  with  all  his  greatness  and  the  Listing  advance  his 
activity  marks  in  the  history  of  Greek  art,  he  followed  the  conservative  spirit  of  Argive 
tradition  as  confirmed  by  Ageladas  and  laid  down  in  the  archaic  i)eriod  by  the  sculptors 
who  said  of  themselves  in  an  inscription  that  they  practiced  art  "  as  handed  down  by 
their  forefathers."  *  ^ 

This  was,  in  short,  the  estimate  I  had  previously  formed  of  the  art  of  Polycleitus.  Yet 
even  while  enunciating  these  views,  I  had  frequent  misgivings  when  I  realized  the 
supremely  high  place  accorded  him  by  antiquity,  his  juxtaposition  with  Phidias,  so  that 
sometimes,  as  is  done  by  Cicero,  he  is  even  placed  highest  in  the  scale.  I  felt  that  the 
Doryphorus  by  itself,  as  we  know  that  statue,  could  not  account  for  the  beauty  and  grace 
ascribed  to  his  sfcitues  and  his  heads,  by  trustworthy  authorities.  With  the  discovery  of 
oiu-  Heraeum  imirbles,  and  of  the  new  and  better  copies  of  the  Diadumenus  and  the 
advance  these  mark  in  the  treatment  of  the  head,  the  doubt  as  to  the  fairness  and 
completeness  of  my  former  view  became  stronger,  and  a  complete  reconsideration  of 
the  ancient  Hterary  records  concerning  that  artist  has  convinced  me  of  this  one-sidedness. 
While  I  feel  that  in  general  the  former  negative  appreciation  of  the  great  master  holds 
good  for  the  Doryi)horus,  I  am  convinced  that  such  a  view  would  apply  to  the  artist's 
career  only  at  the  earlier  stiiges,  to  which  the  Doryi)horu8  belongs  (sjiy  somewhere  about 
B.  c.  450),  while  the  work  at  the  Heraeum  (circ.  b.  c.  420)  marks  a  later  and  far  more 
advanced  period.  Who  could  do  justice  to  Riiphael  if  he  only  considered  the  works  of 
the  earlier  Peruginestiue  i)eriod  ? 

While  thus,  in  spite  of  its  one-sidedness  and  consequent  exaggeration,  my  former  view 
does  apply  to  one  characteristic  side  of  this  gieiit  Argive  sculptor,  we  must  now  i-ealize 
that  there  were  many  sides  not  adequately  touched  by  it,  and  these  not  only  present  a 
greater  variety  and  versatility  of  subject,  but  even  show  that  the  (juoted  passiiges  deal- 
Fng  Avith  his  style  and  technique  suggest  a  different  interi^retation  in  the  light  <»f  the  new 
discoveries  of  the  Diadumenus  and  of  our  Argive  marbles. 

The  chief  artistic  qmilities  of  Polycleitus  are  summed  up  by  Quintilian  as  d'ififjeHtia  and 
decor,  (pialities  which  I  formerly  felt  were  not  naturally  in  harmony  with  the  master 
of  the  Doryphorus,  the  creator  of  the  square,  massive,  healthy  tyi)e  of  physical  strength, 
with  broad  chest  and  strong  limbs  stiinding  in  simple  jwiwer  upon  one  leg,  the  other 
resting  on  the  toes  behind. 

This  decor,  as  we  can  now  understand  it,  comes  nearest  to  our  word  "  beauty,"  the 
absolute  beauty  of  form.  To  render  tliis  absolute  beauty  of  form  in  human  beings,  the 
artist  had  to  avoid  the  developed  forms  of  mature  manhood,  and  had  to  limit  lumself  to 
youth  (nihil  mtsus  ultra  leves  genas)-,  and  though  he  no  doubt  idealized  the  forins  of 
youth  into  complete  harmony  and  beauty  of  proportion  (which  he  esfciblished  ni  his 
canon)  as  they  are  not  met  with  in  nature,  combining  the  actual  details  of  life  into  the 

>  rix^iw  «»<$T«  iK  wportpw,  inscription  on  the  work  of  mentioned  by  Pausanias,  VI.  10.  4.  ;  ()verl)ock,  Srhri/I- 
the  early  Argive  sculptors  Eutelidas  and  Chrysothemis,      quellen,  No.  388. 


THE   ART  OF   POLYCLEITUS  *       175 

ideiil  unity  of  perfect  harmony  {ut  humauae  formae  decorem  addiderit  sujyra  verum), 
he  could  not  give  them  that  spirituality  of  expression  and  soul  and  character  and  dignity 
inherent  in  the  great  gods  like  Zeus  {nou  explevisse  deorum  auctoritatem)  which  Phidijis 
had  given.     He  had  further  to  avoid  the  violent  contortions  of  the  body  and  the  expres- 
sion of  moods  and  pathos  in  the  face  to  preserve  his  beauty  of  outline  in  the  body  and 
his  severe  proportion  of  line  in  the  face.     And  further,  this  absolute  beauty  did  not 
in  his  works  dejiend  upon  the  sensuoiLsness  and  softness  of  treatment  (he  is  still  the 
sculptor  of  the  "  square  "  Doryphorus,  a  character  maintained  in  essence  in  the  body  of 
the  Diadumenus),  not  upon  the  morbidezza  of  the  modeling  of  flesh,  as  in  the  later 
fourth-century  art,  nor  upon   the  anatomical   insistence  in  modelino-  of  muscles  as  in 
Hellenistic  art.     It  is  thus  significant  that  we  find  only  two  stiitues  of  female  fio-ures 
enumerated  among  his  works ;  one  was  the  most  serious  and  matronly  divinity  Hera,  and 
the  other  the  most  masi-uline  woman,  the  Amazon.    His  "  beauty  "  of  treatment  depended 
upon  proportion  and  line  and  upon  the  extreme  and  perfect  finish  of  his  work  without 
appeal  to  sensuous  associations.    This  is  expressed  in  the  word  diUgentia,  which  leads  to 
the  decor.    This  finish  within  the  careful  study  of  line  and  outline  in  his  composition  of 
every  figure,  he  put  into  the  most  careful  and  complete  modeling  of  every  detiiil  so  that, 
as  Cicero  '  indicates  when  he  insfcinces  the  treatment  of  the  lion-skin  or  the  Hydra  in 
his  stJitue  of  Heracles  with  the  Hydra,  every  detiiil  of  modeling  is  given  with  the  utmost 
completeness  and  mastery.     And  this  quality  of  art  Polycleitus  himself  singles  out  with 
emphasis  in  the  words  which  Plutarch  puts  into  his  mouth.-    "The  earlier  stages  in 
sculpture  are  not  so  important,"  he  says;  "  the  real  work  of  the  true  artist  begins  when 
it  comes  to  the   finest  last  point  of  finish,  the  fingei-nail  point,  when  the  clay  adheres 
to  the  fingei-nail."  "There  are,"  he  observes,  "the  ordinary  workers  in  any  sphere, 
and  those  who  really  advance  their  art  in  the  world,  —  those  with  higli  ideals,  who  must 
go  further  than  what  is  '  just  good '  or  '  just  good  enough,'  '  who  use  their  ideal  as  if  it 
were  a  measure,'  and  give  the  most  difficult  list  touch  of  perfection  which  makes  the 
great  work." 

This  was  the  aim  he  set  himself,  and  in  his  sculpture  it  led  to  the  complete  harmony 
of  line  and  the  extreme  finish  of  the  modeling.  Without  suggesting  anything  like  real- 
istic reproduction,  it  means  supreme  finish  of  detail ;  and  the  instiinces  of  such  supreme 
finish  in  the  nude  male  toi-so  from  our  metopes  and  hi  the  hair  of  the  Diadumenus  help 
us  to  realize  this. 

We  can  understand  thus  that,  sacrificing  everything  to  this  absolute  bejiuty  of  form, 
he  may  be  wanting  in  the  weight  [jyondus)  and  sublimity  of  a  Phidias,  in  the  sensuous- 
ness  and  pathos  of  a  Praxiteles  and  a  Scoims,  in  the  dramatic  action  of  the  Pergamenians 
and  Rhodians.  R{ii)hael  could  not  remain  Raphael  while  giving  the  strength  and  gran- 
deur of  Michael  Angelo,  or  the  sensuousness  and  glow  of  Titian,  or  the  dramatic  sensa- 
tions of  the  Carracci.  Polycleitus  is  the  sculptor  of  Beauty,  as  Phidias  is  the  sculptor  of 
SubUmity,  Praxiteles  of  Grace  and  pure  Greek  sentiment,  and  the  Pergamenians  and  Rho- 


'  De  Orat.  II.  16.  70  :  Similiter  arbitror  in  hac  sive 
ratione  sive  exercitatioue  dicendi,  qui  illani  vim  adeptus 
sit,  ut  eorum  raentes  qui  .  .  .  audiant  ad  suum  arbi- 
trium  movere  possit,  ilium  de  toto  illo  genere  reliquarum 
orationum  non  plus  quaesiturum,  quid  dicet,  quam  Poly- 
cletum  ilium,  quum  Ilerculciii  fingcbat,  quemadmodum 
pellem  aut  Hydram  fingeret,  etiamsi  haec  numquam  sepa- 
ratim  facere  didicisset.     This  also  shows,  as  regards  the 


subject  and  the  situation,  that  the  fully  developed  Poly- 
cleitus w<is  far  from  being  restricted  to  the  simple  walk- 
ing attitude  of  his  Doryphorus;  and  we  can  understand 
how,  when  his  task  was  to  represent  battle-scenes,  as  in 
our  metopes  and  pediments,  he  could  extend  his  diligenda 
to  the  adequate  rendering  of  figures  in  motion. 

"  De  Profectib.  in  Virl.  17.     Quaent.  Conviv.  II.  .*?.  2. 


176  MARBLE  STATUARY  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 

tlians  of  Action.  This  beauty  we  have  long  since  called  "classical,"  in  the  restricted 
sense,  as  distinguished  from  the  ruder  Gothic  and  the  romantic.  Polycleitus  is  thus  the 
most  tridy  classic  artist  of  antiquity. 

The  fuller  and  truer  appreciation  of  Polydeitus,  our  Heraeum  discoveries  enable  us  to 
gi-asp  and  make  our  own.  In  the  future  these  marbles,  together  with  the  replicas  of  the 
Doryphorus  and  Diadumenus,  wUl  have  to  be  the  stiirting-point  in  the  study  of  that 
artist  and  his  school,  as  the  few  fragments  from  Tegea  must  be  the  fixed  point  of  depar- 
ture  in  the  study  of  the  art  of  Scopas. 


' .  I 


i 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 
PLATE  XXX. 

Portion  of  a  Metope  fitted  together  out  of  seven  separate  fragments,  consisting  of  Head,  Torso, 
Legs  above  the  knee.  Shield,  and  Portions  of  the  icpper  Background,  jcith  projecting  hand  from 
top  of  a  Metope.  The  arms  and  shoulders  are  broken  away ;  the  left  arm,  extended,  held  the 
shield,  the  inside  of  which  is  turned  toward  the  spectator;  the  right  arm  and  shoulder  were  drawn 
back,  and,  no  doubt,  the  hand  held  the  sword  or  si^ear.  The  action  of  the  figure  is  not  clear :  the 
weight  rested  on  the  right  leg,  which  was  bent  outward,  the  left  leg  drawn  up  so  that  the  thigh 
approached  a  horizontal  iwsition,  the  botly  twisted  round  toward  the  right  and  slightly  drawn 
back.  The  head,  turned  toward  the  right  slioulder  and  inclined  downward,  suggests  an  adversary 
lying  or  crouching  on  the  ground,  on  or  against  whom  the  uplifted  left  foot  may  have  been  pressed.* 
The  action  of  the  warrior  would  then  denote  a  drawing  back  of  the  upper  part  of  the  figure  in 
order  to  strike  or  thrust  downward.  A  small  drill-hole  in  the  abdomen  near  his  right**  groin 
might,  then,  i)erhaps,  have  servetl  to  fix  a  bronze  support  to  the  shaft  of  the  spear,  which  would 
have  ijassed  from  his  upraised  right  hand,  drawn  backwards,  down  past  his  left  thigh  to  the  oppo- 
nent at  his  feet.  On  the  other  hand,  the  action  may  denote  a  drawing  or  sinking  back  on  the 
part  of  a  woundetl  warrior,  and  the  forward  droop  of  the  head  might  support  this  view,  as  well  as 
the  fact  that  the  shield  is  turned  out  so  as  to  show  the  inside,  and  leaves  the  body  unprotected. 
The  small  drill-hole  might,  then,  have  held  a  bronze  arrow,  or  the  point  of  some  other  weapon,  to 
denote  the  fact  that  the  warrior  was  wounded.^ 

Like  the  warriors  in  the  Aeginetan  i)ediment  and  the  groups  at  Olympia  by  Onatas,^  the  warrior 
was  thus  armed  only  with  helmet,  shield,  and  spear  (or  sword),  and  liad  no  breastplate  or  greaves. 

Dimensions :  — 

Total  height  as  mounted yg    „ 

Breadth  "        *« !!.'.*  «3. 

Elevation  of  figure  from  backgrouud 175 

Breadth  of  body  at  waist J5  7 

"        "     "     at  groin ig 

•*         "     "     below  shoulder 19  g 

"        of  neck 7  g 

"         of  right  thigh 10.7 

Deptli  •«        « jj^g 

Height  from  base  of  neck  to  mouth 23. 

Estimated  breadth  of  shield  (horizontal  diameter) 54. 

Unfortunately,  the  body  of  this  warrior  is  so  much  fractured,  and  what  remains  of  the  surface  has 
suffered  so  much  from  corrosion,  that  the  surface  of  the  figure  cannot  give  us  an  adequate  notion 
of  tlie  finished  modeling  carried  to  so  high  a  point  of  excellence  in  these  metopes,  although  it  does 
convey  the  life-like  freedom  in  the  pose  and  general  composition.  Fortunately,  however,  another 
male  torso  from  the  metopes  (Plate  XXXIV.)  is  in  a  wonderful  state  of  preservation  with  regard 
just  to  the  surface  modeling  of  the  nude,  and  thus  supplements  our  knowledge  of  the  style  and  work- 
manship of  the  artists  who  made  these  metopes.  Still,  in  spite  of  corrosions  and  fractures,  the 
working  of  the  muscles  on  the  warrior's  right  side  above  the  waist,  as  well  as  in  the  region  of  the 
groin  ♦  and  of  the  thighs,  manifests  careful  observation  and  study  of  muscles  and  high  finish  of 
modeling.     There  is  but  one  further  point  to  which  it  is  important  to  draw  attention,  as  bearing 

>  Compare  for  i)ossible   parallels  the  metopes  in  Mi-  has  split  away,  it  is  conceivable  that  the  drill-hole  was 

chaelis,  Der  Parthenon,  pi.  iii.  Nos.  iii.,  xxiii.,  xxiv.,  xxvi.,  used  to  repair  this  fracture  (caused  by  some  flaw  in  the 

pi.  iv.  No.  xxxi.,  pi.  V.  Nos.  ix.,  xiii.  ;  cf.,  also,  pi.  iv.  and  marble)  in  ancient  times, 
what  is  said  on  this  point  there.  «  Pausauias,  V.  25.  10. 

'  Finally,  as  the  whole  of  the  front  portion  of  the  body  *  See  on  this  point  remarks  on  Plate  XXXIIL 


178  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   PLATES 

uiwn  what  has  been  said  in  the  lutroiluction  to  the  Sculpture  as  reganls  the  methods  of  nianipula- 
tion  in  the  marble-work  emi)loyed  by  Polycleitan  artists :  it  is  the  frequent  use  of  the  drdl.     This 
is  used  to  bore  holes  for  the  insertion  of  bronze  bars  or  ornaments,  as  the  small  one  at  the  groin, 
the  lar-er  ones  in  front  of  the  ear  and  immediately  below  the  helmet,  and  the  still  larger  ones 
above  the  shield.    The  hole  between  the  ear  and  the  right  temple  either  served  to  hold  some  bronze 
ornament  connected  with  the  helmet,  or  held  the  end  of  a  si>ear  which  indicated  the  fatal  wound 
received  by  the  warrior.     The  large  hole  over  the  shield  shows  that  these  meto|)es,  differing  in 
this  from  those  of  the  Parthenon,  were  marble  slabs,  comparatively  thin,  fixed  on  a  ground  behind 
the  metope,  and  not  the  solid  blocks,  part  of  the  whole  construction  of  the  entablature.     It  shows 
that  the  marble  imported  from  a  distance  was  valuable  material  which  had  to  be  used  economically. 
Still  more  interesting  is  the  use  of  the  drill  at  the  back  over  the  buttocks,  to  work  away  the  mate- 
rial from  the  background,  a  practice  already  referred  to  in  connection  with  the  metoije  heads. 
The  head,  on  the  otlier  hand,  is  in  excellent  preservation,  not  even  the  tip  of  the  nose  being 
wanting.      It  is  evidently  that  of  a  warrior  with  a  crested  helmet.    A  portion  of  the  crest  is  broken 
away.  °The  head  and  face  have  all  the  massive,  square  proportions  common  to  the  other  metoi^e 
heads  (cf.  Plate  XXXI.),  with  the  same  broad  forehead,  the  same  massive,  heavy  cheeks  an«l 
rounded  chin,  the  same  nose,  broad  from  root  to  tip,  the  same  treatment  of  eyelid  and  orb,  though 
here  the  inward  slant  of  the  orb  is  probably  connected  with  the  downward  look,  which  again  may 
be  the  only  sign  the  sculptor  adopted  to  indicate  the  suffering  of  a  wounde<l  warrior.     Above  all, 
there  is  the  same  extremely  characteristic  mouth,  with  the  short,  protruding  upper  lip,  and  the 
curious  flattened  arch,  indicating  more  of  the  red  jwrtion  than  is  usually  the  case,  while  the  lower 
lip,  not  tightly  pressed  to  the  upi)er  lip,  has  the  same  fullness  and  the  projecting  thickening  in 
the  middle  —  all  giving  a  i>eculiar  pouting,  stoliil  expression  which  is  borne  out  by  the  heavy 
character  of  the  face  as  a  whole. 
Dimensions :  — 

Breadth  of  face 8.0  cm. 

Length  of  face  (helmet  visor  to  chin) ^^^ 

Depth  of  head  (forehead  to  back  of  helmet) 1*^ 

Outer  corner  of  eye  to  outer  corner *^ 

Inner  corner  of  eye  to  inner  corner *** 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrils) *"* 

Breadth  of  mouth *•' 

Breadth  of  helmet,  extreme **** 

Length  of  nose 

I  a 
Breadth  of  ridge  over  crest *•** 

Heisht  of  visor 

Breadth  of  eyes  (outer  corners) 

It  will  be  seen  that  these  measurements  are  practically  the  same  as  those  of  the  youth's  head 

figured  as  Nos.  1  and  2  on  the  next  Plate. 

PLATE   XXXI. 

Nos.  1  and  2.  Ttro  views  ofn  TovtKs  Head  fmm  a  Metope.  Parian  marble.  This  head  wan 
first  published  by  me  in  the  Anencan  Journal  of  Archaedofju  '  shortly  after  its  discovery  in  1894. 
As  we  realized  immediately  after  its  discovery,  the  head  of  this  ephebui*,  corre8i>onding  in  its 
peculiar  size  and  style  of  workmanship  to  all  the  other  metope  heads  from  the  Heraeum,  bears 
the  unmistakable  characteristics  of  Polycleitan  sculpture  as  manifested  in  the  hitherto  known 
statues  of  the  Doryphorus  and  Diatlumenns.^ 

Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  fragment  (neck,  8  cm.) ^^^  *™- 

Breadth  of  face  (cheek  to  neck) ' 

»  Vol.  IX.  (1894),   pp.  331  ff.  pi.  nv. ;  reprinted   in      the  conditions  of  its  diacorery,  I  must  refer  to  the  original 


Papers  of  the    American  School   of  Classical   Studies   at 
Athens,  vol.  VI.  pp.  '2>2  ff.  pi.  xx.     It  has  since  then  been 
reproduced  by  Mr.  Frazer,  Pausanias,  vol.  III.  p.  172. 
*  For  the  further  description  of  this  point,  as  well  as 


paper  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology,  as  well  as 
to  what  has  been  said  on  pp.  168  ff .,  in  the  Introduction 
to  the  Sculpture  in  this  volume. 


PLATE  XXXI. :  HEADS   FROM   THE   METOPES  179 

Height  of  face  (hair  to  chin) |^« 

Uepth  of  head  (forehead  to  back) .00 

Outer  comer  of  eyes  to  outer  comer T't 

Inner  corner  to  inner  comer nn 

I.<engtli  of  nose / 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrils) o^ 

"        "   mouth '..'.27 

"        "  eyes  (inclusive  lids) » • 

Both  in  the  profile  and  in  the  full  face  view  the  heatl  shows  the  squareness  and  niassiveness  char- 
acteristic  of  Polycleitan  types.  These  characteristics  are  moreover  manifested  in  a  marked  manner 
in  all  the  other  features,  especially  in  the  nose  and  mouth.  The  nose  is  perfectly  preserved,  and 
presents  a  broad  ridge  from  root  to  tip,  with  a  very  slight  thickening  about  the  middle.  In  pro- 
portion to  its  width  it  is  thus  comparatively  short,  and  adds  to  the  heavy  expression  which  this 
and  the  other  heads  from  the  metopes  have  in  common  with  the  heads  whose  attribution  to  Poly- 
cleitus  is  well-established.  One  of  the  most  characteristic  featui-es  in  this  and  in  all  our  metoi>e  heads 
is  the  mouth.  As  the  strikingly  individual  treatment  of  this  expressive  feature  in  the  human  face 
is  common  to  all  these  heads  from  the  Heraeum  (the  Hera  as  well),  and  is  to  be  found  in  the  same 
form  in  the  heads  hitherto  recognized  as  Polycleitan,  I  must  here  enter  into  further  details. 

The  peculiar  pouting  or,  rather,  stolid  expression  which  all  these  heads  have  in  common  is  due 
not  only  to  the  strikingly  thickeneil  and  protruding  mass  of  the  lower  lip  to  which  reference  has  been 
niatle  above,>  but  to  the  treatment  of  the  mouth  in  every  aspect  and  in  every  part.  In  the  upper 
lip,  which  is  never  firmly  pressed  ujwn  the  lower  lip,  the  thickness  of  the  projecting  deep  retl  por- 
tions  of  the  human  lip  is  markedly  indicated  in  almost  the  whole  extent  of  the  lip  towards  either 
corner  of  the  mouth,^  whereas  in  most  other  sculptured  heads  this  thickening  serves  to  accentuate 
the  rise  of  the  firm  archer's  bow  (so^ialled  Cupid's  bow)  on  either  side  of  the 
V,.^         )       middle,  and  thus  loses  the  effect  of  heaviness  by  contributing  to 

rr  the  well-curveil,  symmetrical  outline  of  this  bow  firmly  drawn.       (  \ 

This  difference  can  be  best  appreciated  by  comparing,  for  instance,  Tl'^ 

tlie  mouth  of  any  one  of  the  Polycleitan  heads  (Fig.  88"),  includ-  — '  )_ 

Fui.  88*.  —  From  "?S  ^^^  **""'  w»'*»  t^©  type  like  the  head  at  Bologna,  identified 
the  Heraeum  by  Furtwiingler  with  the  Lemnian  Athena  of  Phidias  (Fig.  88''). 
Metopes.  Owing  to  this  difference,  moreover,  the  downward  protrusion  in 

the  middle  of  the  upper  lip  seems  to  be  caused  in  mouths  like  ^^^^e^*'  Lemu"'" 
that  of  the  "  Lemnian  Athena  "  by  the  upward  curve  of  the  two  bows  of  the  arch  Athena. 
on  either  side  of  the  middle ;  and  this  gives  to  the  whole  mouth  an  expression  of 
vivacity  if  it  does  not  suggest  a  smile  —  the  central  protrusion  seems  to  be  caused  by  the  upraising 
and  arching  of  the  {Mrtions  on  either  side  of  the  centre.  In  our  Polycleitan  heads,  on  the  con- 
trary, this  central  ))rotrusion  of  the  upi)er  lip  actually  api>ear8  like  a  downward  pressure  of  the 
centre,  bccanse  there  is  no  active  suggestion  of  an  upward  movement  in  the  jwrtions  of  the  lip  on 
either  side  of  the  centre. 

Still  more  characteristic  and  individual  is  the  treatment  of  the  upper  lip  when  seen  in  profile. 
The  distance  from  the  point  where  the  lip  joins  the  nose  to  the  beginning  of  the  "  red  "  of  the  lip 
is  almost  abnormally  short  in  all  the  Polycleitan  heads,  especially  when  considered  in  projwrtion 
to  the  distance  between  the  beginning  of  the  retl  in  the  upper  lip  above  and  the  end  of  the  red  in 
the  lower  lip  below.  This  will  become  clearer  when  all  these  heads  from  the  Heraeum,  together 
with  all  the  Doryphorus  and  Diadumenus  heads  known,  as  well  as  some  of  the  most  characteris- 
tic Amazon  heads  (such  as  the  Amazon  of  Berlin  and  one  in  the  British  Museum,  London)  ^  are 
plsiced  side  by  side.  It  will  then  be  seen  how  all  have  this  marked  feature  in  common,  and  this 
will  be  realized  the  more  readily  when  the  treatment  of  the  upper  lip  in  these  is  compared  with 

(/.  p.  159.  I   should   consider  the  Amazon   heads  which  Michaelis 

*  Mr.    Edward    Robinson   drew  my   attention  to   the  (Jahrfmch  des  Kait.  Deutschen  Arch.  Inst.  Berlin,  I.  1887, 
flattening  of  this  curve  in  the  front  view.  pp.  27  S.)  assigns  to  type  I.,  as  nearer  the  art  of  Polv- 

•  On  the  grouml  not  only  of  this  feature,  but  of  the  cleitus  than  either  type  II.  (the  Amazon  of  Woerlitz,  pi. 
general  outline  and  character  of  the  heads  as  a  whole,  iv.)  or  type  III.  (the  Amazon  .it  Petworth,  pis.  i.  and  ii.). 


;    I. 


,  i 


jg^j  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES 

distances  are  about  equal.     The  ^"^^  ^^^^^^.^^^  heads  is  strongly  curved 

Furthermore,  It  is  important   o  note  that  this  '»^«^J^^»"  ^  j.        j^^,^  j„  ^he  Lem- 

inwards,  the  curve  proieeting  ^^^^^iJ!!;^^  without  the 

marked  projection  below.    The  effect  thus  producetl  in  the  Poly- 
cleitan  heads  is,  that  the  upper  lip,  in  fact  the  whole  niouth, 
protrudes,  and  accentuates  in  its  totality  the  iK>uting  or  heavy 
expression  which  we  have  already  noted  in  the  lower  lip. 
-O  ^^^^  The  chin  is  slightly  damaged. 

The  hair  has  already  been  described  on  pp.  171  ff. 
Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  peculiar  use  of  the 
drill  in  this  head  for  purposes  of  undercutting  where  the  head 
approaches  the  background  of  the  relief. ^     The  left  ^^^*^  oi  the 
head  and  the  iK>rtion  of  the  back  of  the  head  toward  the  left 
side  were  nearest  the  background,  and  though  they  were  rudely 
undercut,  there  is  no  attempt  at  finished  modeling  l»ere,  neither 
^^    the  locks  of  the  hair  nor  even  the  left  ear  being  ^nd'cated 
.       or.      V         Deep  grooves  that  are  left  manifest  this  rough  work  of  the  drill 
Fig.  8ir.  -  From      FiG    SO'.  -  trom         JB  ^^^  ^^^.^  ^^^^.^^  j^  ^p^^^^  t^.^t 

Lo^r""        ^:^  Thlad  was  not  meant  to  be  seen  quite  in  profile,  but  slightly 

^  ■  turned  round  towanls  the  left  shoulder  of  the  figure. 

W«  3     Head  of  Amaron  from  the  Metopes.     Parian  marble. 
?Us  bead!  fom!.lin  1892,  was  already  kgured  an..  .Wibed  by  n.e  .n  tbe  pn^hnuoary  pub- 

lication.^ 

Dimensions:—  22.6  cm. 

Height  of  fragment  (pointea  helmet  included)       ....•••••     j_ 

Breadth  of  fragment ]        ]         .         .         •  1--^ 

Depth  of  head "         ,         .         .         .  8J 

Extreme  breadth  of  face *         ]         ...  6.6 

Width  from  outer  corners  of  eye 2.4 

Inner  comer  to  inner  corner 3.6 

Length  of  nose 2.5 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostril-*) 2.8 

Breadth  of  mouth '         .         .         .         .  2Jl 

Breadth  of  eyes ,      ,  »  * 

with  the  hair  at  that  point.     This  piece  ot  drapery  in  in     ,  .^  .^ 

•       ^r\r.^  «f  "survival"  of  the  soft  Phrygian  cap  made  of  cloth,     ihe  cioin  cap,  a 

Venice,  ascribed  to  the  Pergamenian  school),  was  like  the  longpo  i 

•  .•      ■    ♦!.•    .,^««rt;o«  '  ExciMmtlnM  of  the  Americnn  School  of  Athens  at  the 

.  Of  con«a  there  U  a  sligh.  ,.mt,o„  ,n  .h„  p»p.«.o..,      ^  Jj"™  /,^,.  ^,  ,«,  „.  ,„. 

as  the  lips  are  more  or  less  parted.^ 

3  Introduction  to  Sculpture,  p.  li>t  ff- 


PLATE   XXXIl.:    HEADS   FROM   THE   METOPES  181 

Neaiwlitan  fishermen  now  wear,  and  either  could  be  drawn  far  down  over  the  back  of  the  head  with 
the  flap  hanging  down,  or  could  be  twisted  or  tied  at  the  back.  When  a  metal  hehnet  of  this 
form  takes  its  place,  it  ap{)ears  that  a  piece  of  drai)eiy  was  inserted  under  it  at  the  back  of  the 
head,  probably  meant  to  protect  the  back  of  the  head  from  the  sun,  as  is  frequently  done  with 
helmets  and  military  caps  in  the  present  day.  One  of  the  Amazons  from  the  frieze  of  the  Mau- 
soleum of  llalicarnassus  *  shows  this  arrangement  in  a  manner  very  similar  to  that  of  our  Amazon 
from  the  Argive  Heraeum. 

Though  this  head  is  slightly  disfigured  by  abrasions  at  the  tip  of  the  nose,  over  the  right  eye, 
and  on  cheek  and  chin,  it  is  in  a  comparatively  excellent  state  of  preservation,  and  shows  in  a 
marked  manner  all  the  characteristic  features  which  we  have  hitherto  ascribed  to  these  heads.  The 
evident  inclination  of  the  head  to  the  left  shoulder  gives  more  expression  or  sentiment  to  this  head 
than  is  usual  among  these  works.  The  position  of  the  head  was  almost  in  full  face,  slightly  more 
towards  the  background  on  the  right  side,  in  which  direction  the  head  is  inclined.  At  first  it 
looked  as  if  the  mass  broken  away  at  the  right  was  a  kind  of  2>untello  joining  the  head  to  the 
background,  and  that  thus  the  head  was  in  profile  turned  to  the  right ;  but  closer  examination 
makes  it  more  probable  that  this  projection  represented  a  ma.ss  of  hair  clutched  by  some  adversary 
pulling  the  Amazon  over  on  the  right  side.  Still  the  head  must  have  been  slightly  turned  inward 
on  the  right,  as  this  side  of  the  face  is  less  fully  finished  in  carving  than  the  other  side,  in  which 
the  hair  and  the  mass  of  drapery  beneath  the  helmet  were  fully  visible. 

No.  4.  A  split  Portion  of  the  Head  of  a  Warrior,  from  the  Metopes.     Parian  marble. 

There  remains  here  the  left  half,  including  both  eyes,  of  a  helmeted  head  very  similar  to  that  of 
the  warrior  on  Plate  XXX. 

Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  fragment  (chin  to  socket  of  crest) 16.G  em. 

Breadth  of  fragment         .............  9.3 

Depth  of  fragment  (foreliead  to  Iwck) 13.3 

Height  of  face 10. 

Outer  corner  of  eye  to  outer  corner 7. 

Inner  corner  of  eye  to  inner  corner 2. 

Length  of  nose 3.5 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrils) 2.3 

Breadth  of  mouth 2.8 

Breadth  of  eyes 2.6 

The  side  here  preserved  was  evidently  not  the  one  foremost,  from  the  spectator's  jwint  of  view, 
since,  towards  tlie  back,  tlie  carving  is  hardly  finished,  and  must  at  that  point  have  approached  the 
background  of  the  relief. 

PLATE  XXXII. 

Nob.  1  and  2.  Female  Head,  from  the  Metopes.  Parian  marble.  Here  given  in  full  face 
and  in  profile. 

This  head  is  the  only  one  from  the  metopes  which  was  discovered  by  Rangabe  in  his  excava- 
tions of  1854.2 

Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  fragment 17.  cm. 

Breadth  of  fragment \2J5 

Depth  of  fragment 15. 

Breadth  of  face 8.4 

Outer  comer  of  eye  to  outer  comer 6.6 

Inner  comer  of  eye  to  inner  comer 2.1 

Length  of  nose 3.3 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrik) 2.4 

Breadth  of  mouth 2.7 

Breadth  of  eyes 2.6 

*  Overbeck,  Gefch.  der  Griech.   Plastik;   II.   fig.  171,  *  See  General  Introduction,  pp.  67  flf. 

Series  iv.  No.  3. 


18-2  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   PLATES 

The  head  is  evidently  that  of  a  fully  matured  girl  or  young  woman  and,  in  its  original  i^sition, 
was  meant  to  be  seen  almost  in  full  face  (about ,;  full  faceV  The  variation  from  the  full  face  view 
consisted  in  the  turn  of  the  head  to  the  right,  so  that  the  left  side  of  the  face  was  less  fully  visible 
than  the  ri-'ht  side.  This  is  manifest  from  the  fact  that  the  right  side  (her  left)  is  less  complete 
in  its  motleling  and  elaboration.  The  hair,  sketchily  treated  throughout,  is  hardly  modeled  at  all 
on  the  left  side,  not  more  fiUly  than  it  is  on  the  back ;  the  eye  on  this  side  is  smaller  and  less  fully 
and  delicately  worked  in  the  orb,  lids,  and  brow.  The  same  applies  to  the  cheek.  In  the  profile 
view  here  given  we  have  nevertheless  presented  this  imi>erfect  side  because  it  illustrates  so  fully 
the  methods  of  cutting  away  the  stone  from  the  background  of  the  relief,  and  the  use  of  the  drill 
for  this  purpose  — to  which  frequent  reference  has  been  made  above.  The  whole  square  and 
massive  outline  characteristic  of  these  heads  is  here  manifest  in  both  views,  as  is  also  the  iieculiar 
rendering  of  the  several  features,  —  eyes,  nose,  and,  especially,  the  mouth.  The  hair,  treated  in  a 
more  skelchy  manner  than  is  the  case  in  any  of  the  other  heads,  is  parted  in  the  middle,  the  masses 
in  front  drawn  over  on  either  side,  and  tietl  together  behind.  They  thus  cover  the  eai-s,  leaving 
only  the  lobes  visible  at  either  side.  A  noteworthy  iieculiarity  in  the  treatment  of  this  hair  is  the 
fact  that  the  i)arting  is  not  accurately  in  the  middle  of  the  head,  above  the  centre  between  the 
brows,  and  that  its  line  and  direction  does  not  follow  the  line  of  the  nose.  Further  notice  will  be 
taken  of  this  fact  in  the  description  of  the  helraeted  head  on  Plate  XXXIII.  As  this  head  was 
not  supiwsed  to  be  seen  in  the  profile  view,  neither  of  the  ears  is  indicate<l  with  any  degree  of  finish, 
—  the  lobes  are  merely  sketched  in.  If  we  bear  in  mind  the  sketchy  character  of  the  work  and 
the  fact  that  this  small  head  was  to  l>e  seen  at  some  distance  from  the  spectator,  we  must  be  struck 
by  the  grandeur  and  dignity  coupled  with  a  severe  grace  which  the  artist  here  succeeded  in  giving 
to  his  work. 

No.  3.  Female  Head  from  the  Metopes.     Parian  marble. 

A  girl  or  young  woman  whose  hair  is  grasped  on  the  top  of  her  heail  by  some  adversary  (traces 
of  the  fingers  still  visible),  the  head  being  pulled  over  to  the  left. 
Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  fragment  (incluJiug  3  cm.  of  uct'k) ^•'•"  *^"- 

Breadth  of  fragment ***• 

Depth  of  fragment **• 

Extreme  breadth  of  face **•" 

Outer  corner  of  eye  to  outer  corner *•' 

Inner  corner  of  eye  to  inner  corner *'^ 

1.7  ? 

Length  of  nose  (broken) **•' 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrils) uncertain 

Breadth  of  mouth *•" 

o  a 
Breadth  of  eyes 

The  scene  given  in  this  metope  was  evidently  one  of  contest  in  which  a  female  figure  is  being 
violently  gras'Jjed  by  the  hair.    This  situation  is  often  presented  in  battles  of  Amazons  (three  times 
on  the  Phlgalian  Frieze,  in  the  Mausoleum  Frieze,  and  on  numerous  vases)  ;  or  in  scenes  of  the  sack 
of  a  city  (as  when  Cassandra  is  dragged  from  the  altar  at  which  she  has  taken  refuge) ; »  or,  finally, 
in  such  scenes  of  aVluction  as  are  to  be  found  in  the  Centaur  battles.     As  the  destruction  of  Troy 
was  represented  in  the  sculptures,  according  to  the  testimony  of  Pausanias,  and  the  battles  of  Ama- 
zons,  from  the  testimony  of  the  extant  monuments  themselves,  this  head  would  probably  belong  to 
a  group  from  one  or  other  of  these  scenes.     The  situation,  to  the  indication  of  which  this  head 
ga^ve  expression,  is  strongly  individual,  and  thus  the  artistic  treatment  of  this  head  differs  in  some 
resi)ects  from  that  of  the  others.     It  is  more  violently  drawn  to  one  side,  and  this  action  necessitates 
a  greater  degree  of  expression  than  is  to  be  found  in  the  placid  heads  hitherto  described.     The 
hair  being  drawn  up  on  the  top,  the  slightly  indicated  waves  are  all  vertical  in  the  grooves ;  while 
the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  hair  and  the  forehead  is  indicated  in  a  severe  and  precise  arch 
from  temple  to  temple ;  the  brow  remains  comparatively  smooth,  but  the  line  of  the  eyebrows  is 
not  so  "  placidly  "  horizontal  with  flat,  broadened  lines  as  is  the  case,  for  instance,  in  the  head  that 
we  have  just  described.     The  line  of  the  brow  thus  rises  sharply  upwawls  from  the  outer  angle 
>  Cf.  Overbeck,  B'ddwerke  zum  thebUchen  und  troischen  Heldmkreif,  pi.  xxvii. 


PLATE   XXXII.:    HEADS   FROM   THE   METOPES  183 

towartls  the  nose,  and  thus  corresiH,nds  to  the  line  of  the  more  i^inted  arch  in  the  demarcation  of 
the  hair  above  the  forehead.  The  eye  itself  is  more  widely  open,  the  orb  more  prominent  and 
rounde<l  than  has  hitherto  been  the  case,  while  the  lids  are  more  evenly  joined  at  the  outer  an-le 
The  nose  is  unfortunaUdy  broken  away.  The  treatment  of  the  region  immediately  below  the  lower 
lid  is  also  softer  than  in  the  heads  previously  discussed.  The  total  effect  of  this  treatment  is  a 
comparatively  greater  softness  and  less  placidity  and  repose  in  the  expression  of  this  face  than  is 
seen  in  the  hea*!  immediately  above  it.  More  complex  sentiment  is  further  produced  by  the  hollow 
groove  beside  the  nostril,  accentuated  by  a  softer  rise  in  the  cheek  at  that  point.  There  are  no 
further  indications  of  emotion  or  suflfering,  —  unless  these  be  found  in  the  treatment  of  the  mouth 
which  IS  here  more  firmly  closed  than  in  any  one  of  the  other  heads.  The  original  iwsition  of  the 
head  was  again  probably  almost  full  face. 

No.  4.    Head  of  a  rountj  Girhfrom  the  Metopes.     Parian  marble. 

Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  fragment -^ 

Breadth  of  fragment '     |1,\. 

Depth  of  fragment 12.7 

Extreme  breadth  of  face « p 

Outer  eye  to  outer  corner «  a 

Inner  comer  to  inner  corner « 

length  of  nose ^ « 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostriU) ,,  r 

Breadth  of  mouth »,  - 

Breadth  of  eves „  - 

It  was  at  first  doubtful  whether  this  head  belonged  to  a  male  or  a  female  figure,  but  further  exam- 
ination showed  that  it  is  undoubtedly  that  of  a  girl.     The  hair,  though  mwleled  with  some  care 
only  in  front  (more  esiwcially  on  the  right  side),  is  quite  unfinished  and  roughly  blocked  out  on 
the  top,  back,  and  sides  behind  the  ears,  but  the  parting  in  the  centre  and  the  jwinted  arch-like 
demarcation  of  the  line  between  hair  and  forehead  show  that  it  did  not  consist  of  short  curls,  but 
of  long  strands  gathered  up  from  either  side  of  the  parting  and  tied  together  behind.     Moreover, 
the  softer  treatment  in  the  modeling  of  the  whole  face  shows  it  to  be  that  of  a  girl  and  not  of  a 
young  man.     The  actual  position  of  the  heatl  in  the  relief  was  about  |  full  face,  the  head  turning 
towards  the  left  (about  like  the  view  here  given  on  the  Plate),  only  slightly  more  turned  to  the  left! 
This  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  the  left  half  of  the  face  is  less  fully  elaborated  on  the  side,  and 
more  esiiecially  from  the  treatment  of  the  hair  and  the  ear.     The  ear  is  but  very  slightly  indicated 
on  the  left  side,  while  on  the  right  side  it  is  perfectly  modeled,  and  seems  slightly  turned  forward 
in  order  that  it  should  be  properly  visible.     Further,  the  hair  in  front  on  the  left  side  is  merely 
roughly  blockeil  out  at  the  point  above  and  in  front  of  the  ear,  while  no  attempt  at  complete  model- 
ing is  made  on  this  side  from  the  parting  to  the  ear  at  a  distance  of  half  an  inch  above  the 
forehead.     Moreover,  it  is  on  the  left  side  at  the  back  that  a  series  of  five  drill-grooves  are  man- 
ifest.    Unfortunately  in  this  case,  too,  the  nose  is  broken  away,  while  the  upper  lip,  which  was 
curiously  drawn  up  so  that  the  teeth  should  show,  is  also  damaged  in  the  middle  portion.     The 
expression  of  this  head  is  distorted  by  this  slight  fracture  of  the  upper  Up.     The  lower  lip  of  the 
openeil  mouth  shows  the  characteristic  thickening  in   a   marked  degree.      On  the  whole,  this 
small  head  shows  more  vivacity  than  do  any  of  the  others,  and,  in  spite  of  the  disfigurement 
resulting  from  the  fractures  at  nose  and  lip,  possesses  a  peculiar  charm. 

PLATE   XXXIII. 

Nob.  1  and  2.     Head  of  Athena  tcith  Helmet.     Parian  marble. 
Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  fragment 20   cm 

Breadth  of  fragment 14  g 

Depth  of  fragment  (measured  from  front  to  back  of  helmet) 17. 

Extreme  breadth  of  face ^  jq^ 

Outer  corner  of  eye  to  outer  corner ••••.,  7.7 


(t        1> 


184  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   PLATES 

2.7 

Inner  corner  of  eye  to  inner  comer 

,         ,     ,  ...•••      4-tt 

Length  of  nose _ 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrils) 

Breadth  of  mouth * 

Breadth  of  eyes  (including  lids) 

It  will  readily  be  seen  that  this  head  is  slightly  larger  than  those  hitherto  examined ;  and  though 
tlie  head  undoubtedly  formed  part  of  a  high  relief,  the  difference  in  dimensions  caused  a  doubt 
whether  it  was  to  be  ascribed  to  the  metoiKJS  at  all ;  but  when  these  dimensions  were  compared 
with  those  of  the  Amazon  head  measured  from  the  point  of  the  helmet  to  the  clnn,  and  when  it 
was  realized  that  this  head  was  that  of  a  divinity,  the  force  of  this  doubt  was  no  longer  felt. 
This  was  especially  the  case  when  it  was  realized  that  similar  differences  exist  in  all  known  reliefs 
and  metoi)es.i     That  this  was  the  head  of  a  divinity,  in  fact  that  of  Athena,  who  would  be  present 
at  such  a  contest,'  became  manifest  when  once  it  was  recognizeil  that  this  helmeteil  heatl  was  that 
of  a  female  and  not  of  a  male  figure.     As  in  the  case  of  the  young  girl's  heatl  just  described, 
the  treatment  of  the  hair  did  not  make  this  manifest  at  once,  for  the  rough  blocking  out  at  the 
sides  does  not  make  it  apparent  to  the  hasty  observer  that  it  was  long  hair  parted  in  the  mid- 
dle and  drawn  over  the  ears  behind  the  back  of  the  head.     CarefiJ  observation  of  the  hair  at  the 
side  will,  however,  show  that  this  is  the  case,  and  this  conclusion  will  be  confirmed  when  the 
mass  behind  the  ear  at  the  back  is  recognized  as  a  continuation  of  the  hair  in  front.     The  treat- 
ment  of  the  fleshy  part  of  the  face,  moreover,  is  softer  than  in  that  of  the  male  warriors  and  the 
youth  on  Plates  XXX.  and  XXXI.,  and  finds  its  closest  parallel  in  the  girl's  head  (1  late 
"XXXIII.  No.  4).    Unfortunately,  the  face  is  much  disfigui-etl  by  fractures  at  one  side  of  the  nose, 
which,  so  far  as  extant,  together  with  the  eyes,  has  the  same  characteristic  treatment  found  in  aU 
these  heads.     This  common  treatment  is  still  more  marked  in  the  moileling  of  the  mouth.     The 
helmet,  too,  the  central  i)ortion  of  which  is  broken  away,  is  peculiar  to  Athena  on  i-eliefs  of  this 
perioil      A  detail  of  this  helmet  serves  to  illustrate  clearly  the  care  and  "  science  "  of  the  sculptor 
as  he  consideretl  the  peculiar  "  perspective  "  effects  in  sculpture  from  the  i>oint  of  view  of  the  si^ec- 
tator     The  effect  of  such  considerations  upon  the  sculptor  has  already  been  noted  with  regard  to 
the  sculptures  of  the  Parthenon.^     In  the  view  presented  in  No.  2  it  will  be  seen  that  the  central 
division  of  the  two  halves  of  the  helmet  and  the  metal  tongue  which  projects  between  them  (the 
cheek  pieces  and  the  nose  covering)  are  not  in  their  proper  place  immediately  above  the  middle  of 
the  forehead,  nor  do  they  follow  the  line  of  the  nose.    When,  however,  the  head  is  seen  more  in 
profile,  turned  to  the  right  and  from  below,  as  is  the  case  in  the  view  given  in  No.  1,  this  dis- 
crepancy,  painfully  manifest  in  the  front  view,  is  no  longer  felt.     This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  this 
head  was  not  seen  in  full  face,  but  slightly  inclined  upwards,  and  turnetl  to  the  right.     This  is 
manifest  from  the  fact  that  on  the  right  side,  ear  and  hair  are  not  so  completely  worketl  as  on  the 
left  side  and  show  chisel  marks.     It  was  this  i^sition  which  necessitated  the  peculiar  direction 
<riven  this  dividing  line  in  the  helmet  in  onler  that,  from  the  sjiectator's  point  of  view,  the  lines 
Should  fall  in  their  proper  places.     In  the  same  way  the  slight  divergence  in  the  parting  of  the 
hair  of  the  female  head  on  Plate  XXXII.  is  rectified  when  the  head  is  turned  slightly  to  the  left 
and  is  seen  from  below;  while  the  Amazon  head  on  Plate  XXXI.,  with  the  divergence  between 
the  central  line  of  the  helmet  and  the  line  of  the  nose,  is  also  rectified  when  tilted  back  and  viewed 
from  the  right  —  an  experiment  which  can  even  be  tried  with  the  Plate. 

Nos.  3  smd  4.    Portions  of  two  Heads.    Parian  marble.     From  eyes  to  chin. 
Dimensions  of  No.  3 :  — 

Extreme  breadth,  cheek  to  cheek ~"  *"* 

Height,  bridge  of  nose  to  chin "** 

Outer  corner  to  outer  corner  of  eyes • 

Inner  corner  to  inner  corner  of  eyes 

Breadth  of  nose  at  nostrils  (base) 

Breadth  of  mouth 

Eve-holes ..••••• 

1  See  Introduction  to  Sculpture,  p.  148.  '  Cf.  my  Essays  on  the  Art  of  I'heuiias,  pp.  79.  80, 205. 

*  Compare,  for  instance,  the  friezes  of  the  Temple  of      U27. 
NiW  Apterus  at  Athens,  the  Theseuui,  etc. 


PLATE   XXXIV.:  TORSO  OF  YOUTH  185 

Unfortunately,  both  No.  3  and  No.  4  are  in  so  fragmentary  a  condition  that  little  can  be  said 
of  them,  and  we  can  only  feel  regret  at  what  we  have  lost  in  the  missing  parts.  As  will  be  seen 
from  the  dimensions,  these  heads,  which  belonged  to  figures  in  the  round,  did  not  form  part  of  the 
meto])es,  nor  have  we  strong  grounds  for  attributing  them  to  the  pediments.  The  eyes  in  No.  3 
were  hollowed  out  with  deep  grooves,  and  were  probably  originally  supplied  by  some  paste  set  into 
the  sockets. 

In  No.  3  there  is  a  slight  difference  in  proportion  of  outline,  in  that  the  cheeks  at  either  side 
of  the  mouth  maintain  a  square  massiveness  in  an  exaggerated  form.  This  effect  is  no  doubt 
heightened  by  the  fact  that  the  front  of  the  chin  is  damaged.  The  mouth  and  nose,  however, 
show  the  characteristic  treatment  of  Polycleitan  art ;  and  the  i)erfection  of  the  workmanship  in 
both  these  fragments  makes  us  realize  that  these  were  once  good  specimens  of  the  marble  sculpture 
of  the  period  of  Polycleitus. 

PLATE   XXXIV. 

Ikoo  vieips  of  a  Torso  of  a  nude  Youth,  from  the  Metopes.  Right  leg  and  arm  upraised,  with 
a  hand  pressed  under  this  upraised  arm,  belonging  to  some  figure  against  whom  the  youth  is 
advancing  to  deal  a  blow  with  the  sword,  originally  held  in  his  right  hand.     Parian  marble.* 

Dimensions :  — 

Breadth  of  fragment  as  mounted  ? at.  cm. 

Height  of  fragment  as  mounted 55. 

Depth  of  fragment  as  mounted 23. 

Navel  to  base  of  neck 19.5 

Nipple  to  nipple 13. 

Breadth  of  lower  waist 17J) 

Rreiidth  of  lower  waist  just  above  navel  (narrowest  part  of  torso) IG. 

Breadth  of  thighs  inside  to  outside 11. 

Breadth  of  thigh  front  to  back  (left  thigh) 11.3 

Breadth  of  arm  (raise<l)  at  shoulder  (top  to  armpit) G.2 

Breadth  of  wrist  of  hand  placed  on  torso 3.8 

Breadth  of  hand  on  torso 5.7 

If  in  the  metoj>e  representing  a  warrior  (Plate  XXX.)  we  had  to  deplore  the  state  of  imperfect 
preservation  of  the  surface,  so  that  we  learn  but  little  from  it  as  to  our  artist's  modeling  of  the 
nude,  it  is  a  piece  of  great  good  fortune  that  this  torso  from  the  metopes  has  come  down  to  us 
in  an  exceptional  state  of  jireservatiou  with  regard  to  the  surface  of  the  marble,  as  showing  the 
finished  modeling  of  the  nude. 

The  youth  here  represented  was  undoubtedly  a  warrior  shown  in  the  supreme  moment  of  contest 
in  one  of  the  battle  scenes  from  the  meto))es.  His  opponent,  to  whom  he  is  dealing  the  fatal  blow, 
was  probably  not  of  his  own  sex,  but  an  Amazon.  This  is  suggested  by  the  short,  dainty  hand 
with  its  little  dimples  on  the  back  below  the  fingers,  and  the  delicacy  of  articulation  of  each  finger. 
The  adversary  has  probably  sunk  down  on  one  knee  and  is  pressing  her  upraised  hand  against  the 
youth's  side  below  his  upraised  arm,  while  he,  resting  his  weight  upon  his  left  leg,  has  probably 
planted  his  upraised  right  foot  upon  her  thigh  as  she  is  kneeling  before  him  just  before  be  strikes. 
An  extant  portion  of  a  thigh,  including  the  knee-cap  from  the  metopes  (Plate  XL.),  shows  the 
foot  of  another  figure  planted  just  above  the  knee,  in  the  manner  in  which  the  youth  from  our 
torso  planted  his  foot  on  his  fallen  adversary.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  was  thus  strongly 
di-awn  backward  to  the  right,  while  the  lower  jwrtion  pressed  forward  to  the  left  in  the  direc- 
tion in  which  the  upraisetl  right  foot  was  planted  on  the  adversary.  The  left  leg,  upon  which  the 
weight  of  the  figure  was  chiefly  carried,  must  have  been  slightly  bent  at  the  knee,  as  is  evident 
from  the  tension  of  the  muscles  of  the  thigh. 

In  the  modeling  of  the  nude  this  torso  is  among  the  finest  that  have  come  down  to  us  from 
Greek  sculpture.  The  general  masses  of  muscles  of  the  chest  and  of  the  abdomen,  firm  and  decidetl 
in  their  articulation  without  hardness,  gentle  and  flowing  in  the  more  delicate  transitions  without 
softness  and  without  unnecessary  insistence  u]>on  details,  are  as  far  removed  from  any  trace  of  the 

'  Found  in  1892.     See  Excavations,  etc.  pi.  vi.;  Brownson,  Am.  Jour,  of  Arch.  VIII.  pi.  x.;  Frazer,  Pausan.  I.  c. 


I',  I 


.1 


18G  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   PLATES 

conventionalism  of  archaic  art,  or  from  the  severity  of  the  early  fifth  century  B.  c,  as  it  is  from  the 
over-elaborateness  and  anatomical  jiedantry  which  began  to  set  in  towards  the  close  of  the  fourth 
century  B.  C.  In  the  skill  of  modeling  and  in  the  care  with  which  every  detoil  in  the  surface  is 
finished,  it  really  marks  one  step  in  advance  of  the  metopes  of  the  Parthenon.  Though  these 
metopes  are  larger,  they  do  not  show  the  same  completeness  of  finish  in  the  modeling  which  is 
manifested  by  these  metopes  of  the  Polycleitan  j>erio«l  and  school.  The  minute  care  in  the  ren- 
dering of  each  detail,  to  which  attention  has  been  drawn  in  the  Introtluction  to  the  Sculpture 
(pp.  156  ff.),  is  illustrated  by  the  delicate  details  in  the  motleling  of  the  hand  of  the  female  adver- 
sary, and  especially  in  the  treatment  of  the  upper  parts  of  the  thigh,  and  the  curious  round  protru- 
sion in  the  groin  to  which  reference  has  alreatly  been  made.  I  have  had  casts  and  photographs  of 
this  torso  examined  by  several  friends,  surgeons  and  anatomists,  leading  authorities  on  this  subject 
both  in  England  and  in  America ;  but  it  has  hitherto  remained  an  unsolved  problem.  From  their 
knowledge  of  the  human  figure  derived  from  the  dissecting-room  and  the  operating-table  they  have 
not  been\ble  to  account  for  this  feature  in  normal  anatomy.  They  either  confessed  their  inability 
to  explain  it,  or  maintiinetl  that  it  was  a  pathological  phenomenon,  the  result  of  a  too  violent  strain 
or  of  the  enlargement  of  the  glands.  But  it  was  difficult  to  believe  that,  esjiecially  in  this  iM;rio«l  of 
art,  so  accidental  a  feature  should  have  been  copied,  especially  when  we  realize  that  in  the  torso  on 
Plate  XXX.  we  have  in  the  right  leg  of  the  warrior  an  indication  of  the  same  rise,  though  in  a 
slighter  and  less  marketlly  visible  form. 

Recognizing  these  facts,  I  have  carried  on  experiments  with  the  living  model  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  Louis  Waldstein,  whose  letter  I  here  subjoin,  with  the  result  that  in  two  of  the  most  jwwor- 
f  ully  developed  professional  athletes  in  London,  the  presence  of  this  formation  as  a  muscle  in  the 
human  botly  was  fully  demon.strated.  But  the  muscle  apjieared  in  this  form,  not  when  the  ath- 
letes were  in  repose  or  general  action,  but  only  when  the  exact  attitude  of  our  torso  was  assumed 
by  them.  It  was  not  even  enough  that  the  weight  should  be  thrown  on  the  bent  left  leg  when 
the  right  leg  was  upraised,—  to  this  hatl  to  be  adde«l  the  strain  of  pushing  against  an  adversary 
with  the  upper  botly,  as  in  our  torso  the  combatant  is  pressing  against  the  adversary  whose  hand 
is  pressed  against  his  side. 

I  cannot  here  dwell  upon  the  interesting  anatomical  results  of  this  observation.  What  it  shows 
us  in  the  first  place  is  the  careful  observation  of  nature  and  the  painstaking  rendering  of  these 
observations  in  the  art  of  modeling,  —  characteristics  which  the  passages  referred  to  in  the  Intro- 
duction emphasize  as  a  leading  feature  in  the  art  of  Polycleitus.  At  the  same  time  I  cannot  refrain 
from  citing  this  as  a  striking  confirmation  of  my  exposition  published  some  years  ago,  with  reganl 
to  the  influence  of  athletic  games  upon  Greek  art.»  I  there  said : «  "It  was  here  [in  the  i>alaestra], 
with  hundreds  of  nude  youths,  not  only  wrestling,  jumping,  and  running,  but  endeavoring  by  syste- 
matic practice  to  remedy  any  defect  or  abnormality  in  any  one  limb  or  organ,  that  the  artist  day 
by  day  studietl  his  anatomy  of  the  human  figure  without  the  need  of  entering  the  dissecting-room 
or  calling  in  the  help  of  the  anatomist."  ^  I  there  pointed  to  the  difference  between  the  attitude 
of  mind,*observation,  and  creation  of  the  ancient  Greek  and  of  modern  artists  in  this  respect.  It 
must  be  regarded  as  a  misfortune  that  the  modem  artist  is  dependent  ujwn  his  one  motlel,  and 
receives  his  training  as  regards  human  structure  from  the  anatomist.*  On  the  contrary,  the  real 
"  plastic  anatomist*''  should  in  the  future  have  to  discartl  from  his  mind  the  reminiscences  of  the 
dissecting-room  and  should  study  the  structure  of  the  human  figure  — bones  and  muscles  — in 
action,  in  their  function,  as  the  ancient  Greek  sculptor  studied  thera.'^ 


PLATE   XXXV.:   TORSOS   FROM   THE   METOPES 


PLATE  XXXV. 


187 


'  See  my  Exita^s  on  the  Art  of  Pheidiaa,  pp.  304  ff., 
reprinted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Inst,  of 
Great  Britain,  1883. 

»  Pp.  400  and  401. 

»  Cf  also  bottom  of  p.  402  to  p.  40-3  ;  and  pp  40G  and 
407,  where  this  point  is  further  developed. 

*  It  looks  as  if  this  had  been  the  ease  in  ancient  Greek 
times  only  during  the  i>eri«Kl  of  decline  marked  by  the 
schools  of  Pergamou  aud  Rhodes. 


'   FROM    A    LETTER   OF   LOUIS   WALD8TEIW,   M.  D. 

The  striking  round  prominenco  in  the  left  groin  of  the 
Argive  torso  suggests  at  once  either  an  enlarged  gland 
(bubo)  or  package  of  glands,  or  a  rupture  (hernia),  because 
these  are  found  exactly  in  that  spot.  But,  for  obvious  rea- 
sons, both  possibilities  must  be  excluded  from  cousider- 
ation,  from  the  artistic  as  well  as  from  the  medical  point 
of  view. 

The  triangle,  which  is  so  well  marked  in  the  figure,  in 
ui-cupied  iiIhu  by  the  large  bluod  vessels  and  the  crural 


No.  1.  Torso  of  a  Warrior  with  breastplate  in  hie,},  relief  from  the  Metopes.  Parian  marble 
It  18  evident  that  this  fragment  belongs  to  the  metoi>es,  as  it  is  of  the  same  dimensions  and 
workmanship  and  shows  at  the  back  a  jwrtion  of  the  background  of  the  metoi)e,  while  the  tech- 
nique corresponds  to  that  of  the  l)est  specimens  from  the  metoi)es,  —  those  given  on  this  Plate,  as 
well  as  smaller  fragments  not  given  here.  The  fi-agmcnt  belonged  to  the  figure  of  a  warrior  seen 
in  full  face,  in  violent  action,  the  lower  part  of  the  Wly  turning  towards  the  left,  while  the  upiH'r 
jiart  is  turnetl  towanls  the  right;  the  right  arm  pressed  over  the  breast  towards  the  left  shoulder. 
Though  the  warrior  is  protected  by  a  brea.stplate  reaching  to  the  waist,  we  cannot  be  ab.solutely 
certain  whether  we  have  not  here  a  female  figure  (an  Amazon  ?),  as  the  drapery  covering  the 
thigh  below  the  waist,  and  the  rounde<l  form  which  it  covers,  are  suggestive  of  female  garments 
and  forms.  Unfortunately,  but  very  little  remains  of  this  figure,  and  the  greater  part  of  what 
dws  remain  is  in  such  a  fragmentary  condition  that  it  does  not  help  us  towards  further  identifica- 
tion. The  well-preserved  i)ortions  are  the  lower  part  of  the  breastplate  and  the  drapery  below  it 
from  the  waist  to  the  upiHjr  part  of  the  thigh.  These  portions,  however,  convey  clearly  the  cxqui- 
siteness  of  artistic  finish  in  the  modeling  of  these  meto|>es.  The  undergarment  has  evidently  been 
ma.ssed  together  l)eneath  the  belt  round  the  waist  under  the  breastplate,  and  thus  protluces  a  suc- 
cession of  short,  thickly  massed  folds,  which  have  their  analogy  in  the  same  arrangement  (though 
on  a  slanting  line  downward)  in  No.  2  of  this  same  plate,  lielow  these  thickly  massed  folds  the 
undergarment  of  thin  texture  clings  alwut  the  rounded  forms  of  the  thigh  in  very  delicate  folds 
that  ai-e  indicated  by  slight  flat  ridges  in  relief —  a  method  of  indicating  thin  and  pliant  drapery 
covering  rounded  forms  without  interfering  with  the  indication  of  the  roundness  in  human,  csimj- 
cially  female,  figures.  This  same  methotl  can  be  noted  in  the  region  of  the  thigh  of  No.  2  and  of 
the  right  side  of  the  waist  in  No.  3  on  this  same  plate.  It  is  the  same  system  which  is  to  be 
found  in  the  drapery  IjcIow  the  bi-easts  of  the  large  female  torso  from  a  i>ediment  of  this  Temple 
figure<l  on  Plate  XXXVII. 


nerve,  all  of  which,  however,  are  found  laterally  from  the 
prominence  in  question.  There  remain  therefore  to  be 
cunsidered  only  the  muscles  of  that  region.  In  onler  to 
bring  them  well  into  view  the  leg  must  be  flexe<l  in  the 
kuce,  and  nuist  be  fixed  with  unusual  tension  of  all  those 
grt>ups  of  muscles  that  serve  to  fix  the  pelvis  u]>on  the 
thigh  ;  the  whole  body  must,  in  fact,  rest  upon  tiie  left 
leg.  In  this  position  the  extensors  along  the  front  of  the 
thigh  bulge  out,  and  the  adductor  group  is  well  con- 
tracted, so  that  the  triangle  (Scarpa's)  is  clearly  defined. 
It  will  be  seen  that  the  nodule  in  question  is  in  no  way 
connected  with  any  of  the  muscles  forming  the  trian- 
gle, but  that  it  is  clearly  separated  from  its  base  and  its 
median  boundary  :  it  must,  therefore,  proceed  from  that 
structure  which  forms  the  floor  of  the  triangle.  These  are 
the  Pectineus  and  Ilio-Psoas  muscles,  whose  function  it 
is  either  to  flex  the  trunk  upon  the  fixed  thigh,  or  to  draw 
up  and  inwards  the  thigh  upon  the  trunk.  Of  these  two 
functions  the  first  only  need  be  considered,  since,  in  the 
figure,  the  leg  is  in  a  rigidly  fixed  {tosition,  all  the  more 
fixed  as  the  right  leg  is  raised,  and  as  the  other  com- 
batant is  endeavoring  to  throw  the  entire  weight  of  the 
IxMly  beyond  the  left  leg. 

Constructively  aud  functionally,  therefore,  it  is  com- 
paratively simple  to  expLiiu  the  round  swelling  under 
consideration,  and  to  see  in  it  the  forcibly  contracted 
Pectiueu»  muscle,  a  muscle  which  from  its  origin  along 
the  anterior  ridge  of  the  pubic  Imne  to  its  msertion 
directly  uider  the  trochanter  minor  of  the  thighbone,  is 


directed  obliquely  towards  the  back  and  side  of  the 
median  line.  It  is  this  course  that  so  shar|)ly  defines  the 
f«irm  of  the  protuberance,  for  it  corresponds  only  to  the 
uppermost  part  of  the  muscle,  which  is  alone  near  enough 
to  the  skin  to  appear  thus  clearly,  while  the  remainder  of 
the  muscle  gradually  recedes  more  and  more  from  the 
surface  and  is  therefore  hidden  from  view. 

In  the  living  subject  the  Pectineus  seems  to  be  feebly 
developed,  for  it  could  be  seen  but  very  slightly  protrud- 
ing in  two  powerfully  develo|)cd  athletes,  while  in  other 
subjects  no  such  indication  of  its  functional  power  was 
produced.  This  proves,  it  would  seem,  that  the  exercises 
of  the  modern  gymnast  do  not  engage  this  group  of 
muscles  ;  for  it  must  be  said  that  the  function  of  the 
Pectineus  is  not  isolated,  but  will  necessarily  go  together 
with  the  Iliacus  and  the  Psoas  nmscles.  They  are  chiefly 
brought  into  play  in  wrestling,  —  wrestling,  moreover,  of 
a  particular  kind,  where  the  athlete  contracts  forcibly  the 
muscles  of  the  gluteal  region  as  well ;  all  that  apparatus, 
in  fact,  that  serves  to  fix  the  ball  and  socket  joint  and 
thereby  unite  as  into  one  rigid  pillar  the  leg  and  the 
pelvis.  This  enables  the  combatant  to  oppose  with  the 
utmost  power  the  force  of  a  pushing  attack.  It  would 
appear  as  if  the  modem  wrestler  relies  much  more  upon 
subtle  agility  than  upon  a  concentration  of  pure  muscular 
power.  Such,  at  least,  must  be  the  inference  drawn  from 
the  fact  that  the  Greek  artist  reproduces  a  powerfully 
contracted  muscle,  which  can  luirdly  be  found  in  the 
modem  gymnast. 


I 


I 


188  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  PLATES 

Dimensions:—  ^^^ 

Extreme  height ^         ^     mj  5 

Extreme  width _     27.5 

Extreme  depth j^ 

Height  of  relief  from  hackgrouud ,    2Q. 

From  base  of  neck  to  belt j^j. 

From  breast  to  back 

Ho.  2.    ror,o  of  a  Female  Figure,  probalhj  an  Amazon,  fnm  tleMetope>.     Parian  marble. 
The  arrangement  .t  the  draj^r,-  in  this  lightly  clad  fignre  is  typical  of  tl.»t  w-rn  by  Amazons. 
The  li.-ht  and  short  nndergarnlent  is  fastened  above  her  right  shonlder  and  then  falls  n,  nnd  .^ 
fating  carves  over  her  right  breast,  leaving  the  whole  left  shonlder  and  bre=«t  ba«.     It  js  Wd 
ftrmly  to  the  body  by  a  br«ul  Wt  or  .one  round  the  waist.    The  banng  o     he  left  shon  der  and 
S  is  not  purely  accidental  and  momenUry,  inasmuch  as  the  amount  of  dra,«ry  thus  left  free 
is  on  this  side  mLed  together  nnder  the  belt.    The  consequence  is  that  two  st™„gly  marked 
„«sses  of  drapery,  accentuating  pronounced  cross-lines  in  the  compos.t.on  of  *«  fig"-.  ™»  j^"™ 
her  right  sl^dller  and  the  right  side  of  her  waist,  slantmg  downward  m  d.agonal  curves.     These 
lines,  besides  giving  graceful  variety  to  the  composition,  also  accentuate  the  atftmle :  namely,  the 
bend  „g  of  the'upperVrt  of  the  Wly  backwar<l  to  our  right,  while  the  1°-' Vf'  •  "J f 'tl^f: 
hip,  is  pressed  upward  towards  onr  left.     The  Amazon  may  thus  be  m  an  attitude  o    ^treat  or 
avoidant  of  a  blow  coming  from  her  right  side  above,  or  may  be  smkmg  down  on  her  W'  ''"f  » 
consequence  of  a  wound.     In  the  mdeling  the  same  exqu.siteness  m  the  treatment,  both  of  the 
soft  nude  portions  and  of  the  foUU  in  the  garment,  is  maintaine.1     The  npplmg  larger  mass 
of  folds,  as  the  edge  of  the  garment  seems  to  flow  from  the  shoulder  to  the  waist,  marks  that 
combination  of  firmness  and  crispness.  bother  with  softness,  which  am.mg  extant  monuments 
we  find  in  the  Th-llassa  or  the  reclining   Fate  in  the   Parthenon  Hi"'™*;  «'  «.''«   V'ctories 
from  the  Nike  balastra<le.    The  thicker  mass,  running  crosswise  to  the  belt  above  it  and  Wdow, 
thon^i  full  of  life  and  variety,  is  not  carried  through  with  quite  the  same  skill,  especially  a,  the 
rounded  mass  above  the  belt  bulges  out  without  a  proper  suggestion  of  its  contmuafon  Wow 
the  belt.    The  broader,  flatter  masses  of  drapery  below  the«,  cross-folds  suggest   he  rounded  forms 
that  they  cover  in  the  manner  we  have  note.1  before,  and  have  the  same  flat  folds  in  re  lef.  inter- 
siM^rsed  between  the  smooth  masses,  clearly  suggesting  the  nature  of  the  dmper,-.  and  s  ill  aecen- 
tLting  the  roiinde.1  forms.    The  large  species  of  dowel-hole  cut  in  the  side  W.low  the  left  slionl- 
der  I  am  unable  to  explain,  -  whether  it  serve.1  for  the  insertion  of  some  objcet  in  the  original 
statue  of  the  meto,w,  or  for  some  subsequent  rei«ir,  or  for  some  use  to  which  tlH!  fragment  was 

put  when  destroyed. 

Dimensions :  —  ^„  ^ 

48.5  cm. 

Extreme  height       . 27, 

Extreme  width 2^ 

Extreme  depth jg  - 

Height  of  relief *         '     j^ 

From  base  of  neck  to  belt ,*,     ,  v 17 

Frombreasttobackof  outer  side  (i.f.  from  right  nipple  to  block) *•• 

No.  3.    Torso  of  a  Draped  Female  Figure,  probably  an  Amazon  from  the  Metopes.     Parian 

""  Twt torso  comes  from  a  figure  similar  to  the  one  just  describe<l  only  that  there  is  no  Wit  round 
the  waist.     The  thin  undergarment  is  here  also  fastene<l  over  the  right  shoulder,  and  expands 
from  this  point  in  four  relief  folds  over  the  right  breast  and  towards  the  nudd le  between  the 
breasts,  where  it  evidently  meets  a  similar  arrangement  of  folds  from  the  le  t  shoulder    no  longer 
extant).   These  two  masses  of  folds  where  they  meet  create,  as  is  usual,  the  V-shape  overlapping  of 
drapery  at  some  distance  below  the  neck  between  the  breasts.     From  this  point  downwanl  m 
weirmarked  wavy  curves,  the  drapery  falls  down  to  the  waist.     Towards  the  right  side  and  below 
these  marked  folds,  there  are  traces  of  the  same  treatment,  suggestive  of  thin  drapery  over  rounded 
forms,  which  has  been  noted  before.     The  mocleling  of  this  fragn.ent  of  drapery  is  bold  and  firm 
and  yet  delicate,  completely  in  keeping  with  the  finished  style  as  we  have  reeogn.ze<l  it  in  these 
metopes  from  every  aspect. 


PLATE  XXXVl.:    HEAD  OF  HERA 

Dimensions :  — 

Hrcadtli  of  fragment 25.6  cm. 

Height  of  fragment ....34 

Depth  of  fragment j^ 

Breadth  of  torso  below  arms yj^ 


189 


FRONTISPIECE  AND   PLATE   XXXVI. 

Four  views  of  the  Head  of  Ilcra,  probably  from  the  Western  Pediment  of  the  Temple.     Parian 
marble.     Life  size. 
Dimensions :  — 

Height  of  head 27.  cm. 

Breadth  of  head 19  7 

Depth  (depth  of  head,  22.7) 25.8 

Breadth  of  face 13  2 

Outer  corner  to  outer  comer  of  eyes JO. 

Inner  corner  to  inner  comer  of  eyes 3,1 

I.iength  of  nose 55 

Breadth  of  nose  (at  nostrils) 3.6 

Breadth  of  uioutli 4.8 

Breadth  of  eyes 3.7 

This  hea«l  has  l)een  fully  described  in  my  preliminary  publication  of  1892.^  I  have  also  referred 
at  some  length  to  the  discussion  arising  out  of  that  publication  in  the  Introduction  to  the  Sculp- 
ture in  this  volume.'-  It  will  be  seen  that  though  most  authorities,  headed  by  Collignon,^  have 
accepted  iny  i<leutification,  others,  headed  by  Furtwiingler,*  have  somewhat  rashly  ascribed  it  to 
Attic  art.  The  heatl  is  on  the  whole  in  excellent  preservation,  though  the  left  side,  from  its  jwsi- 
tion  in  the  earth,  has  been  strongly  corrotled,  and  the  whole  of  this  side,  as  well  as  the  tip  of  the 
nose,  has  been  worn  away.  The  lips  have  suffered  in  the  same  manner.  In  all  other  respects, 
however,  we  may  consider  this  to  be  one  of  the  most  representative  heads  of  the  great  period  to 
which  it  belongs. 

The  head  formed  part  of  a  female  figure,  probably  draped,  and,  from  extant  indications,  the 
whole  figure  must  have  borne  characteristics  of  grandeur,  if  not  of  severity,  in  attitude  and  execu- 
tion. It  was  evidently  meant  to  be  seen  in  full  face  from  the  front  view,  for,  though  the  hair  is 
modeled  in  ridges  at  the  back  as  well  as  at  the  front,  it  is  much  less  finished,  unmistakably  showing 
tliat  the  back  was  not  meant  to  be  seen.  Moreover,  the  head  is  placed  without  any  turn  to  right 
or  left  on  the  neck,  which  again  must  have  risen  at  right  angles  between  the  shoulders  ;  and  this 
))osition  alone  would  be  expressive  of  a  certain  solemnity,  nay,  severity  in  the  general  attitude.  The 
same  character  is  preserved  in  the  composition  and  modeling  of  this  head  in  every  phase  of  the 
work.  In  full  face  as  well  as  in  profile  the  outline  and  general  build  of  the  head  present  that 
square  rectangular  raassiveness  which  we  have  found  to  constitute  a  leading  characteristic  in  all  our 
heads  as  well  as  in  those  commonly  attributed  to  Polycleitus.  This  broad,  simple,  severe  character 
is  maintained  in  the  general  arrangement  and  elaboration  of  the  hair,  in  the  severe  lines  of  forehead 
and  brow,  as  well  as  in  every  feature  of  the  face,  —  though  in  this  larger  work  the  finish  and  refine- 
ment of  the  nioileling  is  blended  with  the  breadth  and  moderation  which  stamp  the  head  as  a  whole. 
Moreover,  we  must  always  remember  when  comparing  the  execution  of  this  work,  originally  destined 
for  marble,  with  that  of  other  Polycleitan  works,  which  are  copies  from  original  bronze  or  gold  and 
ivory  statues,  that  a  certain  softness  and  indefiniteness  is  a  characteristic  inherent  in  marble  scidp- 
ture  as  such.*  The  squareness  of  general  outline  is  most  pronounced  in  the  profile  view,  whereas 
in  the  front  view  this  is  slightly  counteracted  by  the  necessary  protrusion  of  masses  of  hair  on  either 

'  See  ExcacalioM,  etc.  pp.  8-13,  pis.  iv.  and  ▼.  by  the  technique  of  marble  sculpture  in  Polycleitan  heads 

^  See  pp.  164  ff.  in  the  treatment  of  the  hair  in  our  head  of  a  youth  from 

'  HiM.  de  la  Sculpt.  Grtcqite,  II.  p.  168.  the  metopes  as  compared  with  the  Doryphorus  and  Dia- 

*  L.  r.  dumenus.     Cf.  pp.  169  ff. 
'  We  have  noted  this  modification  of  style  as  affected 


m 


\ 


I 


I 


I'.i 


190  DESCKIPTION   OF  THE   PLATES 

side  «.f  the  forehead.     The  scale  of  this  deviation  from  squareness  can  be  most  reatlily  appreciated 
when  we  compare  in  this  respect  the  head  of  the  Doryphonis  with  that  of  the  Diadumenus,  and 
finally  arrive  at  the  Amazon  heads  of  Polycleitan  type,  in  which  this  bulging  out  of  the  hair  corre- 
siKjnds  to  that  of  our  Ilera.    The  hair  was  parted  in  the  middle,  the  parting  continuing  behmd  the 
narrow  stephune  down  the  back  of  the  head.    From  the  middle  of  the  forehead  two  niasses  of  hair 
are  combed  to  either  side  in  a  wavy  line,  and,  covering  the  greater  i^art  of  the  ear,'  are  joined 
under  the  stephane  above  the  back  of  the  neck;  while  the  mass  of  hair  from  either  side  of  the 
parting  behind  these  hangs  in  one  thick  coil  down  the  back.     A  curious  feature  is  the  small  braid- 
like  line  of  curls  which  projects  out  of  the  central  mass  of  hair  between  the  stcphane  and  the 
middle  of  the  forehead.   This  curious  feature  is  to  be  found  in  the  Caryatids  from  the  Erechtheum, 
and,  as  I  have  pointetl  out  in  the  Introduction,^  probably  led  to  the  singular  mi8concei)tion  on 
the  part  of  those  who  see  Attic  style  in  this  head.     The  wavy  mass  of  hair  combed  towards  either 
siile  from  the  central  parting  covers  the  ears  and  allows  only  the  lol)es  to  be  visible.     Holes  are 
drilled  into  these  which  evidently  served  to  hold  metal  earrings.     The  line  of  demarcation  between 
the  hair  and  the  forehead  is  firmly  drawn  in  its  arch-like  outline  in  spite  of  the  wavy  contour  of 
the  hair,  a  feature  which  we  have  before  noted  in  the  metope  heads  on  Plate  XXXH.     The 
brow  too,  is  treated  in  broad  simplicity  without  minute  motleling  and  half-tones,  herein  also  corre- 
si>ondiug  to  the  treatment  of  the  metope  heads  on  Plate  XXXH.     The  relation  between  the 
brow,  the  eyelids,  and  the  orbs  is  very  similar  to  the  treatment  of  these  metope  heads,  only  that 
in  this  life-size  head  the  working  is  more  elaborate  and  the  individual  features  more  firmly  cut.    It 
is  in  the  treatment  of  the  eyebrow  and  the  eyelid  that  the  maker  of  this  marble  head  betrays  him- 
self as  being  chiefly  influenced  by  the  firmer  bronze  technique  traditional  in  his  school. 

In  spite  of  the  corrosion  and  the  breaking  away  of  the  tip,  the  nose  shows  the  same  treatment 
that  we  have  found  in  the  metope  heads  and  in  heads  attributed  to  Polycleitus.  Unfortunately, 
these  breakages  give  a  wrong  impression  of  the  whole  face,  especially  in  the  profile  view.  In  the 
same  way  we^must  regret  that  the  middle  of  the  upper  lip  and  the  whole  of  its  left  side  have  been 
partly  broken  off  or  worn  away.  In  spite  of  this,  all  the  characteristics  of  Heraeum  and  Poly- 
cleitan heads  that  I  have  described  in  the  treatment  of  these  features  arc  to  be  found  in  a  marked 
manner  in  this  Hera.  The  same  is  true  of  the  lower  lip  and  of  the  chin.  At  all  events,  I  can 
hardly  believe  that  we  shall  meet  with  a  dissentient  opinion  conscientiously  formed  and  honestly 
held  in  stating  that  if  the  IWogna  head,  supposed  to  be  a  repro<luction  of  the  Leranian  Athena,  is 
characteristic'of  Attic  art,  then,  in  general  character  as  well  as  detailed  composition  of  the  features 
and  in  modeling,  this  Argive  head  would  be  contrasted  with  it ;  whereas  if  the  various  heads,  — 
that  of  the  Doryphonis,  the  Diadumenus,  the  Amazons,  and  the  so-called  Bacchus  head  in  the 


1  It  has  been  maintained  —  though  never,  so  far  as  I 
know,  in  print  —  that  this  head  was  of  a  far  later  date  than 
the  fifth  century  B.  C,  because  it  is  held  that  in  statues  of 
the  fifth  and  earlier  centuries  before  our  era  the  ear  was 
not  covered  in  this  way,  but  was  fully  modeled.     Apart 
from  the  fact  that  whoever  would  ascribe  this  work  to  a 
late  origin  proves  himself  to  be  utterly  devoid  of  any 
appreciation  of  the  broad  difference  of  style  in  Greek  art, 
the  statement  about  the  ear  is  flatly  contradicted  by  the 
evidence  of  extant  monuments.     It  is  true  that  in  heads 
of  the  Archaic  period,  notably  on  coins,  the  ear  is  generally 
completely  modeled,  even  in  an  exaggerated  form,  where 
the  hair  ought  to  cover  it.     It  may  even  be  maintained 
that  it  was  usual  not  to  hide  the  ear  in  most  heads  during 
the  earlier,  and  even  the  best,  periods  of  (Jreek  art.    Still 
it  will  be  well  to  ask  ourselves  the  question,  how  many 
well-preserved,  quite  authentic  heads,  especially  female 
heads  with  long  hair,  we  have  belonging  to  these  early 
periods  ?  Yet  even  among  these  it  is  well  for  us  to  realize 
that  on  our  heads  from  the  metopes  of  this  very  temple, 
such  as  the  Amazon  head,  Platk  XXXI.  No.  3,  and  two 
of  the  heads  on  Plate  XXXII.,  the  lobe  only  is  indicated. 


as  in  this  head  of  Hera.    Moreover,  we  find,  even  as  early 
as  the  sculptures  from  the  Temple  of  Zeus  at  Olympia, 
that  the  ears  of  IlippiNlamia  arc  completely  covered ;  that 
on  the  nymph  in  the  metope  of  the  Ilesperides,  as  well 
as  in  the  female  head  in  the  meto|ie  with  Atlas,  the  ear 
is  covered  as  in  ours;  that  in  the  Parthenon  Frieze  the 
maidens  as  well  as  Hera  have  their  ears  jKirtly  covered, 
and  that  the  same  is  the  rule  with  the  Amazons  and  other 
female  figures  from  the  Phigalian  Frieze,  while  it  is  em- 
phatically true   of   the  Polycleitan  Amazon.      Kven   on 
coins  aj»proaching  the  date  of  our  statue  we  meet  with 
the  same  treatment,  notably  in  those  from  Argos  repre- 
senting Hera,  one  of  which  (taken  from  Mionnet'a  casts, 
Ganlner,   Tifpes  of  Greek  Coins,  pi.   viii.   14)  shows  the 
earrings  hanging  from  the  lobe.     And  if  we  go  further 
afield  among  coins,  a  glance  at  those  of  Terina  with  the 
nymph  Terina,  of  Cephallenia  with  the  head  of  Procris, 
of  Rhegium  and  Croton  with  the  long-haired  Apollo,  will 
forever  dis|>el   this  al>surd  generalization  which   I   have 
heard  quoted  as  a  chronological  landmark  by  an  archwo- 
logist  of  some  reputation. 
»  Pp.  IGC  ff. 


I 


PLATE   XXXVI.:  HEAD  OF  HERA  191 

British  Museum  (which  I  have  now  identified  with  the  Polycleitan  Hera),'  —  if  these  represent  the 
Argive  work  of  the  Polycleitan  i)eriod,  then  this  Hera  shows  most  striking  resemblances  to  it  in 
every  res|ject. 

I  have  called  this  heatl  Hei-a.^  I  fully  admit  that  the  identification  of  this  head  as  Hera  is  far 
from  being  beyond  all  doubt,  and  if  I  continue  to  use  the  name  of  this  goddess,  I  do  not  do  this 
with  any  claim  to  dogmatic  certainty.  I  only  mean  that  among  all  jwssible  designations  this  still 
api)ears  to  me  the  most  likely.  I  do  not  see  how  any  degree  of  probability  attaches  to  the  identi- 
fication with  Hebe.  Even  if  the  type  of  this  goddess  were  fully  established  in  well-identified  si)eci- 
mens  (which  is  assuredly  not  the  case),  I  believe  that  the  severe  character  and  the  indication  of  the 
age  in  our  heatl  would  not  correspond  to  the  conception  which,  from  other  sources,  we  should  form 
of  this  youthful  attendant  upon  Hera.  For  though  I  do  not  see  in  this  head  any  indication  of  a 
distinctly  matronly  character,  it  certainly  suggests  to  me  at  once  full  maturity,  stateliness,  and  grace. 
This  very  stateliness,  together  with  the  stephane^  shows  this  head  to  be  that  of  a  divinity.  In  look- 
ing about  the  Greek  divinities  after  Hera,  there  are  three  others  to  whom  characteristics  in  this 
work  might  possibly  apply :  Aphrodite,  Artemis,  and  Athena.  This  order  marks  my  preference 
of  identification.  For  Aphrodite  the  character  and  expression  seem  somewhat  too  severe,  while 
the  presence  of  the  earrings  and  the  general  effect  they  must  have  produced  seem  to  me  to  mili- 
tate against  the  character  of  Artemis  as  well  as  of  Athena.  Finally,  it  might  be  maintained  that 
this  head  may  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  female  figures  of  priestesses  which,  according  to  Pau- 
sanias  (II.  17.  3),  stood  before  the  temple.  Here,  again,  the  absence  of  the  veil  and  the  presence 
of  the  earrings  forbid  such  a  supposition,  and,  moreover,  the  place  where  the  head  was  found 
directly  contradicts  the  assumption  that  it  belonged  to  one  of  the  statues  placed  in  front  of  the 
temple.  For  the  position  of  this  head  in  the  earth  made  it  most  probable  that  this  was  one  of 
the  few  works  which  had  remained  on  the  spot  where  it  hatl  originally  fallen.  This  spot  was 
immediately  in  front  of  the  western  side  of  the  temple,  on  a  line  with  the  stylobate.  From  the 
nature  of  this  region  at  the  west  end  of  the  temple,  it  seems  highly  improbable  that  statues  were 
placed  here  on  their  bases ;  while  the  evidence  from  the  numerous  bases  that  were  found  still  in 
the  wide  space  in  front  of  the  temple  at  the  east  end  shows  that  this  was  the  region  where  statues 
were  massetl  together,  and  not  the  back.  The  actual  provenience  of  the  head  thus  strongly  con- 
firms the  view  that  the  head  belonged  to  a  figure  from  the  western  pediment  of  the  temple,  from 
which  it  had  fallen  to  the  actual  sjwt  where  good  fortune  enabled  us  to  discover  it  in  such  excel- 
lent preservation,  as  one  of  the  very  few  Greek  heads  of  these,  and  one  of  the  noblest  from  the 
fifth  century  B.  c. 

PLATE   XXXVIL 

Torno  of  a  draped  Female  Flfjure,  from  the  Pediments  of  the  Temple.     Parian  marble. 
As  1  have  already  stated  in  the  Introduction,'^  this  torso,  which  was  excavated  by  Kangabe,  cer- 
tainly l)elonged  to  a  jMidimental  figure.     It  is  part  of  a  life-size  statue. 

Dimensions :  —  ' 

Breadth  of  fragment 41.  cm. 

Height  of  fragment 40. 

Depth  of  fragment 33.5 

Breast  to  breast WJi 

Width  of  upper  arm  at  clltow 8.8 

Extreme  thickness  of  upper  arm 9.2 

Breadth  of  torso  just  below  breast 24. 

That  it  formed  part  of  a  pedimental  figure  is  evident  from  the  fact  that,  whereas  the  front  is 
modeled  with  exquisite  finish,  the  back  is  only  roughly  blocked  out.  This  will  readily  be  seen  by 
comparing  the  front  and  side  views  given  on  the  Plate.  A  hole  is  cut  in  the  centre  of  the  neck, 
which  may  either  have  been  worked  in  later  times,  when  the  temple  was  destroyed  and  the  statue 

»  Joum.  o/Hellen.  Stud.  1901,  pp.  30  ff.  «  See  p.  152. 

'  Furtwiingler  (/.  r.)  maintains  that  it  is  certainly  not 
Hera,  but  probably  Hebe. 


.\ 


Ml 


1 


i  J 


I 


f 


102  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   PLATES 

broken,  or  may  have  been  a  dowel-hole  to  hoUl  the  head  when  it  was  originally  ma.lo,  or  during 
subsequent  repair.     So,  too,  a  hole  on  the  right  shoulder  of  the  figui-e  (clearly  8een  in  the  side 
view)  either  may  have  been  made  for  purposes  of  repair,  or  may  have  servetl  to  fix  some  bronze 
object  or  ornament.     There  are  also  traces  of  drill-holes  in  the  draiiery  about  the  waist  and  under 
the  left  armpit.     If  the  drUl  was  used  for  the  purpose  of  elaborating  the  folds  of  drapery  in 
the  marble,  it  was  only  applied  roughly  to  work  away  the  material  and  was  not  meant  to  be 
seen      The  projecting  portions  of  the  drapery  at  this  iwint  which  would  have  hidden  these  traces 
of  drill-work  have  been  broken  away.   The  draiHjry  above  the  breasts  is  much  corroded,  while  below 
these  it  is  in  comparatively  goml  preservation  and  shows  exquisite  modeling.     The  figure  was 
clad  in  a  thin  undergarment  {_chiton),  while  round  the  shoulders  hung  a  thicker  cloak  ihimation), 
the  ed-es  of  which  can  still  be  seen  above  the  breast;  these,  falling  over  the  back,  were  massed 
under  Uie  left  arm  of  the  figure,  falling  in  a  curve  over  the  forearm  and  the  hand.     Mention  has 
already  been  made  in  the  Intiwluetion  '  of  the  delicate  motleling  of  the  folds  in  the  thin  undergar- 
nient  as  it  covers  the  breasts,  which  this  figure  has  in  common  with  the  torso  fi-om  the  metoiK>8. 
The  natui-alism  of  this  modeling  forms  a  striking  contrast  to  the  greater  severity  in  a  head  like 
that  of  our  Hera.     This  contrast  is  the  rule,  and  not  the  exception,  in  the  sculpture  of  this 
period      It  is  not  greater  than  that  between  the  motleling  of  the  youth's  head  on  Plate  XXXI. 
and  of  the  nude  torso  on  Plate  XXXIV.,  all  from  the  metoi»es  of  this  temple.     In  respect  to 
the  softness  and  elaliorateness  in  the  modeling  of  the  female  figure  and  the  fall  of  the  thm  drapery 
over  it,  we  should  place  this  torso  half  way  between  the  reclining  Fate  or  Thalassa  from  the  eastern 
pediment  of  the  Parthenon  and  the  sandal-binding  Nike  from  the  lialusti-ade  of  the  Temple  of 
Nike  Apterus.     Our  torso  would  well  mark  the  intermetliate  stage  of  development  in  this  resjiect 
between  these  two  works,  which  would,  moreover,  correspond  exactly  to  the  date  ascribed  to  the 
building  of  the  lleraeum. 

PLATE   XXXVIII. 

Nos.  1  and  2.  Tico  rietcs  of  a  Fnujment  of  the  diajml  portion  of  the  Lower  Leg,  from  a 
Fiyure  in  the  round  belontjing  to  the  Pediments,  standinr;  on  a  plinth.     Parian  marble. 

This  interesting  fragment  of  a  drained  figure,  manifestly  in  violent  motion,  comes  from  a  life-size 
statue,  which  evidently  belonged  to  the  jHidiments. 

Dimensions :  — 

Extreme  heicht  from  top  of  knee  to  bottom  of  plinth •**•  •^"'* 

21  0 

Extreme  width  of  base  as  extant *  *" 

Extreme  breadth  of  base  (inchiding  drapery) ^*^** 

II  7 
Extreme  thickness  of  calf ' 

Thickness  of  plinth  at  the  highest  point ^ 

That  tliis  fragment  belonged  to  a  iiedimental  gi-oup  is  proved,  not  only  by  the  fact  that  in  marble 
and  workmanship  it  corresponds  to  the  numerous  smaUer  fragments  of  drai>ery  belonging  to  the 
same  class  of  figures,  which  evidently  formed  part  of  a  larger  group  (see  Introduction  to  Sculpture, 
p.  152),  but  also  by  the  fact  that  a  figure  in  such  violent  motion  could  not  have  belonged  to  a  sin- 
gle statue  standing  upon  its  base  in  the  period  of  Greek  art  to  which  all  these  fragments  belong. 
It  might  conceivably  be  a  portion  of  a  figure  on  a  high  pillar  representetl  as  floating  through  the 
air,  such  as  the  Nike  of  Paeonius  at  Olympia;  but  this  Olympian  figure  was,  if  not  unique,  at 
all  events  not  a  common  tyi>e  of  monument,  nor  is  such  a  monument,  which  would  probably  have 
elicited  a  comment  of  Pausanias,  mentioned  by  any  ancient  authority  as  being  at  the  lleraeum. 
The  figure  was  evidently  hastening  through  the  air,  the  wind  driving  the  drai^ery  over  the  leg  into 
rouiukd  folds  behind.     In  all  likelihood  we  here  have  a  parallel  to  the  Nik^  or  Iris  from  the 
Parthenon  pediments,  figures  which,  on  either  side  of  the  centre,  appear  to  be  communicating  the 
news  of  the  central  scene  to  the  seated  or  reclining  figures  at  either  angle  of  the  pediment.*    The 
bold  curved  lines  of  the  sharply  cut  folds  in  this  di-apery  illustrate  the  workmanship  of  the  l)est 
period  of  Greek  scidpture.     Within  these  sharp  ridges  of  curved  folds  there  is  again  a  fondness 
1  See  pp.  lo7  and  187.  *  See  my  K»says  on  the  Art  of  Pkeidias,  p.  149. 


PLATES  XXXIX.-XLI.:  FRAGMENTS  FROM  THE  METOPES     193 

for  smooth,  flat  surfaces ;  while  variety  is  given  to  these  at  the  jioints  where  the  drapery  covers 
the  rounded  calf  of  the  leg  by  the  thinner  flat  relief  folds,  again  showing  the  same  system  which 
we  have  noted  in  the  torso  (Plate  XXXVII.),  and  in  the  three  drained  fragments  from  the 
metoi)es  (Plate  XXXV.).  In  fact,  if  we  but  remember  the  diflFerent  dimensions,  and  the  differ- 
ence between  a  figure  in  the  i-ound  and  one  in  high  relief,  the  w^orkmanship  in  this  fraf'ment  of 
drapery  is  quite  the  same  as  that  of  the  fragment  (Plate  XXXV.  No.  3)  which  belon"-s  to  a 
metope  in  relief  less  than  half  the  size  of  tliis  pedimental  statue.  The  pieces  of  undercut  drapery 
that  have  been  broken  away  behind  and  above  the  foot  show,  in  both  views  here  given,  the  use 
of  the  drill  for  the  pur|K>se  of  cutting  away  the  unnecessary  marble  before  the  final  finish.  It 
will  here  be  seen  how  several  grooves  remain,  showing  how  the  drill  had  been  worked  throu"-h 
behind  the  foot  from  either  side. 

Nos.  3  and  4.  Two  views  rfa  Fragment  of  Drapery  covering  pwtions  of  the  Leg  in  a  Female 
Figure  from  abore  the  knee  to  above  the  ankle,  from  a  J*ediment.  Parian  marble.  This  fi*a"-- 
ment,  like  Nos.  1  and  2,  and  for  the  same  reasons  there  given,  formed  part  of  a  pedimental  statue. 
The  figure  itself  was  on  the  same  scale. 

Dimensions :  — 

Extreme  height 68.  cm. 

Extreme  width fiO. 

Tliii'kness  frtmi  middle  of  thigh 29. 

From  knee  to  beginning  of  ankle 35. 

Extreme  thickness  of  calf  (inside  fold) 11.3 

Whereas  the  previous  figure  rapidly  moving  forward  was  evi<lently  meant  to  be  seen  in  profile,  the 
statue  to  which  this  fragment  belongs  was  probably  seen  in  the  front  view  and  did  not  stand 
absolutely  erect.  At  first  sight  it  suggests  the  seated  attitude  as  we  know  it  from  the  Parthenon 
pediments  ;  but  the  figure  could  not  have  been  seated,  as  the  knee,  though  slightly  bent,  is  not 
sufficiently  bent  for  that  attitude.  The  drapery  is  massed  in  deeply  cut  thicker  folds  between  the 
legs,  converging  in  almost  parallel  lines  below  the  knee  to  the  middle  of  the  ankle,  and  then  fall- 
ing in  divergent  lines  over  either  ankle.  As  seen  in  this  fragmentary  condition,  the  close  massing 
of  these  folds,  when  parallel,  looks  somewhat  monotonous  ;  but  this  effect  was  undoubtedly  relieved 
by  the  variety  above  and  below  this  jioint  when  the  figure  was  complete.  The  actual  carving  of 
these  folds  is  the  same  as  in  Nos.  1  and  2.  Though  the  edges  of  the  folds  have  been  broken  away, 
it  will  be  seen  that  in  the  side  view.  No.  4,  the  work  is  not  so  careful  and  highly  finished  in  the 
back  as  in  the  front,  —  which  is  a  further  indication  that  this  was  a  })edimental  figure.  For  an 
acroterium  above  or  on  the  side  of  the  ))ediment  the  dimensions  of  the  figure  are  too  large. 

PLAT^:S  XXXIX.,  XL. 

Additional  Marble  Fragments  from  the  Metopes. 

I  have  here  given  a  number  of  additional  fragments  that  certainly  belonged  to  the  metopes, 
but  which  cannot  be  further  identifie<l  and  do  not  require  detailed  comment.  One  of  these  is 
pieced  together  out  of  six  separate  fragments,  and  gives  some  notion  of  the  arrangement  of  the 
metopes,  especially  with  regard  to  the  background  and  the  upjier  part.  The  hole  drilled  through 
the  background  on  the  right-hand  upper  comer  of  Plate  XXXIX".  is  similar  to  that  in  Plate 
XXX.,  and  no  doubt  was  the  regular  method  of  fixing  these  high  relief  slabs  to  the  entablature. 
I  have  also  (Plate  XL"*.)  given  fragments  of  legs  from  the  metoi)es.  There  is  also  one  arm 
vigorously  drawn  back,  which  held  a  shield.  Among  them  are  also  the  backs  of  two  heads,  one 
with  a  helmet  (Plate  XL^). 

PLATE   XLI. 

Additional  Fragments  of  Draper}/  and  Feet,  2)robabli/ from  the  Pediments. 

I  have  here  selected  from  the  large  mass  of  such  fragments  portions  that  seemed  to  me  to  have 
come  from  the  pediments,  since  they  l)elonged  to  larger  figures  worked  in  the  round.  These  will 
further  illustrate  the  style  of  the  drapery,  and  their  number  will  help  to  sup^rart  our  conclusion  as 


'# 


«v 


iii 


(. 


'II 


I 


194  DESCRIITION   OF  THE   PLATES 

to  the  presence  of  such  sculpture  in  the  ^iments.    Of  the  larger  feet  here  given  (Plate  XU\\ 
several   rest  on  plinths.      The  right  foot  on 
a  plinth,  covered  with  drai^ery  over  the  instep, 
belonged  to  a  life-size  figure  about  the  dimen- 
sions °of  the  one  to  which  the  drai^etl  leg  on 
Plate  XXXVIII.  belongetl.      The  varying 
thickness  of  the  iilinth   (5]  cm.  in  front,  «.] 
to  8  em.  in  the  back)  makes  it  improbable  that 
it  belongeil  to  an  ordinary  statue  on  a  base. 
The  foot,  moreover,  is  tilted  forward,  resting 
chiefly  u}>on  the  inside,  and  thus  belonged  to 
a  statue  in  motion,  the  forward  movement  of 
which  is  further  indicated  by  the  curved  direc- 
tion of  the  folds  in  the  dra^Miry  that  covers  the 

instep. 

The  other  dimensions  are :  — 

length  of  fragment  •  31.5  cm. 

Kxtrenic  height  (including  plinth)  .  20. 

Depth 1^- 

Width  of  foot  ....  9-3. 

There  is  the  fragment  of  a  wrist  and  hantl 
hohling  a  piece  of  flying  draj^ery.  This  is 
prol)ubly  from  the  pediments,  and  belonged  to 
a  figure  in  whicli  the  cloak,  fluttering  in  the 
wind  from  the  back,  is  held  up  by  one  end  in 
the  upraised  hand,  as  is  often  the  case  with 
Nikt's.  There  is  also  here  a  small  fragment 
of  what  api>ears  to  have  l)een  a  marble  vase. 
There  is  no  reason  to  l>elieve  that  the  frag- 
ment of  drapery  in  broad,  flat  folds  with 
well-i)reserved  painted  border  of  a  maeander 
pattern,  and  below  it  spikes  or  rays,  came  from  the  iH^^din.ents,  while  the  other  f...gn.ents  proba 

bly  did  (,Fig.  90). 


X 


I 


Fig.  90.  —  MiscELLANFors  Marbi.k  Kraomknts  from 

THE    HkRAKUM 


O 

Ah 
O 

H 


I 


«r 


x 
p 

H 


X 
S 

M 

B 
H 


VI 


DESCKIl'TION    OF   TllK    PLATES 


194 

to  the  prosenoe  of  such  sculptmv  in  the  iwdiiiu'iits. 
several    rest  on  iiliiitlis.      The  right  foot  on 
a  plinth,  covered  with  (lrai>erv  over  the  instep, 
Inhjugetl  to  a  life-size  figure  ahout  the  ilinien- 
sions'of  the  one  to  whicli  the  tlrapeil  leg  on 
Pi.ATK    XXXVIII.   belongetl.      The  varying 
thickness  ».f  the  j.linth    (').]  cm.  in   front,  tJA 
t(i  ^  em.  in  the  back )  ntakes  it  impn>bal)le  that 
it   belonged  to  an  (.nlinary  statue  «m  a  base. 
The  foot,  moreover,  is  tilted  forward,  resting 
chiefly  ui>on  the  inside,  and  tiuis  belonged  to 
a  statue  in  nu»tion,  tiie  forward  movenu-nt  of 
which  is  furtlier  indicated  by  the  curved  direc- 
tion of  the  folds  in  the  drapery  that  covers  the 

instep. 

The  other  dimensions  are  :  — 


Of  the  larger  feet  here  given  (Pi.atf.  XTiP.^. 


Loiijjtli  of  fiajjiiu'iit 

Kxtrt'iiie  htijjlit  (iiiihuliii-j  plintli) 

P.ptli 

Wiiltli  i>f  foot 


31  u>  cm. 

•JO. 
It. 
U.3. 


There  is  the  fragment  of  a  wrist  anil  liand 
holding  a  piece  of  tlying  drai)ery.  This  is 
probably  from  the  jwdiments.  aiul  bel«»nged  to 
a  tiirure  in  which  the  cloak,  fluttering  in  the 
wind  from  the  back,  is  hehl  up  by  one  end  in 
the  upraise«l  hand,  .is  is  t»ften  the  case  with 
Nikcs.  There  is  also  here  a  small  fragment 
of  what  ai>pcars  t«)  have  been  a  marble  vase. 
There  is  no  reasim  to  l>elieve  that  the  frag- 
ment of  «lrapery  in  broad,  flat  folds  with 
well-preservi'd  painted  border  of  a  maeantler 
pattern,  a.ul  below  it  spikes  or  rays,  cau.e  fron.  the  pedin.ents,  while  the  other  fragments  proba 

blvdid  (Fig.  «.Mh. 


Ki,j.  jm. —  MiscKi.i.ANKois  Makhi>    1  It a«;mknts  HUlM 
TllK  IIkkaum 


'.1 


pa 

H 


o 


O 
H 


4 


l» 


^ 


ia^. 


^^' 


«v 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XXXI 


YOUTH   (PROFILE) 


YOUTH  (fill-face) 


n 


AMAZON 


WARRIOR 


THREE  HEADS  FROM  THE  METOPES 


r^ 


• 


'•tv 


'-i 


•MMiHM 


f 


The  Argive  Hebaeum 


Plate  XXXII 


1 

HEAD  OF  QIKL  (kanoab'k) 


HEAD  OF  GIRL  (uangabe) 


HEAD  GRASPED  AT  HAIR 


GIRL'S  HEAD. 


H 


THREE  FEMALE  HEADS  FROM  THE  METOPES 


t\ 


f 


H 


The  Akgive  IIeraeum 


Platk  XXXIII 


HEAD  OF  ATHENE  FROM  THE  METOPES 


8  * 

LOWER  PORTIONS  OF  LARGER  HEADS  IN  THE  ROUND 


HEADS   FROM  THE  HERAEUM 


M. 


I  • 


i\ 


i 


M' 


^r 


f^ 


' 


t 


I 


*l 


H 


is; 


OQ 


n 


S4 


U 


(( 


a 


I 


jpp^^pp' 


'§■ 


i 


— 


Ui 


3 


OQ 


» 


ffi 
H 


^ 


^ 


m; 


3 


(( 


?^ 


J 


n 


fl 


I 


The  Argive  IIebaeum 


Plate  XXXVl 


THREE  VIEWS  OF  HEAD  OF  HERA 


M. 


t 


Hi 


-;•:-• -^-~7^--j----n--iii-j~|'-'pi'^ 


♦    r 


M 


» 


i 


OQ 


I 


^ 


f^ 


QQ 

(4 


» 


n 


» 


I 


i' 


i 


M, 


m 


TiiK  Argive  Hekakum 


Plate  XXXVIII 


LOWER  PORTION  OF  LEG  ON  PLINTH 


DRAPED  THIGH  AND  LOWER  LEG 
FRAGMENTS  OF  DRAPERY  FROM  THE  PEDIMENTS 


I     I 


^i 


4 


The  Aroivk  Hkraeum 


Plate  XXXIX 


Plate  XXXIX* 


Plate  XXXIX'' 


Plate  XXXIX«  Plate  XXXIX** 

MARBLE  FRAGMENTS  FROM  METOPES 


^1 


i>i"J 


The  Akgivk  IIkrakum 


Plate  XXXIX 


Platk  XXXIX* 


Plate  XXXIX' 


Plate  XXXIX< 


Plate  XXXIX-' 


MARBLE   FRAGMENTS  FROiM  METOPES 


Ol 


^d 


The  Aroivf.  Heraeum 


Plate  XL 


Plate  XL" 


Plate  XL'' 


Plate  XL« 
MARBLE   FRAGMENTS  FROM  METOPES 


\iA 


■'--iori.  T"  .■'■'<- i;i,.  -"C'm  ,3V*'i',ji'*''i'" 


The  AriiIVk  IIkkak.um 


Plate  XL 


rLAlK    XL-' 


I'LATK    XL'' 


Platk  XL' 
MARBLE   FKA(;MENTS  FKOM   METOPES 


0 


Mu 


The  Aroivk  llRRARrM 


Plate  XLI 


Plate  XU» 


Plate  XLI«» 


Plate  XLI« 
MARBLE  FRAGMENTS  FROM  PEDIMENTS 


The  Argivk  IIkrakim 


Plate  XLI 


Plate  XLI" 


Plate  XLI" 


Plate  XLI- 
MARBLE  FRAGMENTS  FROM  PEDIMENTS 


il 


li 


INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


n 


INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE   HERAEUM^ 

PART  FIRST 

INSCRIPTIONS  ON  STONE 

BY   RUFUS   BYAM    RICHARDSON   AND   JAMES  RIGNALL   WHEELER 

I. 

On  ^porox  block  in  a  wall  between  the  Second  Temple  and  the  West  Building.  The 
block  has  a  face  1.22  m.X.32  m.     It  was  uncovered  in  the  spring  of  1895. 

The  letters  ai-e  in  general  .10  m.  high,  but  omhron  is  exceedingly  small.  This  inscnp- 
tion  is  probably  older  than  No.  ii.  The  three-stroke  sUjma  alone  would  carry  its  date 
to  about  500  b.  c.=  Kappa  is  the  most  striking  letter  in  form.  At  first  sight  one 
hardly  notices  that  the  upright  bar  projects  above  and  below  its  junction  with  the^obhque 
bars,  which  do  not  meet  each  other.  Only  on  closer  notice  the  upright  bar  is  seen  to 
project  sHghtly.  The  wide  gap  between  the  obUque  bars  might  seem  to  be  a  Theran 
feature,  as  the  inscription  from  Thera  given  in  /.  G.  A.  454  (Roberts,  Introd.  to 
Greek  Epuj.  No.  4'')  has  a  form  in  this  respect  almost  exactly  parallel.  But  almost  the 
same  peculiarity  occurs  in  the  Nicandra  inscription  (/.  G.  A.  407),  and  in  that  on  the 
ApoUo  base  at  Delos  (/.  G.  A.  409).  In  fact,  we  have  almost  a  ijarallel  at  Arffos  itself 
in  /.  G.  A.  31.  ^ 

II. 

This  inscription  holds  the  first  place  in  importance  among  all  the  inscriptions  on  stone 
hitherto  found  at  the  Hemeum,  both  because  it  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  because  it  is  so 
preserved  that  it  may  be  read  entirely.  It  is  cut  in  a  massive  block  of  limestone  which 
formed  the  upper  j)art  of  the  xtele,  the  shape  of  which  is  shown  in  the  cut.  Its  dimen- 
sions are:  thickness,  .28  m.;  height,  from  apex  to  tiie  break  at  the  bottom,  .44  m. ; 
height  at  right  side,  .37  m. ;  at  left,  .34  m. ;  breadth,  .39  m.  Below  the  inscription 
there  is  a  rectangular  depression  .22  m.  wide  and  .005  m.  deep.     The  letters  vary  in 

»  The  Inscriptions  here  discussed  were,  with  a  single  The  Inscriptions  on  Bronze  (including  the  important 

exception  (No.  i.),  transported  to  Athens  during  or  at      archaic  bronze  tablet,  first  i)ublished  by  Dr.  James  Den- 

nison  Rogers  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology, 
Second  Series,  vol.  V.  [1901],  pp.  159  ff.)  are  published 
by  Mr.  De  Cou  in  the  second  volume,  under  Bronzes. 
Inscribed  vases  are  published  by  Mr.  Heermance  in  the 
same  volume,  in  the  chapter  on  Vases. 

I  wish  to  make  acknowledgment  here  of  the  kindness 
of  Professor  Max  Fninkel  of  Berlin,  who  sent  me  advance 
sheets  of  his  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Graecarum  Pelopori' 
nesiacarum  (C.  I.  G.  P.),  in  which  he  has  treated  the 
inscriptions  from  the  Heraeum.  In  Nos.  u.  and  xiv. 
I  have  especially  profited  by  his  suggestions.  —  R.  B. 
Richardson. 

*  It  would  fall  into  Roberts's  {Introd.  to  Greek  Epig. 
p.  117)  "second  period  of  Argive  inscriptions." 


the  close  of  the  excavations,  and  are  now  in  the  National 
Museum.  The  block  upon  which  No.  i.  is  cut  was  too 
large  to  be  removed. 

Nos.  m.-v.,  vii.-x.,  and  xv.-xviii.,  were  first  published 
by  Professor  Wheeler,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archae- 
ology, First  Series,  vol.  IX.  (1894),  pp.  351  ff.,  and  the 
remainder  by  me  in  the  same  periodical.  First  Series, 
vol.  XI.  (1896),  pp.  42  ff.,  where  I  also  published,  in  vol. 
IX.  (18M),  pp.  340  ff.,  the  Stamped  Tiles.  (These  articles 
are  republished  in  the  Papers  of  the  A  merican  School  of  Clas- 
sical Studies  at  Athens,  vol.  VI.  pp.  272  ff.,  261  ff.,  299  ff.) 
lu  the  present  publication  the  order  of  the  Inscriptions 
on  Stone  is  approximately  chronological,  although  the 
criteria  are  not  in  every  case  infallible.  Otherwise  little 
change  bas  been  noade  in  the  first  form  of  publication. 


M 


i 


II 


^ 


1,8  INSCRIITIONS  FROM   THE   ARGIVE   lIERAEOt 

,  ■  .  .  f  mo  „,  to  02  m  There  is  great  irregnlarity  in  the  8,«.i..g  of  the  letters. 
KrI::irJ  tlfgles  4  a„a  g".....  at  the  ends  is  proh..h.y  aceountea  for  by 
the  desi^  to  hegia  the  following  lines  with  a  new  name  ^._^^^^    ^^ 

The  stone  was  brought  to  the  Centra    Musenm     '""    ^^^^  ;        „,  j,„  He..e„«,. 
18(»3-91  with  several  others  mentioned  l.y  Professor  Wheeler  as  \ymg 


4:  isit»'^  ,.,.  i»f  1843  I  am  not  able  to  ast-ep- 

:^'^^i::/w;:2:srr:l^^;— the  mseri^ions  m  t.  s^mg 

"^rsnrfaee  of  the  stone  is  sUghtly  ehi,n.a  .ho*  edges  ^  Room  is  ^^^^^^^^^  n.^this 
T^  ^X  r^r  ^=  IX^tal  Ve  at  the  beginning  of  line  , 


:l 


■^ 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  STONE:    NO.   II. 


199 


where  there  is  only  room  for  I.  The  rough  breathing  B  was  apparently  not  used  before 
iapd?  as  is  seen  by  the  clear  case  of  lapofivdfxove<;,  line  3.*  At  the  beginning  of  line  3, 
I  must  have  been  crowded  in,  since  the  diphthong  is  used  in  the  very  oldest  inscriptions.'-* 
lu  line  4  the  first  letter  must  be  fl,  since  there  is  no  trace  of  a  cross-bar  for  B,  which 


Tl  V  h*  p  A*-l  O /v:  p  V  AA  A  /V^^A'F  Qg 
|vRI^TODA/V\0£iBVa/VA©J. 


J  a  araXa   ;  »cai  o  rcXa/xw 
tjopu  [tJus  ['Hjpas  :  Ttts  'Apyc- 
[i Jas  ;  lapofivd/jiovt^  \  ToiiSf 
Ili'p^ttXioji'   I  Av/tavs  . . .  ufpyTtvt, 
'A\»ca/u,cV);s   ;    YAAci's, 
'ApioToSa/jio?  ;  "Ypfa^ios, 
'AfJLif>LKpiTO<i  \   IIai'<^i;A- 
as 


would  be  the  only  alternative.  The  surface  of  the  stone  where  such  a  bar  would  fall  is 
perfectly  i)reserved.  The  fourth  letter  is  almost  certiiinly  F,  as  the  surface  is  smooth 
where  the  right-hand  limb  of  a  fl  would  naturally  appear.^  Furthermore,  if  such  a  limb 
had  had  the  length  which  it  has  in  nav<f>v\a<;,  line  7,  it  would  have  run  into  the  A  im- 
mediately below  it.  Uvppakitov  is  probably  a  diminutive  from  nvpakC'i,  a  kind  of  bird, 
which  in  Hesychius  is  written  TrvppaXi?  where  the  second  7'ho  seems  to  point  to  an 
original  d'ujumimi. 

Thei-e  are  many  interesting  i)eculiarities  of  form  in  the  letters  of  the  inscription.  The 
most  strikhig  is  the  second  ouiicron  of  iapofivdfjLove<;,  hue  3.*  It  is  evident  at  a  glance 
that  even  ajmrt  from  this  omicron,  which  is  probably  an  accident,  we  have  an  inscription 
venerable  for  its  antiquity.  £=17,  o=a>,  b=\,  indeed  run  on  in  Argos  to  the  end  of  the 
fifth  century.     But  we  find  beside  these  usjiges  0=S,  P=p,  V  =  y,  0=^  B  =  rough  breath- 


*  For  iap6s  as  ^lAdv  in  Doric,  sec  Abrens,  Dial.  Dor. 
§4.3. 

^  /.  (J.  A.  Xi,  42. 

*  The  only  other  possibility,  since  gamma  has  the  form 

A,  line  *2. 

*  This  would  pass  without  question  for  a  simple  error 
of  the  stone-cutter,  but  for  the  fact  that  an  inscription 
connected  with  the  frieze  of  the  treasury  of  the  Cnidians 
at  Delphi,  which  probably  belongs  to  the  sixth  century 

B.  c,  has  two  and  perhaps  three  omicrons,  crossed  in  the 
■ame  way.    B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (1895),  p.  537.    M.  HomoUe, 


who  had  already  pronounced  in  favor  of  an  Argive  artist 
for  this  frieze  on  the  ground  of  the  Argive  lambda  in  the 
inscription,  was  inclined  (JS.  C.  H.  XX.  [1896],  p.  599  f.) 
to  see  in  this  crossed  omicron  of  our  inscription  a  cor- 
roboration of  his  view.  But  since  a  careful  scrutiny  of 
all  the  other  omicrons  of  our  inscription  fails  to  discover 
any  cross  marks,  the  interpretation  of  this  one  case  as  the 
survival  of  an  Argive  peculiarity  seems  precarious.  Pro- 
fessor Fninkel,  however,  in  his  copy  (C.  /.  G.  P.  517), 
which  is  here  repro<luced,  finds  traces  of  these  cross 
marks  in  the  O  at  the  end  of  the  line. 


*^ 


1,8  INSCKIPTIONS   FROM    THE   AlUHVE   IlKRAErM 

.  ,     .  mo       fo  00  m      There  is  cneat  iirejvularitv  in  the  siKuin?:  of  the  letters, 

heioht  tn.m  .012  m.  to  .0-  n  .      1  heie  is  .  aee<.u.itecl  for  by 

The  irreoukritv  of  turinnj,-  hues  4  and  (>  (Ionmi  at  tlu  emis      i 
the  aesi^  to  begin  the  foUowing  lines  .ith  a  new  na.ue  ^.^^^^^  ^^^ 

The  stone  was  brought  to  the  Centra    Museum     '-^^^^^  ^^,  ,,,  „,,,,„„, 

189:^94  with  several  others  mentioned  by  Professor  Wheelei  as  hn,^ 


...  ^-  4;  isit|.>  ,„.  „f  189:5  1  am  not  able  to  aseer- 


\ 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   STONE:    NO.   II. 


199 


where  there  is  only  room  for  I.  The  rough  breathing  B  was  ai)i)arently  not  used  before 
iapo?  as  is  seen  by  tlie  clear  ease  of  lapofivoifiov€<;,  line  3.'  At  tlie  beginning  of  line  3, 
I  must  have  been  crowded  in,  since  the  dii)hthong  is  used  in  tlie  very  oldest  inseriptions.- 
In  Hue  4  the  first  letter  must  be  n ,  since  there  is  no  trace  of  a  cross-bar  for  B,  which 


j'i  (TTliXa    ;    Kttl  O  TiXafJLUt 

tjapa  [T']a^  ["Ujpas   '•  ras  *Apyc- 

[t  Jos    ;    ltipOfll'(ifJiOVl<;  \   TotSc* 

llvpfuXiwi'  ;  Ai'/xavs  . . .  uffn'jTcve, 
'A\Kufitvi]<;  I  'YWcrs, 
'AptOTO^a/iOS    ;   'Ypia&tos, 
'A/X<^tKplTOS  ;    llui'<^l'\- 

as 


would  be  the  only  alternative.  The  surface  of  the  stone  where  such  a  bar  would  fall  is 
perfectly  [ueserved.  The  fourth  letter  is  almost  certiiinly  F,  as  the  surface  is  smooth 
where  the  right-hand  hnd>  of  a  n  would  naturally  ap})ear.'  Furthermore,  if  such  a  Kmb 
had  had  the  length  which  it  has  in  Uav<f)v\a<;,  line  7,  it  would  have  run  into  the  A  im- 
mediately below  it.  UvpfakLcju  is  prol)ably  a  diminutive  from  irvpaXi';,  a  kind  of  bird, 
which  in  Ilesychius  is  written  TruppaXi?  where  the  second  rho  seems  to  point  to  an 
original  (/l(jaintmi. 

There  are  many  intei-esting  peculiarities  of  form  in  the  letters  of  the  inscription.  The 
most  striking  is  the  second  (nnUron  of  lapofiudpovet;,  line  3.^  It  is  evident  at  a  glance 
that  even  a[)art  from  this  tmilcroiiy  which  is  ]>robably  an  accident,  we  have  an  inscription 
venerable  for  its  anticpiity.  E^^ry,  o=o>,  (r=\.  inde('<l  run  on  in  Argos  to  the  end  of  the 
fifth  centiny.     IJut  we  Hnd  beside  these  usjiges  0=5.  ^—p.  V  =  i;,  <D=^   B  =  rough  breatli- 

1  For  I'o^"*  as  ifiAdf  ill   Doric,  see  Ahrt'iis,  Dhl.   Ihr.  who  liad  already  i)rouounce(l  in  favor  of  an  Arrive  artist 

ii  i-  •**•  for  this  frieze  on  the  ground  of  the  Argive  lambda  in  the 

-  /.  a.  A.  -XS,  4-_'.  inscription,  was  inclined  (/i.  C.  //.  XX.  [189G],  p.  .V.)9  f.) 

'  The  only  other  possibility,  since  r/amma  has  the  form  to  see  in  this  crossed  omicrou  of  our  inscription  a  cor- 

A,  line  2.  roboration  of  his  view,     liut  since  a  careful  scrutiny  of 
*  This  would  pass  without  (piestion  for  a  simple  error  all  the  other  omicrons  of  our  inscription  fails  to  discover 

of  the  stone-cutter,  hut  for  the  fact  that  an  inscription  any  cross  marks,  the  interpretation  of  this  one  case  as  the 

connected  with  the  frieze  of  the  treasury  of  the  Ciiidians  survival  of  an  Argive  peculiarity  seems  precarious.     Pro- 

at  Delphi,  which  probably  belongs  to  the  sixth  century  fessor  Friinkel,  however,  in  his  copy  (C  /.  G.  P.  oil), 

B.  C,  has  two  and  iK>rhaps  three  omicrons,  crossed  in  the  which  is  here  reproduced,  finds  traces  of  these  cross 
same  way.    B.  C.  II.  XIX.  (1895),  p.  537.    M.  Homolle,  marks  iu  the  O  at  the  end  of  the  line. 


(li 


200  INSCEIFTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

■^„  t.e  .,>««.  a„a  pe^Bap,  n.^.  jn-portant  ^J"  aU  *e.  the  pu^-ion  C^ltj 
words  with  three  dots  m  ,«rpend.c«kr  hnes.      It  may  be  aa.  « 

like  ^v^lav%^  also,  and  nai'</>vXa9     look  old.     in  view  » i 

XIV      i  he  mscnpn  m,  _\_e  sufficiently  well  attested  in  later  times  for  Argos 

qui  remonte,  selon  toute  vraisemblance  au  ni     siecle  avant  notre  ere.  i 

t^,m  U  at  least  two  centuries  older  than  the  one  in  question. 

The  Hy  nethkns  are  not  so  frequently  mentioned  as  the  other  three  tnl.es,  and  are 
JS;:  later  addition  to  the.  original  three  tribes,"  *«  "^ j'^^'X 
an  incorporation  of  a  non-Doric  element'  into  the  commimity.  a  fact  which  was  con 
cealedTler  the  myth  of  Hymetho,  the  daughter  of  Temenus  nu,rrju,g  De.phontes^ 
Bu  hraddition  of  the  Hyrnethians  cannot  have  been  very  late,  for  our  n^npt  on 
fhow  t Intrsueh  g«,d  and  regular  standing  that  they  are  not  even  relegate!  to  the 
tit  place  in  the  catalogue,  as  is  the  case  in  the  inscription  just  mentioned. 

To  the  name  of  th^  Hieromnemon  who  is  mentioned  first  is  appended  the  w„r,l 
ilw  By  good  fortune  this  very  word,  without  the  rfiff«m»-«,  is  P---1  -  ^. 
Bas   rov«!/e  ArMolo,jkl><e,  No.  1,  of  the  inscriptions  from  Asia  Minor  (5.  ^'•/>-  32- 0; 


1  We  have  become  accnstomed  to  find  this  method  of 
punctuation  in  some  of  the  very  oldest  Pi««^»  ^^"f  ^'^ 
lell  known,  ..  g.  Rihl,  /•  G.  A.  Nos.  5,  37.  41.  42  ^he 
last  three  from  Argos),  68,  119  (Olympia  bronzes).  321. 
322  (Galaxidhi  bronzes). 

»  Ahrens,  Dial  Dor.  §  14,  puts  this  retention  of  the 
combination  r,  as  a  peculiarity  of  Argos  and  Crete,  rt^t 
is  an  instance  of  its  survival  to  the  present  time  (c/. 
Kiihner-Blass,  Grammatik,  I.  p.  257). 

8  In  the  Argive  inscription  given  by  Foucart  m  Le  Has, 
Peloponnhe,  No.  116b,  i  «„Ai  ri.  Ua^^i^  (Foucwt,  n«M- 
4,.;x«.),  we  have  this  form  instead  of  the  later  form  m 
«  Unless  all  single  signs  of  age  in  alphabetic  forms  are 
illusive,  our  inscription  must  be  at  the  very  least  half  a 
century  earlier  than  the  one  published  by  Le  Bas,  Voyage 
Archtdogique,  II.  2,\  No.  1,  and  assigned  to  417  B.  c.  Uf 
this  we  shall  speak  later. 

*  The  Hylleis  are   mentioned   in  the  earlier  bronze 
tablet,  Arner.  Joum.  Arch.  VI.  (1901).  pp.  161  ff. 


•  Gilbert,  Griech.  Staattalter.  II.  p.  77,  and  the  refer- 
ence, there  given.  Also  B.  C.  H.  IX.  p.  350  ;  V.  p.  217 
(Cos)  ;  VIII.  p.  29  (Calymnus). 

•  Steph.  BVZ.  *.  r.  Aw^ar  —  fvX^  A«pi/«i-  ^»«F  8J  T^.», 
TXX.7J  ica}  ni^^wAoi  m)  Ai/^iw..  ii  'HpaitA.owf,  ica\  wpo<,*ri»n 
i,  •XprvBia  it'E^opo.  i.  It  is  worth  noting  that  in  the  in- 
scription given  in  Kabbadias.  FouilUs  d'£pidaure.  No. 
2ai,  of  the  latter  part  of  the  thinl  century,  in  a  list  of  1..1 

Megarian  names,  only  Hylleis,  Pamphyli,  and  Dymane. 

appear.     Perhaps  the  Hyrnethii  had  not  been  added  in 

Megara.     The  old  triple  division  appears  in  Hero<l.  V  .  «W. 

Some  would  find  it  also  in  LmpiUt  rp^x^uttt,  llom.  Od. 

XXX.  177. 

T  Roscher,  Lex.  Myth.  p.  982. 

»  This  inscription  from  Smyrna,  which  records  a  favor- 
able  verdict  of  the  Argives  for  the  Cimoliaiis  in  an  arbi- 
tration  between  them  and  the  Melians,  may  have  been 
transported  from  Cimolus  by  some  ship  carrying  Cimolian 
earth  to  Smyrna.     See  Le  Bas.  ihid. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   STONE:    NO.   II.  2OI 

pretre  du  second  seiiat,"  and  adds  the  following  comment :  "  'ApiyVeue,  qui,  bien  qu'il 
manque  dans  tous  les  lexiques,  se  deduit  tres-bien  du  meme  radical  qu'  dp-qTijp  et  aprJTupa, 
regardes  tous  deux  jusqu'ici  comme  exclusivement  usites  dans  le  dialecte  ionien."  ' 

In  an  inscription  of  the  Hellenistic  period  from  Mycenae,  published  by  Tsountas  in 
the  'E<f>7)p.€pU  *Apxato\oyLKTJf  1887,  p.  156,  hnes  4  and  5,  are  given  dpiareve  hapnopyw 
A€\<f>L(ov.  The  face  of  the  stone  is  very  much  defaced,  so  that  cei-tainty  is  hardly  attain- 
able, but  Tsountas  is  now  convinced  that  the  real  reading  is  not  dpia-reve  but  dp-qreve. 
The  eta  is,  to  be  sure,  in  this  case  very  broad.  Dr.  A.  Williehn,  who  decides  that  this 
alone  can  be  the  reading,  reinforces  it  by  the  consideration  that  in  the  prescript  of 
another  edict  published  with  this  one,  we  have  dpr^r,  which  can  be  restored  only  as 
dprJT€V€. 

In  all  these  instances  one  is  tempted  to  connect  the  word  with  the  stem  /rpe,'  and 
make  it  designate  the  '  speaker,'  or  in  other  words  the  chairman  of  a  board.  We  may 
then  think  of  Pymlion  as  the  president  of  the  board  of  Hieromnemons. 

The  word  rcXa/iwi/  or  rcXa/tw,  Une  1,  is  difficult  of  explanation.  We  have  come  to 
associate  the  word  with  Caryatids  and  Atlantes,  but  it  is  almost  certain  tliat  this  associa- 
tion will  not  hold  here.  We  shall  probably  come  to  the  proper  explanation  by  taking  as 
our  starting-point  an  inscription  from  Varna  {C.  I.  G.  II.  2056),  at  the  end  of  which 
the  following  provision  is  made  :  top  8c  Upowoiov  duaypd}f/at.  to  \fnj<f)Lap,a  tovto  ei? 
reXa/xciii/a,  kol  delvai  €i?  to  Upov,  With  this  may  be  associated  another  from  Mesam- 
bria  {C.  I.  G.  2053''),  which  closes  with  a  Hke  provision  :  top  Se  raixCav  dvaypdxftaPTa 
TO  \lrfj<l>L<rfia  tovto  ets  reXa/xcoi/a  XcvkoC  XlOov  dvaOifi^v  d%  to  Upov  tov  'AttoXXwi/o?. 
One  can  hardly  hesitate  to  say  that  Tckafiatv  here  appears  to  be  the  equivalent  in  Thrace 
for  a-TTJkri  in  Attica,  where  the  latter  word  occurs  constantly  in  the  phrase  prescribing 
the  setting  up  of  inscriptions,  a  phrase  which  except  for  this  difference  is  exactly  the 
same  as  in  the  two  inscriptions  cited.  But  our  inscription  mentions  a-TTJX-q  and  TeXapotv 
as  two  separate  things,  so  that  we  have  not  yet  arrived  at  a  complete  explanation.  The 
case  seems  at  first  sight  to  be  complicated  somewhat  by  a  third  inscription  from  the  same 
region  as  the  first,  and  now  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Odessa  {C.  I.  G.  2056**),  where 
the  phrase  is :  [di/aypai/rai  ct?  o-JnyXr/i/  XcvkoO  \i6ov  \_KaX]  dva[d€ivai  avrr^v  inl  rcXa]- 
fiatvo^.  The  inscription  then  proceeds  to  speak  of  [to  dud\o)p,a  elq  ttjv'\  dvadeaiv  tov 
rcXa/xa»i/09.'  It  is  this  inscription  which  leads  us  to  the  light.  TcXa/xwi/  is  restored  to 
its  function  as  a  support  in  a  way  which  fits  our  inscription  very  well.  In  regions  where 
marble  was  scarce,  one  may  well  suppose  that  an  inscribed  marble  stele  might  be  inserted 
into  a  larger  local  stone,  which  might  then  not  inaptly  be  called  a  TeXa/nwi/.  It  must 
be  conceded  that  C.  I.  G.  2053",  where  the  TeXafidtv  itself  is  of  marble,  affords  difficulty. 
But  it  may  be  that  even  with  the  origin  of  the  word  TikafKov  as  here  proposed,  the  two 
words  came  to  be  used  in  some  quarters  interchangeably. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  cut,  p.  198,  that  something  was  inserted  in  our  massive  block. 
There  are  dowel-holes  on  the  right  and  the  left  at  the  top  of  the  rectangular  depression, 
to  which  probably  two  others  at  the  bottom,  now  broken  off,  corresponded.  The  one  at 
the  left  measures  .07  m.x.02  m.,  the  one  at  the  right  .06  m.x.02  m.;  both  about  .03m. 
deep.  These  probably  served  to  receive  metallic  dowels,  inasmuch  as  they  are  provided 
with  little  channels  for  pouring  in  the  lead  when  the  inserted  object  was  in  situ,  the  channel 
on  the  left  running  obliquely  to  the  upper  corner  of  the  depression,  and  that  at  the  right 

*  Voyage  Arch.  II.  3*.  p.  6.  •  There  seems  to  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  the  read- 

*  Q-  ^P^P*f  I.  O.  A.  Nos.  110,  112.  ings  given  are  correct,  although  much  has  been  restored. 


v.. 


202  INSCRIPTIONS   FKOM  THE  AUUIVE   IIERAEIM 

running  hovi^mfcilly  to  the  edge  ..f  the  depression.     Besides  the  dowel-holes  there  is  ..„ 

«    Ir.re    irre  July  rou.ulhole  ahout  .12  .n.x.O"  m.,  which  may  have  served  also   o 

S  ome  «heni4  .l««el.  That  the  insertion  was  original,  and  not  connected  w.th 
hold  some  stien  tnenm  ^^^^  ^.^^^^  _  ^  ^,^^,  ,„s<r„.tn.n 

some  suhseqneut  use  ot  the  block,  is  pioNeo  ov  uie  i 

a,-e  shai.e.\  with  re-ard  to  it,  c.m.ing  in  around  it  to  the  right  and  to  the  left.  Ihe 
"lie  t  i^etedcannot  have  heen  a  sU.tue,  nor  a  ../,/.■  t,.  which  this  hock  served  as  a 
h!rilb  C  for  in  that  case  this  inscription  would  have  be...  hnhlen  ion.  view, 
eCtto  onHtoiding  so  as  to  i.ad  it  sideways  or  bottom  upwards.     Pro  «bly  we  have 

irfcwX  i.  to  whid.  was  inserted  a  stele  either  of  ..u.rble  or  bnuize  w.th  an  ins^ri,. 
tlof  Cter  length  and  im,Hnb.,.ce  than  the  one  which  we  have  here.     This  se.-ved 

3v  :  fl  adin"  to  the  real  contents  of  the  inscription.  It  shonl.l  lie  noted  that  at 
rr'llwe  w  "..t  „t  ,.»„.,,  and  that  n.ost  of  the  i..s<.iiptions  f..und  then-  wei.  cut ... 
ri.e  h  criiresto..e,  which  was  a  ...ost  .n.satisfactory  ...aterial.  The  veins  ot  the  st..iK. 
tl    h    c"h  eh  come  with  age  make  the  Lading  ,.f  these  "— Pt."- a" --1- 

•Sv  difficult  task.-     In  this  case,  even  at  a  very  early  date,  a  good  piece  ot  nnivble  may 

lia°e  been  imported  for  an  in.portant  msciiption. 

m. 

Inscribed  on  a  small  Doric  capifcil  and  on  a  ,Mnti.m  of  its  cohinin  found  in  tlu-  West 
BuiUlin<r  (of.  Waldstein,  Twelfth  A...ml  Report  ol  the  America.,  bcliool,  ,.  34)  e... 
S:  thii^i  \L  of  the  inner  row  of  cohimns,  counting  from  the  south  (excavator  i. 
Diameter  of  column,  1  ft. ;  height  of  echinus,  4  in.;  width  of  abacus,  1  ft.  9  m. .  heij^ht 
l^i  -ilvicus  4  in. ;  heidit  of  lettei-s,  about  .8  in.  i    ^  ,.      * 

S  i  hlib  d  outhe  aWcus  and  is  difficult  to  read,  owing  to  the  .laii,aRe<l  s  ate  of 
th  irfof  the  stone.  Professor  Taibell  was  the  «rst  to  read  line  1  '-«•*;-;''*-- 
s.p.ee»  which  he  iise<l  did  not  show  the  letters  in  line  2.  It  is  ,H,ss.ble  that  the  letteis 
TG  PI  should  be  read  before  W  in  Ime  2.  This  reading  is  due  to  Frankel,  C.  1.0.1. 
510,  who  restores  K\cr]Topi. 

!-• 

(a)  iv  Ne]/x€ai  Tcyc'ai  re  v-v^-vw 

Topt  IIcAAttr^a  .   .  . 

(M  is  inscriW  on  the  column,  there  being  tw.,  letters  in  each  flute,  as  is  shown  i.i  the 
facshnUr  T-ie  luieven  stretching  of  the  s<,uee».  has  ca.ised  the  h.ies  to  ap,H.ar  not  -lUite 
equi-distaut  from  one  another. 


T  \ 


AAoic  F  ei  A\e  ©  E  t 


^ 


(ft) 


Ti/XOkX^S  /l'    lBT)lit 


(a)  shows  clearly  that  the  inscription  is  the  dedication  <.f  some  object  by  a  victor  ni 
j2Xf'  Furtwan^ler,  .1^/...  MUtyiL  V.  pp.  30  and  31  note  2).  Siimbjr  niscrii. 
W  are  quoted  by  Pausanias  in  his  account  of  Olympia,  and  the  excayaticuis  there  ha>. 
ylkd  some  of  the  same  class  (./.  Ar.h.  Zelt.  187(^1878;   0/,>./>-,  V.).     The  fol- 

»  No.  XIV.  is  a  goo<l  exan.ple  of  this  difficulty  of  reading,  although  the  surface  is  nut  badly  broken. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   STONE :    NOS.   III.,  IV.  203 

lowing  numbers,  from  the  Anthology  may  also  be  cited  for  comparison :  xiii.  5,  8  14 
lo,  IG,  18,  19 ;  xvi.  (Planudea),  23,  24 ;  vol.  III.  (Firmin-Didot),  i.  23,  24,  30  44'  5o' 
82,  89,  102,  lOG,  291;  Adclenclu  to  yol.  III.  i.  86  b.     Frankel, /.  c,  makes  L  ^ 
esting  conjecture,  which  would  bring  this  inscription  into  connection  with  the  house  of 
Theaeus  of  Argos,  celebmted  by  Pindar  in  his  tenth  Nemean  ode. 

IV. 

Found  between  the  bases  of  the  inner  row  of  columns  in  the  North  Stoa  (II,  on  the 
Plan,  Fig.  2,  p.  9)  and  on  a  level  with  them,  at  a  point  about  one  third  of  the  lJn«rth  of 
the  stoa,  mejisured  from  the  west  end.  The  inscription  is  on  a  marble  block  measurino- 
10  ill.  by  10  in.  by  3.6  in.  The  letters  are  about  .7  in.  in  height.  There  is  a  round 
hole  in  the  top  of  the  block  1.6  in.  in  diameter.  Of  the  name  of  the  former  dedicator 
of  the  two  only  a  single  upright  bar  of  one  letter  is  preserved. 


Y    P  P    I  HA 
N   E  O   E   Ty\ 


avtOtrav 

The  name  Hybrilas  is  found  in  a  list  of  Proxeni,  Bull.  Corr.  Hell.  1891,  p.  412,  line 
10  of  the  inscription,  and  in  Bazin,  Archw.  de  Msh.  Scient.  II.  369.  On  the  suffix 
-Xa?  see  Fick,  Gricch.  Personennamen,  p.  123,  and  Pape-Benseler,  Lex.  p.  xxx. 

The  really  importiint  feature  in  this  inscription  is  the  form  p"  =  B.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  a  bronze  plaque  sjiid  to  be  from  Hermione,  but  apparently  of  doubtful  prove- 
nience, the  Argive  inscriptions  of  early  date  give  but  one  example  of  the  letter  B.  This 
occurs  in  the  proper  name  Bop<?aydpa9,  which  with  others  is  inscribed  on  a  stone  that  is 
built  into  the  foundation  of  the  Ciistern  tower  of  the  ruined  castle  on  the  Larisa  at  Argos 
(e/.  /.  A.  G.  30  =  Dialekt-Inxchri/ten,  3260  =  Roberts,  Greek  EpUj.  73).  Here  our 
copies  give  the  form 

The  phicpie  from  Hermione  has  been  pubUshed  by  Friihner  in  the  Remie  Archeo- 
lofjifjue  for  1891,  ii.  pp.  50  ff.,  and,  with  extended  comment,  by  Robert  in  the  Momt- 
menti  Antichi,  1891,  pp.  593  ff.  Here  beta  occurs  twice  (lines  2,'  6)  in  the  word  P  •  h  A. 
It  should  be  observed  that  the  upper  lateral  stroke  is  not  at  right  angles  with  the  verti- 
cal stroke,  as  is  the  case  with  the  example  from  the  Heraeum.  There  is,  however,  no 
essential  difference  in  the  forms.  If  the  bronze  plaque  is  not  Argive,  but  represents  a 
form  of  the  alphabet  in  use  at  Hermione,  we  must  suppose,  as  Friihner  has  pointed  out, 
that  there  existed  there  almost  simulfcineously  two  forms  of  the  early  alphabet,  that  of 
Argos  (note  the  letter  h  on  the  bronze  plaque),  and  a  form  closely  allied  to  the  Lacedae- 
monian {(f.  Roberts,  p.  284,  and  Kirchhoff,  Studien*  p.  160).  It  is  more  probable  that 
the  plaque  is  of  immediate  Argive  origin,  and  this  view,  to  which  both  Frohner  and 
Robert  incline,  is  now  shown  to  be  almost  certiiinly  the  correct  one  by  the  inscription 
from  the  Heraeum.  The  i-esemblance  of  this  form  of  beta  to  that  of  the  letter  in  several 
of  the  insular  alphabets  (C)  and  in  the  alphabet  of  Megara  ( J^  )  has  been  remarked  by 
Robert,  I.  c. 


I 


204 


INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  UERAEUM 


T. 


Inscribed  on  a  white  fine-rained  limestone,  which  splits  with  eonehoidal   fractu^. 
Inscribed  on  .  ^^^^^^  ^^^^  .^^^^^^.  ^^^  ^^j  columns,     b  x 


1  in.     The  height  of  the  letters  is  .4  in. 


(a)  Fragments  1-5. 


.  .  OP 

.  piTOV 


TO  •  p  r  p  r  r 

. .  (ovavmv  i  rvrrv 


ifierpov  I  H  \  tc/«I  •  pOOOO 


.  .  ao  .  .  • 


(6)  Fragment  6. 


. ,  .  avK 


-n.e  inscription  is  extremely  well  cut,  and  the  surface  of  the    t"-  "' -^j^^™'"'; 
tion   so  that  the  failure  to  discover  nm-e  fragments  is  ,«c«luirly  to  be  yetted.     It 
^e^^s'o  have  been  an  account  of  moneys  i«id  out,  possibly   or  buikUng  matem  s.     We 
ZXt  .^store  (vX..  ai..  in  line  4,  but  the  inscription  is  so  broken  .ovay  at  the  left   hat 
r^Ltural  restorations  are  not  worth  much.     One  Arg.ve  •-"l*-.^-^",=i^' 
P  =50.  0=10,   0/.  Reinach,   Traiti  <TEpUjmphe  grecyue    p.  218     D'"*"'"^^' 
Hen„e    °n.  p.  624.,  comments  on  the  inscription,  which  .als^  pubh.1.e.Us  No  32^. 
in  the  Dialekt-lHSchrlflen;  </.  Larfeld  in  MuUer's  IJanM,.ch,  I",  pp.  .>11  «■     Pe.hai«, 
however  n  =  o.«;oro«,  as  in  other  portions  of  the  inscription,  and  sagn.hes  an  .^.ol.    But 
h„rire  w®  to  read  P       If  it  meanVfive  or  fifty  drachmas  in  line  5,  ,ts  re,jet,t.on  up  to 
«::  pLs  wild  surely  be  most  unusm.1.    P«.fessor  F^D.AUen  sug^^^^^ 

.«edl  designate  a  coin  of  ^Ven  ™lue  (,;/.  ^"^'^'^■J^^:^^4Z 
fessor  Allen  also  suggested  the  readnig  a>va  vtov  m  Ime  4,  tnus  connecuu^  i  i 

Ttt  purchase  Tf  sacrificial  animals.  Compare  the  sacrificial  calendar  f,.m  Co 
J  H  S  IX  pp.  323  ff.,  published  also  in  Paton's  Corpus  of  Coan  Inscriptions.  Line 
i:  htter  IL  rather^'o  suggest  the  purchase  of  building  materials.  We  might^^ 
hLps  imagine  in  line  5  something  that  had  a  nep^^rpo.  if;'^7-  "^J^Xe  TZ 
difficult,  lince  it  involves  the  use  of  ^erpou  as  a  linear  unit)  o  100  and  ^-^-^\^ 
...  .a  might  belong  to  some  such  expression  as  roc  ri  8-crrvXo>.  0vp.,xa^a  (../-.lines 
^3-64  of  the  Epidaurean  temple-inscription).     This  mscnption  is  Frankel  s  C.  L  G,  P. 


INSCRIITIONS  ON  STONE:    NOS.  V.-VIII.  205 

No.^  523,  and  his  commentary  should  be  noted.     He  would  interpret  the  H  after  -liierpov 
as  rfdiinkidpov). 

VL 

On  a  limestone  tripod-base,  found  near  the  north  wall  of  the  West  Building,  with  a 
diameter  of  .50  m.  and  a  height  of  .41  m.  The  top  surface  shows  four  dowel-holes,  a 
large  stjuare  one  in  the  centre,  and  three  smaller  rectangular  ones  for  the  legs,  at  (Us- 
tances  of  .23  m.  apart. 

0    E    H    M    I    F    h    O    ^.  A^^^XXo9. 

Height  of  letters  .03  m.  to  .035  m.  The  rounded  delta  throws  this  inscription  also 
back  towards  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century.  But  its  chief  interest  lies  in  the 
doubling  of  the  .r/.  This  is  paralleled  by  the  Boeotian  Ac^^tTTTro?,  Riihl,  /.  G.  A.  150, 
and  Ae^^iTTTTa,  C.  /.  G.  1G08,  line  6.»  The  turning  of  xi  on  its  side  seems  to  be  an 
Argive  peculiarity.-  It  appeare  also  on  the  inscription  over  the  Cleonaeans  who  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Tanagra :  C.  I.  A.  I.  441.  The  cutting  off  of  the  upper  half  of  the  middle 
bar  is,  so  far  as  I  know,  without  precedent. 

VII. 
Found  just  to  the  south  of  the  West  Building  among  some  architectural  fragments. 
Inscribed  on  an  irregularly  broken  fragment  1  ft.  by  8  in.  in  size.     The  height  of  the 
letters  is  about  .5  in.     In  the  museum  at  Argos. 


Koptl/009 
)  { j  apofivdfi  [ove9 


Possibly  the  stone  formed  the  upper  part  of  a  atele. 


VIII. 


This  inscription  is  described  as  having  come  to  light  "  on  the  surface  of  the  south 
side."  The  stone  measures  5  in.  by  6  in.,  and  is  broken  on  all  sides.  The  letters  are  not 
deeply  cut  and  the  stjueeze  is  difficult  to  read.     The  height  of  the  letters  is  about  .3  in. 


6]Xic2L/uyaiAAll=lf 
.  .  .  rov  oXxa  /iva  a  .  .  . 

.  .  .  817s  iroT-qpia  k  (?)  .  8  .  •  . 
tJHoXa  d 'E7rtSu>[r^a 
apyvptov  oKko.  ij.\ycu.  (?) 
iwavdi/iaTa  Xcib  . 
ifnaXav  oXxav  8pa[x/wu'(?) 
(ftidXav  oXko.  Spa[x/A(u  (?) 
oX]Ka  h[pa)QUu(^) 


'  Roberts,  ItUrod.  to  Greek  Epigraphy,  No.  77. 

Xc[(aj  &!>  .  a  . .  . 


*  For  other  cases  of  gemination,  see  G.  Meyer,  Gr. 
Gram.  §  227. 


206  INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  IlKRAEim 

Frinkel-s  reading,  C.  I.  G.  P.  526,  in  line  4„^.aXa  i  'E-S^H-'I  ^««J^  *"';"."«';'„ 
My  ^tt  appeartto  show  the  r,  which  I  faihnl  to  ohserve  before.     H>s  K[u]S[..a  .n 

""ThetTe:::  ,nSt.y  part  of  an  inventory  of  vaU.ahle  object,  which  were  store., 

TbS  n   to  be  22  minae,  and  .H-rhaps  20  dmchmas  2  .d.ols ;  that .»,  .f  we  n«.y  unde^ 
object  seems  t,  ,  insc-ription  which  rektes  to  the  construct.,.. 

Tl'^eml  !t  Alpi..s  at  Epi.laar..s.     Lines  7  ....d  8,  however,  show  that  the  word 
of  the  temple  ot  Astlepu  i  ^^^^^^^^    ^,^^  ,„vced.ns 

r  :wrli::   i::iTr2"shows  ..o  trace  of  ....y.etter.lt  «.....;».„. 
then  as       the  vah.e  in.Ucated  were  a  single  ,..i..a,  n..less  A  may  ,.>ss.bly  '-take.,  as  a 
Z\      It  is  so  ..se.1  app.irently  in  H..e  106  of  the  arch.tectun.l  .nscnpt.o..  <.f  the 
Zr  t  E^i.    ..1  idy'referri:!  to  ;  bnt,  so  far  as  I  k..ow,  the  letter  has  never  Wn 
S'retea  "the..  a..d  it  i^ ..f  no  ^,p  ^^^^^^^^^^^^f::^^ 

Ui       d    g«f  .:  dedicator's  ..an.e,b..t  ..nfortu,.ately  there  is  ..„  ...cans  o,  .W.er....,  .ng 
how  „...ch  has  been  broken  off  at  the  begi„..ing  or  endu.g  of  the  l...e  Ime  •$  - 

.niaht  expect  a  word  expressing  an  attrib..te  of  woT,>ia  (c.  .J.  «8p..a,  «l.^h.  l...»ever^ 
harcUv  po-ible,  or  K^S^^J^a  (FrUnkeD).     In  line  6  ^ ^'^^tZ:    T^: 2  Z 
far  as  fk^ow,  ..ew,  if  we  are  to  take  it  as  s.gn.fvu.g  .led.cated  »«-•  «  "  J'^/^^ 
the  accsative  ^.o^av  in  Unes  6  and  7  has  a  ,.a.-allel  u.  h..es  6S  tt.  ot  the  .ecords 

temple  at  Delos.  ^^ 

An  irrecnilar  fra<nnent,  broken  on  all  sides,  measurinjr  1  ft.  6  in.     Heij^ht  of  letters 
abo^^t  Ttl  cJgive  no  note  as  to  the  exact  spot  where  this  inscription  .as  found. 

TIT  Yr>^ANONTA^n-^AENTAl 
AOMATONAIPONTAENOXoNi 

•N  KAIT  IC  TIEXEIPAT^ATANI 
,IMTITOIIAPonNArAoNC: 

XCAIKATAToNN'oi 
•  oNAIAEKAnHEN; 


.  .  .  VKO  .  .  . 

hplyvplq.  •  ai  he  rt?  Ka  rSiv  Trpiafieu[a>v 
.  .  .  VTL  Tiryxa>^»^'*'»  '"■««>^e»'  rh  V  .  .  . 
trr]aefia  top  Xiirovra  evoxov  a7r[oTt<ra4 
,  .  .  a>y  Kal  Tt?  n  cx"  'ra/^dTtuJ/  k  ... 
ayavTi  Tol  iapotivdiiova 
htK\a.<Tirai  Kara  rov  v6fio[v  o  .  .. 
ah€]\<i>6p  '  ai  he  Ka  fir)  ip  .  .  . 
hixd]<T(TO>vri  vrjr€[p 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  STONE:    NOS.   IX.-XI.  207 

Enough  is  left  of  this  document  to  make  the  conjecture  probable  that  it  is  a  portion 
of  a  record  of  cerfciin  specifications  touching  the  sale  or  lease  of  some  piece  of  property. 
The  ic/)o^i/a>oi/€9,  line  G,  whom  seveml  of  the  inscriptions  from  the  Heraeum  men- 
tion (see  Nos.  II.,  VII.,  xiv.),  were  doubtless  the  board  which  had  charge  of  the  nego- 
tiations. The  restoration  StKao-cat,  in  line  7,  was  suggested  by  Professor  F.  D.  Allen. 
That  in  Une  9  seems  to  follow  from  it.  Noteworthy  is  the  micommon  word  Tra/iaVwi/  in 
Hue  5.  We  have  TanndfiaTa  {to.  iinrdfiaTa)  in  Dhdekt-Imchrifteti,  488,  lines  163- 
175.  ComiMire  innaa-i.^  (Index  to  Biaftkt-Inschrl/teii,  Boiitien),  and  the  interesting 
compound  TrafiaTo<f)ayel<TTai  (/.  G.  A.  321,  lines  42,  45  =  Dialekt-Inschriften,  1478), 
also  the  Homeric  noXvirdfuov  and  Hesychius's  ifiirdfjiojv.  The  simple  word  nafia  has 
a  rare  literary  use.  (See  the  Thesauius,  s.  c.)  In  Ime  8  Frankel,  C.  I.  G.  F.  521, 
would  restore  iyypa](f}ov. 

X. 

Inscribed  on  an  irregulirly  broken  fragment  found  just  above  the  eastern  wall  of  the 
West  Building.  The  stone  measures  about  1  ft.  5  in.  in  height,  1  ft.  1  in.  in  width  at 
the  widest  jwrt,  and  7  in.  in  thickness.  The  top,  which  is  roughly  hewn,  has  two  small 
holes  in  it,  2  in.  by  2  in.,  and  1  in.  in  deptii.  Except  at  the  top  the  stone  is  broken  off 
on  all  sides.     The  letters  are  from  .6  to  .8  in.  in  heijrht. 


^JAIITIAA, 

iKOXMIO  " 

e:4'1AI 


.  .  a  4>t\fOTtiSa 

.  .  o(^)K6<r/uo<;  o(r)r  «) 

Tojt)  €T€0<;  a  .  .  . 

t]^  4>tXto-[Ti(So? 

.  .  .  ax  eirQ)  .  . . 
.  .  .  e(?)  .  .  . 


In  line  3  Frankel,  C.  I,  G.  P.  532,  would  read  c>7/]i/v€  Tto^.  The  small  holes  make 
one  think  of  a  de<licatory  offeruig  by  Philistis  or  her  brother,  but  it  is  useless  to  speculate 
in  detail  about  the  inscription. 


XI. 


Pound  in  the  West  Building,  close  to  the  wall  at  the  southwest  comer,  AprU  2, 1894. 
The  stone  is  irregularly  broken  with  an  inscribed  surface  about  .31.  m.  X  .12  m.,  and  is 
about  12  m.  thick.  The  letters  are  .005  m.  to  .007  m.  high,  very  regular,  and  remark- 
ably well  preserved.  They  have  no  ornamentation  except  that  the  strokes  are  generally 
broadened  a  little  at  the  end.  The  inscription  may  belong  to  tlie  third  century,  but 
probably  to  the  fourth,  and  is  a  fine  example  of  careful  cutting.* 


*  Yet  the  first  alpha  in  Havapxos,  line  14,  has  no  cross- 
bar, wliicb  makes  the  words  look  like  'KyaBiivw  Aiapx'^tt 


an  impossible  combination.    The  first  epsilon  in  Aa/ioaBfvtiay 
in  the  next  line  also  lacks  the  middle  stroke. 


208 


INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  Tilt:   ARGIVE  IlERAEUM 

1     Q4>  E  A  IQ 
5Q  K  P AT 
$Q  K  P  AT 
T  E  A  A  E  A  A 
5     ANQIAAAG 
$QT  H  P I  A  A  I 
SYNETANTOI 
^QiBION^QKPA 
A<t>POAITIANAAM 
10     VHKYAIQNA^QPAI 
VI05XIQNAAPXEKP 
pi5TAN4»IAQTI5nC 
$QKPATEIAN4>IAQTI 
TAOQNANAYAPXO^ 
15       .     M05OCNEIANNIK0I 

'  TOK  PATEI  AN  EPI  K  PA 
.0NOEP5IQNAAI<t>C 
N  AN<l>l  AOK  PATEIAPA/ 
ANEPIKAH^AIFfiNY^ 
20    ....  ..AAMO^eENH^AIFQN 

^YPAPAIONI^ 
NAPI^TOPCM^KE 

KETO^KAE     iOAI^ 

5  AN  A 

.  . I  A  ^ 

TcXXco  A 
5     'AvOiha  Ao 
2«i)TT/p»8a  I 
^vverav  Toi 
^(ff^lOV  2ft)/icpa[T€Mi 
•A</>po5tTtoi/  Aa>*[o#cpaTeM» 
10     MiKvXiava  2owra[Tpt? 
Moo-xwova  'A/3X^*[P"''^"* 
IliVTai'  <l>t\a)Tt?  Ho 
'^(OKpareiav  <l>t\wTt[? 
['A]'iad(ava  Navapxo^ 
15     ^a]fio<T6iv€iav  'Siicon[dxn 

*Api]oTOKpdT€tav  'ETnKpd[r€M 
....  01/  SepiTifov  ^ai4>6[vTrfi 
.  .  .  .  vav  ^iKoKpdreia  Tla\ 

av  'ETTi/eXf}?  AtfQ)vvo-[tai» 

20     ^anocdivrfi  Atfft)»'[uo-^ 

2wpa  riaioi/t? 

V  ' ApiffTovoXi^  Ke 
iCCTO?  KX€[oTr]oXt« 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   STONE:    NOS.   XL,  XII. 


209 


25 


We  have  here  simply  a  Hst  of  names,  some  in  the  nominative  and  some  in  the  accusa- 
tive. On  the  left,  where  the  oii<»:inal  edge  of  the  stone  is  preserved,  we  seem  to  have  an 
aecusjitive  at  the  bej^inninj^  of  each  line.  In  the  fii-st  instance  in  which  we  have  two 
consecutive  names,  line  12,  the  second  name  is  in  the  nominative.  In  line  14  it  is  the 
same,  and  so  on  apparently  to  the  end.  We  cannot  determine  whether  the  third  name 
is  an  accusative,  thus  makinjr  a  reoular  alternation,  until  we  reach  line  21.  This  line, 
however,  is  peculiar  in  havin<^  a  little  hlank  space  each  side  of  the  preserved  letters.  It 
is  iH)8sil)le  that  before  Svpa  an  accusiitive  stood,  separated  from  it  by  an  interval  slightly 
greater  than  usiwl.  11  aiot/i?  (which  has  a  space  after  it  for  more  than  two  letters), 
is  doubtless  an  epithet  of  Ivpa,  and  mt  does  not  brciik  the  alternation.  Line  23  is  the 
only  one  which  seems  to  do  this,  since  -Kero^  is  probably  the  ending  of  a  name  in  the 
nominative  ;  and  KXeoTroXi?,  which  follows,  seems  to  be  a  second  name  in  the  nominative. 
It  is  also  difficult  to  get  a  name  short  enough  to  precede  ]<c€to9  supposing  this  were  the 
ending  of  an  accusative,  when  only  seven  letters  in  all  are  lacking. 

The  inscription  may  be  a  record  of  emancipation  of  slaves,  with  the  slaves'  names  in 
the  accusative,  and  the  owners'  names  hi  the  nominative.  In  such  documents,  at 
Delphi  and  elsewhere,  women's  names  generally  outnumber  men's  names  by  more  than 
two  to  one.'     In  this  list  the  proportion  of  women's  names  is  even  larger. 

While  some  of  the  names  are  unusual,  none  of  them  are  strange  enough  to  be  remark- 
able. 'n<^c\t<u»'  is  interesting  as  occurring  again  in  diiferent  shape  in  No.  xiv.  It  is 
l)erhaps  a  favorite  in  Argolis,  as  it  appears  in  Dlafekt-Inschriften,  3269,  3341,  3401. 

The  iLse  of  the  digwnimi  in  Aifa>i/uo-[iai/],  which  occurs  twice,  and  the  Doric  endino*  a 
for  the  first  declension  names,  show  some  retention  of  old  style,  and  caution  us  against 
assigning  too  late  a  diite  to  the  inscription. 

xn. 

Found  towards  the  close  of  the  excavations  of  1804.  Of  irregular  shape,  about  .40  m. 
King  and  .11)  m.  broad,  .08  m.  thick.  Letters  of  the  same  size  as  those  of  Nos.  xi.,  xiii. 
(.005  m.  to  .007  m.),  and  almost  of  the  sjime  form.-  The  surface  is  so  badly  worn  away 
that  but  little  can  be  made  of  the  inscription,  and  that  little  only  on  the  left  side. 

Oidy  a  few  projMir  names  result  from  the  most  careful  scrutiny,  hardly  enough  to 
nuike  it  profitiible  to  add  a  transcription  in  small  letters.  Since  the  differences  between 
the  letters  of  this  inscription  and  those  of  Nos.  xi.,  xiii.,  were  at  first  hardly  discernible, 
and  since  this  stone  had  no  original  edge  preserved,  it  seemed  as  if  it  miglit  belong  to 
the  sjime  inscription.  The  thickness  of  the  stone  would  not  be  an  insuperable  objection, 
as  both  fragments  are  extremely  uneven  at  the  back.  Furthermore,  while  most  of  the 
names  which  can  be  made  out  with  certiiinty  are  in  the  nominative,  we  have  Xapira  in 
line  13  and  an  accusative  ending  apparently  at  the  beginning  of  line  20.  Even  the  two 
consecutive  nominatives  in  line  5,  which  may  be  regarded  as  certain,  although  this  is 
one  of  the  most  worn  places  of  the  stone,  are  paralleled  in  No.  xi.,  as  we  have  seen. 
Some  of  the  names  are  also  the  same,  as  'Apto-ToVoXi?  (5),  ^XydOoiv  (14),  perhaps 
KXeoTToXt?  (19,  21),  and  in  different  form  *0(^eXXio>i/  (20). 

But  even  the  slight  differences  in  the  letters  mentioned  above,  taken  together  with  the 
different  thickness  of  the  stones,  make  it  safer  to  treat  the  two  pieces  as  belonging  to 
different  inscriptions. 


25 


aav  *A 
iXu 


Smith,  Diet,  of  AtUvj  11.  61*. 


*   M  is  somewhat  broader,  with  the  upright  bars  more 
perpend  if  II  lur.     O  is  somewhat  smaller. 


210 


INSCRIPTIONS   FROM   THE   ARtilVE   IIERAEUM 

I  N  A  t    M  I  A  1  /« 

O  N  0^    A  Y...O^ 
A    APXEMAX 
A   M  /.  E  I  A    A  ♦  «  A 

5  API^TOPOAI^    NAYPAIA- 


16 


10 


15 


20 


A  A  AKQ  A Y    A 

A  Al  PI 
ATH 
t 

PAT 
A<t>  A  H  ^    E 
5Q^T  P  A" 
«  APIT  A   .    API 
AY5  1^ 
AT  A  O  Q 
KAHTOPA    P 
XIPP  AP 

KAEIAAOKA 
nP05    KAEO 
0  N  0<t>  E  I  A  A 
iHt    KAEO. 
Ai  PK  I  M  .  .  . 


TOA 


EY^ 


.  A  I  aA 
AMY 


N    APAX  N A^ 
pa<i  Miai 

a    ^i\€ia   A  *«^ 

*Apto-T«>7roXi9   NairrrXta 

a   AaKot  Av  .  .  o  .  .  .  •  toX 

a   \lpt 
on} 

par  ^ 

a<l>aT}<:   'E 

2«0TpdT[a 
Xdpira  'Apt[aTd7roXi9 

'A70^a>[^i> 
K\i77o[pa]  n 
*Af)]x»'''nro 

«Xe(3a  *Ok\ 
"Apxij'mro'i  KX€o[7roXi9 

OV  *0<^\X[«B«' 

M7?  KX€o[7ro]Xt8a 

atireifi   .    .   .   'Afiv[«Xau>9 

y   'Apdyya^ 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   STONE :    NOS.  XTI.-XIV.  211 

We  seem  to  have  genitives  also  in  this  inscription,  as  -wi/o?  (2),  *ApdLxva<i  (23), 
]»cXci8a  (18).  Of  these,  however,  only  the  last  seems  reasonably  eertahi,  as  the  first  may 
be  'ovoy  a  nominative  ending,  and  in  line  23  we  may  have  'Apdxva  followed  by  a  name 
beginning  with  %. 

Line  22,  which  shows  at  the  beginning  several  letters  which  are  hard  to  combine  into 
any  proper  name,  may  contain  something  else  than  names,  but  this  is  doubtful.  After 
this  line  there  is  space  for  another,  which  was  left  blank. 

xin. 

A  small  irregular  piece,  .07  m.from  top  to  bottom,  .18  m.  wide,  of  about  the  same  thick- 
ness as  No.  XII.  The  letters  also  are  identical  in  form,  so  that  in  spite  of  different 
weathering '  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  formed  a  jKirt  of  the  sjime  uiscription.  It  was 
found  at  the  close  of  the  work  in  1894.  A  small  piece  of  the  surface  at  the  right,  about 
.04  m.  sqmire,  is  now  detiiched.  But  the  two  fragments  fit  so  perfectly  that  there  is 
no  doubt  that  they  belong  together. 

K  El 

\KIONAPI :max 

4>IAQNIAAN<t>l /O 

PI^TANANOIP 
PY5IPP0N5^ 
N 

^v\\dKiov    'A/3t[<7Ta)  *A/3;^]cfia;^[ou 
^iXxavihav    4>t[Xa)Tt?]    Xo 
Wiarav   *Av0i'ir\Trov 
XJ^unTTTroi'  So» 

*Apx€ti<ixov  in  line  2  is  suggested  by  the  siime  name  in  xii.  3,  although  the  space 
is  rather  scanty  for  so  many  letters.  The  two  compounds  in  Itrno^  are  matched  by  the 
two  in  XII.  17,  19.     Wurrav  occure  in  xi.  12. 

XIV. 

The  stone  is  very  streaked  limestone,  .11  m.  thick,  irregularly  broken.  The  greatest 
length  of  inscribed  surface,  from  top  to  bottom,  is  .30  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  .23  m.  It  is 
not  finished  off  evenly  at  the  top,  where  the  heading  shows  that  we  have  the  original 
edge.  The  letters  are  .01  m.  high.  A  remarkable  feature  of  the  inscription  is  that  in 
the  top  line  where  the  stone  is  chipjwd  off  the  letters  are  cut  down  into  the  breaks  along 
the  edgfe. 

1  MNAMONE^HPA^OIEI 

API^TOKPATH^TIMArOPOY 

TEO^THMENIAA^I^TP 

r Y  E Y ^ A N T A5  E I  5  A Y TO Y $ 
a    APKEIAA    EPMOTENH^p^MA 

AAPABOYANAPIKO^|AE<t>AHN 

^lAs     |S^4>  A  H  N  As  A  A  M  0  I  T  A 
GAISXPQNOS    TTQAA0EE2 

APXIAO^    AG    ANTITTATPA 
10    T05    NAYTTAIA   AAAPMON 

'  This  piece  is  so  reddened  tliat  it  seems  at  some  time  to  have  been  exposed  to  fire. 


212 


INSCRIPTIONS   FROM   THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

NA$YAAAI«t>IAI^TQ|^  K 
NIKH    !A^   KAEYKPATE05 
♦  lAONIKA^^MIPEIAAl 
lA^GEOAO^IA^PQMAIA 
AT  A0Q  N05   ENA    PTEIN 
IENA2   KEPKAAAieiO 

I0KAAAPI2  TQITO 
«t>IAl$TIQNp^ei04>AN 

.PITYAAA      AYKO<t>P 
.PATE02   NAYTTAI1« 

AIQNYS   OYK 

El  A2  A    OAOP 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  STONE:    NOS.  XIV.-XVI. 


213 


15 


20 


1     'Upo]^ivaLfiov€<;  "Hpa?  ol  c[7rt 
\\pL(TTOKpdTy)^  Ttfiayopov 
reo?  Ti7/x€vt8a? 'IcTTp  l^T 

yveva-avraf;  eU  avTov%  [aTTiKivdtpoiV  rSivhi 
5     \\pK€i8a  'Ep/xoycVi7?  (^  Ma 

Xapa^ov  'Ai/SpiKO?  |A^    ^a^v[a.<i 
o-ta?  lA^  <l>a7yVa9  Aa/iotTa[8a? 

e  \lcr\poivo<i  IlwXa^ccq 
*\pX*-^o^  AG  'ArriTraTpa 
10      TO'i  NauTrXia  AA  'Ap/ioi/[ia?  [*ai;- 

va<i  *Ta8ai  <l>iXi(rTa>  (AE  K 
i'iVi7  |Ae  KXcuKparco? 
<l>iXo»'tica«;  S/iiipetSai 
|A^  HcoSoo-ta?  *Pw/iaia[? 
15      'Aya^(i>»'oq  eV  'Apyci  N 

^cVa?  KcpKaSai  «to  [^»- 

/xojcXa  'Apto-TO)  |SE  2 
<t>iXio-TiQ)i'  fAe  ^'-o<f>a.v 

K]piTvXXa?  Av»co</)p[a>i'  [KXcir 

20      K]paTCO?  NavTrXia 
....  Aicovutrtou  K 
....  cia?  Ato8wp[os 

This  inscription  seems  to  l)e  a  list  of  certain  persons  who  had  become  security  to  the 
Hieromnemons  for  something.  In  my  first  publication  1  ventured  to  make  the  sign 
KE  which  does  not  occur  elsewhere,  a  numeral  sign,  although  I  could  not  assigii  it  a 
value  The  fact  that  in  line  9  tlie  form  AG,  and  in  line  10  AA,  appeared  made  this 
supiH>sition  seem  plausible  in  view  of  the  variety  of  numeral  systems  m  the  Argohd. 
But  this  explanation  is  so  uncertain  that  I  feel  obliged  to  leave  the  meanmg  of  the  s.gn 
c,r  si-ns  doubtful.  It  seems  clear  that  cerfcun  i>ersons  designated  by  the  nomnuit.ve 
case  become  sponsors  for  others  designated  by  the  genitive  case,  probably  freedmen 

Probably  we  have  lost  at  least  half  of  the  inscribe<l  surface.  The  first  hue  must  have 
contained  lifter  the  cVt  at  least  a  proi^r  name  of  some  magistrate  who  gave  his  name  t<. 
the  year.     This  would  make  a  Hue  of  about  thirty  letters.     If  in  the  next  lines  we  have 

I  CoUitz,  Dialelt-ln^chriften,  Nos.  3280  (Arjjos),  3318      (Hemione).     See    also    Dittenberger  in    Iferme..  VII 
(Nemea),  3325  (Epidanrus).  3.W2  (Trwzen),  Xm,  338o      pp.  62  ff. 


the  names  oifour  Hieromnemons,  as  we  might  expect  from  No.  ii.,  and  the  names  of 
their  fathers,  with  some  such  formula  as  dueypayj/av  tov';  iyyveva-avra*;,^  even  forty  let- 
ters to  the  line  will  not  suffice.  It  is  of  coui-se  possible  that  there  were  only  three  Hie- 
romnemons at  the  time  of  this  inscription.  But  line  5,  to  go  no  farther,  with  a  name 
like  MarpoSaJpou,  and  another  name  with  the  usual  sign  (for  the  order,  up  to  Hue  9, 
seems  to  be  nominative,  sign,  genitive),  would  make  a  line  of  forty  letters.  It  is  the  lack 
of  such  a  large  part  of  the  inscription  that  makes  the  interpretation  full  of  difficulties. 
In  line  9  the  order  appears  to  be  revei-sed,  the  genitive  coming  before  the  sign  and  the 
nominative  after  it. 

n&*Xa^cc9  (8),  'TaSat  (11),  S/iipet8ai  (13),  Kepfca8ai  (16),  seem  to  designate  guilds  or 
lM)ssibly  (jentes,  and  may  signify,  according  to  Professor  Friinkel's  suggestion,  '  Horse- 
breeders,'  *  Swineherds,'  *  Polishers,'  or  '  Sharpeners '  (literally,  '  users  of  emery '), '  Weav- 
ers.' The  designations  recall  the  names  given  by  Clistheues  to  the  tribes  at  Sicyon 
(Herod.  V.  08). 

That  the  inscription  is  from  Roman  times  may  be  inferred  from  the  occurrence  of 
*Pw/biaia[9],  although  the  forms  of  the  letters  alone  would  not  have  led  us  to  ascribe  it 
to  so  late  a  period."     Many  of  the  lettei-s  are  apicated. 

XV. 

Inscribed  on  a  stone  built  into  the  wall  of  one  of  the  structures  that  adjoin  the 
North  Stoa.  The  wall  is  not  of  the  best  construction,  and  the  inscribed  stone  was 
undoubtedly  brought  from  elsewhei-e  and  built  in  at  a  date  Liter  than  that  of  the  cutting 
of  the  inscription.  The  dimensions  of  the  stone,  which  has  apparently  been  cut  down  to 
fit  into  its  pi-esent  position,  are  2  ft.  11.5  in.  by  1  ft.  11.5  in.,  and  the  upper  line  of  the 
letters  is  3.5  in.  below  the  top  of  the  stone.  The  height  of  the  letters  is  about  3  in. 
The  upi^er  left-hand  corner  of  the  stone  is  broken  off.  The  inscription  is  very  clearly 
cut.  The  apparent  dot  in  the  first  0  is  almost  certiiinly  only  a  bre<ik  in  the  surface  of 
the  stone.     The  form  of  siyma  is  noteworthy  in  an  Argive  inscription. 

J)|Fo^  V  Ho 

Aifovvtriov 

FrJinkel,  C  /.  O.  P.  512,  reiids  AcctouvaCov  on  account  of  this  form  occurriusT  in  Nos. 
XI.  line  20,  and  xiv.  fine  21. 

Possibly  this  nuiy  be  a  patronymic  genitive  in  a  dedicatory  inscription. 

XVI. 

Inscribed  on  a  much-broken  block  of  stone  metisuring  2  ft.  3  in.  by  2  ft.  by  1  ft.  3  in. 
(height).     Found  on  the  upper  terrace  just  south  of  the  remains  of  the  earlier  Temple. 

A  1 1  A  M  1 

*ApTdfii 

For  the  form  see  Foucart  in  I^  Bas,  ExpJicnt.  No.  109r/.  The  inscription  there  pub- 
lished reads,  UpotTLcjv  \\pTdfiL.  Foucart  compares  the  forms  Sapdwi.,  "lo-i,  'Ai/ov/8t  (cf. 
Mittheil.  IV.  p.  US,  No.  508 ;  Dlaftkt'Insthnften,  3283). 

•  iyyv*im,  tlioiigh  not  given  in  the  lexicons,  is  contained  ■^  The  rounded  epsilon  which  appears  in  the  combina- 

in  Wescher  et  Foucart,  Inter,  de  Delphes,  No.  139.  tion  p^  does  not  appear  in  the  body  of  the  inscription. 


214 


INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  IIERAEUM 


XVII. 
Found  in  the  s^ime  place  as  No.  vi.     The  inscribed  stonejs  of  irreffnlar  shape,  bnt 
the  nlsurements  may  be  ron.hly  ,iven  as  11  in.  by  5  in.     The  he.ght  of  the  letters  . 
about  1.2  in.     The  dot  in  the  0  is  not  entirely  certain. 


^vhr 


I 

,  .  .  o  (or  (o)v  av[e0TtK€{7) 
The  squeeze  fails  to  show  any  trace  of  the  line  after  .  which  Frankel  notes,  C.  I.  <i.  P. 

rm. 

XVIII. 

Ins.ribe.1  on  a  very  much  oroken  frapnent  measurinj?  roughly  9  in  l.y  5.4  in.  The 
letters  are  alH,ut  .9  in.  in  height.  In  Une  2  the  fourth  letter  .s  very  hkely,  though  not 
onite  certainly,  Ih.U, ;  and  indeed  the  second  letter  of  the  hue,  «,  far  as  form  goes, 
mi.'ht  be  the  same.     In  line  4  jwrhaps  we  should  read  to  mstead  of  pra. 


..c]o?    ^«(?) 


.   .  .  €P 


. . . ura 


Friinkel,  C.  /.  0.  P.  533,  restores  KX']co<r0(  -  |  •-  [ i^VTijo-Jc. 

XIX. 

M       0 

On  a  fragment  of  a  round  k.se  of  limestone  which  must  have  had  a  diameter  of  about 
1.50  m.  with  very  elaborate  moulding.  The  inscription  is  on  a  band  .11  m.  broad.  Above 
this  is  a  projecting  lip  now  badly  shattered,  once  .03  m.  thick  and  projectmg  at  lea^t 
02  m. ;  iM^low  is  a  concave  moidding  .01  m.  broad,  then  a  convex  one,  02  m  broad 
then  a  band  .05  m.  broad  with  a  double  maeander  pattern.  The  shai«  of  the  frn^ent 
is  like  that  of  a  sector  of  a  cyHnder,  the  inscribed  surface,  i.  e.  the  arc,  measuruig  .24  m. 

Height  of  letters,  M  .025  m.,  0  .02  m.  ,  ,  ^       t,  *       .1.^  aa 

We  have  the  beginning  of  the  inscription,  since  there  is  a  space  of  .14  m.  before  the  M, 
whereas  the  letters  M  and  0  .re  only  .05  m.  a,K.rt.  It  is  ,«eless  to  attempt »  -""; 
The  inscription  was  probably  brief,  since  other  pieces  of  the  base  lymg  at  the  Heraeum 
have  no  letters. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   STONE :    NO.  XX. 


215 


XX. 


Two  marble  fragments,  rough  at  the  back,  .09  m.  thick,  both  irregularly  broken,  (a) 
about  .22  m.  X  .22  m. ;  (6)  about  .15  m.  X  .25  m.  (height) :  letters  in  both  .06  m.  .07  m. 
in  height,  and  with  large  apices. 


(a;       V    A    1    •» 

T  0  P  0 


(*)      VIE 


Whether  {a)  is  properly  first  in  order  of  succession  one  cannot  say,  as  a  reconstruction 
is  not  to  be  made  out  of  such  scanty  fragments.  All  we  can  say  is  that  {a)  certainly 
yields  in  the  second  line  AvTOK/>a]Topo[9  and  in  the  first  line  perhaps  ' Av\_T(opivov.  (b) 
yields  Sc[/8acrToi/.  It  is  in  itself  highly  probable  that  the  worship  at  the  Heraeum  had 
a  period  of  revival  under  Hadrian  and  the  Autouines. 


PART  SECOND 

STAMPED  TILES  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

BV   KUFUS   BVAM   BICHAKDSOS 

Clay  that  is  to  l.e  fired  presents  an  opiH.rtunity  easily  to  inscribe  a  name  so  that  it  shall 
become  more  durable  than  ,.ne  laboriously  chiseled  in  stone.  This  „,,,K,rt«n,ty  .s  one 
too  tempting  to  be  neglected,  and  from  the  time  when  the  Assyrians  stan.Hthe.r  bricks, 
down  to  the  present  diiy,  it  has  been  improved.  Tiles  and  bricks  nmde  by  K.m.ans  and 
impressed  with  the  names  of  the  legions  by  which  and  for  winch  they  were  made,  have 
been  found  all  over  Western  Euro,«.'  At  first  less  attention  was  ,«id  to  Greek  materuU 
of  this  chat^cter  because  the  nuterial  itself  has  been  less  abun.lant.  B.rch  M«o,.h| 
PoUer,,,  p.  116  ff.)  gives  a  list  of  the  exiimples  known  at  the  tnne  of  the  publication  of 
that  work ;  but  that  was  nearly  forty  years  ago,  and  even  the  second  edition  is  more 
than  twenty  years  old.     In  this  interval  iminy  additions  ha«  been  made  to  oin-  sh-ck. 

A  ,K.rt«a  list  of  these  additions  was  drawn  up  by  Paris '  in  1892,  including  contrd.u  ions 
from  Athens,  Piraeus,  Corinth,  Mantinea,  Tegea,  Lycosura,  Sprta,  OlyiiM-ia,  Do<l"m«. 
Tana-ra,  Thisbe,  Metap<mtum,  Velia,  besides  a  considerable  .iiiantity  from  Ektea.  1  his 
hst  ..right  be  greatly  enlarged.  The  two  great  excavations  of  Olympm  and  Delos  w^re 
it  is  true,  unfruitful  in  this  sort  of  nuvteri^d ;  but  Perg-amon'  has  yielded  one  hundred 
and  twenty-four  different  stan.i«,  with  sometimes  forty  impres-sions  f r,m.  the  same  stamp. 
The  excavations  at  Megalopohs  gave  a..other  snudler  but  interestn.g  add.tu,.. ;  Chios, 
Magnesia,"  TralW  '»'<1  Eretria'  also  furnish  tl.eir  contributions.  Epidanrus  has  several 
tiles  with  the  stamp  ANTUUNeiNOV 

In  the  recent  excavations  at  Corinth  were  fom.d  several  tiles  bearing  the  abbreviated 
title  of  the  Roiiwn  city,  COL.   I  V  L   CO  R." 

Of  especial  interest  is  a  tile-fragment  from  the  temple  of  A,m.11o  at  Amycke,  now  in 
the  Central  Museum  at  Athens,  and  not  yet  pubUshed.  On  this  the  stamp  luis  Wn 
impressed  twice.  The  first  time  it  was  d..ne  so  carelessly  that  only  the  top  line  fK.k. 
We  read  A  TT  O  A  A  W  N  0  3.  It  is  perfectly  evident,  however,  from  the  breadth  of  the 
{..dentation  in  the  clay,  that  another  U,.e  ought  t»  be  there.  But  by  g.H.d  luck  the 
workman  saw  his  failure,  and  pUnted  his  stamp  again  about  an  ...ch  h.gher  up,  th.s  t....e 
sipmrely.     The  livrger  portion  of  the  lower  line  has  been  spared.     Just  at  the  top  of  the 


fragment  we  read :  — 


AAWI 
M  Y  K A Al 01 


»  Marini,  Imcrizioni  doliari ;  Birch,  Anciefd  Pottery,  at 

the  end. 

2  Elatie,  pp.  110  ff.     In  the  BiUiotheque  des  Scales 
frarnaises  (TAlh'eneB  et  de  Rome,  Fascicule  60^. 

•  Alterthumer  von  Pergamon,  VIII.  2,  pp.  393  ff. 

*  Excavations  at  Megalopolis,  p.  140,  and  Jour,  of  Hell. 
Studies,  XIII.  pp.  332,  33G. 


»  Athen.  Mitth.  XIII.  p.  182. 
«  Ihid.  XIV.  pp.  103  f. 
t  B.  C.  H.  X.  p.  327. 

»  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the   American   School  of 
Clwtsical  Studies  at  Athens,  p.  40. 
»  Kabbadias,  Fouilles  d'Spidaure,  p.  107,  No.  247. 
w  Am.  Jour,  of  Arch.  Second  Series,  I.  (1897),  p.  111. 


STAMPED  TILES  217 

Hardly  less  interesting  is  a  brick  from  Sparta  stamped  :  — 

TTAIN0OIAAMOCIAICKANO 

0HKACETTIKAAAIKPATEOC 

EPrUJNANIKAClUJNOC^ 

It  is  not  necessary,  however,  to  give  here  a  complete  catalogue  of  the  material 
which  has  been  found  in  recent  years  and  has  received  casual  mention  in  various  peri- 
odicals. Enough  has  been  said  to  show  that  certain  stamped  tiles  found  at  the  Aroive 
Heraeum  are  far  from  being  an  isoLited  phenomenon  in  Greece.  Of  these  tiles,  seven 
fall  at  once  into  a  class :  — 


(«) 

^Q  K  A  H  $ 

(ft) 

$Q  K  / 

('') 

$Q  K     .    .    ^  A. 

('/) 

$       K  A  H  $AP  V. 

(e) 

T  E  K  T       N, 

(/) 

P  XI  TE  K  T       N 

(9) 

\PXITEKTQN 

The  letters  in  all  these  are  of  the  same  form,  about  half  an  inch  long,  and  raised.- 
Thei-e  is  no  room  for  doubt  that  they  are  all  from  a  single  stamp,  and  one  can  easily 
restore  for  all  the  reading :  — 

^QKAH^APXITEKTQN 

By  a  piece  of  good  fortune,  the  Central  Museum  possesses  a  fragment  found  by  Stama- 
takis  at  the  Heraeum  in  1878,  containing  AH  ^APXITEKTQN,  evidently  stamped 
with  the  sjime  die.  To  i-emove  any  lingering  doubt  as  to  all  these  pieces  belonging  to 
one  lot,  it  may  be  added  that  they  are  all  of  the  same  thickness  (.035  m.) ;  that  about 
.025  m.  from  the  top  (which  is  the  only  original  edge  preserved)  a  thin  strii)e  is  im- 
pressed ;  that  the  stamp  is  in  each  case  placed  immediately  below  this  stripe,  always  on 
the  concave  side  of  the  tile,  which  on  this  side  had  a  finish  not  given  to  the  other  side ; 
and  that  the  cLiy  in  all  is  rather  coarse.  After  reaching  this  conclusion  with  very  little 
difficulty,  I  had  my  attention  called  to  a  whole  tile  in  the  Polytechnikon,  found  by  Dr. 
Schliemann  in  1874  in  the  village  of  Chonika,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  Heraeum. 
Here  stands  in  full :  — 

$QKAH  ^APXITEKTQN 

At  the  bottom  of  the  tile  is  another  stamp :  — 

AAMOIOIHPA^ 

This  is,  of  course,  for  hafiocriot.  *Hpa?,'  and  would  mark  the  tiles  (Kcpa/xoi  being 
understood)  as  the  public  proi)erty  of  Hera. 

On  the  stamped  tile  from  Sparta,  above  mentioned,  we  had  irXCvOoL  hafioaiai  CKavo- 
6-qKa<:,  an  exactly  parallel  case.     So  on  the  Piraeus  fragments  we  have  MO  $  I  A  TT  E  I  P 


>  Athen.  Mitth.  II.  p.  441  ;  mentioned  also  by  Paris, 
op.  cit. 

*  Particularly  noteworthy  are  the  small  n,  the  ^  with 
oblique  upper  and  lower  bars,  the  K  with  short  oblique 
bars,  and  the  very  Ion;;  E,  which  makes  ^  ¥  T  Q  descend 
like  the  side  of  a  flio^ht  uf  steps. 

'  In  some  Arg^ive,  as  well  as  in  Laconian,  inscriptions 
ir  Itetween  vowels  is  changed  to  h,  as  in  [AoMoj/a,  Roberts, 


Introd.  to  Greek  Epigraphy,  No.  79,  and  "Exofi;*,  No.  81, 
while  in  other  cases,  in  the  same  position  it  vanishes  alto- 
gether. Thus  in  C.  I.  G.  I.  1120,  TtKurwos  is  used 
three  times  for  TcAfViinroi,  and  9pdv\koi  for  BpdirvKKos 
(in  Collitz  und  Bechtel,  Argivische  Inschriften,  p.  127,  the 
rough  breathing  is  given  to  these  names).  See  Ahrens, 
De  Graecae  Linguae  Dialectis,  II.  p.  78  f. 


i. 


Iff 


218  INSCRIPTIONS   FROM   THE  ARGIVE   HERAEUM 

lith  nXi.0o,  probably  suppUeU.  The  three  T'-g™  *"- /-^  *  °  '  \° j^/  ^  J'; 
Te..ea  tile  bears  A  A  M  0  S  I  0  ?.=     A  fmgment  of  bn.k,  aW  trom  Tegea,  has  ar,. 

^"tXr  tile  an  inch   thick  ami   of  great  concavity,  founU  at  the  Heraenm.  has 

""  TirJIi'saudtoc  does  not  put  «s  in  i»ssession  of  any  very  .lefinite  infornmtion,  such 
aslh"  Tutd  Cy  the  English  excavators  at  Megalo.K.Us,  who  uleut.hed  the  Ph.hppemu 
by  llr-l  tiles'  The  ."hole  precinct  was  sacred  to  Hera,  and  the  tdes  of  any  buJd- 
i„..  or  even  of  a  dmin-pil«,  might  have  been  said  to  heh.ng  to  her.  .      ,      „  , . 

0,1's  fiLt  thou.'ht  is  of  r.H.f-tiles.  But  the  tile  that  we  have  entire  .n  the  Pol,- 
tecWon  t  vL  "heavy  and  coarse.  It  is  1.10  m.  U,„g,  .51  m.  br.«ul  at  the  top, 
T4  n.  blul  It  Ae  hotL,  .035  m.  thick.    The  e<lges  are  cut  off  w.th  a  sbnt,  makn.g 

•I  <'i'o<*s  section  of  this  fonii '  —  ^^"^^  ,.  i  .  •    .1  ■*... 

Ul'een  suggeste.1  to  n.e  that  it  might  be  a  drain-tile,  ln.t  so  shght  .s  the  concav.t, 
that  it  would  t..ke  at  least  five  such  pieces  to  make  a  cyhnder,  and  tins  ^-^ 

would  be  enormously  krge  -  a  metre  and  a  half  or  more  m  dianjeter.  Of 
course,  this  might  be  the  case ;  the  tiles,  however,  woiUd  not  make  jon.ts, 
but  would  simplv  touch  one  another  with  shar,.  edges  thus :  - 

It  is  not  likeW  that  the  e<lges  would  have  been  made  to  ht  so  inmrly  if  this  had  been 
thertor  which  the  tiles  w:,.  designed.  Neither  is  it  likely  that  tiles  he  th.sw^e 
intende.1  to  go  in  pairs,  making  a  flat  dniin  (one  being  imposed  upou  tl.e  ^ 
ntherWor  in  that  case  the  edges  would  have  met  thus:  — 

F  r  ou  y  one  sort  of  a  drai:d..s  a  tile  of  this  shape  seem  fit,  viz.,  for  an  oijen  dnu^ 
The  h-wer'smidler  end  of  each  np,«r  tile  would  fit  into  the  broacler  -^V^^  -_^ 
lower  tile  and  make  a  good  drain  for  a  si.udl  qmintity  of  water,  e.  g.,  the  drippings  from 
1  Tof  B^  it  would  be  strange  if  such  drains  existed  in  q.uu.fty  enough  to  ha., 
aff^ed  us  almost  our  only  survivals  of  Heraeum  tiles.  Furthermore,  a  system  that  was 
anoruea       an  j  gutter-tiles  on  a  roof   o-uXijM?). 

fit  for  an  exposed  drain  was  ht  to  ser\e  as  a  **rie8  '"  *>  .„5„„   „,  niav 

The  zigz..g  edge  was  perhaps  rude,  but  it  could  be  covered  by  the  K«Xv„T,p«,  as  uKiy 

be  seen  by  the  annexed  tut :  — 


STAMPED  TILES 


219 


n> 


There  is  a  breadth  of  only  shghtly  over  .14  m.  to  be  covered  by  the  KaXv^vP-     ^ 
would  be  just  .14  m.  if  the  turned  up  edges  of  the  <r<.Xii.«,  for  so  we  may  now  caH 
Tern  we  J  cut  off  straight  and  not  with  a  slant.     If  the  KaXvyr,p«  were  as  thick  as 
tr^lxZ..,  they  mnS  have  had  a  superficUU  breadth  of  .21  ni.«     Perlnn«  we  nuiy 
!.!nme  25  in.  as  I  maximum.    The  <r.X^.«  could  have  at  most  a  bn^adth  of  only  ..JO  m 

Thtadiustment  gave  a  roof  divided  in  its  surface  about  equally  Ween  guttei^tile, 

..        .       •  i:i Afiark     «n     intAroatiliir     iutn- 


'  Paris,  op.  cit.  p.  112. 

4  Athen.  Mitth.  IV.  144. 

»  Paris,  op.  cit.  p.  110. 

*  At  Eretria,  in  18M,  a  small  fragment  of  a  tile  was 
found  bearing  apparently 

AH  MO  EPETPl. 
If  AHMO  be  the  true  reading  of  the  somewhat  worn  let- 


ters  really   look  more  like  AIMO.  an  interesting   iota- 

eism. 

*'  Excavations  at  Megalopolis,  p.  141. 

•  The  eompuUtion  would  be  as  follows  :  the  toper  of 
the  amxip  (.07  m.)  plus  twice  the  thickness  of  its  edge 

(.14  m.). 
'  The  computation  would  be  as  follows  :    .44  m.  — 


If  AHMO  be  the  true  readmg  oi  me  soniewu»v  w«...  .-. r  s/  o^_  •*!  m 

ters.  H  and  M  are  strangely  crowded  together.     The  let-      (.035  m.  X  2  +  .035  m.  X  2)  -  .30  m. 


and  covering  tiles.  The  taper  of  the  gutter-tiles  affords  an  easy  way  of  fitting  each  one 
into  the  next  lower.  Probably  the  covering  tiles  were  arranged  in  the  same  easy  way, 
the  narrow  upiHjr  end  being  overlapi)ed  by  the  broad  end  of  the  next  covering  tile. 
This  did  not  make  so  fine  a  roof  as  is  found  on  buildings  having  marble  tiles,  with  their 
delicate  KaXvTrrrjpe';,  or  as  the  i-oof  of  the  Treasury  of  Gela  at  Olympia  with  its  more 
cai-ef ully  matched  cky  tiles.  But  that  it  is  a  probable  and  natur.d  arrangement  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  tiles  are  now  adjusted  in  the  stime  way.  The  only  difference  is  that  they 
are  now  made  much  smaller.  The  tile  in  the  Polytechnikon  must  be  twenty  or  thirty 
times  as  heavy  as  those  now  in  common  use  on  the  roofs  in  Athens.  Such  tiles  wei-e 
large  ent)ugh  to  be  held  in  position  by  their  own  weight,  without  mortar,  even  in  spite  of 
considerable  wind,  thus  making  a  roof  comparable  to  those  made  of  flat  stones,  so  common 
in  the  valleys  of  Northern  Itiily,  where  fierce  winds  sweep  down  over  the  mountain  passes. 

These  tiles  might  be  considered  quite  old  and  primitive  were  it  not  for  the  stamp 
which  forbids  such  a  thought.  This  even  forbids  our  ascribing  them  to  the  time  of  the 
erection  of  the  new  temple  of  Hera,  which  was  probably  begun  soon  after  the  destruction 
of  the  older  temple  in  423  b.  c,  and  completed  before  400  b.  c,  to  say  nothing  of  the  fact 
that  Pausiinias  mentions  Eupolemus  as  the  architect  of  that  temple.  The  West  Build- 
ing, also,  if  the  signs  of  its  age  have  been  correctly  estimated  by  the  visiting  architects, 
could  not  have  borne  these  tiles  on  its  Jirxt  roof.  Its  massive  character,  however,  and 
the  short  s|)an  of  its  roof  would  make  it  a  very  projier  building  to  carry  such  heavy  tiles. 

As  these  were  found  in  various  spots,  (a)  at  the  north  side  of  the  West  Building,  (c) 
and  (e)  on  and  near  the  steps  of  the  Ejiet  chamber,  the  place  of  finding  furnishes  no  clue 
as  to  the  building  to  which  we  are  to  assign  them. 

Not  to  be  too  exact  about  the  forms  of  lettei-s  on  a  stamp,  and  that,  too,  outside  of 
Attica,  where  we  are  always  uncertiiin  as  to  dates  of  certain  forms,  we  may  yet  say  with 
considerable  sjifety  that  the  stamp  cannot  be  earlier  than  the  fourth  century,  B.  c.  The 
small  omef/a  would  seem  to  make  it  venturesome  even  to  put  it  into  that  century  at  all. 
But  agjiinst  any  very  late  date  may  be  arrayed  the  following  considerations :  — 

1.  A  has  a  straight  crossbar. 

2.  $  has  its  upper  and  lower  branches  very  divergent. 

3.  There  is  no  attempt  at  ornamentation. 

But  it  is  of  course  possible  that  the  stamp-maker  may  have  indulged  in  an  affected 
archaism.  The  irregularity  of  the  ending  EKTQN  may  be  due  to  that.  On  the  Amy- 
claean  stamp  there  is  no  sign  of  a  later  date  than  300  b.  c,  other  than  a  very  late  form 
of  the  omega  (W).  As  for  ^  with  divergent  upper  and  lower  bars,  it  is  found  on  bricks 
made  perchance  a  year  ago  at  Chalkis. 

The  name  Socles,  a  *  Koseform  *  for  Sosicles,  is  common  enough,  and  affords  no 
particular  interest.  But  the  meaning  of  apxLTCKtcjv  is  an  interesting  question.  The 
word  seems,  judging  from  its  use  in  numerous  inscriptions,  to  have  the  definite  meaning 
of  *  supervising  architect,*  holding  office  sometimes  for  the  erection  of  a  certain  build- 
ing, as  in  the  case  of  the  temple  of  Asclepius  at  Epidaurus,  or  for  a  term  during  which 
he  would  supervise  all  building  and  repairs,  as  at  Delos.  His  office  is  well  described  by 
Fabricius  {Hermes,  XVII.  p.  17),  and  by  Homolle  {B.  C.  IT.  XIV.  pp.  477  ff.),  who 
remarks :  "  Dans  un  grand  sanctuaire  comme  celui  de  Delos,  oil  les  reparations,  a  defaut 
meme  de  travaux  neufs,  exigeaient  continuellement  la  surveillance  et  la  capacite  d'un 
homme  de  metier,  on  ne  pouvait  se  passer  d'un  architecte.  L'habitude  d'attacher  d'une 
fayon  permanente  un  architecte  aux  temples  etait  assez  repandue  dans  le  monde  grec." 


220  INSCRIPTIONS   FROM  TlIK  ARUIVE  UERAEUM 

111  C  /     1   I  322,  Philucles  is  meiitioi«Hl  as  an  ipx'"'"""'  '*•"'  ™*  "  yP'^hl^"^'' 
bel.m.'ed  tea  board  of  .mo-raTat  roO  «i  roS  .V  w<SX«,  iv  Z  ro  apxa^o-  ayaX^a,  s"].- 
pose/to  be  the  Ei-eehthemn.     In  C.  I.  A.  I.  324,  a  year  later  probably,  for  »ork  on 
L  s-une  building  an  dpx'T«T<..   named  Archiloauis  received  37  dnuhmas  tor  one  ,>ry- 
bmv  and  36  for  another.     Tliis  is  pretty  clearly  a  dmchi.uv  a  <ky.     According  to  the 
saine  account,  men  «ho  worke<l  on  columns  got  as  high  wages  as  20  or  even  22  drachmas 
a  pryt;my.     In  C.  /.  A.  I.  60,  apx'r«T«.  and  apx'TCKTo«9  ai-e  fre<p.eiitly  men  .oi.e.l 
in  connection  «ith  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  work  as  that  idiow  mentione.1.     In 
an  inscription  from  Delos,  published  by  Homolle,'  a  c-crt.««  Plnhstides  receives  a  ,«y- 
ment  of  one  drachma  a  day.     Homolle  snpiHises  him  to  have  been  the  .,nh,lM,m  who 
sniK-rvised  all  the  buildings  at  the  time  on  the  island  of  Delos      At  any  rate  .t  apiH-a.^ 
that  mithing  was  done  in  great  building  enten.rises  without  the  consent  and  advu^  of 

the  wMtekton.  K.Xcm  ipx'"'"-"  *-  "  P''™'*  "^  "^"^  '""•"'.""  "i™™"'^^'' '"  '""''""'.f 
iusiriptions ;  it  occurs  34  times  in  the  accounts  of  the  /„< »»y,o,o,  of  the  temple  of  A,Hdlo 
at  Delo.,,  edited  by  Homolle  in  B.  C.  II.  VI.  pp.  G  ff.  The  h;ero,..,.n  make  ,«yments 
at  the  o«ler  of  the  apx.rcVro.o,  Kal  rS..  em^cX,™.,  ibi,l.  pp.  7  8.  In  the_Ele„sin„.„ 
inscription  published  by  Foucart,  B.  C.  II.  IV.  226  ff.,  we  read  owo„  iv  Zokj,  row  «po- 
„o.o:'  -cal  ri  ipx-e-KTo...  In  the  great  building-inscription  of  I^^kulea  (/»«•  &;-«ee. 
Sept  :5073,  line  160),  we  see  that  a  cmipleted  piec-e  of  work  is  submitted  to  the  opxi- 
riKro,v,  while  minutiae  like  the  separate  joints  are  attended  to  by  a  wapx'««r<»...- 

In  an  inscripticm  from  Epidaurus'  mention  is  re,)eatedly  made  of  an  flrc/„^<-  o»  Theo- 
dotus,  who  served  for  a  i«riocl  of  more  than  six  years  at  a  sakry  of  a  drachma  a  day.     Hut 

the  siilary  of  an  ipx^riKT^"  »»»  »»'  <">if-'">''.V  "  ''««''"'»  "  ''"y-      '"."'*  >f  ^'^^:  "■' 
at  Delos,  he  received  two  drachmas  a  clay  ;  but  at  the  same  time  certau,  workmen   Nicoi. 
and  his  son,  got  the  same  amount  for  working  cm  a  column."     At  Eleus.s,  ...  the  t..ne  of 
Lyc..r<n.s,  an  ipxcrw™.-  received  72  di-achnu,s  for  one  pryta..y,  or  two  dn.ch.uas  a  day. 
while  an  ephtate^  of  seven  men  received  .mly  ten  drachmas  for  the  s.me  time. 

The  apvcTcVra,.'  cVl  ra  Upa  at  Athens,"  and  the  ipx-WKTo...  who  lu.d  «..  m..ch  to  ch. 
with  the  theatre  of  Dicmysus,  were  „n.h,..bteclly  su,H.rvisii.g  architects  whatever  other 
functions  went  along  with  that  office.  The  four  i^rscms  .uenticmed  in  t.  /.  .1.  II.  l.H, 
col.  c,  as  dpxcrc,cTo.«,  are  simikrly  enff.ged,  altho..gh  their  work  .s  at  the  P.meus  m 

connection  with  the  ships. 

Two  things  appear  reasonably  clearly  from  this  hst  of  inscriptions  :  — 

1.  When  a  man  is  called  an  apx^reKTo,.,  as  Scules  hei^  is,  he  cannot  he  consulerecl  to 
be  the  head  of  a  tile  factory/"  In  that  case  he  would  probably  have  been  called  Kcpa/icu.. 
Socles  was  doubtless  the  Supervising  architect  for  some  imrticular  builduig  or  tor  some 

one  or  more  years.  i    ^     i    •         ^...* 

2.  The  other  result  may  seem  suqmsing ;  Wz.,  that  a  man  who  undertook  imi)oi-tiint 


STAMPED  TILES 


221 


»  B.  C.  H.  VIII.  p.  305  «F. 

*  Cf.  line  53 :  iptoris  rois  vtowoiots  ko)  ry  af>x«T«««T«»'« 
(it  was  easy  for  Dittenberger  to  restore  in  No.  3075 
[icatfclx  &y  KtKfirr,  6  i]px»T^itT-i').  Cf.,  also,  C.  I.  G.  2266, 
line  19  :  iwti^v  It  auvrfXta^  ri  tpiyow.  iwcn/ytiXdrm  6  ipy^vn^ 
ToTs  iwiffrarais  ical  ry  o<>x«t««ctoi'i. 

»  Kabbadias,  Fonilles  (VEpidaure,  p.  78,  Inscr.  No.  145. 

*  His  payment  for  one  year  is  350  drachmas  ;  for  an- 
other it  is  353  drachmas. 

*  See  the  list  given  by  Homolle  in  B.  C.  H.  XIV.  p. 

478. 


«  Cf.  line  71  of  the  great  inscription  publishe<l  by  Ho- 
molle in  B.  C.  If.  XIV.  p.  389  ff. 

•>  C./.  .4.11.8**". 

■*  Ibid.  col.  II.  line  9. 

»  Ibid.  II.  403,  line  28. 

w  For  the  head  of  a  tile-factory  to  style  himself  ipx*- 
rimmr  wonld  probably  have  seeme«l  an  unjiistiftable  as- 
sumption of  dignity.  Foucart  (in  B.  C.  H.  VIII.  p. 
44)7)  understands  a  brick  from  Thebes  to  bear  the  stamp 
of  the  maker's  name,  adding  :  Le*  marques  de  ct  genre 
Mid  encore  (uwez  rare*  en  Grlce. 


responsibilities,  i-equiring  speciiil  knowledge  and  training,  received  the  small  payment  of 
one  or  two  drachmas  a  day.'  This  may  be  a  good  illustration  that  officials  in  Greece 
did  not  look  for  gmit  profit.  Quite  Hkely,  the  only  reason  why  the  architect  at  Atiiens 
was  jKiid  at  all,  while  the  board  of  cVio-Tarai  with  whom  he  was  associated  <rave  their 
services  free,  was  that  he  had  to  give  up  aJI  his  time  to  the  work.  Perhaps  the  payment 
given  to  a  member  of  the  Boule  during  his  time  of  actual  service  was  regarded  as  a 
proper  standard  hi  paying  for  this  sort  of  work.  Probably  the  only  difference  between 
such  an  dpxLTeKTatv  as  Socles  and  Ictuius  or  Libon  -  was  that  the  latter  were  engaged 
in  more  importiint  undertakings. 

A  word  may  here  be  added  as  to  the  practical  reason  for  stjimping  tiles.  Socles  who 
may  of  course  have  had  his  own  tile-making  establishment,  did  not  wish  to  have  a  pile  of 
iiis  tiles  stolen  or  mixed  up  with  similar  tiles.^  Perhaps  it  is  not  without  a  bearing  on 
such  possible  purloining  that  we  read  an  account  of  the  hleropoioi  at  Delos,*  running 
thus:  *  Bought  200  pairs  of  tiles;  70  pans  on  one  building,  44  on  another  ;  and  turned 
over  to  the  following  hkropoiol  a  remainder  of  76.'  No  mention  is  made  of  the  deficit 
of  10. 

The  tiles  were  probably  formed  in  a  wooden  mould,  like  that  referred  to  in  an  inven- 
tory of  Delos  ^  as  a  tvito';  ^uXti/o?  KepafitScop.  That  in  some  cases  the  stamp  was  affixed 
by  a  separate  im})ression  might  seem  i)robable  from  the  fact  that  the  upper  stamp  with 
Socles's  name  was  not  exactly  uniform  with  reference  to  the  stripe  above  it.  But  this 
may  also  be  accounted  for  l)y  supposing  the  metidlic  stamp,  which  made  the  letters  so 
clearly  cut,  to  have  been  a  Uttle  loosened  from  the  wood  of  the  mould  in  some  cases.  I 
once  saw  some  moulds  at  a  brick  manufactory  in  Eleusis  in  just  that  condition. 

n. 

A  small,  thin  flat  piece,  .08  m.  X  .05  m.,  Avithout  resemblance  to  the  Socles  tiles,  yet 
l>earing  the  letters 

0  I  0  I  H. 

Tliese  seem  to  indicat<>  the  same  stamp  that  was  applied  at  the  bottom  of  the  Socles 
tile  which  is  found  entire  in  the  Polytechnikon  at  Athens,  i.  e.,  AAM0I0IHRA2.  The 
dimensions  of  the  letters  coincide  exactly,  their  height  being  .015  m.,  except  in  the  case 
of  the  omivronSj  which  are  only  half  as  high. 

On  a  piece  of  tile  painted  black,  with  considerable  curvature,  are  the  letters  MO  10 1. 
As  the  stamp  is  entire  at  the  right  end,  it  did  not  in  this  case  have  HRA2.  Other- 
wise the  letters  are  the  same. 

III. 

ETTINIKO 

A 

On  a  small  piece  .12  x  .07  m.,  from  the  West  Building. 

After  A  what  looks  like  P  follows,  but  this  is  uncertiiin.  The  rest  of  the  lower  Hue  is 
worn  away.     Coming  to  this  from  the  pieces  just  discussed,  one  would  be  predisposed  to 


'  That  an  architect  was  a  man  of  some  standing  might 
appear  from  the  words  of  [Plato]  Antenutae,  p.  135  B  : 
iy  Tp  TfKToyiKp  riicrora  fiiv  &y  wplairo  witnt  f)  t(  fi»it¥  tutpoy, 
ifiX^'^*'"''"^  '*  o^'  ^  ftvplwy  ipaxfiiy. 

-  It  is  a  little  strange  that  PRusiinias(V.  10,  3)  speaks 
uf  Libon  at  a  r^crwr. 


''  The  stamp  with  Socles's  name,  being  on  the  upper 
end,  would  disappear  when  the  tile  was  laid,  even  if  it 
were  a  gutter-tile. 

*  B.  C.  H.  VI.  p.  136. 

*  Ibid.  VI.  pp.  29  ff. 


Ill 


222  INSCRIPTIONS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

read  'E.cVcko.  apx-«-.,  but  it  is  quite  as  Hkely  that  irrt  is  a  preposition  followed  by 
a  lenitive,  as  in  so  many  of  the  Corfil  stamps  containing  the  names  of  prytanes  (Riemann 
Les  Isles  loniennes,  pp.  47, 54),  or  in  the  numerous  sbimps  on  amphora-handles  collected 
by  Dumont  m  Insc.  Ceramlques  de  la  Grlce.     The  word  followmg  the  name  nmy  be 
apxovTo<i,  for  aught  we  know. 

IV. 

Another  fragment  stUl  smaller,  .09m.x  .07  m.,  has  a  name  clearly  in  the  genitive. 

To  the  left  we  read :  — 

YOAI 

A* 

It  is  evident  that  the  top  line  runs  from  right  to  left,  and  we  probably  have  a  name 
endincr  in  cXov.  If  the  next  line  turns  back  in  a  houstropliedon  order,  we  may  here  have 
eVl  -  n'Xov  apxoi^o.  or  dpx^r^Krovo,.  Such  a  turning  back  of  tlie  second  Ime  is  seen 
on  one  of  the  Me-alopohs  tiles.>  In  our  inscription,  as  in  that  one,  AYO  is  also  possible, 
since  the  mark  at  the  edge  of  the  fragment,  after  the  supposed  A,  looks  oblique,  and  may 
be  a  part  of  a  Y  The  reading  of  the  name  from  right  to  left  has  many  pirallels  in 
stamps.  A  Megalopolis  tile"'  has  the  name  4>cXc^,rot>r,.  read  this  way.  The  three  tiles 
from  Tanagra  read  in  the  same  way,=^  as  well  as  one  of  the  three  tiles  from  Chios  before 
mentioned.  The  maker  of  the  stamp  in  these  cases  preferred  to  cut  his  letters  running 
in  the  usual  order,  regardless  of  the  hundreds  of  impressions  which  would  thus  read 

reversed.  »   i     »    .  j 

We  are  sure  that  in  some  cases  the  stamps  were  not  cut  as  a  whole,  but  were  made  up 
of  movable  letters.^  On  an  amphora-handle  from  the  Piraeus,^  the  reading  is  from 
ricrht  to  left;  but  the  lettei-s  $,  P  and  K  are  left  turned  the  other  way.  In  turning  his 
letters  the  workman  forgot  to  arrange  them  so  as  to  make  the  direction  of  the  word  and 
of  the  letter  consistent. 

V. 
A  series  of  four  tile -fragments  found  on  the  south  slope  below  the  Heraeum  just  at  the 
close  of  the  work  (spring,  1894).     These  contain  :  — 

eTTITTOAYrNO 

eTTITTO 

GT 

They  are  all  impresse<l  on  the  concave  side  of  fragments  about  an  inch  thick.  The 
letters  are  not  raised,  as  in  the  other  fragments  hei-e  cafcUogueil,  but  depressed.  The  fact 
that  in  No.  1  e  is  so  close  to  the  TT  as  not  to  allow  room  for  the  cross-bar  of  the  latter  to 
extend  so  far  to  the  left  as  in  Nos.  2  and  3  i)oints  to  a  slight  difference  in  the  moulds, 
possibly  due  to  the  use  of  movable  letters.  The  date  of  this  stamp  is  evidently  very  late. 
Whether  Polygnotus  was  an  architect  or  a  sacred  official  for  the  year  is  not  known. 

i  J  H  S  XIII  p  336  No  1.  and  Dumont.  Inscr.  Cram.,  pp.  305,  396,  308,  where  are 

,*..'■  *        *  cuts  illustrating  the  making  up  of  these  stomps,  in  some 

>  B  C  H  XI.  p.  200.  "^  which  letters  are  misplaced. 

*  Blumner,  Tecknologie  und   Termindogu,  II.  p.  32  ;         ^  B.  C.  H.  XI.  p.  207. 


STAMPED  TILES 


223 


VI. 
V0|)3A  ^eCpov 

Two  fragments,  one  .18  m.  x  0.18  m.,  the  other  .10  m.  X  .19  m.,  one  with  a  raised  border 
.05  m.  above  the  stamp,  and  the  other  without  it,  but  the  stamp  is  evidently  the  same  on 
both  pieces.  The  letters  are  .01  to  .012  m.  high.  We  seem  to  have  here  a  case  of  a 
stamp  reversed  in  which  the  character  p  =  p  was  not  reversed  like  the  other  letters.  It  is 
singular  that  the  break  should  occur  in  both  pieces  at  exactly  the  same  place,  and  so 
leave  us  in  doubt  whether  we  have  the  genitive  of  Aeipos  or  of  some  longer  name. 

VII. 

ETTIKOP 
MAKIA 

A  fragment  found  at  the  close  of  the  season  of  1895.     The  field  of  the  stamp  is 

.10  m.  X  .05  111.    The  letters  are  .02  m.  high.    Another  fragment  bears  f^p^  which  seems  to 

be  a  duplicate  of  this.     KOP  is  probably  an  abridgment  of  Kopvr}\iov. 


VIII. 


KAO1CC0ENHC 


KXot(rcr^eVT7s 


A  fragment  of  absolutely  flat  tile,  .02  m.  thick,  .26  X  .25  m. ;  letters  .02  m.  high.  An- 
other diminutive  piece  yields  KAOICC.  The  square  sigmas  cannot  belong  to  a  date 
much  before  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era,  and  the  contamination  of  ci  and  ol 
would  seem  to  indicate  a  date  much  later  still.  Such  a  phenomenon  in  Attica  would 
hardly  appear  before  the  third  century  of  our  era.* 


IX. 

A  small  piece  of  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  a  tile  with  ^  next  to  the  preserved 
edge.  This  ^  is  exactly  like  those  in  the  Socles  stamps,  and  the  piece  agrees  in  thick- 
ness ;  but  this  cannot  belong  to  that  series  unless  the  Aa/u,oioi  'Hpa?  was  transferred  to 

the  top. 

X. 

Broken  a  little  at  the  right-hand  lower  corner.  The  raised  letters  are  badly  worn  in 
the  middle  of  the  second  line,  and  at  first  glance  the  inscription  seems  to  be  easily 
legible.     It  runs  from  right  to  left,  thus  :  — 

VO//^  V  A  A  >l 

Ah  ^J  vo»/ 

Hopeful  as  the  first  line  and  the  first  half  of  the  second  look,  affording  KXavSiov 
KXcoo-^ ,  we  must  leave  the  rest  unsolved. 

XI. 

But  the  pearl  of  the  tile-inscriptions  from  the  Heraeum  is  on  the  fragment  of  the  upper 
face  of  the  edge  of  a  huge  bowl,  which  must  have  had  a  diameter  of  about  three  feet. 
The  fragment  was  found  in  1894  "  at  the  West  end  of  the  South  Slope,  behind  the 

*  Meisterhans,  Gram.  Att.  Inschr.,  p.  46,  §  16.  10. 


224  INSCRIPTIONS   FROM   THE   ARGIVE   IIERAEUM 

retainiiw  wall  of  the  West  Building,  mixed  up  with  a  cpiantity  of  early  pottery  and  figu- 

riues."  . 

The  letters  are  not  stamped  so  as  to  api)ear  raised  as  in  those  hitherto  mentioned,  but 
are  incised,  cut  into  the  clay  when  it  was  moist.  The  inscribed  face  of  the  fragment  is 
.22  m.X  .06  m.     The  letters  are  .03  m.  high. 

/MBEPAMEINI  t]^?  "Hpa?  ci/xi    • 

This  inscription,  judging  by  A  and  E,   and  above  all  by  M  =  a,  nnist  be  considerably 
older  than  No.  xii.  of  the  inscriptions  on  stone.     It  must  date  at  least  as  far  back  as 

500  B.  C.  1  I  1        1        rri  • 

While  it  may  lielong  to  a  large  amphora,  it  may  also  belong  to  a  lustral  bowl.  This 
miorht  be  the  verv  bowl  in  which  the  mad  king  Cleomenes  of  Sparta  dipped  his  bloody 
hands  before  i)erforming  his  bootless  siicriHce  which  is  graphically  described  by  Herodotus 
(VLSI  tf.). 

ADDENDUM. 

Fragment  of  a  roof  tile  with  a  closed  ihi  stamped  upon  it.  Here  reproduced  in  fac- 
simile "in  its  actual  size.  As  this  fragment  was  found  under  the  flooring  of  the  Second 
Temple,  it  must  have  come  from  the  Old  Temple,  or  from  one  of  the  buildings  contem- 
porary with  it. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


AitAS,  divides  Arrive  territory,  34. 

Acraea,  part  uf  territory  of  Heraeum,  defined,  13. 

Acrisius,  Argive  tradition  of,  liA  f. 

Adniete,  daughter  of  Eurystheus,  founder  of  Saniian 
Heraeuni,  5. 

.£olian  deposits,  95. 

afpiJT€V€,  meaning  of,  200  f. 

Agamemnon,  place  of,  in  Argive  tradition.  3.5 ;  chosen 
leader  against  Troy  at  the  Heraeum.  35. 

Altars,  below  foundations  of  Second  Temple,  20.  n.  2. 

Amazon,  head  of,  related  to  Polycleitan  type  of  Am- 
azon, 164  ;  described,  180  f. 

Amazonomachia,  fragments  of,  from  metopes  of  Sec- 
ond Temple,  150  f.,  182. 

Andesites,  at  the  Heraeum,  100. 

Anthemion,  uj>on  cyma  from  Second  Temple,  123  f. 

Apollo  Pythaeus,  tem])orarily  supersedes  Hera  as 
principal  divinity  of  Argive  plain,  4,  37. 

Aqueducts,  connected  with  the  Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
16  ff. 

Archaic  ^oavov,  from  western  pediment  of  Second 
Temple,  149  f. 

Archinus,  founder  of  games  in  honor  of  Hera,  10. 

Architecture  of  the  Heraeum.  103  ff. 

Arglce-Linear  vases,  proposed  designation  for  so- 
called  "  Proto-Corinthian  "  vases.  50  ;  preponder- 
ance of,  at  Heraeum,  50 ;  represent  a  continuous 
indigenous  element,  59. 

Argolis,  define<I,  3  w.;  scenery  of.  80  f.;  geologically 
of  recent  formation,  91  ;  rivers  of,  92  ;  geological 
history  of,  93  f. 

Argos,  meaning  and  application  of  the  name,  3  n. ; 
connection  with  the  Heraeum,  10  ff.,  27 ;  supre- 
macy in  the  Argive  i)lain  comparatively  late,  31 ; 
probably  raised  to  im|)ortance  by  Dorians,  36 ; 
struggle  witli  Sparta.  37 :  rehabilitated  by  Phidon, 
37. 

Argus,  in  Argive  tradition,  33. 

d/>;((Tc«cTi»r,  meaning  of,  219  ff. 

doTTts  cv  *'Apyei,  10,  34. 

Asterion,  river  near  Heraeum,  identified  by  Steffen, 
14  f.,  94,  107. 

Athena,  head  of,  from  metopes  of  Second  Temple. 
183  f. 

Athena  Lemnia,  head  of,  compared  with  heads  of 
Polycleitan  tyjw,  179  f.,  190. 

Athens,  artistic  relation  with  Arg^s,  16,3  ff. 

Bacchus,  head  of,  in  British  Museum,  identified  with 
PolycleitaQ  Hera,  190  f. 


Bases  for  statues,  before  temple,  20,  144 ;  between 
Upper  Stoa  and  Northeast  Stoa,  112. 

Bates,  W.  N.,  theory  of,  concerning  sculptures  of  Sec- 
ond Temple.  149  f. 

Beehive  tombs.  79  f. 

Beta,  form  of,  in  Argive  inscriptions,  203. 

Black  layers,  principal  finding  places  of  small  ob- 
jects, 40,  73.  79,  82. 

Boy.  with  dove  (?),  statue  of,  143 ;  head  of,  from 
Brauron,  belonging  to  Professor  Furtwangler, 
165  ff. 

Brauron,  head  from,  compared  with  head  of  Hera 
from  Heraeum.  16i>  ff. 

Bronzes.  61  ff.;  dating  of,  62;  classification  of,  62; 
primitive.  62  ;  Mycenaean,  62  f.;  geometric,  63 ; 
archaic.  6.'i  ;  oriental  influence  in,  63. 

Burial  of  ancient  remains,  causes  of,  94  ff. 

Bursian,  excavations  of,  at  the  Heraeum,  67  ff. 

Canephorae  of  Polycleitus,  167  f. 

Capitals,  details  of.  113. 

Carj'atids  of  Erechtheum,  influenced  by  Argive  art, 
161 ;  compared  with  head  of  Hera  from  the  He- 
raeum. 166  ff.,  190. 

^(IXkcos  dyaii',  10. 

Chryseis.  causes  destruction  of  Old  Temple,  110,  n.  1. 

Cisterns,  connected  with  the  Revma-tou-Kastrou, 
16  ff.,  136. 

Clark.  W.  G.,  describes  excavations  of  Rangab^, 
69  f. 

Coins,  paucity  of  find  in,  61. 

Columns,  of  Upper  Stoa.  112  ;  of  Northeast  Build- 
ing, 115  f.;  of  East  Building.  116  :  of  Second  Tem- 
ple, 120  ff.;  interior,  of  Second  Temple,  126;  of 
South  Stoa,  128  f.;  of  West  Building,  132. 

Cow,  closely  associate<I  with  worship  of  Hera,  6 ;  of- 
fered at  feast  of  Hecatonibaea,  8. 

Cresilas,  position  and  influence  of,  164  f. 

Cretaceous  Period,  formations  of,  92  f. 

Cuckoo,  associated  with  Hera,  21 ;  re2)resented  upon 
cyma  from  Second  Temple,  123  f. 

Curtius,  theoiy  of,  concerning  sculptures  of  Second 
Temple,  149  f. 

Cyclopean  wall,  leads  to  identification  of  site  of  He- 
raeum, 25  :  early  remains  below,  27 ;  excavations 
at,  74  ;  described,  109  f. 

Cyma-moulding,  from  Second  Temple,  123  f.;  com- 
pared with  moulding  of  Parthenon  and  other  tem- 
ples, 160,  and  n.  2. 

Cyuadra,  well  near  Heraeum,  16,  18. 


11 


•228 


INDEX 


Danaus.  Argive  tradition  of,  34. 

Diaamuenus  of  Polycleitns,  coinparea  with  Dory- 
pljoiHS,  IGD  ff.;  head  of,  in  British  Museunu  171. 
and  M.  2  ;  marks  an  .idvance  over  Doryphorus, 
173 ;  compared  with  head  of  youth  from  metopes, 
178  ff.;  compared  witli  head  of   Hera,  190. 

j^ifovwTiov,  in  inscription,  75.  77,  213. 

Aifonvcr,  in  inscription,  208  f. 

Digannna,  in  inscriptions,  75,  199  f..  208  f.;  213. 

"  Dipylon  "  terra-cottas,  46  f.;  comparative  rarity  of 
works  of  "  Dipylon  "  styh-  at  Heraciun.  47  :  vases. 

53. 

Doric  trihes,  earliest  mention  of  names  of.  2»H). 

Doryi)horus  of  Polycleitns,  reproiluction  of.  on  a 
lamp,  75 :  style  of.  in  head  of  ephehns  from  a  me- 
tope, 77,  16;i.  n.  4  :  coraparetl  with  heads  of  youths 
from  metopes,  ICiS  ff.,  178  ff.:  compare«l  with  Dia- 
dumenus,  169  ff.:  compare.l  with  heatl  of  Hera,  190. 

Doves,  group  of.  on  stone.  112. 

Drapery,  treatment  of.  in  Heraeum  marbles,  157. 

Drill,  freely  useil  in  marble  statuary  from  the  He- 
raeum, 154  ff.,  178,  180. 

Ear,  treatment  of.  in  early  art.  190,  h.  1. 
Earthworms,  a  factor   in    the   burial  of   ancient  re- 
mains. 96  f. 
East  Building,  discovered  1894. 77  f .;  described.  1 16  f. 
Egyptian  objects.  64,  84. 

Eleutherion.  river    near   Heraeum.  now  Revm.vtou- 
Kastrou.  14  ff.,  94,  107  ;  water  of.  used  in  lustra- 
tions and  at  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  18  f. 
Eliiis    Berbatiotikos,    mountain    near    Heraeum.  an- 
cient Acraea,  13. 
Engraved  stones.  64. 

Enneacrunus.  compared  with  Eleutherion.  17.  19. 
Eocene  Period,  formations  of,  92. 
EphesHs,  cynia  from  temple  of  Artemis  at,  comi)ared 

with  cyma  from  Heraeum,  1(>0,  and  n.  2. 
Epidanrus,  sculj.tures  from,  comparetl  with  Heraeum 

marbles.  KiO  f. 
Erechtheum.  cynia  of.  compared  with  cyma  from  He- 
raeum, 160  f. 
Euboea,  jKirt  of  territory  of  Heraeum.  defined,  12  f. 
EuiHjlemus,  of  Argos,  arcbitect  of   Second  Temple, 

20,  118. 
Eurydice,  daughter  of  Lace<laeraon.  founder  of  oldest 

sanctuary  of  Hera  at  Sparta.  4. 
Eye,  representation  of,  in  ancient  statues,  142. 


Felsite,  at  the  Heraeum,  100. 

Finlay,  gives  account  of  General  Gordon's  excava- 
tions at  the  Heraeum,  65  ff. 

Fish,  represented  on  ancient  stone.  112  f. 

Furtwjingler.  declares  Heraeum  marWes  Attic.  164  ; 
refuted.  164  ff. 

Cabbros,  found  at  the  Heraeum.  99  f. 


Geology  of  the  Heraeum  region.  89  ff. 

•  Geometric  "  terra-cotta  figures,  46  f.;  vases,  53 ; 
bi-onzes,  63;  comparative  paucity  of  works  of 
"  Geometric  "  style  at  the  Heraeum,  47,  62,  63. 

••  Geometric,"  a    misnomer,  as    applied   to    Dipylon 
vases,  53.     See  ''  Dipylon." 

Gigantomachia,  represented  in  sculptures  of  Second 
Temple,  20,  148  ff. 

Glykia,  stream  near  Heraeum,  formerly  identified 
with  ancient  Asterion,  14. 

Gordon,  General,  first  excavations  of,  at  the  He- 
raeum, 64  ff. 

Graces,  representation  of,  ujwn  crown  of  Polycleitan 
Hera,  21  f. 

Guilds,  mention  of,  in  inscription,  213. 

Hair,  treatment  of,  on  head  of  Hera,  166  ff.;  on  Do- 
ryphorus and  Diadumenus,  170  ff.;  on  female  head 
fi-om  metopes.  182  ;  on  head  of  young  girl  from  me- 
topes, 183 ;  on  head  of  Athena  from  metopes,  184. 
Halicarnassus,  cyma  from  Mausoleum  at,  compared 

with  cyma  from  Heraeum,  160. 
"  Hammer-stones."  99  f. 

Head,  of  Hera,  discovered  1892,  73,  describeil,  189  ff.; 
of  Athena,  from  metoi)e»,  183  f.;  of  Amazon,  fi-om 
metopes,  discovereil   1892,   73,  describeil,   180  f.; 
of   ephebus,  from   metopes,   discovered   1894,    77, 
describetl,  178  ff.;  of  warrior,  from  metoi)es,  181  ; 
female,  from  metopes,  iliscovered  by  Rangab^,  69, 
descril»e<l,  181  f.;  female,  from  metopes,  182  f.;  of 
young  girl,  from  metojjes,  183. 
He.ids  from  Heraeum,  treatment  of.  157  f.;  types  of, 
158;  compared  with  head  of  Doryphorus,  168  ff.; 
fragments  of.  from  meto|)es,  184  f. 
Hebe,  chryselephantine  statue  of,  22  ;  reproducetl  on 
coins.  23  f.;    marriage   of,  represented   on   altar, 
24. 
Hecatombaea,  festival  of  Hera,  8. 
Hera,  earliest  divinity  of  Argive  plain.  4  ;  nature  and 
evolution  of.5ff.;  chr}'8elephantine  statue  of,  21  ff.; 
head  of,  discovered  at  Heraeum,  23,  73,  189  ff.; 
bust  of,  in  British  Museum.  23:  ancient  wooden 
image  of.  24 ;  early  stone  image  of,  42  f.,  139 ; 
probably  central  figure  in  western  ])ediment  of  Sec- 
ond Temple.  150. 
Hera  Acria.  6;  Aegophagus.  4.  n.  9;  Antheia,  8; 
Aphrodite,  4,  //.  9  ;  Argeia,  4 ;  Eileitliyia,  8  ;  Pe- 
lasgis.  5  f. 
Heracles,  marriage  of.  represented  on  altar.  24. 
Heraeum.  chief  religious  centre  of  Argive  ]>lain.  3  f.; 
source  of   Hera  cult  in  other  localitiej,  5 :   to\Hh 
graphy  of,  10  ff.,  105  ff.;  three  jwriods  in  history 
of,  11  ff.;  early  history  of,  25  ff.;  earliest  temple 
founded,  e!rr.  l&V)  B.  c,  28  ;  later  history  of,  38 ; 
age  of,  as  determined  by  finds,  38  ff.;  nature  of 
the  site,  39  ff.,  94 ;  history  of  previous  excavations, 
64  ff.;  history  of  excavation  by  American  School, 


INDEX 


229 


70  ff.;  burial  of  the  site,  97  ff.;  principal  buildings. 

108. 
Hieromnemons.  mentioned  in  inscriptions.  199  f..205, 

206  f.,  211  ff. 
Jfieros  gumos,  8.  19. 
Hissarlik.  walls  of  First  an<l  Second  Cities  compared 

with  early  walls  at  the  Heraeum,  27  ;  vases  from. 

correspond  to  early  vases  from  the  Heraemu,  56. 
Honeysuckle  scroll,  upon  stephane  of  Hera  on  coins, 

22  ;  u{)on  cyma  of  Second  Temple,  23. 
Horses,  sacre<l  to  Hera,  8. 
Hynethians,   l>oric   tribe,   mentioned    in  inscription, 

200. 
Hypocanst.  in  Roman  Building.  135. 
Hyrnetho,  myth  of,  200. 

Iliu{>er8is,  representetl  in  temple  sculptures,  20,  148  tf. 

Inscriptions  from  the  Heraeum,  195  ff. 

lo,  in  Argive   tradition.  33  f.:  identified  with    first 

priestess  of  Hera,  34. 
Iron,  finds  of,  61.  77. 

Jones.  Stuart,  theory  of,  concerning  scidptures  of  Sec- 
ond Temple,  152. 
Jurassic  Period,  formations  of.  92  f. 

Linear  ornamentation,  a  prominent  element  in  the 
decoration  of  Mycenaean  vases,  53  ff.;  presents  an 
unbroken  deveh>pment  from  earliest  primitive 
forms  of  vases  to  the  j>eriotl  of  perfect  freedom, 
56  ff. 

Lion's  head  water-sjiouts,  from  Second  Temple,  123  f.; 
from  South  Stoa.  130. 

I»wer  Stoa,  described.  \'M. 

Lynceus,  fountler  of  games  in  honor  of  Hera.  10. 

Marble  statuary  from  the  Heraeum,  137  ff. 

Megapenthes,  earliest  figure  in  traditions  of  Argos, 
31 ;  exchanges  kingdoms  with  Perseus,  35. 

Metopes  of  Second  Temple,  fragments  of,  discov- 
ered by  Rangab^.  69  ;  discovered  1892-95,  73,  77, 
80,  83  :  described,  146  ff..  177  ff. 

Mosaic  floor,  from  Roman  Building,  134  f. 

Mure,  William,  first  published  account  of  the  discov- 
ery of  the  Heraeum,  64  f. 

Mycenae,  connection  with  the  Heraeum,  10  ff.,  26  ff.; 
with  Tiryns  and  Arg^.  36. 

Mycenaean  terra-cottas.  44  ff.;  pro«lnce<l  under  influ- 
ence of  ceramic  art,  45  f.;  vjises,  classification  of. 
50  ff.;  geometric  elements  in,  52  ff.;  bronzes,  62  f.; 
graves,  28,  69,  79,  92  ;  walls,  84. 

Naucydes,  author  of  chryselephantine  statue  of  Helie, 

22,24. 
Neogene  Period,  formations  of.  92. 
Nik^  Balustrade,  style  of,  compared  with  Heraeum 

marbles,  157,  160, 188,  192. 


Northeast  Building,  descriln'd.  114. 
Northwest  Building,  discovered  1894,  78;  described, 
134. 

Obsidian,  at  the  Heraeum.  100  f. 

Old  Temple,  referred  to  by  Pausanias.  24  f.:  ])artially 
excavated,  1892.  73  ;  completely  excavated.  1893, 
74  ;  remains  of,  ilescribed.  110  f. 

01ympi:i,  finds  at,  compared  with  finds  at  the  He- 
raeum. 39  ;  bronzes  and  terra-cotta  figurines  from, 
compared  with  terra-<-otta  types  from  Heraeum. 
48  f.;  site  of.  compared  with  site  of  Her.-ietini.  108  ; 
temple  of  Zeus  at.  ]>roportions  of.  121.  n.  1  ;  treat- 
ment of  hair  in  heads  from,  1.58  ;  tiles  from  Trea- 
sury of  Gela  at,  219. 

Orientation  of  principal  buildings.  108;  of  Old  Tem- 
ple, as  means  of  determining  date.  28  f. 

Paestum,  temple  of  Poseidon,  jiroiwrtions  of,  121, 
u.  1. 

Parian  marble.  use<l  for  architectural  sculptures  of 
Heraeum,  14(5,  n. 

Parthenon,  proportions  of,  121  f. ;  pediment  sculp- 
tures of.  compared  with  pediments  of  Second  Tem- 
ple, 153;  treatment  of  hair  in  heads  from,  158; 
treatment  of  nude  and  drapery  in  sculptures  from, 
160  ;  cyma  from,  compared  with  cyma  from  He- 
raeum, 160,  M.  2  ;  reclining  Fate  from,  compared 
with  torso  of  female  figure  from  metopes,  188, 
compared  with  female  figure  from  pe«linients.  192. 

Pausanias.  describes  topography  of  the  Heraeum.  10  ff. ; 
describes  Second  Tenij)le.  20  ft'..  117,  n.  1,  148  ; 
Argive  genealogies  of.  25  f..  29  ff. 

Peacock,  associated  with  Hera.  24 ;  tail  of.  discovered 
by  General  Gordon.  65. 

Pe<liments  of  Second  Temple.  <lescril)ed,  148  ff. ; 
torso  of  female  figure  from,  191  f . :  fragments 
from.  192  ff. 

Penrose,  computes  date  of  earliest  temple  at  Heraeum, 
28  f. 

Perseus,  signifiance  of,  in  Argive  tradition,  35. 

Phidias,  and  Polycleitns,  162  f.,  168. 

Phidon,  revives  supremacy  of  Argos,  37  ;  date  of, 
61,  n.  1. 

Phigalia.  sculptures  from,  compared  with  Heraeum 
marbles.  160. 

Phorbas,  in  Argive  tradition.  33. 

Plioroneus,  date  of.  29.  32  :  tradition  of,  preserved 
at  Heraeum,  31 ;  probably  united  {leoples  of  Argive 
plain,  32. 

Pillar  of  limestone,  earliest  image  of  Hera.  42  f., 
139. 

Pins  of  bronze.  61  ff. ;  served  as  a  medium  of  ex- 
change, 61. 

Pirasus,  son  of  Argus,  dedicated  seated  wooden  im- 
age to  Hera,  24,  33  ;  influence  of,  upon  terra  cotta 
figures,  44. 


230 


INDEX 


INDEX 


231 


Pliny,  (listinguislies  style  of  Doryphorus  and  Diadu- 
menus,  169,  n.  4  ;  statements  of,  concerning  Poly- 
cleitus,  discussed.  173  ff. 

Polycleitus,  author  of  chryselephantine  statue  of  Hera, 
21 ;  peculiar  treatment  of  upper  lip  in  statues  of, 
159,  179  f.  ;  relation  of,  to  Heraeuin  marbles, 
162  ff. ;  and  Phidias,  162  f ..  168  :  characteristics 
of,  173  ff.,  186. 

Polygnotus,    influence    of,    upon    temple    sculpture. 

151. 

Pompeii,  baths  at,  compared  with  baths  in  Roman 

Building,  135. 
Porphyry  (Felsite),  at  the  Heraeum,  100. 
Poseidon,  as  rival  of  Hera.  4,  m.  5. 
Priene,  cyma  from  temple  at,  compared  with   cyma 

from  Heraeum,  160.  and  n.  2. 
Priestess  of  Hera,  Roman  statue  of  (?),  141  ff. 
Proetus.  builder  of  walls  of  Tiryns.  26,  34  f. 
Prosymna,  part    of    territory  of  Heraeum,  defined. 

13  f.;  possibly  provincial   name  for  arable   land, 

70. 
«  Proto-Corinthian  "  or  Argive-Linear  vases,  prei^n- 
derance  of,  at  Heraeum,   50;  characteristics   of, 
59  ff. 

Quintilian.  statements  of,  regarding  Polycleitus,  dis- 
cussed, 173  ff. 

Rangab^,  A.  Rizo,  excavations  of,  at  the  Heraeum, 

67  ff. 

Revma-tou-Kastrou,  river  near  Heraeum.  identified 
with  ancient  Eleutherion,  14  ff.  ;  connected  with 
elaborate  system  of  cisterns  and  aqueducts,  16  ff. 

Richardson,  R.  B.,  Inscriptions  from  the  Heraeum. 
197  ff.;  Stamped  Tiles  from  the  Heraeum.  216  ff. 

Rings  of  bronze,  61  f. ;  served  as  a  medium  of  ex- 
change, 61. 

Roman  Building,  described,  134  ff. 

"  Salaminian  "  shaft-tonibs,  2.H,  69,  79. 

Samos,  derived  cult  of  Hera  from  Argos,  5. 

Sardis,  burial  of,  96. 

Scatnilli,  traces  of,  in  Second  Temple,  120. 

Sculptures  from  the  Heraeum,  138  ff. ;  single  figures, 

140  ff.  ;  architectural.  144  ff.  :    general   style   of, 

153  ff. :  period  and  school  of,  160  ff. 
Seasons,  representation  of,  upon  crown  of  Polycleitan 

Hera,  21  f. 

Second  Temi)le,  built  immediately  after  423  B.  c,  20  : 
partially  excavated  by  Rangab^.  67  f. :  excavation 
of.  1892.  73 ;  description  of.  117  ff.  :  orientation 
of,  108.  119  ;  proi)ortions  of,  129  f. ;  plan  of,  125. 

Sima,  see  Cyma. 

Socles,  ap\iTtKTuiv,  217,  -19  ff. 

South  Stoa,  discovered  1894.  79;  completely  cleared. 
1895,  80  ff. ;  described,  127  ff. 

Spits,  dedicated  at  the  Heraeum,  62. 


Statues,  before  temple  of  Hera,  20  :  bases  for,  20,  21  ; 
bases  for,  between  Upper  Stoa  and  Northeast 
Stoa,  112. 

Steps  below  South  Stoa,  130  f. 

Stoae,  112  ff.;  Upi)er,  112  ff.;  Northeast,  114,  ff.; 
South.  127  ff. ;  Lower,  136. 

Strabo,  does  not  mention  relation  between  the  He- 
raeum and  Tiryns,  11,  85  f.;  characterization  of, 
85  f. 

Tarbell,  F.  B..  theory  of,  concerning  sculptures  of 
Second  Temple,  149  f. 

Tegea,  sculptures  from,  compared  with  Heraeum  mar- 
bles, 160. 

TcAa/iw(i'),  meaning  of,  201  f. 

Terracotta  images,  42  ff.;  earliest  types,  43  ;  Tiryn- 
thian  Argive  type.  44;  Mycenaean  tyije,  44  ff.; 
"Dipylon"  type.  46  f.;  Advanced  Argive  type, 
47  ;  under  oriental  influence,  47  ;  archaic  Greek 
tyi»e.  47  ;  of  free  style.  48  ;  compared  with  bronzes 
and  terra-cottas  from  Olympia,  48  f.;  development 
of.  runs  i>arallel  to  development  of  vase-painting, 

60. 

Tertiary  Periotl.  formations  of,  in  Argive  plain.  92. 

Theaeus  of  Argos,  connecteil  with  inscription  from 
Heraeum  (?),  203. 

"Theseum,"  jjrojwrtions  of,  121,  n.  1,  122. 

Tiles,  marble,  of  Second  Temple,  124;  sUmped, 
216  ff.;  date  of,  219. 

Tilton.  E.  L.,  Architecture  of  the  Heraeum,  105  ff. 

Tiryns,  connection  with  the  Heraeum,  10  ff.,  25  If.; 
walls  of.  comi)are<l  with  Cyclopaean  wall  at  He- 
raeum. 26  ;  chi-onological  relation  to  Mycenae  and 
Argos,  36. 

Tirynthian-Argive  terra-cottas,  44. 

Torso  of  nude  youth  from  meto|)es,  discovered  1892, 
73 :  described,  185  ff.;  of  warrior,  from  metopes. 

187  f.;  of  female  figure  (Amazon  ?),  from  metopes, 

188  f.;  of  female  figure,  from  pediments,  191  f. 
Trojan  War.  represented   in   sculptures   of   Second 

Temple,  20,  148  ff. 

Unit  of  measurement  in  Second  Temple,  120. 
Upper   Stoa,   discovered   in  1893,  74  f.;  described, 
112  ff. 

Vases.  49  ff.;  preponderance  of  Argive-Linear  ("Pro- 
to-Corinthian ")  style  at  the  Heraeum,  50;  classifi- 
cation of,  50  ff.;  Mycenaean,  51  ff.;  Dipylon,  53  ; 
primitive.  55  f.;  Argive-Linear  ("Proto-Corin- 
thian "),  57  ff.;  development  of,  runs  parallel  to 
development  of  terra-cotta  figurines.  60. 

Volcanoes,  action  of.  in  burying  ancient  remains, 
96. 

Waldstein.  C,  General  Introduction,  3  ff . ;  Marble 
Statuar}'  from  the  Heraeum,  139  ff. 


Waldstein,  L.,  letter  of,  concerning  anatomy  of  nude      Wheeler,    J.    R.,    Inscriptions    from     the     Argive 


torso  from  meto])es,  186,  n.  5. 

AValls,  early,  108  f. 

Washington,  H.  S.,  Geology  of  the  Heraeum  Region, 
91  ff. 

Water,  action  of,  in  burying  ancient  remains,  95  f. 

Welcker,  theory  of,  concerning  sculptures  of  Second 
Temple,  149  f. 

Well  near  Panagia  cha|)el,  iwssibly  ancient  Eleuthe- 
rion, 16  ff. 

West  Building,  discovere<l  1893,  76  ;  excavated  1894, 
78  ;  described,  131  ff. 


Heraeum,  197  ff. 
Wind,  action  of,  in  burying  ancient  remains,  94  f.; 
))rincipid  agent  in  burial  of  Heraeum,  97  f. 

Xanthus,  cyma  of  Nereid  monument  from,  compared 

with  cyma  from  Heraeum,  160,  n.  2. 
Xi,  doubled,  in  inscription,  205. 

Zeus,   birth  of,  represented  in  sculptures  of  Second 
Temple,  20,  148  ff. 


END  OF  VOLUME  I 


EUctrot,^  and  printed  h,  H.  O.  Hon.kto,,  *•  C*. 
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THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


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arcfjaeological  institute  of  aimrtca 

amcrican  ^ci^ool  of  Clajtisical  ^tubteis  at  ati^ensi 


THE  AEGIVE  HEEAEUM 


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BY 

CHARLES  WALDSTEIN 

Pu.  />.,  L.  H.  D.,  LiTT.  D. 

SOMETIME   DIRECTOR  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SiHOOI.   OF  (  LASSICAI.  STl'DIES  AT  ATHEXS 

SLAVE   PROFESSOR    OF  FIXE   ART,    IXflERSJTr  REAVER  J\  CLASSICAL 

ARCHAEOLOtiY,  AXV  FELLOW  OF  KlXirs  COLLEUE,  CAMHRIVGE 

SOMETIME  VIHECTOR  OF  THE  FITX  WILLI  AM  MISEIM,  CAMBRIVdE,  ETC.,  ETC. 


1 


WITH  THE  COOPERATION  OP 

GEORGE   HENRY  CHASE,   HERBERT  FLETCHER   DE  COU,  THEOIX)RE   WOOLSEY 

HEERMANCE.  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN,  ALBERT  MORTON  LYTHGOE,  RICHARD 

NORTON,   RUFUS   BYAM   RICHARDSON,   EDWARD   LIPPINCOTT  TILTON 

HENRY  STEPHENS  WASHINGTON,  AND  JAMES  RIGNALL  WHEELER 

IN  TWO  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  II 

TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES,  TERRA-COTTA   RELIEFS,   VASES  AND 

VASE   FRAGMENTS.  BRONZES.  ENGRAVED  STONES.  GEMS.   AND  IVORIES, 

COINS,  EGYFriAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYFriAN,  OBJECTS 


'■  V 


Ml 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 

^^r  UtbrrsiiDr  prrsisf,  CambriDge 

1905 


ikl 


COPYRIGHT,    1905 
BY   THE  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  AMERICAN   iiCHUOL   OK   CLASSICAL   STUDIES  AT  ATHENS 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESEKVKt) 


Published  AfrU,  iqo§ 


/ 


NOTE 

This  work  is  issued  by  the  authority  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America  and  the  American  School  of  Classical  Studies  at  Athens,  which 
share  the  financial  responsibility  for  it.  The  supervision  of  its  publication  has  been 
intrusted  to  a  Committee  which  consists  of  representatives  of  both  bodies. 

Each  contributor  has  been  left  entirely  free  to  express  his  opinions  and  sentiments 
regarding  the  subjects  treated  by  him  —  even  where  in  these  he  differed  from  his  asso- 
ciates—  and  is  therefore  solely  responsible  for  the  statements  made  in  the  articles 
written  by  him. 

Committee  on  Publication  :  — 

JOHN  WILLIAMS  WHITE, 
HAROLD  N.  FOWLER, 
EDWARD  ROBINSON, 

On  behalf  of  the  Institute. 
THOMAS  D.  SEYMOUR, 
JAMES  R.  WHEELER, 
JOHN  H.  WRIGHT, 

On  behalf  of  the  School  at  Athens. 


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PREFATORY  NOTE  TO  VOLUME  11. 

In  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  of  this  publication  I  expressed  my  regret  at  the  delay 
in  bringing  before  the  world  the  results  of  our  excavations  which  were  completed  in  1895. 
I  also  regretted  that  we  were  obliged  to  issue  the  first  volume  before  the  completion  of 
the  second.    I  then  thought  myself  justified  in  announcing  that  the  second  volume  would 
"  follow  within  a  few  months."    Circumstances  over  which  I  have  had  no  control  have 
extended  this  period  of  a  few  months  to  what  will  now  in   all   probability  exceed  a 
twelvemonth.     As  in  the  case  of  the  first  volume  I  deplore  this,  not  only  because  it 
has  kept  from  the  ai-ciiaeological  world  the  material  which  we  have  to  offer  for  study,  but 
also  because  full  justice  cannot  be  done  to  my  collaborators,  especially  to  Dr.  Hoppin 
and  Mr.  Chase,  whose  work  has  been  completed  and  in  type  for  several  years.    Quite  apart 
from  the  question  of  priority  with  regard  to  the  antiquities  we  have  excavated  as  well 
as  the  deductions  we  may  have  drawn  from  them,  the  work  of  my  collaborators  may 
not  be  justly  appreciated  when  considered  in  the  light  of  more  recent  discoveries,  —  I 
mean  those  that  have  been  made  since  our  excavations  were  completed.     I  have  in  mind 
e8i>ecially  the  important  discoveries  made  in  Crete,  Melos,  and  the  more  recent  excavations 
of  Thera.     In  any  case,  tlie  complete  and  final  publication  of  the  work  on  those  sites  was 
not  available  for  our  purposes ;  while  in  the  case  of  Crete,  notably  of  Cnossos,  the  exca- 
vations themselves  have  not  been  brought  to  a  termination,  and  the  material  furnished 
does  not  present  itself  in  a  form  admitting  of  final  conclusions  and  general  deductions. 
Still,  it  may  not  seem  right  that,  covering  as  we  do  similar  fields  of  inquiry  to  that  of 
recent  work  on  other  Aegean  sites,  we  should  not  have  considered  at  least  the  suggestions 
which  they  offer  in  the  elaboration  of  our  own  material ;  and  it  may  not  be  unfair  to 
criticise  us  for  not  having  redistributed  all  the  type  set  years  ago  and  rewritten  all  that 
had  been  written.    But  I  venture  to  think  that  the  scientific  value  of  the  archaeological 
material  which  we  here  offer  in  our  publication,  and  even  of  the  conclusions  which  we 
have  drawn  from  the  study  of  them,  is  increased  by  the  fact  that  in  our  study  we  have 
confined  ourselves  to  what  was  actually  before  us  in  our  own  material,  and  to  the  defi- 
nitely published  results  of  the  work  that  had  preceded  us.    Whether  our  results  as 
here  published  are  confirmed,  rejected,  or  modified  by  those  of  future  excavators  and 
inquirers,  our  exposition  can  but  gain  in  its  claim  to  trustworthiness  from  not  having 
been  biased  by  premature  side-glances  at  the  foreshadowed  results  of  contemporary  exca- 
vation ;  while  those  who  must  elaborate  the  discoveries  made  since  our  own  will  be  able 
to  make  the  better  use  of  ours  in  their  independent  presentation,  even  if  this  use  should 
be  to  controvert  our  conclusions. 

A  similar  explanation  may  be  called  for  with  regard  to  the  fact  that  we  have  not 


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PREFATORY  NOTE 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


IX 


considered  the  work  done  since  our  excavations  were  completed  on  wider  questions  of 
historic  and  prehistoric  archaeology,  in  which  our  own  material  must  find  a  pkce  as 
evidence.     These  include  especially  the  wide  and  complicated  problems  of  the  earliest 
ethnology  of  the  ancient  world,  together  with  the  greatly  expanded  study  of  Hellenic  and 
primitive  mythology.     The  whole  question  of  the  Mycenaean  age  and  the  periods  that 
preceded  and  followed  it  has  entered  a  new  phase,  owing  to  the  remarkable  work  done  by 
such  writers  as  Professor  Ridgeway  and  Dr.  J.  G.  Frazer,  and  to  the  cognate  discoveries 
and  inquiries  of  explorers  and  scholars  like  Professor  Flinders  Petrie.     I  have  been 
directly  criticised  for  not  having,  in  my  General  Introduction  in  the  first  volume,  clearly 
taken  sides  on  the  main  issues  raised  by  such  important  inquiries.     Dr.  Rouse,  in  his 
review  of  oiu"  first  volume,^  says :  "  Dr.  Waldstein  has  not  thought  well  to  examine  the 
bearing  of  this  book  (Professor  Ridgeway 's  Early  Age  of  Greece)  on  his  Introduction, 
part  of  which  might  have  been  modified  by  it.     He  does  indeed  mention   Professor 
Ridgeway  in  a  footnote,  not  without  approval ;  but  there  was  time  to  have  formed  a 
more  definite  opinion  than  he  gives  on  the  new  theories,  whether  to  accept  them  or  to 
reject."     Now,  all  that  I  have  urged  above  regarding  the  undesirability  of  entering  into 
wider  inquiry  beyond  the  range  of  our  own  material  in  this  publication  applies  still  more 
emphatically  to  the  questions  raised  by  Professor  Ridgeway's  bold  and  far-reaching  work. 
I  wish  in  no  way  to  discourage  this  stirring  expansion  of  the  study  of  classical  antiquity 
into  wider  spheres,  where  it  establishes  its  immediate  relationship  to  general  ethnology,  — 
nay,  to  anthropology.     The  day  may  come  when  all  our  views  of  the  early  history  of 
man,  including  the  peoples  of  Ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  will  present  a  picture  containing 
a  full  and  organic  composition  instead  of  the  smaller  groups  and  single  portraits  which 
we  now  have  before  us ;  and  when  the  whole  image  of  the  past  in  the  eyes  of  our  poster^ 
ity  may  gain  in  truth  and  even  in  clearness.    But  to  my  mind  this  day  has  not  yet  come ; 
because  the  material  for  such  wider  generalization,  which  we  may  reasonably  hope  for  in 
the  future,  is  not  yet  to  hand.   Excavations,  not  only  in  Egypt,  in  Assyria,  in  the  whole  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  the  northern  portions  of  Ancient  Greece,  in  the  islands  of  the  Aegean,  in 
Sicily  and  in  Italy,  but  also  in  many  other  centres  of  Europe  and  other  parts  of  the  world, 
will  have  to  yield  their  treasures  of  the  past,  before  a  great  genius,  happily  arising,  is 
prepared  to  fuse  the  disjointed  ingots  of  evidence  together,  at  the  slow  and  steady  fire  of 
sober  yet  imaginative  induction,  into  the  great  and  malleable  bar  of  precious  metal  out 
of  which  the  monumental  forms  of  truth  are  forged  and  cast.     In  the  mean  while,  how- 
ever, truth  is  advanced  by  a  select  few  who  form  legitimate  scientific  hypotheses  in 
presenting  theories  by  means  of  which,  for  the  time  being,  we  can  in  some  way  grapple 
with  the  vast  mass  of  material  before  us.     But  in  presenting  the  results  of  our  excava- 
tions of  one  site,  and  in  drawing  our  conclusions  from  the  material  before  us,  we  are 
emphatically  not  called  upon  to  take  sides  on  problems  of  much  wider  issue,  the  solution 
of  which  may  ultimately  be  furnished  by  our  facts  and  our  exposition.' 

•  Clojtsical  Review,  October,  1903,  p.  368.  opinions  tended  to  support  those  of  Professor  Ridgeway, 

^  I  think  It  right  to  state  that  wherever  my  results  and      they   were  on  my   part  arrived   at  quite  independently 


Still,  since  the  first  volume  was  published,  the  final  and  official  publication  of  Troja 
and  Ilion  has  been  issued  by  Dr.  Diiqifeld  and  his  collaborators.  Furthermore,  the 
work  done  and  the  wonderful  results  attained  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Evans  and  his  colleagues  in 
Cnossos  of  Crete,  as  well  as  that  of  Professor  Halbherr  and  his  colleagues  at  Phaestos, 
though  the  excavations  are  not  completed,  have  led  to  preliminary  publications  in  which 
final  conclusions  have  in  some  instances  been  drawn  which  bear  directly  upon  essential 
points  of  our  discoveries  at  the  Argive  Heraeum.  As  the  conclusions  thus  arrived  at  by 
the  excavators  of  Cnossos  seem  to  mihtate  against  my  main  contention  with  regard  to  the 
Argive  Heraeum,  I  feel  that  I  must  in  a  few  words  touch  upon  this  question,  even  at  the 
risk  of  being  premature. 

I  claimed  preeminent  importance  for  the  Argive  Heraeum,  because,  as  compared  with 
sites  like  Troy  and  other  early  "  classical  sites  "  including  Crete,  it  was  one  about  which 
there  could  be  no  doubt  in  regard  to  its  intrinsic  association  from  the  earliest  times  with 
what  is  to  us  Hellenic  life ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  in  contradistinction  to  Tiryns  and 
Mycenae,  which  only  present  definite  periods  in  the  development  of  Hellenism,  the  Argive 
Heraeum  was  continuously,  in  all  ages  about  which  we  know  anythuig,  an  important 
centre  of  that  life.  I  maintained,  and  I  still  maintain,  tliat  our  excavations  have  yielded 
material  giving  undeniable  proof  that  this  site  was  occupied  in  what  is  commonly  called 
the  Neolithic  period.  By  an  oversight  the  first  volume  contained  no  illustrations  of 
stone  implements  found  in  our  excavations.  I  wish  here  to  supplement  this  deficiency 
by  inserting  specimens  of  such  Neolithic  articles  of  use. 


Stone  Implemknts  from  the  Argive  Heraeum. 


From  the  Neolithic  age  onward  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  a  continuous  occupation 
of  that  site,  be  it  as  a  citadel  or  as  a  temple,  down  to  Roman  times.  I  wish  here  to 
emphasize  more  strongly  than  I  have  done  in  the  fii-st  volume  that  the  earliest  walls  and 
dwelUngs,  together  with  the  stone  implements,  confirm  the  tradition  which  I  maintained  * 


from  him.  Any  suggestion  I  received  from  him  has  been 
duly  acknowledged  ;  just  as  he  has  acknowledged,  both  in 
bis  article  in  the  Hellenic  Journal  in  18%,  as  well  as  in 
hia  book,  the  cases  in  which  I  enabled  him  to  consider 


some  of  our  material  before  publication.  We  are  nei- 
ther of  us  responsible  for  the  other's  views  and  conclu- 
sions. 

1  Classical  Review^  December,  1900,  pp.  473  If. 


I 


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V 


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viii  PKEFATORY  NOTE 

considered  the  work  done  since  our  excavations  were  completed  on  wider  questions  of 
historic  and  prehistoric  {irchaeology,  in  whicli   our  own  material  must  find  a  place  as 
evidence.     These  include  especially  the  wide  and  comi>licated  problems  of  the  earliest 
ethnology  of  the  ancient  world,  toj^ether  with  the  jjreatly  expanded  study  of  Hellenic  and 
primitive  mythology.     The  whole  question  of  the  Mycenaean  age  and  the  periods  that 
preceded  and  followed  it  has  entered  a  new  phase,  owing  to  the  remarkable  work  done  by 
such  writers  as  Professor  Ridgeway  and  Dr.  .1.  G.  Fnizer,  and  to  the  cognate  discoveries 
and  incpiiries  of  explorers  and  scholars  like  Professor  Flinders  Petrie.     1   have  been 
directly  criticised  for  not  having,  in  my  General  Introduction  in  the  first  volume,  clearly 
taken  sides  on  the  main  issues  raised  by  such  important  inquiries.     Dr.  Rouse,  in  his 
review  of  our  first  volume,'  says :  *'  Dr.  Waldstein  has  not  thought  well  to  examine  the 
bearing  of  this  book  (Professor  Ridgeway 's  Eur  hi  Aye  of  (i  reeve)  on  his  Introduction, 
part   of  which  might  have   been  modified   by  it.     He  does  indeed   mention    Professor 
Ridgeway  in  a  footnote,  not  without  approval ;  but  there  was  time  to  have  formed  a 
more  definite  opinion  than  he  gives  on  the  new  theories,  whether  to  accept  them  or  to 
reject."     Now,  all  that  I  have  urged  above  regarding  the  undesirability  of  entering  into 
wider  inquiry  beyond  the  range  of  our  own  material  in  this  publication  a})plies  still  more 
emphatically  to  the  questions  raised  by  Professor  Ridgeway's  bold  and  far-reaching  work. 
I  wish  in  no  way  to  discourage  this  stirring  expansion  of  the  study  of  classical  antiquity 
into  wider  spheres,  where  it  establishes  its  immediate  relationship  to  general  ethnology,  — 
nay,  to  anthropology.     The  day  may  come  when  all  our  views  of  the  early  history  of 
man,  including  the  peoples  of  Ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  will  present  a  picture  contiiining 
a  full  and  organic  composition  instead  of  the  smaller  groups  and  single  portraits  which 
we  now  have  before  us ;  and  when  the  whole  image  of  the  past  in  the  eyes  of  our  poster- 
ity may  gain  in  truth  and  even  in  clearness.    But  to  my  mind  this  day  has  not  yet  come ; 
because  the  material  for  such  wider  generalization,  which  we  may  reasonably  hoi)e  for  in 
the  future,  is  not  yet  to  hand.   Excavations,  not  only  in  Egyj)t,  in  Assyria,  in  the  whole  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  the  northern  porticMis  of  Ancient  Greece,  in  the  islands  of  the  Aegean,  in 
Sicily  and  in  Italy,  but  also  in  many  other  centres  of  Europe  and  other  parts  of  the  world, 
will  have  to  yield  their  treasures  of  the  jwist,  before  a  gi-eat  genius,  happily  arising,  is 
prei)ared  to  fuse  the  disjointed  ingots  of  evidence  together,  at  the  slow  and  steady  fire  of 
sober  yet  imaginative  induction,  into  the  great  and  malleable  bar  of  precious  metal  out 
of  which  the  monumental  forms  of  truth  are  forged  and  cast.     In  the  mean  while,  how- 
ever, truth  is  advanced  by  a  select  few  who  form  legitimate  scientific  hyiKJtheses  in 
presenting  theories  by  means  of  which,  for  the  time  being,  we  can  in  some  way  grapple 
witli  the  vast  mass  of  material  before  us.     But  in  presenting  the  results  (»f  our  excava- 
tions of  <me  site,  and  in  drawinjr  our  conclusions  from  the  material  before  us,  we  are 
emphatically  not  called  upon  to  take  sides  on  ])roblems  of  much  wider  issue,  the  solution 
of  which  may  ultimately  be  furnished  by  our  facts  and  our  exposition." 

'   ClmtMrnJ  Rpfiew.  October.  l!K>3,  p.  .168.  oiiinioiis  tended  to  snpport  those  of  Professor  Ridgeway, 

'^  I  think  it  right  to  state  that  wherever  my  results  and      they    were  on  my   part  arrived   at  quite  independently 


PREFATORY   NOTE 


uc 


Still,  since  the  first  volume  was  published,  the  final  and  official  publication  of  Troja 
and  Illon  has  been  issued  by  Dr.  Doi-pfeld  and  his  collaborators.  Furthermore,  the 
work  done  and  the  wonderful  results  attiiined  by  Dr.  A.  .1.  Evans  and  his  colleagues  in 
Cnossos  of  Crete,  as  well  as  that  of  Professor  Halbherr  and  his  colleagues  at  Phaestos, 
though  the  excavations  are  not  completed,  have  led  to  preliminary  publications  in  which 
final  conclusions  have  in  some  instances  been  drawn  which  bear  directly  upon  essential 
points  of  our  discoveries  at  the  Argive  Heraeum.  As  the  conclusions  thus  arrived  at  by 
the  excavators  of  Cnossos  seem  to  militate  against  mv  main  contention  with  reuard  to  the 
Argive  Heraeum,  I  feel  that  I  must  in  a  few  words  touch  upon  this  question,  even  at  the 
risk  of  being  premature. 

I  claimed  preeminent  importance  for  the  Argive  Heraeum,  because,  as  compared  with 
sites  like  Troy  and  other  early  '*  classical  sites  "  including  Crete,  it  was  one  about  which 
there  could  be  no  doubt  in  regard  to  its  intrinsic  association  from  the  earliest  times  with 
what  is  to  us  Hellenic  life ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  in  contradistinction  to  Tiryns  and 
Mycenae,  which  only  present  definite  periods  in  the  development  of  Hellenism,  the  Argive 
Heraeum  was  continuously,  in  all  ages  about  which  we  know  anything,  an  important 
centre  of  that  life.  I  maintained,  and  1  still  maintain,  that  our  excavations  have  yielded 
material  giving  undeniable  proof  that  this  site  was  occupied  in  what  is  commonly  called 
the  Neolithic  period.  By  an  oversight  the  first  volume  contained  no  illustrations  of 
stone  implements  found  in  our  excavations.  I  wish  here  to  supplement  this  deficiency 
by  inserting  specimens  of  such  Neolithic  articles  of  use. 


Stonk  Implemjixts  from  the  Argive  Heraeum. 

From  the  Neolithic  age  onward  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  a  continuous  occupation 
of  that  site,  be  it  as  a  citadel  or  as  a  temple,  down  to  Roman  times.  I  wish  here  to 
emphasize  more  strongly  than  I  have  done  in  the  first  volume  that  the  earliest  walls  and 
dwellings,  together  with  the  stone  implements,  confirm  the  tradition  which  I  maintained ' 

from  him.    Any  suggestion  I  received  from  him  has  been  some  of  our  material  l>efore  publication.     We  are  nei- 

duly  acknowle<lged  ;  just  as  he  has  acknowledged,  botli  in  ther  of  us  responsible  for  the  other's  views  and  conclu- 

bis  article  in  the  Hellenic  Journal  in  1896,  as  well  as  in  sions. 

bia  book,  the  cases  in  which  1  enabled  him  to  consider  ^  Classical  Rtoiew,  December,  19U0,  pp.  473  if. 


fl! 


I  \% 


X  PREFATORY  NOTE 

is  given  in  Bacchylides  (xi.  43-S4),  that  the  site  of  the  Temple  of  Hera  was  also  that 
of  the  Pre-Proetean  citadel  of  Argos.  On  every  side  there  is  thus  evidence  of  a  Pre- 
Mycenaean  civilization  at  the  Heraeum ;  and  in  tradition,  monuments,  and  minor  works 
we  have  there  an  illustration  of  the  systematic  origin  and  organic  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  Mycenaean  civiUzation  and  the  periods  following  it.  No  doubt  there  is  evi- 
dence (which  moreover  we  should  a  priori  expect)  of  waves  of  foreign  influence.  But 
the  main  current  of  civilization  leadmg  up  to  the  Mycenaean  age,  through  it  and  beyond 
it,  is  central  and  continuous  on  the  site  of  the  Argive  Heraeum.  As  far  as  our  evidence 
goes,  there  is  no  reason  for  assuming  that  the  Mycenaean  civilization  came  to  the  Argolid 
from  without,  and  that  it  was  not  continuously  developed  in  tliat  centre  of  ancient  life. 

Now,  the  conclusions  which  Dr.  Evans  has  drawn  from  his  Cnossiau  discoveries  tend 
to  make  Crete  the  earliest  focus  of  Mycenaean  civilization  from  wliich  it  radiated  to  other 
parts  of  the  world,  including  Greece  Proper.  Mr.  Mackenzie,  moreover,  in  a  very  ingen- 
ious and  able  article '  has  endeavored  to  prove  this  definitely  by  the  evidence  of  the  vases 
found  at  Cnossos.  He  maintains  that  the  evolution  of  the  Mycenaean  ceramic  style 
out  of  the  Kamares  Avare,  which  again  is  evolved  from  Cretan  Neolithic  ware,  is  to  be 
found  in  Crete.  He  further  maintains  that  from  Crete  it  found  its  way  into  the  Argolid 
and  the  other  parts  of  the  ancient  world.  In  short,  it  is  maintained  that  Crete  is  *'  the 
cradle  of  the  Mycenaean,  and  hence  of  Hellenic,  civilization." 

This  seems  to  me  improbable.  Moreover,  if  it  were  true,  my  own  conclusions  with 
regard  to  the  position  of  the  Argive  Heraeum  woidd  be  unfounded.  In  spite  of  the 
prematureness  of  any  attempt  to  arrive  at  a  final  decision  on  the  nature  of  the  Cnossian 
excavations  while  they  are  not  yet  completed,  and  before  the  objects  there  found  have 
been  subjected  to  a  thorough  examination  in  their  completeness,  I  wish,  in  view  of  the 
pai-tial  publication  of  such  conclusions  on  the  part  of  the  excavators,  to  enumerate  briefly 
my  doubts,  and  to  commend  them  to  the  consideration  of  the  Cretan  explorers. 

On  the  one  hand,  I  do  not  doubt  of  the  ample  evidence  as  to  the  early  settlement  of 
the  Cnossian  and  other  Cretan  sites  in  the  Neolithic  period,  and  I  view  favorably  Dr. 
Evans's  suggestion  of  a  chronology  reaching  back  much  farther  than  we  have  hitherto 
been  wont  to  conceive,  namely,  well  into  the  third  and  even  the  fourth  millennia  B.  c. 
As  Dr.  Diirpfeld  has  admitted,  the  earliest  layei-s  of  Hissarlik  distinctly  point  to  such 
remote  ages ;  and  I  have  always  expressed  my  belief  that  we  should  have  to  go  much 
farther  back  when  looking  for  the  beginnings  of  early  Greek  civilization. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  we  are  informed  that  the  objects  on  the  Cnossian  site  end 
with  the  Mycenaean  period,  that  there  are  no  objects  belonging  to  a  later  date  found 
there,  and  that  therefore  the  life  they  reflect  antedates  that  of  the  sites  in  Greece  Proper, 
and  that  the  Mycenaean  civilization  found  in  the  latter  is  derived  from  Crete. 

It  is  now  some  years  ago^  since  I  expressed  the  view  that  it  is  a  mistake  to  believe 
that  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  forms  of  art  production  ceased  in  all  parts  of  Greece 
at  the  same  time,  and  were  superseded  in  the  same  period  by  the  archaic  forms  of 

1  /.  H.  S.  XXIII.  1903,  pp.  157  ff.  >  At  a  public  uieetiog  of  the  Americau  School  of  Atheni  in  1893. 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


XI 


distinctly  "  Hellenic  "  character.  It  then  appeared  to  me  that,  especially  in  ceramic  art, 
the  familiar  polychrome,  black-figured  and  red-figured  vases  never  became  the  indigenous 
manufacture  of  certain  portions  of  the  ancient  world ;  but  that  the  Mycenaean  and  the 
Geometric  forms  of  ornamentation  as  well  as  the  so-called  "  Proto-Corinthian  "  (our  later 
Argive-Linear)  maintained  themselves  long  into  the  historic  period.  Of  this  survival,  this 
persistency  of  earlier  styles,  Crete  seems  to  me  a  most  probable  instance.  Though  the 
Cnossian  city  reach  far  back  into  the  remotest  antiquity,  and  nothing  later  than  Mycenaean 
ware  has  as  yet  been  found  there,  we  must  at  least  await  the  completion  of  those  excava- 
tions and  those  of  other  Cretan  sites  before  we  exclude  the  possibility,  nay,  the  probability, 
that  the  latest  of  the  "  Mycenaean  "  remains  at  Cnossos  reach  far  down  to  the  gates  of 
the  historic  Greek  periods  when  elsewhere  in  the  Hellenic  world  other  Hellenic  forms 
had  been  developed.  The  grounds  for  my  doubt  in  the  face  of  the  mass  of  evidence 
which  is  even  now  adduced  by  the  Cnossian  excavators  are  based  upon  the  intrinsic  cliar- 
acter  of  this  evidence  itself. 

To  begin  with  the  more  general  point  of  view  (though  I  cannot  enter  upon  a  minute 
critical  estimate  of  the  ethnological  "  evidence  "),  the  confused  tangle  of  ancient  tradition 
concerning  the  early  inhabitants  of  ancient  Crete,— the  Eteocretans,  Pelasgians,  Achaeans, 
Dorians,  the  Carians,  Leleges,  and  their  relation  to  the  Lycians,  —  does  not  point  to  a 
unity  of  organization  and  civilization  which  could  have  produced  the  Mycenaean  style 
foreshadowing  the  typically  Hellenic  art. 

Moreover,  I  cannot  feel  that  the  literary  traditions  concerning  the  Minoan  Cycle  in  any 
way  warrant  us  in  assigning  a  central  position  to  it  in  the  formation  of  Hellenic  tradi- 
tion. In  its  relation  to  the  established  and  predominant  body  of  earliest  tradition  it  pai*- 
takes  of  what  I  should  like  to  call  an  "  episodical  "  character.  We  can  conceive  of  the 
organism  of  Hellenic  myth  and  herocilogy  retaining  its  organic  character  if  this  cycle 
were  expunged.  An  intimate  connection  with  Greece  Proper,  so  as  to  suggest  an  essen- 
tial influence  in  the  form  of  civilization,  is  not  manifest,  certainly  not  as  regards  the 
Argolid.  The  only  real  point  of  union  in  this  sphere  is  with  Attica  in  the  Thesean  story ; 
and  here  it  is  of  a  passing  nature,  indicating  a  war  which  implied  no  conquest  or  lasting 
occupation  of  the  country.  On  the  contrary,  the  balance  of  evidence  in  the  tradition  of 
Daidalos  points,  as  regards  art  and  style,  rather  to  an  influence  from  the  mainland  (in 
this  case  Attica)  upon  Crete,  than  from  Crete  on  Greece  Proper.  This  is  quite  different 
from  the  wave  of  influence  which  we  can  clearly  trace  in  sculpture  in  the  Daedalids,  the 
so-called  Ionian  period,  when  we  are  at  the  very  gates  of  the  Historic  period.^  In  fact, 
I  cannot  help  feeling  that  the  Minoan  and  Thesean  tradition  is  comparatively  late,  as  the 
complex  elaboration  of  the  tradition  concerning  the  life  and  deeds  of  Theseus  and  his 
worship  bears  traces  of  contaminatioj-  and  points  to  a  late  date  compared  with  the  body 
of  Greek  myths  and  heroiUogy. 

There  was  one  period  when  the  influence  of  Crete  upon  the  mainland  of  Greece  was 


III 


H' 
^ 


M 


Ik  I 


'  See  my  article  on  '  D^dale  et  1' Artemis  de  Ddlos/ 
R«v.  Arckioloffiqiu,  December,  1881,  pp.  32111. 


3  Cf.  Essays  on  the  Art  of  Pheidias,  pp.  254  ff. 


I 


xii 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


paramount,  when  accordingly  the  hfe  in  Crete,  especially  at  Cnossos,  must  have  been 
most  thriving  and  have  manifested  itself  in  active  art-production.  This  is  the  period 
which  in  the  history  of  sculpture  we  call  the  Ionian  period :  when  the  craft  of  making 
temple-statues,  the  profession  of  the  ayaX/tiaTOTroid?  was  really  established  and  introduced 
from  these  centres  into  Greece  Proper.  According  to  the  hterary  traditions  the  chief 
centres  whence  this  ai-t  sprung  were  Crete,  Chios,  and  Samos.  The  activity  of  these 
schools  of  sculptors,  immediately  derived  from  Daidalos  (in  my  opinion  the  h'uftorical 
Daidalos),  and  the  most  effective  transmitters  of  this  skill,  were  the  Cretan  Daidalidae, 
Dipoinos  and  Skyllis.  These  we  can  trace  in  their  journeys  through  the  Greek  continent 
enoraftino-  their  craft  at  Sicyon,  through  the  Peloponnesus,  and  as  far  north  as  the 
Aetolian  Ambracia.  Is  it  not  startlmg  to  find  that  of  this  period,  corresponding  to  the 
orientalizing  wave  in  ceramic  art  in  Greece,  concerning  which  we  have  undoubted  evi- 
dence as  to  the  predominant  position  of  Crete,  not  a  single  trace  should  have  been  found, 
especially  in  such  centres  as  Cnossos  ?  Is  this  conceivable  ?  Are  we  not  justified  in  ask- 
ing for  some  reasonable  explanation  of  such  a  singular  phenomenon  ?  And  may  I  not 
suggest  that,  however  early  smne  of  the  Cnossian  remains  and  the  earliest  building 
may  be,  some  parts  of  the  paLice,  especially  its  plastic  decoration  in  stucco  as  well  as  some 
of  the  wall-painting,  belong  to  this  later  historical  period  ?  We  need  not  expect  to  find 
"  archaic  Greek  "  objects  there,  unless  they  were  imported  ;  but  the  native  orientalizing 
style,  which  presents  a  contuiuous  survival  of  the  Cretan-Mycenaean  art  down  to  these 
later  historical  times,  we  can  expect.^ 

But  let  us  turn  to  the  more  specifically  archaeological  evidence. 

(1)  The  architecture  of  Cnossos  in  its  "  Minoan  "  periods  appears  to  me  to  be  of  a 
distinctly  later  date  than  the  Cyclopean  structures  of  Tiryns  and  of  those  parts  of  the 
Heraeum  of  the  "  Tiiynthian  "  period  —  a  fortiori  the  earher  walls  of  more  primitive 
settlements.  If  the  Cnossian  walls  correspond  most  closely  to  the  sixth  hyer  of  Hissarlik- 
Troy,  it  stands  to  reason  that  the  earliest  Heraeum  walls,  which  correspond  to  the  first, 
second,  and  third  layers  of  Hissarlik,  are  distinctly  earlier.  The  walls  of  the  Heraeum 
present  a  continuous  development  from  these  primitive  beginnings  through  all  ages  to 
the  later  Roman  period,  and  thus  admit  of  no  break  or  hiatus.* 

»  Since  I  wrote  the  above,  my  attention  has  been  drawn      fact  ?    The  date  of  the  "  later  Greek  alphabet "  we  do 


to  a  passage  which  I  overlooked  in  Mr.  Evans's  Report 
on  the  Excavations  of  the  Palace  of  Knossos  in  the  Annual 
of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  vii.  (1900-1901),  p.  118  S. 
In  it  is  an  account  of  the  find  of  "  bone  '  fish ' "  upon 
which  were  incised  signs.  "  Out  of  twenty-one  varieties, 
ten  are  practically  identical,  both  in  shape  and  position, 
with  later  Greek  alphabetic  forms,  while  four  more  are 
the  same,  though  in  a  different  position.  Thus  we  have 
A,  A,  H,  /V,  I,  n,  P,  Y,  +  and  a  form  approaching  the 
digamma,  etc.  .  .  .  Yet  the  Mycenaean  date  of  these 
bone  pieces  is  as  well  ascertained  as  anything  found 
within  the  walls  of  the  Palace."  I  must  ask  :  What  is 
the  "  Mvcenaean  date  "  here  referred  to  as  an  established 


know.  Do  not  these  later  Greek  objects  apeak  rather 
in  favor  of  my  view,  that  the  Mycenaean  style  survived 
in  the  Palace  of  Cnossos  down  to  historical  Greek  times  ? 
'  Quite  recently  Professor  Noack  {Homeritche  Paliiste, 
1903)  has  pointed  out  that  there  is  a  "  contrast "  («n 
Gegensatz)  between  the  elevation  and  ground-plan  of  the 
"  Greek "  (Troy,  Tiryns,  Mycenae,  and  Ame)  and  the 
Cretan  palaces.  It  seems  strange  to  me  that  be  should 
nevertheless  consider  the  Greek  palaces  to  have  been  in- 
fluenced by  the  Cretan  form,  especially  when  he  (pp. 
27  fT.)  refers  the  principle  of  the  breitttimige  Front  which 
distinguishes  Cretan  from  "  Greek  "  palaces  to  the  East, 
Syria  and  Egypt,  for  its  origin.     This  "  oriental "  elt- 


K 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


xiu 


(2)  Though  the  Terra-Cotta  figurines  from  Cnossos  have  not  yet  been  published  sys- 
tematically, occasional  publications  have  given  enough  to  show  that  they  do  not  present 
that  full  and  organic  development  which  Mr.  Chase  and  I  have  endeavored  to  demon- 
strate in  this  publication.  None  of  the  specimens  from  Crete  which  I  have  since  seen 
represent  the  earliest  beginnings  as  illustrated  by  our  first  and  second  class ;  nor  do  they 
show  the  continuity  of  development  of  our  Tirynthian-Argive  class  out  of  its  primitive 
beginnings.  The  causes  for  regret  at  the  delay  in  our  pubhcation  are  exemplified  by  the 
fact  that  in  the  excellent  publication  of  ancient  Terra-Cottas  just  issued  by  Dr.  Winter  ^ 
he  should  have  had  to  rely  for  the  choice  of  his  terra-cottas  from  the  Heraeum  upon  my 
preliminary  publication  of  our  first  year's  work  pubhshed  in  1892,  and  that  he  has  thus 
been  unable  to  use  for  his  general  exposition  the  richest  find  of  such  objects,  represent- 
ing the  most  varied  classes  and  presenting  instances  of  such  continuous  development. 
In  view  of  what  I  had  put  in  the  first  volume  "^  on  the  nature  of  the  typically  Mycenaean 
terra-cottas  and  their  "  ceramic  "  style,  he  could  hardly  have  given  to  them  a  position 
earher  than  our  Tirynthian-Argive,  still  less  tlian  our  primitive  class.' 

(3)  As  regards  the  pottery  from  Cnossos,  we  are  already  in  possession  of  much  fuller 
publication  ;  and  quite  recently  Mr.  Duncan  Mackenzie  *  in  a  very  thoughtful  and  able 
article  has  made  an  attempt  to  give  a  systematic  account  of  the  evolution  of  Cretan 
pottery.  The  discovery  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Myres  established  the  fact  that  the  pottery  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  Kamares  ware  is  peculiar  to,  and  characteristic  of,  Crete.  Mr.  Mac- 
kenzie has  in  a  conclusive  manner  shown  how  the  earliest  form  of  this  Kamares  ware  is 
immediately  developed  out  of  the  primitive  Neohthic  pottery  with  incised  patterns.  Upon 
this  follows  a  class  of  "  early  Minoan  "  ware  which,  according  to  him,  is  the  precursor  of 
the  Mycenaean  ware,  out  of  which,  in  fact,  he  maintains  the  Mycenaean  style  grew.  But 
this  Minoan  class  presents  two  different,  if  not  antagonistic,  groups :  the  one  monochrome, 
the  other  polychrome  in  its  decoration.  On  his  own  showing  (p.  171)  the  polychrome 
was  the  more  favorite  style  of  the  two.  Now  he  maintains  that  these  two  groups  contend 
with  one  another,  as  it  were,  mingle  their  influence,  the  monochrome  ultimately  winning 
the  day,  and  that  the  final  result  is  the  establishment  of  the  Mycenaean  style. 

It  is  on  this  most  important  point  with  regard  to  the  evolution  of  the  Mycenaean  style 
that  Mr.  Mackenzie's  arguments  have  failed  to  convince  me.  For  the  whole  nature  of 
this  polychrome  style  in  the  Kamares  as  well  as  in  the  Cretan-Mycenaean  ware  is  to  my 


ment  (contrasted  with  the  "  Greek "  element)  in  the 
Mycenaean  style  of  Crete  would  correspond  exactly  to 
what  I  maintain  below  characterizes  the  Cretan  pottery 
of  the  Mycenaean  age. 

•  Die  Antiken  Terrak'otten,  etc.,  by  R.  Kekule  von 
Stradonitz,  vol.  III.  1903. 

*  Vol.  I.  p.  46. 

'  When  Dr.  Winter,  /.  c.  (p.  zzx.),  says  of  these  earliest 
classes :  Die  Entstehungszeit  auch  der  primitiv  gehildeten 
StUcte  diirfie  tattm  sehr  toeit  iiber  das  achte  Jahrhundert 
zurUckreicken,  it  is  enough  to  point  to  the  tray,  examined 


by  Mr.  Chase,  containing  the  objects  from  a  tholos  tomb 
at  Mycenae  in  which  a  Heraeum  terra-cotta  of  our  second 
(Argfive-Tirynthian)  class  was  found,  to  prove  that  even 
our  second  class  can  at  least  not  be  later  than  the  Myce- 
naean period.     Cf.  p.  10^. 

*  J.  Hellen.  Stud.  XXIII.  (1903)  pp.  157  ff.  Other 
articles  dealing  with  Cnossian  pottery  have  appeared  by 
Mr.  D.  G.  Hogarth,  British  School  Annual,  VI.  1899- 
1900,  p.  74  ;  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Evans,  B.  S.  A.  VII.  1900- 
1901 ;  by  the  same  writer,  B.  S.  A.  VIII.  1901-1902,  pp. 
88  ff. 


f 

il 


:  \, 


'  Ik  I 


j|l| 


if 


XIV 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


XV 


mind  a  most  characteristic  differentiation  of  Cretan  pottery ;  one,  moreover,  which  also 
differentiates  it  from  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  Mycenaean  style  as  presented  to  us 
in  the  representative  vases  from  the  mainland  of  Greece  and  other  sites.     The  very  first 
specimens  of  Mycenaean  vases  found  in  Crete  which  were  shown  to  me  some  time  ago 
gave  me  the  impression  that  they  had  local  characteristics  mixed  up  with  the  Mycenaean 
style  which  distinguished  them  from  the  general  run  of  Mycenaean  ware,  and  which  I  con- 
sider foreign  to  the  main  feature  of  Mycenaean  ware,  in  some  sense  antagonistic  to  it.   For 
want  of  a  better  word  I  should  describe  this  differential  characteristic  as  "  orientalizing." 
I  mean  by  that  term  those  featui-es  of  decoration  which  are  found  in  a  much  later  age, 
namely,  the  "  orientalizing  "  period  as  illustrated  in  the  Corinthian  vases  preceding  the 
development  of  the  archaic  black-figured  vases  which  are  more  purely  Greek  in  style. 
The  distinctive  decorative  features  of  this  "  orientalizing  "  style  are  a  tendency  towards 
the  polychrome  or  piebald  in  color  and  towards  a  redundancy  of  ornaments  in  design. 
Plate  XII.  vol.  XXII.  of  the  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies  will  illustrate  my  meaning.    The 
bronze  age  vase  (No.  1  in  the  middle)  from  Zakro  is  in  shape  and  general  ornamen- 
tation distinctly  Mycenaean.     But  the  manner  in  which  the  partly  naturalistic  and  other 
ornaments  have  been  scattered  about  the  whole  body  and  neck  of  the  vase  (with  a  redun- 
dancy which  has  led  German  archaeologists  to  talk  of  such  as  *^  Fiillornamente'')  is 
foreign  to  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  pure  Mycenaean  vase  and  style.     Yet  we 
must  not  be  astonished  to  find  this  characteristic  in  a  Mycenaean  vase  from  Crete  when  it 
is  manifestly  already  the  leading  characteristic  of  the  "  early  Minoan  "  style,  the  precursor 
of  the  Mycenaean  period,  in  that  island.     The  primitive  Cretan  painted  vases  published 
by  Messrs.  Hogarth  and  Welsh  in  1901 '  with  the  polychrome  and  characteristic  Kamares 
vases  given  on  Plates  VI.  and  VII.  will  illustrate  this  more  fully ;  while  the  polychrome 
cups  Nos.  1  and  2  on  Plate  VI.  of  Mr.  Mackenzie's  article  will  most  strikingly  illustrate 
the  principle  of  the  "  Fiillornamente  "  at  the  early  stage  of  Cretan  ware  preceding  the 
Mycenaean  period.     Thus,  through  a  careful  and  sober  study  of  the  style  in  the  Cretan 
remains  themselves,  without  the  intrusion  of  any  further  theory,  I  cannot  feel  on  the  one 
hand  that  this  polychrome  style  could  ever  lead  to  the  Mycenaean  style,  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  that  the  distinctive  characteristics  which  it  embodies  could  ever  be  entirely  expunged 
from  the  ware  manufactured  in  Crete  at  any  period  of  its  production.     It  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Mycenaean  ware  of  distinctly  Cretan  origin,  and,  in  some  form  or  other,  the  devel- 
oped Kamares  ware  manifests  a  similar  character.     It  is  a  significant  and  interesting  fact 
that  the  place  where  these  characteristics  of  Cretan  style  manifest  themselves  in  a  strong 
survival  most  clearly  in  a  far  later  period  is  Naucratis,  where  we  find  the  main  features 
of  the  Kamares  ware  in  the  ornamentation  of  the  interior  of  the  characteristic  Naucratite 
pottery. 

With  the  evidence  furnished  up  to  this  moment  before  us,  it  seems  to  me  more  probable 
that  the  active  influence  which  won  the  day  in  Crete  for  the  monochrome  decoration 
contending  with  the  polychrome  style  was  the  introduction  of  pure  Mycenaean  patterns 

»  /.  H.  S.  1901,  pp.  78  ff. 


which  probably  came  into  Crete  from  elsewhere,  and  which  were  never  assimilated  in  their 
complete  purity  of  character.  This  course  in  the  history  of  ceramic  decoration  seems  to 
me  more  probable  than  that  the  elements  of  the  Mycenaean  style  were  engrafted  from 
Crete  upon  the  ware  of  those  centres,  notably  the  Argolid,  where  the  Mycenaean  style  has 
hitherto  been  supposed  to  have  had  its  native  home.  As  far  as  the  Heraeum  is  concerned, 
there  appears  to  me  to  be  no  room  for  Mr.  Mackenzie's  hypothesis.  For  we  have  there, 
as  I  have  endeavored  to  trace  it,'  a  continuous  and  organic  development  from  the  incised 
and  early  painted  ornamentation  of  the  Neohthic  ware,  through  the  dull-colored  linear 
ornament  with  free-hand  drawing  of  the  early  Mycenaean  ware,  to  the  fully  developed 
forms  of  that  style ;  and  it  appears  to  me  that,  out  of  the  principle  of  free-hand  drawing 
with  spirals  and  curved  lines  and  waved  patterns  in  the  dull-colored  vases,  the  natural- 
istic ornament  of  the  jieriod  of  advanced  ceramic  art  in  the  Mycenaean  age  naturally 
follows.  There  is  no  room  in  the  chain  of  development  for  the  intrusion  of  the  peculiar 
early  Minoan  vase. 

One  important  point  Mr.  Mackenzie  has  succeeded  in  making  highly  probable,  namely, 
that  the  use  of  glaze-color  in  vase  decoration,  which  is  to  be  found  at  the  very  earliest 
{)eri()d  in  Crete,  may  have  originated  there,  and  may  have  spread  thence  to  other  parts 
of  the  Mycenaean  area.  This  is  most  probable  in  view  of  the  large  numbers  of  such 
specimens  found  in  Crete ;  though  all  sites  of  the  ancient  world  have  not  yet  been  exca- 
vated. But  the  introduction  of  such  a  technical  innovation  is  readily  made  from  one  part 
of  the  world  into  another ;  not  so  the  introduction  of  a  characteristic  style.  The  isolated 
specimens  of  distinctively  Cretan  Mycenaean  ware  which  have  been  found  in  other  parts  of 
the  Mycenaean  world  do  not  justify  the  conclusion  of  such  a  predominant  influence  on  the 
part  of  the  Cretan  style,  when  we  consider  the  paucity  of  these  isolated  specimens  in 
their  proportion  to  the  pure  Mycenaean  ware  found  in  the  Argolid  and  elsewhere.  We 
must  wait  for  a  careful  differentiation  between  the  peculiar  Mycenaean  ware  found  in  Crete 
and  the  ware  which  is  purely  Mycenaean  and  corresponds  to  the  predominant  class  of 
Mycenaean  vases  found  in  the  ArgoUd,  and,  comparing  their  relative  numbers,  we  must 
then  ask  whether  there  is  not  actual  evidence  which  makes  it  probable  that  a  great 
quantity  of  Mycenaean  ware  may  have  been  imported  into  Crete  from  the  Argolid.  I  may 
finally  add  that  the  evidence  from  Troy  confirms  me  in  this  supposition ;  for  we  there 
find  a  pronounced  and  distinctive  form  of  primitive  ware  with  its  characteristic  material, 
shai)e,  and  ornaments ;  while  the  advent  of  the  Mycenaean  style  in  the  sixth  layer  is 
foreshadowed  in  the  adoption  of  spiral  ornaments  in  the  previous  layer,  which,  though 
incised  in  the  predominant  system  of  Trojan  vases,  manifests  a  decorative  feeling  intro- 
duced and  adopted  from  elsewhere.  Dr.  Diirpfeld  says  of  these  ornaments  :  ^  "  Ebenso 
neu,  aber  nicht  eigentlich  troisch,  sind  die  eingetieften  Spiralen,  welche  in  der  Zeit  der 
dritten  Periode  aufkommen."  These  designs  correspond  to  the  usual  ornaments  as  we 
find  them  on  the  earliest  dull-colored  vases  in  the  beginning  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

These  remarks  on  the  Cretan  question  in  its  relation  to  our  discoveries  may,  as  I  have 

>  Vol.  I.  pp.  53  «.  »  Troifa  und  Ilion,  1902,  p.  279. 


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XVI 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


said  before,  be  premature,  and  I  am  quite  ready  to  retract  the  statements  here  made  when 
fuller  evidence  warrants  such  a  change.  But  as  it  was  not  proper  to  ignore  the  brilliant 
results  and  the  excellent  work  of  the  Cretan  excavators  while  presenting  this  volume  to 
the  public,  it  was  not  possible  to  consider  them  without  giving  such  a  critical  estimate 
of  the  bearings  of  their  work  upon  ours. 

In  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  I  announced  that  "  the  principle  which  T  followed  in 
this  publication  was  to  allow  each  member  intrusted  with  a  department  as  much  inde- 
pendence as  possible ; "  and  that  "  I  have  not  stood  in  the  way  of  expression  of  well- 
founded  individual  opinion  for  which  each  collaborator  deserves  the  credit  and  retains  the 
responsibility."  This  clearly  applies  to  Dr.  Hoppin's  conscientious  pubhcation  of  the 
Vases.  It  will  be  seen  from  his  own  statement  that  there  is  a  point  on  which  we  difiPer, 
namely,  the  question  of  the  Argive-Iinear  ware.  But  upon  examination  it  will  be  found 
that  the  difference  is  but  slight  and  not  of  essential  importance.  Dr.  Hoppin  accepts  what 
is,  after  all,  the  most  important  point,  which  I  raised  some  years  ago,  and  which  to  my 
knowledge  had  not  been  put  before,  namely,  that  the  linear  ornament  (we  might  call  it 
the  geometric  system  of  ornamentation  —  not  to  be  confused  with  the  later  geometric 
period  of  Greek  ceramics)  preceded  the  naturalistic  ornamentation  of  the  Mycenaean  vases. 
As  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  more  recent  excavations  in  Crete  and  Melos  and  other 
ancient  sites  have  strongly  supported  the  view  I  urged  in  1892.  I  have  not  yet  come 
across  any  specimen  of  early  dull-colored  Mycenaean  vases,  nor  of  Neolithic  vases  from 
classical  sites,  which  can  be  held  to  contain  ornamentation  that  is  not  purely  linear  in 
character.  Moreover,  Dr.  Hoppin  admits  that  in  the  more  advanced  and  wheel-turned 
vases  of  the  Mycenaean  period  an  important  part  of  the  ornamentation  always  remains 
linear ;  while  in  many  of  the  small  vases  which  he  attributes  to  the  Mycenaean  period  this 
linear  system  alone  appears.  Furthermore,  in  some  small  vases  which  he  attributes  to  the 
Geometric  period,  the  same  principle  applies ;  while,  of  course,  in  the  succeeding  period  his 
own  Argive-Linear,  there  is  nothing  but  linear  ornamentation.  He  can  thus  not  deny 
my  contention  that  in  the  early  vases  from  the  Heraeum  the  linear  principle  of  ornamenta- 
tion was  never  absent,  from  its  beginnings  in  the  incised  Neolithic  ware  to  the  end  of  the 
Prehistoric  period.  Our  difference  of  view  thus  narrows  itself  down  to  what  is  almost  a 
difference  of  words.  In  view  of  the  continuous  presence  of  a  ceitain  system  of  ornament, 
its  predominance  at  the  earliest  period,  as  well  as  at  the  latest,  I  have  maintained  that  there 
was  thus  in  the  vase  decoration  a  continuous  Argive-Linear  system  at  the  Heraeum,  the 
pedigree  of  which  goes  back  to  the  Neolithic  period,  and  the  flourishing  day  of  which  is 
to  be  found  in  the  later  Argive-Linear  period,  formerly  called  Proto-Corinthian.  Dr. 
Hoppin  believes  that  my  later  Argive-Linear  ware  marks  the  degeneration  of  the  Mycenaean 
system,  and  he  proposes  to  restrict  the  term  Argive-Linear  to  that  later  development.  I 
am  quite  willing  and  quite  ready  to  gi-ant  the  main  point  of  Dr.  Hoppin's  observation, 
namely,  that  the  linear  principle  could  not  have  asserted  itself  so  strongly  in  the  later 
period  if  the  naturalistic  element,  predominant  in  the  Mycenaean  period,  had  not  lost  its 
vitality.     But  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  none  of  the  previous  periods  had  the  linear 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


xvu 


principle  of  decoration  been  eliminated,  it  cannot  be  correct  to  imply  that  there  is  any 
new  departure  in  its  more  exclusive  assertion  when  the  Mycenaean  style  lost  its  vitality. 
Nor  can  it  be  correct  to  maintain  that  in  this  later  period  it  originated  out  of  the  decline 
of  the  Mycenaean  system  immediately  preceding  it,  when  it  was  the  predominant  principle 
in  the  period  preceding  the  Mycenaean,  out  of  which  this  grew. 

The  conscientious  work  that  Mr.  DeCou  has  bestowed  upon  the  publication  of  the 
Bronzes  will  be  manifest  to  all  readers.  But  they  cannot  realize  the  infinite  care  and 
persevering  labor  which,  before  he  wrote,  he  bestowed  for  several  years  upon  the  cleaning 
and  sorting  of  the  confused  mass  of  shapeless  material  with  which  he  had  to  deal.  He 
has  chosen  to  avoid  drawing  any  wider  conclusions  from  his  facts,  —  a  course  which  is 
thoroughly  justifiable  and  has  much  in  its  favor.  But  we  should  have  also  been  grate- 
ful to  him  if  he  had  given  us  the  fruits  of  his  experience  in  further  historic  and  archaeo- 
logical appreciation  of  his  material,  seeing  that  there  is  hardly  any  archaeologist  alive 
who  has  had  more  experience  in  dealing  with  ancient  bronzes  than  he. 

Professor  R.  Norton's  work  is  of  high  interest.  If  he  is  right  in  his  classification, 
there  are  two  distinct  classes  of  engraved  stones  preceding  the  distinctly  Mycenaean 
stones.  This  would  furnish  very  strong  evidence  of  artistic  activity  on  our  site  before 
the  developed  Mycenaean  period.  Moreover,  the  numerical  preponderance  of  the  "  new 
type  Argive  "  stones  over  the  Mycenaean  stones  is  significant.  I  would  suggest  as  an 
explanation  of  the  comjmrative  paucity  of  Mycenaean  stones  on  this  site,  that  this  class 
of  gem  was  not  commonly  used  as  a  votive  offering.  They  are  thus  generally  found  in 
graves,  and  were  used  in  life  as  ornaments  or  amulets.  At  the  same  time,  the  presence 
of  comparatively  large  numbei-s  of  stones  on  the  Heraeum  site  antedating  the  Mycenaean 
period  might  be  a  confirmation  of  our  view  that  in  these  earlier  times  the  site  was  a 
citadel  and  not  merely  a  sanctuary,  as  it  became  in  the  later  period. 

Mr.  Lythgoe's  publictition  of  the  Egyptian  objects  confirms  the  views  he  previously 
expressed,  and  which  are  embodied  in  the  General  Introduction  in  the  first  volume.* 

CHARLES  WALDSTEIN. 
KiMo's  College,  Camhbiooe,  Ftbruaury  2JS,  1904. 


*  Since  this  has  been  in  type,  and  nearly  two  years 
after  Volume  I.  of  this  publication  appeared,  a  review 
is  published  in  the  Berliner  Philologuche  Wochemchrift 
(June  25,  1904,  pp.  811  ff.)  by  Professor  Furtw^ngier 
which  is  a  caricature  of  all  that  a  fair  review  ought  to  be. 
This  I  answered  in  No.  39,  September  24,  of  the  same 
journal.  To  all  who  are  acquainted  with  the  nature  of 
the  controversies  carried  on  at  present  between  us  his 
action  will  be  intelligible.  In  this  long  review  he  passes 
over  the  most  important  question  of  the  Polycleitan  char- 
acter of  the  Heraeum  sculptures  —  the  main  subject  of 
controversy  between  us  —  with  a  few  lines.  Readers  of 
Volume  I.  (pp.  184  ff.,  and  elsewhere)  will  remember 
bow  fully  I  dealt  with  the  question  of  the  Polycleitan 
ebaravter  of  the  sculptures,  and  how  I  controverted  in 
detail  Professor  Furtwilngler's  dogmatic  statement  that 
**aU  these  sculptures  have  tiot  the  least  relation  to  Polycleitus 


and  his  school.  .  .  .  The  head  of  Hera  and  most  of  the 
sculptures  from  the  Heraeum  known  to  me  are  certainly 
Attic."  While  denying  all  my  views  in  his  review,  be 
inserts  the  phrase  that  two  of  the  metope  heads  "  may  be 
admitted  to  have  something  of  Polycleitan  style."  What 
does  this  retreat  from  his  former  position  mean  ?  That 
two  heads  of  this  chief  Argive  temple,  in  which  Polyclei- 
tus, the  leader  of  the  Argive  school  of  sculpture,  made 
his  famous  statue,  are  admitted  by  him  to  be  Polycleitan 
iu  character.  If  any  of  the  metopes  show  Polycleitan 
style,  the  leading  art  of  the  place  was  present  in  the 
sculptured  decorations.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  with  minor 
differences  among  each  other  (such  as  the  Parthenon 
marbles  and  all  other  temple-sculptures  show),  all  these 
Argive  sculptures  from  this  temple  are  of  the  same  style. 

C.  W. 
January  30,  1905. 


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CONTENTS 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


BY  CHAKLES  WALDSTEIN  AND  GEORGE  HENRY  CHASE 

PAOB 

IXTROnUCTIOX 3 

I.   Primitivk  Akuivk 16 

II.    TiRYN'THIAN    ARiilVK 17 

Group  1 :  Slightly  Develojied  Plastic  Ornamentation 17 

Group  2 :  Considembly  Develojietl  Plastic  Ornamentation 18 

Group  3  :  Elaborate  Plastic  Ornamentation 19 

III.    My«  EXAEAX 22 

IV.  Gkometric 23 

V.   AuvANCKD  Aroive 24 

VI.   FniuRKs  UNDER  Oriental  Influence 28 

VII.   Early  Archaic 29 

Group  A :  Hand-made  Figures 29 

Group  B:  Mould-made  Figures 31 

VIII.   AuvANCEu  Archaic 38 

IX.    Free  Style ^9 

X.    Animals 39 

XI.    Various  Objects ^2 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 

BY  CHARLES  WALUSTEIN  AND  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 

Introduction.     .         '^7 

Reliefs  Nos.  1-10 49 

THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


I 

II 


BY  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 

Preface '*7 

Abbreviations  Employed ^9 

Introduction ®" 

Chapter    I.   Primitive  Vases ^ 

Chapter  II.   The  Mycenaean  Style 71 

Vases  with  Dull  Decoration 72 

Fragments '" 

Vases •'* 

Vases  with  Lustrous  Decoration 74 

Class       I.,  Not  represented '  "* 

Class     II.,  Division  1 78 

Class     II.,  Division  2 79 

Class  III.,  Diy-ision  1 ^^ 

Class  III.,  Division  2 82 

Flower  Buds ^^ 

Circles,  Diamonds • 84 

Spiral  Forms  and  their  Development 84 


Ik' 


XX  CONTENTS 

Flower  Patterns 85 

Flower  Branches 85 

Murex,  or  Purple  Fish  Patterns 85 

Linear  and  Textile  Patterns 80 

Class  IV 89 

Birds,  Animals,  and  Human  Figures go 

The  Bee-Hive  Tombs  near  the  Hekaeum 91 

Jugs  with  Handle 92 

Amphoras 93 

Three-handled  Vases 94 

Teapot-shaped  Jugs 94 

Pseud-amphora 95 

Kylixes        95 

Cups 95 

MlSCEIiLANROUH  VaSES 95 

Saucers        9Q 

Bowb           ^ 

Jugs       99 

I.  Without  Decoration 99 

One-handled  Jugs 99 

Three-handled  Jugs JOO 

II.  With  Decoration \QQ 

Two-handled  Vase        joi 

Chaiter  III.   The  Geometric  Style loi 

Class      I.    Transitional  Stage 104 

Class    II.    Purely  Greometrical  Types KHi 

Class  III.    The  Introduction  of  Human  and  Animal  Motives 107 

A.  Birds lOjj 

B.  Horses I09 

C.  Men       Ill 

D.  Women II4 

E.  Miscellaneous 115 

Other  Miscellaneous  Types 115 

Chapter  IV.  The  Aroive  Style 119 

Class  I.   Early  Aroive 124 

Lekythoi 124 

Kalathoi 124 

Saucers 125 

Class  II.    Linear  Aroive 126 

Lekythoi 126 

Oinochoai 12g 

Skyphoi 132 

Pyxides 136 

Covers 139 

Knobs 140 

Plates 141 

Miscellaneous  Forms .  143 

Kothons 143 

Ring-form  Aryballos 143 

J«g8 143 

Openwork  Vases 144 

Class  III.   Oriental  Aroive 144 

Lekythoi 14,rj 

Oinochoai 14g 

Skyphoi 151 

Pyxides 153 

Jugs 163 


hi 


CONTENTS  xxi 

P^t«» 154 

Alabastra <  ck 

Aryballoi jgg 

Note  on  the  Use  of  Applied  Color  in  Certain  Styles 156 

Mycenaean jcg 

Dull  Finish igg 

Lustrous  Finish,  Class  III 155 

Geometric 157 

Aroive igy 

Polychrome  Vases,  or  Decoration  on  a  White  Ground 158 

Chapter    V.   Miscellaneous  Types 159 

Chapter  VL   The  Corinthian  Style I65 

Old  Corinthian  Style 167 

Skyphoi 167 

Oinochoai igg 

Pyxides 158 

Covers 169 

Sugar-bowl  Form 179 

TriiKxl  Bowls 170 

Alabastra 171 

Amphora 171 

Aryballoi 171 

Askos 171 

Kylikes 172 

Plates 172 

New  Corinthian  Style 172 

FoREHiN  Types 173 

Early  Attic 173 

Cyrenean 173 

Chapter  VII.   Black-  and  Red-Fkjure  Styles 174 

Black-Figure  Style 176 

Kylikes 176 

Skyphoi I77 

TriiKxl  Bowl I77 

Amphora 178 

Lekythos 178 

Plate 178 

Polychrome  Ware 178 

KEi>-Fi(iURE  Style 178 

Severe  Style 179 

Later  Style 179 

Polychrome  Ware 179 

Chapter  Vlll.   Vases  in  Relief  and  Later  Vases 180 

Red  Ware 180 

Megarean  Ware 182 

Lamps 183 

Glass 184 

Byzantine 184 


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INSCRIPTIONS  ON  VASES 

BY  THEODORE  WOOLSEY  HEERMANCE 


Ik  I 


L   Painted  Inscriptions 
II.   Incisrd  Inscriptions    , 


185 
185 


xxii  CONTENTS 

THE  BRONZES  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

BY  H£KB£KT  FLETCHER  D£  COU 

IXTRODUCTION 191 

Catalo<jue IW 

I.   Fragments  of  Statues,  Nos.  1,2 194 

II.   Statuettes  axi>  FRA<iMEN*Ts  of  Statukttks,  Nos.  3-7 194 

III.  Animals  (free  and  atta(  hed),  Nos,  S-TjI 197 

1.  Hor»e8,  Nos.  8-18 197 

2.  Deer,  Nos.  19-21 200 

3.  Sheep,  No.  22 Ml 

4.  Cattle,  Nos.  23-28 201 

5.  Lions,  Nos.  29,  720.  946.  2204 203,  2a'>,  249,  293 

6.  Rodent,  No.  30 203 

i ,  V  roff.  No.  31     ..•..•.«...••••••••••••••  *vW 

8.  Serpents  Nos.  32-35 204 

9.  Birds,  Nos.  36—51 204 

IV.  Orxamext  axd  Toilet,  Nos.  52-1849 207 

1.  Pins,  Nos.  52-948 207 

A.  Straight,  Nos.  52-807 207 

B.  Safety.  Nos.  808-946 240 

C.  Pseudo-safety,  Nos.  947,  948 249 

2.  NeecUe,  No.  949 250 

3.  Rings,  Nos.  950-1546 250 

A.  Finger-rings,  Nos.  950-970  b 250 

B.  Bracelets,  Nos.  971-974 251 

C.  Decorative,  Nos.  975-1524 251 

D.  Structural,  Nos.  1525-ir4(> 263 

E.  Pieces  of  wire  twisted  into  the  form  of  rings,  Nos.  1541-154r> 264 

4.  Beads,  Nos.  1547-1552 264 

5.  Pendants,  Nos.  l.')53-15,")9 264 

6.  Mirrors  and  Mirror-handles,  Nos.  1560-1589  u 264 

7.  Objects  in  Sheet  Bronze,  Nos.  1590-1846 266 

A.  Diadems,  Nos.  1590-1599 266 

B.  Disks,  Nos.  1600-1718  b 267 

C.  Binding  strips.  Nos.  1719-1747 i69 

D.  Ornamented  bands,  Nos.  1748-1751 270 

E.  Coatings,  Nos.  1752-1796 270 

F.  Rims,  Nos.  1797-1800 272 

G.  Plates,  Nos.  1801-1827 272 

H.  Cut  ornaments,  Nos.  1828-1832  a 274 

I.  Figures,  Nos.  18:»-1838 274 

J.  Uncertain  objects,  Nos.  1839-1846 274 

8.  Leaves,  Nos.  1847,  1W8 274 

9.  Leather  gear.  No.  1*49 276 

V.    Ve-ssels,  Nos.  1850-2251 275 

1.  Vases  and  Cauldrons.  Nos.  1850-2217 275 

A.  Without  shoulder.  Nos.  1850-2019 275 

B.  With  shoulder,  Nos.  2020,  2021 286 

C.  With  shouhler  and  neck.  Nos.  2022-2047 286 

D.  HancUes,  Nos.  2048-2207 288 

E.  Connecting  rotls,  Nos.  2208-2214 294 

F.  Ornaments,  Nos.  2215-2217 294 

2.  Tripods  and  Standards.  Nos.  2218-2234 294 

A.  Fragments  of  large  trijMxls,  Nos.  2218-2224 294 

B.  Low  tripotl  standards,  Nos.  2225-2230 295 

C.  Feet  of  standards,  Nos.  2231-2234 296 


CONTENTS  xxiii 

3.  MiscellsneouR  Forms.  Nos.  2235-2251 296 

A.  Containers,  Nos.  2235-2244 !    !     .     !     !  296 

B.  Handles,  Nos.  2245-2251 297 

VI.  Implements,  Utensils,  Structural  Pieces  and  Materials,  Nos.  2252-2841  ....  298 

1.  Parts  of  Vehicles,  Nos.  2252-2255 298 

A.  Fragment  of  antyx.  No.  2252 298 

B.  Small  wheels,  Nos.  2253-2255 298 

2.  Strigil,  No.  2256 299 

3.  BeU,  No.  2257 ..!!.!.!  299 

4.  Cymbals,  Nos.  2258-2261 !..!.!  299 

5.  Key,  No.  2262 !  299 

6.  Knives,  Nos.  2263-2272 299 

7.  Spits,  Nos.  2273-2711  e 300 

8.  Spear-butt,  No.  2712 ]    ....  323 

9.  Pestle  or  Plektron,  No.  2713 324 

10.  Hooks,  Nos.  2714-2728 324 

A.  Free,  Nos.  2714-2722 324 

B.  Attached,  Nos.  2723-2728 324 

11.  Nails,  Nos.  2729-2764 324 

12.  Button,  No.  2765 327 

13.  Fasteners,  Nos.  2766-2772 327 

A.  Wire,  Nos.  2766-2769 327 

B.  Chain,  Nos.  2770,  2771 327 

C.  Eyelet,  No.  2722 328 

14.  Clamps,  Nos.  2773-2776 328 

15.  Caps,  Nos.  2777-2782 328 

16.  Centre-piece,  No.  2783 328 

17.  Binding,  No.  2784 328 

18.  Decorative  Braces  and  Strips,  Nos.  2785-2808 328 

A.  Straight  applied  braces,  Nos.  2785-2787 328 

B.  Curved  applied  brace.  No.  2788 329 

C.  Strips  and  rods,  Nos.  2789-2808 329 

19.  Inserted  Disks,  Nos.  2809-2812  a 330 

20.  Other  Decorative  Attachments  and  Fragments,  Nos.  2813-2816 330 

21.  Supports,  Nos.  2817-2818  a 330 

22.  Rods,  Nos.  2819-2821 330 

23.  Bare,  Nos.  2822-2827 330 

24.  Ball,  No.  2828 331 

25.  Castings,  Nos.  2829-2841 331 

A.  Partially  formed  objects,  Nos.  2829-2835 331 

B.  With  accidental  resemblances  to  various  objects,  Nos.  2836-2839 331 

C.  Formless,  Nos.  2840,  2841 331 

Appendix:  Inscriptions  on  the  Bronzes 332 

ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,   AND  IVORIES 

BY  RICHARD  NORTON 

The  Stokks  and  Gems 343 

Class      I.   Prehistoric  or  Primitive 345 

Class     IL   New  Type  — '  Aroive  ' 346 

Class  III.  'Geometric' 349 

Class   IV.  Mycenaean 350 

Class     V.   Nondescript " 350 

The  Ivories 351 

Articles  op  Apparel  or  of  Household  Use 353 

Human  or  Animal  Figures 353 

Miscellaneous  Objects 353 


:  y 


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I 


xxiv  CONTENTS 

COINS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE   HERAEUM 

BY  HERBERT  FLETCHER  DE  COU 

IxTRODucnox 357 

Catalogue 357 

A.  Greece  (Autonomous  and  Municipal) 357 

Addenda  to  Coins  of  Argos 359 

B.  Rome  (Empire) 361 

C.  Rome  (Eastern  Empire) • 362 

D.  Venice 363 

E.  Uncertain 363 

EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 

BY  ALBERT  MORTON  LYTHGOE 

Introduction 367 

Catalogue 370 

Index 375 


ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT 

PAOB 

Stone  Implements j^ 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Primitive  Argive  Type 16  17 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines. — Tiiynthian  Argive  Tyjw,  Group  1 17  18 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Tirynthian  Argive  Tyi)e,  Group  2 19 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Tirynthian  Argive  Type,  Group  3 19-22 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Mycenaean  Tyjies 22,  23 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Geometric  Types 23 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Advanced  Argive  Types 24-27 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Under  Oriental  Influence 28,  29 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic  :  Hand-made 29-31 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic :  Mould-made 31-38 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Advanced  Arcliaic 38,39 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Free  Style 39 

Tkrra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Animals 40,41 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines,  —  Various  Objects 42  44 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Primitive  Vases 70,  71 

Vases  and  Vase  Fracjments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Dull  Decoration 73,  74 

Vases  and  Vase  Frac^ments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  II.  1      ...     .  79 

Vases  and  Vase  FRACiMENTs.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  II.  2     ...    .  80 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style:  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  III.  2  .     .  83,  84,  87,  89 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  IV 90,  91 

Vases  and  Vase  Fra<}MENTS.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Contents  of  Bee-Hive  Tomb 92-95 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Miscellaneous  Vases 96-101 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric  Style  :  Amphora,  etc 117,  118 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Early  Argive 124, 125 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Linear  Argive 126-143 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Oriental  Argive 146, 147, 151, 155 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Miscellaneous  Types 159, 161 

V.\8ES  AND  Vase  Fragments.  —  Old  Corinthian  Style 171,  172 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  New  Corinthian  Style 172 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Local  Style 176 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Glass  Vase 184 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Byzantine  Ware 184 

Inscriptions  on  Vases.  —  Painted  Inscriptions 185 

Inscriptions  on  Bronzes 332,  337,  338 

£N(iRAVED  Stones Argive  Style 348,  349 

Engraved  Stones. — Geometric  Style 349 

Engraved  Stone.s.  —  Mycenaean 350 

Engraved  Stones.  —  Nondescript 350 

Ivories 351,  352,  354 

Archaistic  Scarab  op  Thothmes  III.  from  Eleusis 369 

Scarabeoid  from  Eleusis.     Probably  of  Phoenician  Origin 372 

Porcelain  Whorl 373 


h 


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PLATES 


*«*  T^e  detcriptioni  of  tht  Plate*  begin  at  the  pages  indicated,  but  the  Plates  themselves  are  grouped  and  placed  as  follows:  Plates 
XLIL-XLV III,  after  page  44  ;  Plate  XLIX.,  after  page  a\;  Plates  L.-LXIX.,  after  page  188;  Plates  LXX.-CXXXVIL, 
after  page  ;J40 ;  PlcUes  CXXXVIII.-CXL.,  after  page  :i54  ;  Plates  CXLL,  CXLIL,  after  page  3(M ;  and  Plates  CXLUL 
and  CXLIV.,  after  page  874. 


•«•  Plates  I.-XLI.  are  in  VUume  L 


Plats 
XLII. 

XLIII. 

XLIV. 
XLV. 

XLVI. 
XLVII. 

XLVIII. 

XLIX. 

L. 

LI. 

LII. 

LIII. 

LIV. 

LV. 

LVI. 

LVII. 

LVIII. 

LIX. 

LX. 

LXI. 

LXII. 

LXIII. 

LXIV. 

LXV. 

LXVL 

LXVII. 

LXVIIL 

LXIX. 

LXX. 

LXXI. 

LXXIL 

LXXIIL 

LXXIV. 

LXXV. 

LXXVI. 

LXXVII. 

LXXVIII. 

LXXIX. 

LXXX. 

LXXXI. 

Lxxxn. 


Tekra-Cotta 
Tkrra-Cotta 
Terra-Cotta 
Terra-Cotta 
Terra-Cotta 
Terra-Cotta 


Heads 


Page 
Fioubixes.  —  Primitive  and  Tirynthian  Argive  Types :  Standing  Fig^es      1 6 

Figurines.  —  Tirynthian  Argive  Type  :  Seated  Figures 17 

Figurines.  — Advanced  Argive  Type 24 

Figurines.  —  Advanced  Argive  Type  :  Heads 26 

Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic  Type 33 

Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic,  Advanced  Archaic,  and  Free  Style  Types : 
31,37 


Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Animals 23,  29,  39 

Terra-Cotta  Reliefs 47 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Primitive  Vases 69 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Dull  Finish,  and  Lustrous  Finish,  Class  II.  1       72 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Classes  II.  2,  and  III.  1 79 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Class  III.  2 83 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Class  III.  2 85 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Classes  III.  2,  and  TV. 87 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric  Style :  Linear  Motives,  Horses,  Birds,  etc 105 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric  Style :  Human  and  Animal  Figures Ill 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Greometric  Style :  Dipylon  and  Aeginetan 116 

Vase  Fragments.  — Argive  Style 128,130,134,138,141,148,151,152 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Local  Style 156, 159, 164 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Corinthian  Style 167 

Vase  Fragments. — Early  Attic,  Cyrenean,  Red-Figure,  Black-Figure,  and  Megara 

Ware,  etc 173, 177,  183 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Vases  in  Relief 180 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Various  Argive  Types  (in  color) 91, 134,  145,  147 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Ai^ve  Style :  Class  III.  (in  color) 135, 150, 153, 158 

Vase  Fragments Geometric,  Argive,  and  Local  Types  {in  coUr)   .     163, 154,  157, 165 

Vase  Fra(jments.  —  Local  Type  (in  color) 161 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Fragments  of  a  Polychrome  Kylix  (in  color) 179 

Vase  Fragments.  —  Inscriptions  Incised  on  Vases 185 

Bronzes.  —  Fragments  of  Statues,  Statuettes 194 

Bronzes.  —  Statuette ^^ 


Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines 
Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines 
Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines 
Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines 
Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines 


197 
199 
200 
201 
203 


Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines ^Oo,  20< 

Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines,  Straight  Pins 205,  206 

Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins •" 

Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins 

Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins 

Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins - 


210 
216 

220 
224 


k 


xxviii  PLATES 

LXXXIII.  Broxzes.  —  Straight  Pins 229 

LXXXIV.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Fins,  Safety  Pins 235 

LXXXV.  Broxzks.  —  Safety  Pins 240 

LXXXVI.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins 242 

LXXXVII.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins 244 

LX XXVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins,  etc. ;   Needle,  Finger-Rings 247 

LXXXIX.  Bronzes.  —  Finger-Rings  and  Bracelets 250 

XC.  Bronzes.  —  Decorative  Rings 252 

XCI.  Bronzes.  —  Decorative  and  Structural  Rings 259 

XCII.  Bronzes.  —  Structural  Rings,  etc. ;  Beads,  Pendants,  Min-oi-s 263 

XCIII.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors 265 

XCIV.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors 265 

XCV.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors 265 

XCVI.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors 265 

XCVII.  Bronzes.  —  Mirror 266 

XCVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors 266 

XCIX.  Bronze-s.  —  Diadems,  etc. ;  Disk 266 

C.  Bronzes.  —  Disks 268 

CI.  Bronzes.  —  Disks,  Binding-Strips 269 

CII.  Bronzes.  —  Binding-Strips,  Ornamented  Bands,  Coatings 270 

cm.  Bronzes.  —  Coatings 271 

CIV.  Bronzes.  —  Coatings,  Rims,  Plate 271 

CV.  Bronzes.  —  Plate,  Cut  Ornaments 272 

CVI.  Bronzes.  —  Plate  with  Inscription.     From  Photograph 273 

CVII.  Bronzes.  —  Plate  witli  Inscription.     From  Drawing 273 

CVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Figures,  etc. ;  Leaves,  Tliongs,  Plates 274 

CIX.  Bronzes.  —  Plates,  Platters 275 

ex.  Bronzes.  —  Plates  with  Inscriptions 277 

CXI.  Bronzes.  —  Plates,  Platters 277 

CXII.  Bronzes.  —  Platters,  Saucers 278 

CXIII.  Bronzes.  —  Saucers 279 

CXIV.  Bronzes.  —  Saucers 281 

CXV.  Bronzes.  —  Saucers,  Bowls 283 

CXVI.  Bronzes.  —  Bowls 284 

CXVII.  Bronzes.  —  Bowls,  Suspension  Vase,  etc. ;  Pitcher,  Jars 285 

CXVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Jars,  Basin 286 

CXIX.  Bronzes.  —  Cauldron,  Bosses.  Horizontal  Handles 287 

CXX.  Bronzes.  —  Horizontal  Handles 288 

CXXI.  Bronzes.  —  Horizontal  HantUes 289 

CXXII.  Bronzes.  —  Horizontal  and  Vertical  Handles 292 

CXXIII.  Bronzes.  —  Vertical  Handles,  Various  Ornaments,  Fragments  of  Large  Tripods     .     .  293 

CXXIV.  Bronzes.  —  Fragments  of  Large  Tripods.  Small  Tripod-Standards 294 

CXXV.  Bronzes.  —  Feet  of  Standards,  Miscellaneous  Vessels 296 

CXXVI.  Bronzes.  —  Miscellaneous  Vessels  and  Handles,  Various  Implements  and  Utensils  .     .  297 

CXXVII.  Bronzes.  —  Various  Implements,  Spits 299 

CXXVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Spits 302 

CXXIX.  Bronzes. — Spits 309 

CXXX.  Bronzes.  —  Spits 313 

CXXXI.  Bronzes.  —  Spits 316 

CXXXII.  Bronzes.  —  Spits 319 

CXXXIII.  Bronzes.  —  Spits,  Various  Implements  and  Utensik 321 

CXXXIV.  Bronzes.  —  Various  Utensils  and  Constructive  Pieces 326 

CXXXV.  Bronzes.  —  Constructive  and  Decorative  Pieces 329 

CXXXVI.  Bronzes.  —  Castings 331 

CXXXVIL  Bronzes.  —  MisceUaneoua  Addenda   .     .     .    199,  211.  215,  217  n.,  251,  263,  260,  268,  269 

CXXXVIII.  Engraved  Stonts.  —  Classes  I.,  II 345,  347 


\t 


PLATES  xxix 

CXXXIX.   ExoRAVKn  Stones.  —  Oasses  IIL-V.  —  Ivories 349  351 

CXL,   Ivories.  —  Articles  of  Ai)iMirel  or  of  Household  Use,  Human  or  Animal  Figures,  Miscel- 
laneous                    _  QK9 

CXLI.   Coins.  —  Mainly  Greek a57 

CXLII.   Coins.  —  Mainly  Roman ogQ 

CXLIII.  Egyptian,  or  Graeco-Egyptian,  Oriects 370 

CXLIV.   Egyptian  Objects.  —  From  the  Heraeum  and  from  Aegina 373 


Ml 


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THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


k 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 

By  CHARLES   WALDSTEIN  and   GEORGE   HENRY   CHASE 

The  great  bulk  of  the  Terra-cotta  Figurines  found  at  the  Heraeum  belong  to  what 
must  be  called  pre-aichaic  Greek  tyi>es.  When  we  consider  the  find  as  a  whole,  we  dis- 
cover the  following  significant  facts  :  — 

I.  The  number  of  terr.i-cottiis  dating  from  the  clearly  historical  periods  of  Greek 
civilization,  i.  e.  the  eighth  century  B.  c.  and  later  times,  is  very  small.  Out  of  2805 
figuivs  preserved  by  us,  not  counting  the  ordinary  figures  of  animals  and  small  objects, 
which  cann<it  be  accurately  classified,  there  ai-e  2557  of  pre-ai-chaic  style  to  308  of 
archaic  and  later  types.' 

II.  Among  the  term-cottas  of  the  archaic  and  later  periods,  a  strikingly  small  pro- 
portion belong  to  the  i)eriods  of  advanced  archaism  and  technical  freedom  ;  in  fact,  there 
are  only  fifty-two  si>ecimens  of  the  former  and  two  specimens  of  the  latter. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  closest  paralleHsm  exists  between  the  main  conditions  of 
the  find  in  terra-cottas  and  those  of  the  vases,  bronzes,  and  other  objects ;  namely,  the 
absolute  prejMinderance  of  "  pi-ehistoric  "  material,  the  absence  of  works  of  the  later  Greek 
jKjriods,  and  the  fact  that  in  the  Liyers  which  we  excavated,  hardly  any  object  is  syn- 
chronous with  the  erection  of  the  Second  Temple  or  of  a  later  period.' 

The  bulk  of  the  find  in  terra-cottiis  was  made  in  the  black  Liyer  about  and  beh)W  the 
foundation  walls  <»f  the  Second  Temple,  as  well  as  in  the  deposits  on  the  southeast  and 
southwest  sloi)es  of  the  Second  Temple  terrace.'^  But  this  general  statement  must  be 
quiilified  by  the  following  significant  facts :  — 

1.  We  can  assert  as  practically  estiiblished  the  fact  that  no  terra-cotUi  figurines  were 
found  beneath  the  surface  of  the  upper  or  Old  Temple  platform. 

2.  Nearly  all  the  specimens  of  the  archaic  and  subse(pient  periods  were  found  on  the 
Muithern  sh>i>e  and  the  southeast  corner  and  slojie  of  the  Secc)nd  Temple  (not  in  the 
bhick  layer  about  the  foundati<»ns  of  the  Second  Temple). 

3.  No  prehistoric  Gi-eek  si>ecimens  wei-e  found  within  the  large  West  Stoa  (one  speci- 
men of  a  drajwd  female  figui-e,  belonging  to  the  archaic  jieriod,  was  found  here),  and 
none  at  all  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  Building. 

The  fact  that  no  terra-cottiis  wei-e  found  on  the  site  of  the  Old  Temple,  as  it  j^re- 
sented  itself  to  us  for  excamtion,  may  lead  us  to  any  one  of  three  conclusions  :  (1)  that 
our  terra-cottas  belong  to  a  later  jwriod  than  that  marked  by  the  site ;  or  (2)  that  the 
custom  of  offering  such  figurines  did  not  exist  at  the  time  when  the  temple  icas  hiult  — 


«  Cf.  the  Table,  p.  9. 

«  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  pp.  37  ff. 

•  The  custom  of  burying  the  smaller  objects  dedicated 
in  temples,  often  apparently  with  great  care  (cf.  the  find 
of  terra-cottas  made  by  Orsi  at  Terravecchia  near  Gran- 
michele  in  the  Province  of  Catania,  Mon.  Ant.  VII.  pp. 
201-274,  esp.  pp.  212  ff.),  is  one  which  has  lieen  illustrated 
by  a  large  number  of  excavations  upon  Greek  soil  and 


elsewhere  (cf.  Homolle,  'Donarium'  in  Daremberg  et 
Saglio,  Diet,  des  Ant.  Gr.  et  Rom.  II.  pp.  363  flf.,  esp. 
p,  371,  note  130).  In  the  case  of  the  Heraeum,  these 
offerings  seem  to  have  been  used  as  "  dry  rubbish "  in 
leveling  up  about  the  Second  Temple,  just  as  the  ofifer- 
ings  upon  the  Acropolis  which  were  demolished  bj'  the 
Persians  were  later  used  in  leveling  that  site. 


I 


4  THE  TERRACOTTA   FIGURINES 

that  it  was  an  aniconif  period ;  or  (3)  that  the  site  in  question  was  not  the  natural  i-eposi- 
torv  for  such  votive  offerings.     We  ai-e  inilined  to  one  of  the  latter  views/ 

The  two  other  points,  while  they  show  that  the  main  sites  excavated  about  the  Second 
Temple  were  pre-archaic  Greek,  and  that  the  Argive  period  of  the  Henieum  marks 
the  change  in  the  entrance  from  the  west  side  to  the  st)uth  slope,  also  show  that  the  main 
hulk  of  our  terra-cottjis  belong  to  the  pre-archaic  period. 

With  such  a  mass  of  material  before  us,  even  in  the  selected  specimens  which  we  brought 
to  Athens,  our  first  care  was  to  find  some  principle  of  cliissification.  Two  courses  seemed 
open  to  us :  We  might  classify  our  figures  either  according  to  their  fonn  and  style,  or 
according  to  their  decoration.  On  matui-e  consideration,  the  former  method  has  ap})eai-ed 
preferable,  especially  as  a  classification  by  decoration  must  confine  itself  almost  entii-ely 
to  plastic  decoration —  the  paint  having  disappeai-ed  entirely  from  many  of  our  figures. 
Moreover,  no  systematic  chronological  development  could  be  estiiblished  on  the  decora- 
tive principle  only.  At  the  same  time,  the  principle  of  classification  by  decoration  has 
seemed  to  us  a  sound  one,  and  we  have  employed  it  as  a  secondary  principle  for  dis- 
tinguishing a  few  cliisses,-  and  for  drawing  distinctions  within  one  class.' 

Class  I.  —  Such,  then,  being  our  principle,  our  fii-st  class,  Avhich  we  hjive  called  "  Prim- 
itive Argive,"  consists  of  a  gi-eat  number  of  very  rudely  nuKleleil  figures,  to  which,  in 
fact,  the  tenn  '*  modeled  "  can  hardly  be  applied.  They  ai-e  i-eally  nothing  but  a  small 
lump  of  clay,  elongated,  then  pinched  in  the  middle  to  indicate  a  waist,  the  resulting 
projection  above  forming  two  stumpy  amis,  while  another  pinch  at  the  top  indicates  the 
head.  This  head  soon  develops  into  the  well-known  bird-like  head,  in  which  the  beak-like 
nose  is  foi-med  by  a  compression  of  the  clay  between  the  two  fingers  of  the  "  modeler."  * 
These  are  the  characteristics  of  the  earliest  specimens."'  Ljiter,  two  disks  are  plastered  to 
the  sides  of  the  "  l)eak  "  to  represent  the  eyes,''  a  lump  of  cLiy  is  added  to  form  a  kind  of 
pilos  or  cap,'  or  a  strip  of  cLiy  wound  about  the  head  forms  a  stephane,*  while  in  many 
figures  one  or  more  short  strips  of  clay  are  added  to  the  back  of  the  head  to  represent 
the  hair'-'  (exceptionally  the  hair  is  indicated  in  a  few  early  specimens  by  grooves  at  the 
back  of  the  head).  So  one  sometimes  finds  —  though  this  is  quite  exceptional  —  a  fig- 
ure in  which  the  artist  has  tried  to  imitate  nature  more  closely,  in  which  two  hunps  of 
clay  are  added  to  the  front  of  the  figure  to  represent  the  breasts ; '"  the  fall  of  the  dra- 
pery in  front  is  rudely  reproduced  by  one  or  more  gnnives,"  or  a  cutting  across  the 
"  beak  "  forms  a  rude  mouth.'-  But  even  in  the  most  advanced  figures  of  this  ckiss, 
the  development  is  exceedingly  slight,  and  the  body  always  remains  es.sentially  a  rude 
lump  of  clay.'' 

Class  II.  —  A  distinct  advance  is  made  when  the  rude  standing  figure  is  converted  into 
a  seated  one.'*     The  technical  change,  indeed,  is  not  great ;  the  standing  body  is  simply 


1  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  pp.  39  ff. 

-  Such,  for  instance,  as  the  Mycenaean  and  the  Dipy- 
lon  classes,  in  which  the  inflnence  of  vase  {)8inting  is 
very  apparent. 

^'Cf.  p.  11. 

*  It  should  be  noted  that  this  lack  of  modeling  is 
partially  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  nearly  all  our 
figures  are  female  (cf.  p.  13,  note  5).  The  drai>ery  of 
such  figures  in  the  early  stages  does  not  admit  of  tine  dis- 
tinctions in  modeling,  such  as  the  indication  of  the  legs, 
the  torso,  and  its  articulations. 

*  Cf.  No.  1. 

*  Cf.  Xo8.  2,  3,  .">,  etc. 


'  Cf.  No.  3. 

*  Cf.  Xos.  4,  o,  etc. 

»  Cf.  No.  4. 

w  Cf.  No.  8. 

»  Cf.  No.  9. 

'"  Cf.  No8.  9  and  10. 

"  We  might  have  subdivided  this  first  "Primitive" 
class  into  three  minor  classes,  according  to  the  differences 
enumerated  above.  But  we  find  it  desirable  at  this 
stage  not  to  confuse  by  too  minute  classification,  leaving 
it  to  future  inquiry  to  accentuate  these,  or  even  to  estab- 
lish further  distinctions. 

"  Cf.  Noa.  12  ff. 


! 


PRINCIPLES   OF  CLASSIFICATION 


bent  at  the  middle  and  su})poi-ted  by  two  stunq)y  legs,'  a  process  which  prevails  down  to 
the  latest  period  of  this  class.  Even  in  the  most  advanced  specimens,  the  employment  of 
a  separately  made  chair  as  a  support  is  rare.  But  although  this  change  is  of  Httle  inq)oi- 
tance  technically,  it  is  of  greiit  inq)ortiince  historically.  It  marks  the  change  in  the  con- 
ception of  the  goddess  which  is  represented  in  the  traditions  of  Argos  by  the  story  of 
Pirasus  and  his  seated  figure  of  Hera  dedicated  at  Tiryns.-  Now  it  is  a  striking  fact 
that,  aside  from  the  Heraeum  and  Tegea  (of  which  we  shall  speak  Liter),  Tiryns  is  the 
place  where  these  seated  figures  have  been  found  in  greatest  numbers.  We  have  there- 
fore ventured  to  call  the  figures  of  this  ckss  "  Tirynthian  Argive,"  and  we  believe  tliat 
they  represent  roughly  the  period  of  the  supremacy  of  Tiryns  in  the  Argive  plain.' 

In  these  "  Tirynthian  Argive  "  figures,  we  have  a  long  and  complicated  development 
of  the  drajiery ;  while  the  figures  themselves,  although  constantly  increasing  in  size, 
remain,  Avith  very  few  exceptions,  a  mere  oblong  piece  of  cky,  bent  forward  into  the 
sejited  posture,  and  the  heads  still  have  the  "  bird  face."  This  development  of  the 
drai)ery  even  affects  the  standing  type,  and  we  find  in  our  Liter  standing  figures  a  tend- 
ency to  eLiboration  which  corresponds  closely  to  the  development  in  the  seated  types. 
The  various  steps  in  this  development  are  exceedingly  interesting,  and  we  shall  revert  to 
them  Liter.  Suffice  it  here  to  sjiy  that,  for  jiractical  pur})oses,  we  have  divided  our 
"  Tirynthian  Argive  "  cLiss  into  three  subordinate  groups,  basing  our  distinctions  upon 
the  greater  or  less  eLiborateness  of  the  ornamentiition.* 

The  next  step  in  the  development  of  this  type  of  terra-cotta  figurines  is  the  change 
from  the  "  bird  face  "  to  the  human  face,  with  all  the  features  carefully  distinguished. 
But  before  we  fcike  up  this  class  of  "  Advanced  Argive  "  figures,  we  must  speak  of  two 
intermediate  classes,  which  we  have  set  apart  by  reason  of  their  decoration  as  well  as 
their  form  and  style.     We  mean  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  classes. 

Class  III.  —  The  "  Mycenaean  "  terra-cott«is  differ  from  those  of  the  Primitive  and 
Tirynthian  Argive  cLis.ses  in  that  they  show  a  quite  different  technique,  both  in  regard 
to  the  fineness  of  the  clay  and  in  regard  to  ornamenhition.  A  careful  comparison  of  the 
Mycenaean  figures  with  the  preceding  clas.ses,  moreover,  brings  out  the  following  facts : 

(1)  They  are  numerically  very  weak  —  there  are  only  sixty-three  fragments  of  Myce- 
naean types  among  our  selected  terra-cott<is,  and  of  these  ten  are  fragments  of  animals.'"' 

(2)  Prima  facie f  the  schematic  outline  of  these  figures,  ending  below  like  the  foot 
of  a  vase,  and  above  with  the  polos,  like  the  neck  of  a  vase,"  the  whole  crossed  by  round 
or  i)eltii-shai)ed  body  and  arms,"  is  much  less  naturalistic  than  the  figures  of  the  i>rimi- 
tive  and  Tirynthian  Argive  classes.  On  the  other  hand,  the  detjiil  workings  of  the 
body,  such  as  the  indication  of  the  breasts,**  show  far  greater  knowledge  and  skill  in 
modeling  than  we  find  in  CLisses  I.  and  II.  Both  these  facts  Avoiild  seem  to  indicate 
that  we  are  dealing  with  a  Liter  class  of  figures.  Moreover,  the  color  decoration  shows 
the  same  use  of  gLize  color,  applied  in  a  shniLir  manner,  that  we  find  in  Mycenaean 
vases.  We  thus  consider  this  class  of  terra-cottiis  an  intrusion  into  the  jreneral  and  con- 
tiniious  si-heme  of  Argive  terra-cottas,  which  began  and  ceased  during  the  period  of  our 
first  and  second  clas.ses,  but  which,  .strangely  enough,  was  but  very  little  influenced  by 
the  Primitive  and  Tirynthian  Argive  styles,  and  exercised  little  influence  on  them.' 


*  As  it  hap]ions,  the  most  ]»rimitivc  specimen  of  the 
seated  ty|te  which  we  found  (No.  VI)  is  provided  with  a 
separate  four-Iegge<l  chair,  but  this  is  exceptional. 

"  Cf.  Pans.  II.  17.  .'i,  and  Genenil  Intrtxl.  vol.  I.  p.  44. 

*  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  p.  44. 

*  Cf.  p.  11. 


•  Cf.  the  Table,  p.  9. 

•  Cf.  No.  G7. 

7  Cf.  Nos.  65,  07,  70. 

•  Cf.  especially  No.  (J.!. 

•  See,  however,  our  remarks  on  No.  70. 


e  THE   TERRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 

The  peculiarities  of  this  Mycenaean  style,  we  l)elieve,  ai-e  due  to  the  fact  that  it  was 
essentially  a  development  from  vase  iKihitinj?,  perhaps  even  the  work  of  the  Mycenaean 
Kepafiev^,  not  of  the  coroplast  proper.'     We  believe  this  for  these  three  reasons :  — 

These  figui-es  are  never  found,  to  our  knowled«je,  except  where  there  are  als<»  Myce- 
naean vases  (whereas  our  "  Primitive  "  figures  were  found  together  with  all  classes  of 

vases). 

The  conventionalization  of  the  figure,  notiibly  at  head  and  foot,  points  to  ceramic  art. 

The  use  of  glaze  color  is  certiiinly  borrowed  from  vase  paintnig. 

In  this  matter  of  the  use  of  glaze  c(dor,  we  have  come  to  a  cpiestion  which  i-ecpiires 
much  greater  ampHfication,  and  which  will  lead  us  much  further  afield.  In  the  figui-es 
of  Corses  I.  and  II.  (as  also,  to  a  less  extent,  in  the  later  classes),  the  whole  figuiv  was 
usually  covered  with  a  white,  chalky  slip,  and  upon  this  was  applied  a  simple  line  deco- 
ration' in  red  and  blick.-  This  white  slip,  owing  to  its  Haky  character,  has  in  many 
cases  been  entirely  lost,'  and  is  often  preserved  only  in  cracks  and  holes.*  The  isolated 
instances  in  which  figures  of  Classes  I.  and  II.  have  a  gkze  color  applied  directly  to  the 
cky  '  seem  to  us  to  point  to  an  introduction  of  this  si)ecifically  Mycenaean  technitiue  to 
contemporary  specimens  of  those  classes.  Indeed,  we  have  a  number  of  si)ecimens  m 
which  the  white  coat  is  used  for  the  u\)\m-  part  of  the  IkkU',  while  the  lower  part  is 
given  a  solid  color,  applied  directly  to  the  chiy,'  and  this  is  common  in  the  later,  "  Ad- 
vanced Argive  "  specimens.'  The  use  of  the  white  slip,  however,  ai>pears  to  have  been 
the  si)ecifically  coroplastic  method,  which  obtiiined  throughout  all  periods  down  to  the 
latest  tunes'-^ a  fact  which  strongly  c(mfirms  our  contention  that  these  terra-cott<is  (in 
which  the  color  is  applied  directly)  were  made  under  the  infiuence  of  the  Kcpa/icv?'* 

Class  IV.  — The  single  female  figui-e  (No.  75),  which  we  have  assigned  t(.  a  distinct 
"  Geometric  "  class,  seems  to  us  to  warrant  this  distinction  by  i-eason  of  its  peculiar  dect>ra- 
tion,  which,  with  its  bands  of  geometric  ornaments,  divided  by  stniight  lines,  is  very  similjir 
in  plan  to  the  decoration  of  the  large  Geometric  vases  which  form  this  class.  Its  p<isition 
in  the  series  is  determined  by  the  fact  that  the  face  was  evidently  of  the  primitive  "  bii-d- 
faced  "  type.  With  this  figure  we  have  grouped  another  distinctly  Geometric  s])ecinjen 
(No.  76),  a  horse  of  the  type  so  common  upon  the  covei-s  of  Ge<mietric  vases.'"  The  two 
specimens  do  not  represent  the  entire  influence  of  the  Geometric  style  uimhi  our  terra- 
cottas. Traces  of  that  influence  are  to  be  seen  in  a  nund)er  of  other  figures,  especially 
among  the  animals  and  small  objects,"  but  the  two  which  we  have  placed  together  are 
the  only  ones  which  are  so  distinctly  Geometric  in  character  as  to  warrant  a  plice  by 
themselves.  In  fact,  though  at  Olympia  a  large  number  of  Geometric  animals  (esjie- 
cially  horses)  have  been  found,  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  we  can  hardly  identify  any 
plastic  representations  of  the  human  figure  with  this  i>eriod.     It  appeai-s  to  us  that  this 


»  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  pp.  4o  ff. 

2  Cf.  Nos.  7,  11,  1-2,  13,  14,  etc. 

»  Cf.  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  .1,  9,  etc. 

♦  It  is  this  perishability  of  the  white  slip,  doubtless, 
that  led  Schliemann  to  si>eak  so  often  of  "  uni)ainted  " 
terra-cottas  from  Tiryns  (cf.  TIrifn.i,  j.p.  ir)OfF.).  In  the 
liffht  of  our  discoveries,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  nearly 
all,  if  not  all,  the  figures  from  Tiryns  were  originally 
painted. 

Cf.  Nos.  10,  21,  25. 

6  Cf.  Nos.  4,  24. 

•>  Cf.  p.  7. 


•  Cf.  Martha,  in  the  introtluction  to  his  Cutnlogue  ties 
Figurines  en  Terre  Cuite  du  Miiste  lU  la  Sociitt  Archeo- 
loffifjue  tl\lthl'nes. 

»  This  matter  of  the  interaction  of  vase  painting  and 
coroplastic  art  has  never  been  carefully  worked  out. 
The  early  Tanagra  "  iroira8«i,-  f«>r  instance,  show  distinct 
traces  of  the  Geometric  influence.  The  white  Athenian 
lekythi,  on  the  other  hand,  seem  to  be  a  result  of  the  a|>- 
plication  of  coroplastic  technique  to  rase  painting. 

w  Cf.  Rayet  et  Collignon,  Hist,  tie  la  Chamuitte  Greajue, 
p.  3.3,  fig.  21. 

"  Cf.  Nos.  248,  272. 


I     ' 


PRINCIPLES   OF   CLASSIFICATION  7 

arises  out  of  the  constructive  nature  of  that  style,  which  is  essentially  decorative  and 
conventional  —  in  so  far  un-naturalistic  and  opposed  to  plastic  art. 

Class  V.  —  A  very  marked  advance  in  the  development  of  the  terra-cottii  figurines 
found  at  the  Heraeum  from  the  earliest  primitive  type  onward  is  made  when  once  the 
"  bird  face,"  which  obtiiins  in  all  the  classes  hitherto  mentioned,  is  superseded  by  the 
human  head.'  This  tyi>e  we  have  called  "  Advanced  Argive."  The  figures  of  this  class 
are  plainly  a  development  from  our  second,  Tirynthian  Argive,  class.  Even  in  the  most 
advanced  8j)ecimens,  with  very  few  exceptions,'-  the  bodies  of  these  figures  are  essentially 
the  sjime  flat  oblong  which  we  found  in  the  figures  of  the  Tirynthian  Argive  class.  The 
heads,  on  the  other  hand,  ai-e  of  archaic  type,  with  wide,  stiiring  eyes,  large  ears  placed 
high,  the  mouth  often  having  the  well-known  archaic  smile.'*  Most  important  of  all, 
these  heads,  almost  without  exception,  were  made  in  moulds.  Here,  then,  we  see  the 
beginnings  of  that  use  of  moulds  which  later  became  the  prevailing  mode,  and  revolu- 
tionized the  manufacture  of  terra-cottas.  Another  characteristic  of  this  class  of  figures 
is  the  tendency  to  elaborate  ornamentation,  of  which  we  shall  have  more  to  say  later.* 

In  the  colored  decoration  of  the  figures  of  this  class,  also,  we  find  again  the  two  pro- 
cesses which  we  have  before  noted.  Thus,  while  the  use  of  the  white  slip  as  a  basis  for 
decoration  in  color  is  always  retained  for  the  upper  parts  of  the  figure,  and  in  many 
cases  is  used  for  the  entire  figure  as  well,^  in  the  large  specimens  the  color  is  often 
aj)plied  directly  to  the  chiton,  usually  a  red  stripe  at  the  top,  and  dark  brown  for  the 
rest  (►f  the  gjirment." 

It  is  also  a  noteworthy  fact  that  in  these  figures  the  seated  type  prevails  almost  exclu- 
sively. Indeed,  the  only  standing  figure  which  we  have  ventured  to  place  among  the 
advanced  Argive  specimens  differs  from  them  so  widely  that  we  have  even  doubted 
whether  it  ought  not  to  be  placed  in  a  category  by  itself.  This  is  No.  107,  a  figure 
which  again  illustrates  the  influence  of  ceramic  upon  coropbistic  art.  This  figure  has 
traces  of  a  human  head.  In  the  uj)per  part  of  the  figure  there  is  a  certain  degree  of 
naturalness,  but  the  lower  i)art  of  the  body  is  emphatically  conventionalized,  without 
any  attempt  at  naturalism.  The  roundness  is  so  complete  that  it  at  once  suggests 
mechanical  work,  such  as  the  turning  of  the  potter's  wheel.  The  use  of  the  wheel  is  still 
further  confirmed  by  the  application  of  the  brush  in  making  the  accurate  parallel  lines 
in  groups  of  three,  and  the  broad  line  at  the  waist  around  the  cylindrical  body.  The 
ornamentation,  as  well  as  the  structure  of  the  figure,  thus  points  to  the  influence  of  the 
K€paiJL€v<;,  belonging  to  the  period  of  the  fully  developed  Argive-Linear,"  as  the  Myce- 
naean terra-cottas  showed  the  influence  of  the  Mycenaean  K€pafi€v<;.  We  have  placed 
it  among  the  advanced  Argive  figures  on  the  ground  that  it  has  a  human  head  and  a 
conventionalized  body,*  and  that  the  decoration  would  mark  it  as  belonging  to  about 
the  jwriod  to  which  we  must  assign  our  advanced  Argive  figures. 

Class  VI.  —  Our  next  class,  "  Figures  under  Oriental  Influence,"  consists  of  a  small 
number  of  figures  which  are  marked  out  as  a  sej^arate  category  by  their  subjects  —  two 
lions,  heraldically  grouped,  winged  female  figures  like  the  so-called  Nike  of  Archemius,'* 


>  Cf.  Nos.  77  ff. 

2  Figures  like  Nos.  90  and  91,  in  which  the  bodies 
have  a  considerable  thickness  and  there  is  some  attempt 
to  represent  the  waist,  are  extremely  rare. 

»  Cf.  Nos.  93ff. 

*  Cf.  pp.  10  ff. 

»  Cf.  Nos.  79  and  80. 


«  Cf.  Nos.  8G,  90,  91,  92. 
'  Cf.  pp.  126  ff. 

8  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  conventionali- 
zation in  this  figure  is  quite  different  from  that  which  we 
have  seen  in  the  Mycenaean  figurines. 

9  Cf.  Collignon,  Hist,  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque,  I.  p.  136, 
fig.  68. 


8 


THE  TERRACOTTA   FIGURINES 


I 


several  ti«>'ures  oi  the  Egyptian  Bes,  ami  a  number  of  representiitions  of  the  Sphinx.' 
With  these  we  have  grouiH-d  a  small  fi«»:uie  of  a  horseman,-  which  is  certiiinly  of  E«>^yi>- 
tian  manufacture.  It  would  of  course  have  been  jMissible  to  catiilogue  these  H««:ures 
under  our  next  class  of  arcliaic  %ures,  as  they  are  all  archaic  in  style  ;  but  it  has  seemed 
to  us  nM)re  desirable  to  collect  in  one  category  the  si)ecimens  whicii  distinctly  show  the 
iuHuence  of  the  Eiist,  just  as  in  vases  this  influence  is  recognized  in  the  so-called  Corin- 
thian vases.  It  is  the  analogy  of  the  history  of  vases,  nM)reover,  in  which  the  Corinthian 
stvle  follows  the  Argive  stvle,  that  has  led  us  to  place  this  category  immediiitely  after 
the  class  of  advanced  Argive  figures. ' 

Class  VII.  —  With  the  beginning  of  the  iiistorical  Greek  i>eriod,  the  art  of  term-cottii 
making  becomes  more  deiiendent  upon  sculpture,  and  from  this  time  on,  its  history  is  bet- 
ter known  and  more  easily  traceable.  To  the  beginning  of  this  arcliaic  ))eriod  we  must 
assign  a  number  of  figures  rudely  made  by  hand,*  which,  although  they  still  preserve  a 
hi<»h  decree  of  conventionalism,  manifest  an  endeavor  on  the  iKirt  of  the  c(»roplast  to  imi- 
tate  more  closelv  the  forms  of  the  human  IxmIv.  Their  conventionalism,  nuireover,  is  the 
conventionalism  with  which  we  are  familiar  in  the  early  statues  of  Greek  art  (the  ^oava), 
be«nnninir  with  the  Nicandra  statue  from  Delos.^'  We  have  therefore  chissed  these 
figures,  and  those  immediately  following  them,  as  '•  Early  Archaic,"  but  have  subdivided 
them  into  two  groups  :  — 

Grouj)  ft.  —  Hand-made  Figures.  These  we  regard  as  in  a  certain  sense  a  transitional 
tyiH?  from  the  earlier,  hand-made  Argive  figures  to  the  moidded  figures  of  the  archaic 
period  proper. 

Group  h.  —  Mould-made  Figures.  The  archaic  period  projH^r  begins  with  the  intro- 
duction of  the  use  of  moulds  for  the  whole  figure,  the  second  step  —  the  modeling  of 
the  heads  of  the  advanced  Argive  figures  being  the  first  —  toward  the  develoiR'd  terni- 
cotta  figurine  of  Liter  centuries.  Here  we  have,  at  the  beginning  of  the  class,  a  very 
interesting  transitional  specimen,"  in  whicli  we  have  a  mould-made  toi-so,  decked  out 
at  the  shouldei-s  with  two  disks,"  such  as  are  cimimon  in  the  primitive  and  advanced 
Argive  tyi^es.''  After  this  we  have  a  long  series  of  both  seated  and  standing  figures, 
in  which  we  can  trace,  as  in  the  work  of  the  sculptor,  the  struggle  of  the  artist  with 
his  material,  the  gradual  advance  in  the  representation  of  the  folds  of  the  chiton,'  the 
development  of  the  arms  from  mere  stumps  to  well-nKuleled  mend)ers  of  the  IxKly,'" 
which  are  raised  to  the  breast,"  and  carry  attributes.'-  The  final  \ienoi\  of  this  de- 
velopment corresponds  to  the  i)eriod  of  the  well-known  female  figures  on  the  Atheniiui 
AcropoHs.'"' 

As  to  color  technitjue,  we  find  in  the  archaic  terra-i'ottas  the  same  two  opposing  influ- 
ences which  we  have  noted  in  our  earlier  classes.     The  great  majority  of  our  archaic 

J  Cf.  Xos.  108-llG.  *  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  this  fijjiirc  is  almost 

*  Cf.  No.  117.  without  a  parallel  in  our  finds.     For  the  most  part,  these 

■'  Here,  too,   mi^ht   be   placed   Xos.   207-213,   which  archaic  terra-cottas  were  very  little  influenced  by  the  Ar- 

also  show  traces  of   Oriental  influence  ;  but  it  seemed  give  type,  although  the  two  classes  must  have  existed 

better  to  catalogue  them  among  the  archaic  heads,  for  side  by  side  for  a  considerable  period. 


in  them  it  is  the  archaic,  rather  than  the  Oriental  ele- 
ment, which  is  most  characteristic. 

*  Cf.  Nos.  118-131. 

*  Cf.  Collignon,  Hint,  de  la  Sculpture  (Jrecque,  I.  p.  120, 
fig.  59. 

6  Cf.  No.  132. 
'  Cf.  p.  10. 


»  Cf.  Nos.  153,  157,  163,  etc. 
'0  Cf.  No.  157  with  No.  148  and  No.  154. 
"  Cf.  Nos.  153,  155. 
»-  Cf.  No.  165  if. 

'•  Cf.  Collignon,  Hut.  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque,  I.  pp. 
341  (F.,  figs.  170  ff. 


NUMBER   OF   SPECIMENS   IN    EACH   CLASS 


9 


figures  show  nunuMous  traces  of  the  white  slip,  which  we  have  described  as  the  typically 
coroplastic  method  of  decoration  ; '  but  some  have  jKiint  applied  directly  to  them,  at  least 
in  pjirts.- 

CLAs^s  VIII.  —  Of  terra-cotfcis  belonging  to  a  later  age  than  tliis  early  archaic  period 
we  have  but  few  specimens,  and  these  are  almost  exclusivelv  heads  of  fiuures  and  votive 
busts,  in  wliich,  owing  to  the  very  gradual  development  of  the  archaic  style,  no  sharp  fine 
of  demarcation  can  be  drawn  between  early  and  later  specimens.  We  believe,  however, 
that  the  forty-two  sjiccimens  '  which  we  have  included  in  an  "  Advanced  Archaic  "  class 
will  be  found  to  mark  a  higher  stiige  of  development  tlian  is  att<iined  by  any  s|)ecimens 
of  CLiss  VII. 

Clash  IX.  —  Finally,  we  come  to  the  last  group,  which,  as  has  been  siiid  above,  is  re- 
presente<l  by  a  remarkably  small  nund>er  of  specimens.  In  regard  to  Nos.  2139  and  240, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  belong  to  the  best  period  of  Greek  terra-cotta  work, 
and  we  have  not  hesitated  to  place  them  as  "  Figures  of  Free  Style,"  in  a  seiiarate  cLiss. 

The  figures  of  animals  and  of  vari<ms  small  objects  are  in  general  so  rudely  modeled 
tliat  they  do  not  lend  themselves  to  any  classification  based  upon  style.*  We  have 
therefore  been  led  to  adopt  the  manifest  principle  of  classification  according  to  subject, 
and  thus  to  distinguisli  two  further  ckisses,  —  *' Animals"  (under  which  we  include  fig- 
ures of  men  and  women  seated  upon  animals)  and  '•  Various  Objects." 

So  much  for  the  principles  upon  whicli  we  have  based  our  classification,  and  the  gen- 
eral deveh»pment  of  the  manufacture  of  terra-cotfcis  at  Argos,  as  represented  by  our  finds. 
But,  as  we  have  already  suggested,  tliese  classes  are  by  no  means  of  equal  importiince. 
Nothing,  indeed,  is  more  instructive  than  the  t<ible  of  the  numerical  strength  of  the 
classes,  which  is  as  follows:  — 


.\r.MBKK   OK    SI'FXJIMENS    IN    TIIK    VAKIOLS  CLASSKS. 


I.  Primitive  Arj;ive     . 
II.  Tirynthiaii  .\r<;ivf 

III.  Mycenaean     .... 

IV.  Geometric  .         .         .         .         . 
V.  Advanced  Arj^ive    . 

VI.  Fijjures  under  Oriental  Inrtiience 


VII.   Early  Archaic 
VIII.  Advanced  Arehaie 
IX.  Free  Stvle   . 


122 
1%1 

2 

409     Animals     . 
15      V^arious  Objects 


249 

42 

2 

715 
433 


That  is,  of  280;")  specimens,  not  counting  animals  and  various  objects,  2492,  or  over 
8/5  ])er  cent.,  are  figures  of  the  flat-bodied  type,  with  either  the  "  bird  face  "  (2083  speci- 
mens) or  with  the  archaic  liead  which  is  its  successor  (409  si)ecimens).  It  is  the  pre- 
jM)nderance  of  this  type  which  justifies  us  in  calling  these  specimens  distinctively  Argive. 
They  have  been  found,  it  is  true,  in  other  phices.  notiddy  at  Tiryns'^fas  we  have  recognized 
by  our  qualification  of  a  certiiin  cLiss  of  them  as  Tirynthian ),  at  Haghios  Sostis  ( Tegea )," 

»  Cf.  Nos.  132,  i:»5,  140,  etc.  glou,  Nunre  Mem.  ikW  Iu.t.  II.  pp.  72-7G,  pi.  vi.;  Martha, 

-  Cf.  Nos.  137,  l:W,  UVA,  etc.  Cat.  den  Fig.  dii  Mns.  d'Athinen,  Nos.  541  ff.    Tiiese  Tegeau 

•  Cf.  Nos.  227-2.'J8.  figures  present  the  closest  pai-allels  to  our  Argive  types. 

*  The  only  exception  which  we  have  made  to  this  rule  They  occur  with  human  as  well  as  with  "  bird  faces,"  and 
is  in  the  case  of  Mycenaean  and  (Tcomotric  animals,  the  later  specimens  are  often  very  elaborately  decorated, 
where  the  decoration  leaves  no  |)ossible  doubt  as  to  their  They  were  found  in  such  numbers  as  to  preclude  the 
place.  theory  that  they  were  impt)rted  from  Argos.     We  must 

*  Cf.  Schliemann,  Tirifnn,  pp.  140  ff.,  figs.  76-96.  conclude,  therefore,  that  the  art  of  the  coroplast  passed 

•  Cf.  I^normant,  Gaz.  Arch.  1878,  pp.  42-48;  lVrvani>-  through  much  tlie  same  development  atTegea  as  at  Argos, 


II 


10  THE  TERRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 

aiul  sporadieallv  elsewhere.'  But  nowhere  have  they  been  foiiiul  in  siieh  nunihers  or 
exhibiting?  such  a  clearly  marked  development  as  at  Arj^os.  They  are  hardly  found  at 
all  at  Mycenae.-     We  feel  justified,  therefore,  in  pvinj?  them  the  distinctive  name  of 

**  Argive." 

But  if  these  Argive  fij^ures  form  the  great  hulk  of  our  find  in  terr.i-cott;is,  they  also 
present  the  most  serious  and  difticidt  i)rohlems  of  all  our  figures.  How,  for  instance, 
shall  we  designate  the  jrreat  mass  of  idastic  ornament  which  is  so  characteristic  of  the 
later  "  advanced  "  tyi)e,  and  also,  to  some  extent,  oi  the  earlier  siwcimens  ?  In  the  pre- 
liminary publication  of  the  Heraeum  finds,  it  was  suggested  that  the  elaborate  orna- 
ments upon  the  shoulder  of  the  Argive  figures  might  be  bunches  of  fl<>wers,  havinjr 
s<mie  reference  to  Hera  Antheia.'  But  further  consideration  has  convinced  us  tluit,  for 
the  «>-reat  mass  of  our  figures,  this  view  is  untenable.  In  the  first  j)lace,  the  large  orna- 
ments for  which  this  interpretation  was  suggested  *  are  plainly  develoi>ed  from  the  small 
round  bosses  of  earlier  figures."  The  beginning  of  this  deveh)pment  is  very  pLiin  in 
one  specimen,''  where  the  wedge-shaped  ornament  at  the  shoultler  is  no  more  than  an 
elontnited  boss.  Now  in  many  later  specimens '  this  boss  develops  into  a  regular  fibula 
of  the  "foui-leaved  clover"  type,"  which  Helbig'  pro|>oses  to  identify  with  the  H<mieric 
cXt^.'"  Moreover,  in  one  fragment "  we  have  the  most  evident  attempt  to  represent  a 
bronze  fibiUa  of  the  usual  "  bow "  sluipe ; '-  while  with  the  elaborate   ornaments  like 

or  (what  seems  to  us  more  prolmble)  that  the  corophists  Primitive  standiiiK  fiKurw.  no  <inwnieiitatiuii         ...  2 

of  Te-ea  were  strongly  influenced  by  those  of  Argos,  and  Primitive  «tai.di.iR  fiRurw..  one  iiecklae*     ....  5 

7  .   :•  "    X  i-       I    i.  iu         t. Primitive  sitting  tik'nreH,  no  oniMni^ntation    ....  I 

that  there  was  an  intimate  connection  between  these  two  " 

places  (cf.  Kidgeway,  7. //.  A.  X\  I.  [1896],  p.  91),  on  the      pri,„i,ive  sitting  «»«««.,  two  necklacen H 

close  connection  between  Tegea  and  .\rgolis);  Curtius,  as      Primitive  heads - 

Ridgeway  remarks,  pointed  out  {dr.  Gexch.   I.  p.  I.'jG)      Advanced  sittiiiR  figures I 

that  Nanplius  is  represented  as  the  servitor  of  the  king      Advam-ed  heads 

of  Tegea.     We   may   also   point   to   the    fact   that    the      Warriors 11 

priestess  Chrysis  sought  and  found  refuge  at  Tegea  after  ;i;;!;;;;;;^.j^,,  ;;„,  ;„^.^  ,;„,,J,y,  '^  ^„,„,„;. 

leaving  the  Heraeum  (Pans.  III.  o.  6).  Fragment  of  a  Mycenaean  vase. 

1  At  Bathos,  on  a  spur  of  Mt.  Lycaon  (cf.  Bather  and 

Yorke,  J.  H.  S.  XIII.  [1893],  p.  *i28>;  in  Cyrenaica  (cf.  Several  of  the  figures  have  pins  of  the  "dumb-bell " 

Heuzey,  Fir/.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  1);  at  Thisbe  in  Boeotia  (cf.  shape  (cf.  No.  84),  while  the  "clover-leaf"  type  (cf.  j«ti- 

Arch.  Anz.  1895,  p.  2ti0,  4)  ;  one  or  two  specimens  were  pra)  also  occurs.     One  of  the  advanced  heads  has  a  cala- 

found  by   the   English  .School   at  Phylakopi   in   Melos.  thos  and  a  double  taenia,  closely  resembling  Xos.  101- 

Therc  are  a  few  specimens  very  similar  to  ours  (all  with  104.     We  think  it  right  to  draw  attention  to  the  fact 

human  faces)  in  the  museum  at  Syracuse,  but  the  Sicilian  that  this  beehive  tomb,  even  if  it  was  disturbed,  contained 

terra-cottas  are  for  the  most  part  of  a  far  less  primitive  no  object  Inter  than  the  Mycenaean  perio«].     In  go  far, 

character  than   those   of   Argos  ;  cf.   the   figures   from  the   presence   of  the   "  Tirynthian  Argive  "  terra-«-ottas 

Agrigentum  (cf.  Kekule.  Aul.  Terraiotten,  II.  pp.  17,  18,  would  place  them  not  later  than  the  Mycenaean  jn'riod. 

figs.  "21-27),  from   (Jela  (ibid.  p.  22,  fig.  47),  and  the  '^  Cf.  Waldstein,  Excm-atiom  of  the  American  School  at 

specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  Terravecchia  near  Gran-  the  Heraeum  of  Argon,  1892,  p.  2<).     Cf,  No.  52,  where 

michele,  published  by  Orsi  (.Vow.  Ant.  VII.  pp.  239  ff.,  the  ornament  certainly  suggests  a  nuiss  of  flowers. 

figs.  31,  32).     Finally,  a  number  of  vases  from  Cyprus  *  Cf.  Nos.  83  and  93. 

in  the  British  Museum,  of  Geometric  style,  are  decorated  *  Cf.  Nos.  27,  28,  4(). 

with  figures  very  similar  to  our  advanced  .\rgive  type  ;  '  Cf.  No.  43. 

they  are  placed  on  the  neck  of  the  vase,  and  hohl  in  '  Cf.  Nits.  o4,  90,  91. 

one  hand  a  small  jug  which  served  as  a  spout  to  the  »  Cf.  Montelius,  La  Civilization  Primitire  en  Italie,  pi. 

yase.  xxi.  286-289;    FurtwUngler,  Ol^^mpia ;    Eryehniiue,    IV. 

*  A  tray  in  the  Central  Museum  at  xVthens  (numbered  pi.  xxi.  360. 

3071)  contains  a  number  of  figures  of  the  type  of  our  »  Cf.  Dn-o  Horn.  Epos  aus  den  Denlmdlern  erUiutert,  2te 

primitive  and  advanced  .\rgive  specimens,  which  came  Anfl.  pp.  280  ff. 

from   a  tholos   tomb  near  Mycenae.     Dr.  Tsountas  in-  ">  But  cf .  Stiidniczka.  Be'a.  zur  Genchichte  d.  Gr.  Trackl, 

forms  us,  however,  that  the  roof  of  this  tomb  had  fallen  Ahh.  d.  Arch.-Epig.  Seminars  d.  Univtrsitut   Wien,  VI.  p. 

in  and  the  contents  had  been  disturbed,  so  that  no  sure  114,  footnote. 

conclusions  can   be   drawn   from  them.     The  tray  con-  *'  No.  82. 

talus  —  '-  Cf.  Montelius,  loc.  cit.  pl».  i.,  It.,  ▼.,  viii.,  ix. 


THE   ARGIVE  TYPE 


11 


No.  84,  we  may  com|)are  fibulae  found  in  our  own  excavation,'  and  others  published 
by  Montelius.^  It  thus  appears  evident  that  these  ornaments  are  intended  to  represent 
simply  the  pins  by  which  the  Doric  chiton  was  fastened  at  the  shoulder,  whether  this 
be  the  straight  pin  {nepovr)),  or  the  fibula  of  the  clover  leaf  or  bow  form;  and  we  have 
therefore  had  no  hesitiition  in  so  designating  them  in  our  descriptions.  There  is  room 
for  doubt,  perhaps,  in  the  specimens  which  have  only  the  simple  round  boss,  whether 
this  boss  is  meant  to  represent  a  fibula  of  the  cXi^  type  or  a  simple  straight  pin.  We 
liave  used  the  term  "  pin,"  therefore,  to  include  both  fibulae  and  irepovai. 

The  bands  across  the  breasts  of  our  figures^  are  in  many  cases  evidently  meant  to 
represent  necklaces,  and  we  can  [)erliaps  distinguish  in  .some  cases  between  the  icrOfiLop, 
or  close-fitting  necklace,  of  Homer  *  and  the  opixo^,^  or  long  necklace.  Certainly  the 
many  cases  in  which  we  find  bands  ornamented  with  pendants ''  can  be  meant  for  nothing 
but  necklaces.  But  very  often  our  band  extends  only  from  shoulder  to  shoulder,  and 
appears  to  have  some  intimate  connection  with  the  pins  which  we  have  just  discussed." 
Sehliemann  **  called  such  ornaments  simply  "  bands,"  while  Perrot,'^  in  describing  a  figure 
very  similar  to  No.  34,  calls  the  ornament  "  a  sort  of  scarf."  In  the  later  development,'" 
when  the  figures  are  adorned  with  a  large  number  of  these  bands,  the  lower  one  is 
usiudly  so  wide,  and  is  stretched  so  straight  from  shoulder  to  shoulder,  that  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  it  is  the  fold  of  the  Doi-ic  chiton."  Moreover,  in  specimens  like  No.  30, 
the  band  is  plainly  the  fold  of  a  garment  arranged  like  the  IfiaTLOP  in  later  works.'"  It 
must  be  sjiid,  however,  tluit  even  in  fairly  early  si)ecimens  the  "  bands  "  often  become 
subordinated  to  a  general  principle  of  elaborate  ornamentation,  so  that  it  is  impossible 
to  assign  a  given  ornament  to  one  class  or  the  other,  to  say  categorically,  it  is  a  neck- 
lace or  it  is  a  fold.  In  the  most  advanced  Argive  specimens  '^  we  find  a  further  com- 
plication in  the  elaborate  ])lastic  ornaments  across  the  breast,  which  seem  to  be  made 
in  imit<ition  of  kice  or  met<il  adornments  attticlied  to  the  fold  itself,  or  possibly  of  long 
cluiins,  such  as  the  women  of  modern  Greece  wear  on  feast  days.  But  even  if  they  are 
such,  they  are  phiinly  develoi)ed  from  the  earlier  necklace  and  simple  fold,  and  these 
are  the  most  clmracteristic  forms  of  decoration  of  the  Argive  type.  It  is  the  constant 
recurrence  of  these  bands  which  has  led  us  to  adopt,  as  convenient  subdivisions  of  our 
Tirynthian  Argive  class,  the  following  categories :  '*  — 

1.  Figures  with  slightly  develojH^d  plastic  ornamentiition  at  shoulder  (no  decorative 
bands). 

2.  Figures  with  considerably  developed  plastic  ornamentation  (one  band). 


>  Cf.  p.  242,  No.  852. 
'  Loc.  cit.  pis.  xrii.  and  xviii. 
»  Cf.  Nos.  27  ff. 

«  Cf.  Nos.  27  and  .36.     Compare  also  Od.  xviii.  300  :  — 
ia^fuor  iii^tiKty  Btpiwin),  wfpucaWfs  ttyaXfiA. 

And  Schol. :  — 

Xii9fLiO¥'  laOfihs  6  Tpixv^ot.  taBfiiov  oiv  Ttpirpaxv^^oy  tcSff/iov 
wtptwfr\*yfttyof,  ov  /tfVroi  KnVfiiifiari  riya  iKKptfiafifva. 
Kal  iKKus'  WfpiTpaxv^iOv,  iv9tv  icaX  wapl<T0fua-  iicuptpfi  Si  rov 
ipfiou,  rh  fiif  yap  vpafffxcrai  rep  rpax'fl^v,  i  8*  opuos  ttx^"^' 
vrai. 

»  Cf.  Hym.  Horn.  v.  10  (Gemoll)  :  — 

8«ipp  8*  iLfi^i'  aroXp  ttal  ar4fif(riv,  kpryvpioiviw 
Spfioiai  xpwioiai  iKiofttoVf  vitoi  ntp  airat 
'fipai  Koa/itla^v  xp^'^^f^'^''**- 

And  ibid.  iii.  88  :  — 


ipfioi  8'  afUp'  diroA^  Scip^  irtpiKaWfts  ^<rav 
KuKol,  xP^<^fK>i,  wafiwolKiXoi  &s  8(  afK'fiini 
vHiBfaut  a^'  airoA.oro't  iKifOttro,  iavixa  ihtvBtu. 

«  Cf.  Nos.  40,  42,  80,  etc. 

T  Cf.  Nos.  28,  34,  37,  40,  41,  etc. 

*  Cf.  Tiryns,  p.  156. 

»  Cf.  Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  VArt,  VI.  p.  750. 
The  figure  is  No.  344,  taken  from  Sehliemann,  Tiryns, 
p.  359,  fig.  159. 

»o  Cf.  Nos.  86,  93. 

*'  Cf.  Studniczka,  loc.  cit.  pp.  6  ff. 

"  Cf.  Nos.  163,  164,  175. 

>•  Cf.  Nos.  90  and  91. 

**  For  the  advanced  Argive  terra-cottas  no  such  dis- 
tinction seems  necessary,  as  they  are  practically  all  of 
the  elaborately  ornamented  type. 


I 


12 


THE  TERRACOTTA   FIGURINES 


WHOM   DO   THE   FKiURES   REPRESENT? 


13 


^5 


3.    Fijriires  with  elahorate  itlastic  ornamentation  (two  or  more  bands). 

It  will  be  f'onnd,  in  oeneral,  that  inoreasinjj  elaborateness  of  ornamenttition  at  the 
slnmlders  of  these  fij^nres  corresponds  to  the  miUtiplieation  of  bands,  and  tluit  both 
advance  with  the  orowth  of  i)erfection  in  technique.' 

It  remains  to  note  the  other  decorative  elements,  which,  althou«»:h  they  are  not  of 
sufficient  importance  to  form  a  basis  for  classification,  yet  display  a  very  considerable 
development  in  our  series  of  ti«;ures,  —  namely,  the  earrinjjs,  the  hair,  and  the  head- 
dress. Of  the  earrinj^s  not  much  need  be  s;iid.  They  bejrin  cominiratively  late  in  the 
series  (the  small  size  of  the  earlier  fio^ures  naturally  precludes  the  use  of  such  ornaments) 
with  much-decorated  "  bird-faced  "  fi«;ures,  and  develop  from  the  simple  disk  to  the  disk 
with  a  central  boss,-  the  rosette,^  and  even  the  disk  with  i>endant.* 

The  development  of  the  hair  is  more  complex.  In  the  earliest  fijjures,  as  we  have 
before  stated,"'  the  hair  is  not  rei)resented  at  all,  or  at  best  it  is  marked  by  a  few  jku- 
allel  grooves  at  the  back  of  the  head  (u-  by  two  or  three  strips  of  clay  attjiched  to  the 
back  of  the  head  and  fallinj?  t<»  the  shoulders,  most  usually  notched  or  twisted.  Then 
one  or  two  strands  are  brouj^ht  forward  over  the  shoulders,''  while  a  corkscrew  curl  is 
added  ti)  each  side  of  the  forehead.'  The  use  of  the  simple  mass  to  represent  the  hair 
as  it  falls  to  the  shoulders '  seems  to  be  a  later  development.  It  is  enipl(»yed  almost 
exclusively  in  the  most  advanced  heads,'  where  the  front  hair  is  usually  represented 
by  two  notched  bands,'"  or  by  laro:e  curls  which  leave  between  them  a  wide  partin*-^," 
In  a  few  cases  we  find  over  the  forehead  a  row  of  small,  seiKirate  curls,  similar  to  tlujse 
c(mnnonly  j^iven  to  archaic  heads  in  stone.'' 

In  the  headdress  we  find  a  develojunent  very  similar  to  that  which  we  have  noted  for 
the  hair.  Very  early  in  our  series,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out,'^  we  find  a  simple 
band  of  clav  wound  about  the  head  to  represent  the  stephane.  This  is  often  so  broad 
and  hij'h  that  it  mij^ht  more  properly  be  called  a  pohis  or  Stephanos."  To  this  is 
often  applied  a  sin«:le  boss,'^  or  a  double  boss,"'  or  even  a  number  of  bosses  in  a  row, 
Avith  perhaps  a  double  boss  in  the  midtUe.'"  In  one  case  "*  the  edjje  of  the  stephane  is 
pierced  with  holes.  aj)iKirently  to  receive  metal  ornaments.  But  the  stephane  ( Stephanos, 
polos)  is  not  the  exclusive  headdress  of  our  fiofures.  As  the  coroplast  came  to  nuxlel 
lar<»er  and  taller  fiuures,  he  evidentlv  besran  to  feel  the  need  of  a  more  stately  heacldress 
to  correspond  to  the  elaborate  adornment  of  the  body.  Thus  we  find  that  in  the  later 
fi<>-ures  tlie  most  common  headdress  is  the  hij^h,  bell-shai»ed  caLithos.''^  This  is  usiudly 
bound  about  the  bottom  with  a  tiienia,  and  is  often  decorated  at  the  top  with  bosses." ' 
Most  remarkable,  of  all,  however,  are  the  horn-like  adornments  which  are  the  final  deco- 


'  It  is  not  always  possible  to  use  the  number  of  bands 
as  an  absolute  criterion,  for  there  are  cases  in  which 
other  decorative  elements,  such  as  applied  layers  of  clay, 
representing  the  garments  (cf.  Nos.  ."lO,  00,  r»l ),  or  the  in- 
fants which  the  KovpoTp6<(tos  figures  hold  (cf.  Xos.  37,  57, 
58,  etc.),  take  the  place  of  the  bands.  But,  for  the  most 
part,  the  distinction  of  the  classes  according  to  the  nuni- 
l)er  of  bands  upon  the  figures  will  be  found  to  have  been 
carried  out  with  considerable  strictness. 

-  Cf.  Xo.  53. 

3  Cf.  Xos.  r>4,  104. 

*  Cf.  No.  94. 

•  Cf.  p.  4. 

«  Cf.  No.  26. 

'  Cf.  Nos.  25,  45,  etc. 


»  Cf.  Xos.  42  and  51   (which  are   of   the  Tirynthian 
.\rgivc  class),  where  the  mass  is  crossed  by  groove*. 
«  Cf.  Nos.  IKt.  lU,  i»7,  98,  99,  etc. 
•">  Cf.  Nt«.  94.  97. 
>'  Cf.  Nos.  101-104. 
1^  Cf.  No.  105. 
i»  Cf.  p.  4. 
'^  Cf.  N.W.  40,  5.3. 
>••  Cf.  Nos.  7.  X\,  53,  {MJ. 
"  Cf.  Nos.  44,  97. 
"  Cf.  Nos.  40,  42,  98,  99. 
"  Cf.  No.  .-4. 
>»  Cf.  No.  94. 
»  Cf.  Nos.  98,  99. 


ration  of  this  later  type.'  These  consist  of  a  strip  of  cbiy,  bulging  slightly  at  the 
extremities,  pUiced  about  the  calathos  in  such  a  way  that  the  two  ends  rise  above  it  in 
front.  A  boss  is  sometimes  added  to  each  end  for  further  effect,"  and  between  the 
"  horns  "  a  disk  or  rosette  is  (juite  usual.^  We  are  inclined  to  regard  these  "  horns  "  as 
an  attein[)t  to  represent  plumes  of  some  sort,  although  we  know  of  no  parallel  cases.* 

Another  point  which  naturallv  arises  in  connection  with  these  "  Aririve  "  fi<rures  is 
the  (piestion.  Whom  do  the  figmes  represent  ?  Now  the  most  striking  fact  about  them 
(as,  indeed,  ab<uit  the  lunnan  figures  in  general)  is  the  great  })reponderance  of  female 
fonns.  In  the  whole  find  of  terra-cottiis,  there  are  but  sixty-six  figures  which  are  male 
beyond  a  doubt,  and  of  the.se  forty-eight  belong  to  the  well-known  type  of  the  mounted 
warrior,  and  eight  to  the  tyi)e  of  the  Egyptian  Bes."  This  fact  wouhl  naturally  lead 
us  to  the  conclusion  that  our  female  figures  represent  the  chief  goddess  of  Argos,  Hera, 
and  many  arguments  can  be  brought  to  support  this  interpretiition.  Thus,  the  great 
majority  of  our  Argive  figures  are  seated,  and  we  know  from  the  Pirasus  story  and 
from  Paus;inias's  account  of  an  early  image  of  Hera,  as  well  as  from  his  account  of  the 
stiitue  of  Polycleitus,  that  Hera  was  conceived  at  Argos  as  a  seated  divinity.  The  head- 
dresses which  we  have  noted  upon  our  figures,  stephane,  poh>s,  steidianos,  and  calathos, 
belong  to  the  regular  wardrobe  of  Hera ; ''  while  as  a  goddess  of  childbirth  ^  she  could 
be  represented  with  an  infant  in  her  arms.  But  such  arguments  as  these  are  extremely 
fallible ;  and  for  the  early  time,  especially,  we  certiiinly  cannot  postulate  any  such  fixity 
in  the  functions  and  attributes  of  the  goddess  as  such  statements  imply.  The  proof  of 
this  fact  is  not  far  to  seek ;  for  in  Tegea,  where,  as  we  have  already  stilted,*  we  find 
figures  exactly  similar  to  all  cUisses  of  our  Argive  terra-cottiis,  these  figures  were  dedi- 
cated to  Demeter.'*  The  headdresses  that  we  have  mentioned  are  found  in  the  Teirean 
figures,  as  in  tlujse  of  Argos,  and  they  are  by  no  means  the  exclusive  property  of  Hera. 
The  KovpoTp6(f)0';  figures  are  much  better  explained  as  human  mothers,'"  especially  as  Hem 
(and  the  divinities  of  the  Argive  plain  in  general)  is  rarely  represented  with  an  infant 
in  her  arms,"  and  the  epithet  KovpoTp6<j)o<;  for  Hem  rests  upon  very  doubtful  authority.'" 
Again,  the  groups  i>f  two  seated  females,'^  wiiile  tiiey  might  be  taken  as  Hera  and  Hebe 


>  Cf.  Nos.  10«)-104. 

*  Cf.  No.  1(K\. 

•  Cf.  Nos.  100,  104. 

*  Mr.  l)e  Con  suggests  that  these  adornments  may  be 
borrowed  from  the  headdress  of  Isis,  and  that  the  disk  or 
rosette  may  then  rt>present  tiu;  sun.  If  this  theory  be 
correct,  wu  should  then  find  in  tliese  figures  another 
trace  of  Oriental  iuHuencc. 

'  It  may  Im>  said  that  the  early  numltcrs  of  our  scries 
arc  so  rude  as  to  Im-  practically  sexless.  But  the  early 
dcvclopnu'ut  of  tiu'  hair  and  tlic  ornaments,  which  |M>ints 
distinctly  to  female  figur«'s,  as  well  as  the  great  pre- 
pondersince  of  female  figures  in  the  later  types,  make  it 
practically  c(>t'tain  that  our  «'arly  figures,  also,  are  meant 
to  represent  females. 

'■  Cf.  for  the  |K>los,  the  well-known  head  from  Olym- 
pia,  Botticher,  Olympia,  p.  237,  fig.  44  ;  for  the  stephane, 
Overbeck,  Kunftmytholoffie,  pis.  ix.,  x.;  for  the  Stephanos, 
Und.  vol.  III.  Hera,  Miiiiztafel  ii.;  for  tiie  calathos,  ibiil. 
Miinztafel  i.  Nos.  1-9. 

'  Cf.  on  Hera  Eileithyia,  (Jcneral  IntnHl.  vol.  I.  p.  8. 

•  Cf.  p.  9.  note  G. 

»  Cf.  I.*'nori«ant,  daz.  Arch.  1878,  pp.  44  ft. 


'*  On  the  analogy  of  the  woman  with  an  infant  on  her 
back  (No.  39),  the  woman  kneading  bread  (No.  24),  and 
the  performers  upon  musical  instruments  (Xos.  21,  22, 
23).  This  is  the  interpretation  which  we  are  inclined  to 
favor  for  these  KovpoTp6<poi  figures.  A  third  possibility, 
that  these  figures  are  nuxlifications  of  the  Oriental  As- 
tarte,  seems  to  lie  excluded  by  the  fact  that  they  bear 
such  close  resemblance  to  the  Argive  type,  and  are  plainly 
only  a  development  of  it. 

"  Cf.  O.  Miiller,  Hnudhuch  d.  Arch.  d.  Kumt,  §  353, 1; 
and  Tsountas,  'ItApitfupU  'A^ixaioAoyiK^,  1888,  p.  170. 

'"•^  Suidas,  .«.  r.  "Ojui/pos.  gives  the  verses  :  — 

kKvB'i  fioi  (vxoftivif.  KovpoTp6<pf.  6hs  5«  ywa'Ka, 
rr)vit  vfxv  atriivaaSai  <f>iK6Trira  kou  fvfi\v, 

and  adds  :  — 

a^iKtTo  f  if  Sauoc  Kol  (tpf  ywa'Ka  KovpoTp6<f>ii>  Biovffav,  Ka\ 
\ty(i  Ttt  fWTi  rdSf. 

Bernhardy  (cf.  Suid.  ed.  Bern.  II.'  p.  1101)  refers 
KovpoTpo^if!  to  Apollo.  Athenaeus  (XIII.  592)  refers  the 
verses  to  Sophocles,  and  says  the  poet  calls  on  Aphro- 
dite. 

"  Cf.  Nos.  59-02. 


I 


14 


Til?:  TERRACOTTA  FIGURINES 


or  Hem  and  Eileitliyia,  seem  to  us,  to  judge  from  the  analogy  of  similar  groups  in  later 
times,  to  be  better  taken  as  representiitions  of  the  Earth-mother  and  her  daughter,  the 
later  Demecer  and  Kore.*  In  the  ease  of  these  Argive  terra-oottas,  therefore,  we  can 
only  siiy  that  they  prove  to  us  the  existence  at  the  Heraeum,  in  very  early  times,  of  a 
cult  of  the  primitive  female  divinity,  the  real  "  great  mother  of  the  gods,"  whether  we 
call  her  Ge,  or  Demeter,  or  Aphrodite,  or  Cybele,  or  Hera,  or  perliaps  even  Atliena  or 
Artemis.  She  was  early  conceived  as  a  seated  figure,  and  this  conception  strongly  influ- 
enced the  ideas  of  later  times,  when  men  began  to  call  her  Hera,  and  to  reproduce  her 
imajre  in  wood  and  stone.  Finally,  the  use  of  exactly  the  form  that  is  employed  to  repre- 
sent  the  goddess  for  figures  that  are  certiiinly  human  -  proves  conclusively  that  we  are 
here  deaUng  with  one  of  those  early  tyi)es  which  are  already  familiar  to  us  in  the  seated 
figures  from  Branchidae,  the  "Apollo"  figures  from  all  over  the  Greek  world,  the 
standing  types  of  the  Acropolis,  and  many  other  works. 

We  have  dwelt  thus  at  length  upon  the  "  Argive  "  figures  both  because  they  form 
the  most  important  and  characteristic  part  of  our  find,  and  because  this  tyi)e  has  never 
heretofore  been  subjected  to  the  careful  study  which  it  deserves,  and  which,  fortunately, 
our  numerous  finds  of  early  figures  in  so  unbroken  a  series  enabled  us  to  make. 

The  remainder  of  our  finds  belong,  for  the  most  \niTt,  to  well-known  types,  and  can 
be  dismissed  in  a  few  words.  Of  the  Mycenaean  figures,  the  greater  jwrt  belong  to 
the  common  type  with  round  or  pelta-shaped  bodies.  The  large  bull's  or  cow's  head  is, 
we  believe,  unique  in  terra-cotta,  although  this  subject  is  common  enough  in  Mycenaean 
art  in  other  materials.^  The  paucity  of  figures  of  this  diss  of  terni-cottiis  at  the 
Heraeimi  is  verv  striking,  in  view  of  the  Lirge  numbers  of  them  that  were  found  at 
Mycenae  and  at  Tiryns,  and  suggests  the  explanation  that  these  figures  were  not  regarded 
as  appropriate  offerings  at  this  piirticiUar  temi)le.  The  Argive  style,  in  fact,  had  become 
invested  with  a  hieratic  cluiracter,  and  was  regarded  as  the  proi)er  object  of  votive 
dedication  at  the  Heraeum.^  The  same  remark  holds  true  of  figures  of  Geometric 
style,  of  which  the  pjuicity  is  very  striking,  in  marked  contrast  to  the  early  figures  of 
Boeotia,  which  are  distinctly  Geometric' 

So,  too,  even  our  283  figures  of  the  Archaic  class  form  a  strikingly  small  proi>ortion 
of  the  find,  when  we  consider  the  prevalence  of  this  class  on  other  early  sites.*^  Here, 
indeed,  the  figures  themselves  seem  to  show  that  these  archaic  terra-cottas  are  not  a 
natural  Argive  product.     We  do  not  mean  to  say  that  they  wei-e  not  made  at  Argos. 


t 


1  Cf.  the  argument,  pp.  22  f. 

2  Cf.  Xos.  21-24,  39. 

'  Cf.  the  parallels  cited  on  p.  23. 

*  So  at  Athens,  in  early  times,  the  fashion  seems  to 
have  been  for  tignres  of  Atliena  of  archaic  type  (cf. 
Winter,  Arch.  Anz.  189;^,  pp.  141  fF.).  At  Corcyra  the 
popular  offering  was  apparently  a  figure  of  .\rtemis  (cf. 
Lechat,  B.  C.  H.  XV.  [1891],  pp.  1  ff.).  At  Tegea  the 
Argive  type  was  later  superseded  hy  an  archaic  hydro- 
phoros  tyi)e  (cf.  Pervanoglou,  Nuove  Mem.  delV  Ins.  II. 
pp.  74  f.).  In  Sicily  archaic  figures  carrying  a  pig  are 
found  in  great  numbers  (perhaps  connected  with  the 
ciilt  of  Demeter  and  Kor^ ;  cf.  Li^nanl,  Gaz.  Arch.  1880, 
pp.  1.")  If.;  Caylus,  Ri^c.  d'Ant.  vol.  VI.  pi.  xxxvii.).  On 
the  subject  of  "  fashions "  in  terra-oottas,  cf.  the  re- 
marks of  Paris  npon  the  terra-cottas  of  Klateia,  B.  C. 
H.  XI.  (1887),  pp.  405-444. 


*  Cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xvii.  3 ;  Jamot,  B.  C.  11. 
XIV.  (1890),  pp.  207  ff.,  figs.  1,  2,  6,  and  pi.  xiv. ;  Mar- 
tha, Cat.  ties  Fig.  du  .Viw.  dWth'me.*,  Nos.  213  ff.  These 
figures  are  interesting  as  examples  of  coroplastic  art 
developing  on  lines  parallel  to  those  which  it  followed  at 
Argos,  yet  differing  from  Argive  art  in  many  jiarticulars. 
In  Boeotia,  as  at  Argos,  the  Hat,  conventional  btnly  of  the 
"  bird-face<l  "  type  was  retaine<l  long  after  the  advent  of 
the  archaic  style  of  head.  In  markinl  contrast  to  the  Ar- 
give figures,  the  standing  type  is,  in  Boeotia,  the  prevail- 
ing one,  and  the  ornamentation  is  almost  entirely  painted, 
not  plastic.  The  technique,  too,  is  ceramic,  rather  than 
coroplastic,  i.  e.  the  paint  is  applied  directly  to  the  clay. 

•  Cf.  the  excavations  cited  in  note  4,  and  especially 
those  conducted  by  Orsi  in  Sicily  —  at  Megara  Ilyblaea 
(cf.  Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  689,  esp.  pp.  913  ff.).  and  at  Terra- 
vecehia  {ibid.  VII.  p.  201,  and  esp.  pp.  210  ff.). 


MYCENAEAN  AND  ARCHAIC  FIGURES.     ANIMALS.     VARIOUS  OBJECTS     15 


The  lai-ge  number  of  replicas '  would  prove  that  most  of  them  were  made  there,  if  such 
proof  were  necessary  ;  but  they  seem  to  be  the  product  of  outside  influences,  rather 
than  the  i-esult  of  native  development."  So  we  find  a  number  which  show  traces  of  the 
schools  of  Rhodes  and  of  Cyprus.^  So,  too,  the  great  majority  of  these  archaic  figures 
are  stiinding  tyi>es,  whereas  the  conception  of  Hem  which  prevailed  at  the  Heraeum  was, 
as  we  have  seen,  that  of  a  seated  figure.  Moreover,  a  number  of  these  arcliaic  figures 
are  shown  by  their  attributes  to  be  representations  of  goddesses  in  no  way  connected 
with  Hera,  or  even  hostile  to  her.  Such  are  the  figures  of  Artemis  jwid  Aphrodite.* 
For  the  rest  we  can  only  sjjy  that  the  archaic  figures  without  attributes  may  be  meant  for 
stiitues  of  Hera,  and  in  many  cases,  doubtless,  were  so  thought  of  by  the  donors ;  but  in 
many  othei-s  they  may  have  been  meant  for  priestesses  or  even  persons  unconnected 
with  the  ciUt  of  the  goddess,  who  offer  their  own  image  to  her.  We  are  again  dealing, 
that  is  to  say,  with  a  tyjM?,  and  all  attempts  to  dogmatize  at  this  stage  on  the  subjects  of 
these  figures  are  futile."' 

The  animals  display  all  the  variety  usually  found  in  tem])le  offerings.  They  include 
horses  (both  with  and  without  riders),  bulls,  dogs,  pigs,  bears,  cocks,  and  birds,  and 
even  some  less  common  tyjjes,  such  as  the  centaur,  the  seii^ent,  the  tortoise,  the  monkey, 
and  the  bull  attacked  by  a  lion.  It  does  not  seem  possible  tliat  even  the  lively  imagina- 
tion of  the  Greeks  can  have  thoujjht  of  any  very  definite  association  of  all  these  animals 
•with  the  g(Hldess.  But  few  of  the  animals  represented  are  sacrificial,  so  that  the  idea 
that  they  are  '*  substitutions "  ^  for  actual  sacrifices  is  in  most  cases  excluded.  At 
best  this  expLmation  can  liiirdly  apply  to  more  tlian  the  cows,"  the  rams,  and  the  pigs. 
In  most  of  our  figures,  therefore,  we  are  inclined  to  see  only  examples  of  the  cheap 
kind  of  offerings  which  were  sold  at  the  entrance  to  the  temple,  —  offerings  Avhose  value 
dej)en(led  not  so  much  upon  their  intrinsic  worth  as  upon  the  spirit  of  the  donor. 

The  same  must  be  siiid  of  most  of  the  "  various  objects  "  which  we  liave  catalogued  in 
our  last  class.  The  rough  j)eai^sha|)ed  weights  '^  and  the  cones,"  —  which  were  probably 
meant  for  use  upon  the  lotmi,"*  —  the  spools,"  and  the  rude  oven'"  —  probably  from  a 
baking  scene  —  are  not  ina})propriate  ott'erings  to  a  female  divinity  like  Hei-a.  So,  too, 
the  dish  of  cakes  '^  and  the  numerous  fragments  of  tables  "  are  doubtless  to  be  regarded 
in  the  light  of  bancpiets  offered  to  the  divinity.    The  flowei^ike  disks,^'*  which  occurred  in 


>  Cf.  No8.  141,  144,  148,  149,  177,  188,  200,  231. 
'  Cf.  the  analogy  in  the  proportion  of  black-figured 
Tases  to  those  of  the  Argive-Liuear  style,  pp.  60,  174. 
»  Cf.  Nos.  207-211,  212,  21.3. 

*  So  we  interpret  the  figure  holding  a  bow  and  a 
deer  (No.  179),  and  the  figures  which  have  in  their  hands 
a  hare  (Nos.  176-178),  or  a  flower  (Nos.  166,  174),  or  a 
fruit  (Nos.  172,  173,  197),  or  a  dove  (Nos.  1(W-171,  199, 
200).  Some  of  these,  to  be  sure,  may  l)e  connected  with 
the  cult  of  Hera,  as  the  figure  with  the  wreath  (No. 
175)  probably  is.  Tims  we  know  that  Hera  sis  Kilei- 
thyia  was  represented  with  bow  (cf.  vol.  I.  p.  8)  ;  and 
the  fniit  of  Nos.  172,  173,  and  197  may  l>e  a  pome- 
granate (cf.  Philost.  Apoll.  Tifon.  IV.  28  :  v  l>oa  8«  natni 
^uriv  T^  *Hpf  ^vfrat).  But  such  attempts  are  uertaiidy 
far-fetched,  and  if  we  consider  the  wide  distribution 
of  these  types  (see  the  references  under  the  separate 
numbers),  the  connection  with  Hera  does  not  seem  prob- 
able. 

•  Cf.  Furtwilngler,   '  .\phrodite,'  in   Roscher,  Lex.  d. 


Myth.  p.  410 :  "  Doch  ist  der  Tj-pus  eiu  so  allgemeiner, 
dass  er  auch  fiir  andere  Gottheiten,  ja  audi  sterbliche, 
die  Votivgaben  darbringen,  beniitzt  wurde." 

«  Cf.  Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  PArt,  VI.  p.  818. 

^  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  large  Mycenaean 
bull's  or  cow's  head  (No.  72)  has  a  hole  in  the  top,  which 
may  have  been  meant  to  receive  a  bronze  axe  (cf.  the 
references  given  in  the  catalogue,  p.  23). 

«  Cf.  Nos.  290,  291. 

«  Cf.  Nos.  283-285. 

*"  Pottier  and  Reinach  (La  Necrople  de  Myrina,  pp. 
248  ff.)  explain  these  cones  as  cakes  "by  substitution," 
and  give  the  literature  of  the  subject.  The  older  inter- 
pretation of  them  as  loom-weights  seems  to  us  to  be  pre- 
ferable. 

"  Cf.  Nos.  286-289. 

•2  Cf.  No.  279. 

"  Cf.  No.  267.     Cf.  also  the  mould,  No.  277. 

'*  Cf.  Nos.  268-270. 

'6  Cf.  Nos.  281,  282. 


ii 


II 


ill! 


16 


TllH   TKRRA-COTTA    FKJUKINES 


such  iiuinbers,  have  refeienee,  perhaps,  to  Hera  Antheia.  But  the  appropriateness  of 
the  foot  with  a  sjuulaP  (whiili  seems  too  elahorate  to  have  heeii  luirt  of  a  luiman  fig- 
ure), of  the  object  which  we  have  caHetl  a  tree,^  of  the  whorls 'and  the  rings,Mt  is 
iu»i)ossible  to  see.  Here,  then,  we  (h>ul)tless  again  liave  examples  of  small,  inexi)ensive 
offerings,  which  were  turned  out  hy  the  score  hy  the  coroplasts,  and  served  to  sjitisfy 
those  among  the  poorer  classes  whose  means  did  not  i)ermit  them  to  present  nu>re  elaho- 
rate offerings. 

But  these,  after  all,  are  points  of  minor  innMn-tance.  The  chief  interest  and  value  of 
our  find  of  tenii-cottiis  lies  in  the  fact  that  they  reveal  to  us  —  in  the  figures  of  the 
'•  Ar«»-ive"  classes  —  the  existence  of  an  artistic  traditi«)n  which  hegjin  hnig  before  the 
period  of  the  distinctly  Mycenaean  civiliaition,  and  continue<l  uid)roken  for  centuries 
after  it.  Thev  thus  strengthen  us  in  the  position  which  we  have  been  led  to  take  fnmi 
a  general  survey  of  the  whole  result  of  our  excavations. 

A  detailed  catalogue  of  the  Terra-cotta  Figurines  follows.  Upon  the  Plates  (XLH.- 
XLVni.)  the  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  numbers  of  this  catalogue. 

I.     PRIMITIVE   ARGIVE. 

1.    (Platk  XLII.   1.)  Rude  standing    fiunnv,   mcxleled    l)y   hand,  — a  simple   strip   of   olay, 
pin«lie«l  tosjctlier  at  the  middle  to  form  a  waist  an<l  a  stumpy  pair  of  arms  (now  broken),  and 
pin«lH'il  at  top  into  a  pointetl  head.     No  traces  of  color.     Height,  5  cm.     Dark  re<l  clay. 
Cf.  Schliemann,  Tinjns,  p.  150,  No.  78. 

2.    (  Fig.  1. )    Similar  figure,  arms  broken.     To  each  sitle  of  the  nose  is  fixed  a 
mF  lump  of  elay,  t(»  represent  the  eyes.     The  l>ottom  is  rounded  to 

JF     ^^      form  a  base.     No  trace  of  color.     Height.  4.5  cm.     Light  yellow 
B^    W       clay. 

^B  3.    ( Fig.  2. )   Similar  figure  with  a  lump  of  clay  attaehed  to 

^K  eaeh  siile  of  the  nose  to  represent  the  eyes,  and  aimther  lump  on 

^IPr  top  of  head,  to  form  a  sort  of  pilos  «)r  cap.    The  figure  is  attaehed 

Fig  1  *"  '^  '*'*'^^'  ""*^  possibly  fornied   part  of  a  group.     No  traces  of 

color.     Height,  5  em.     Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tin/us,  p.  153,  No.  82. 

4.  ( Figs.  3  anil  4.)  Similar  figiue,  with  lumps  for  eyes  and  a 
strip  of  elay  wound  about  the  head,  forming  a  stephane. 
Below  this  stephane,  at  back,  three  strips  of  elay  are 
apjdied  to  represent  the  hair.  The  figure  stands  on  a 
plinth  and  may  have  formed  part  of  a  gr«>up.  The 
body  is  painted  brown  :  the  face  is  covered  w ith  a  white 
slip.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

5.  (Fig.  5.)  Similar  figure,  wearing  stephane.  The 
botly  is  pierced  by  a  round  hole,  apparently  for  the 
purpose  of  suspending  the  figure.  No  traces  of  coh>r. 
Height,  6.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

6.  Fragments  of  two  similar  figures  with  holes  for  susjjension. 

7.  (Plate   XLII.  6.)     Primitive    figure,    right    arm    broken.       Eyes,   the    usual 

lumps.     The  stephane  has  a  boss  added  in  front.     Traces  of  white  slip.     Height,  6  om.     Clay, 
light  yellow. 

8.  (Fig.  6.)    Primitive  figure,  which  originally  had  two  lumps  for  eyes,  now  lost.     The  figure 
is  remarkable  for  the  two  lumps  of   clay  which  are  evidently  meant  for  the  breasts,  although 

Cf.  No.  titW.  *  Cf.  No.  292. 


b'ui. 


Fio.  :j. 


Fi«j.  4. 


TIRYNTHIAN   ARGIVE 

they  are  placed  very  low.   Color,  red,  shading  to  black  (apparently  from  burning). 
Yellow  clay. 

9.  (Fig.  7.)    Similar  figure,  with  the  usual  lumps  for  eyes.     The 
represented  by  a  cutting  across  the  "  beak."     The  ver- 
tical grooves  in  the  lower  part  of  the  figure   seem  to 
i-epresent  the  folds  of  the  chiton.     No  trace  o£  color. 
Height,  5.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

10.  (Fig.  8.)  Standing  male  figure  with  stephane. 
The  eyes  are  not  indicated,  but  the  lower  part  of  the 
•'  beak "  is  drawn  out  to  form  a  beard,  and  the  mouth 
is  representeil  by  a  short  cutting.     Body  and  stephane 

are  painted  re<l.     Height,  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

11.   One  hundred  and  eleven  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos. 
1-9,  showing  the  same  development  of  hair  and  stephane,  but  no  devel- 
opment of  drajiery.     They  are  all  of  small  dimensious,  made  by  hand,  of  rather 
generally  show  traces  of  a  white  coat,  with  simple  line  patterns  applied  in  red  and 


17 

Height,  6.5  cm. 

mouth  is  rudely 


Fio. «. 


Fig. 


t. 


Fig.  8. 

coarse  clay,  and 
black. 


c;roup  1 


IL    TIRYNTHIAN   ARGIVE. 

SLIGHTLY    DKVKLOPED  PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION   (NO  DECORATIVE 

BANDS). 


12.  (Plate  XLII  I.  1.)  Seated  female  figure,  simplest  form.  The  figure  is  made  in  the 
same  way  as  No.  1,  but  it  is  slightly  bent  in  the  middle,  and  to  the  back  is  applied  a  four-legged 
8up]M)rt  (cf.  p.  5,  note  1 ).  There  is  a  simple  stephane  on  the  head,  and  the  feet  are  represented  by 
two  lumps  applied  to  the  bottom  of  the  figure.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  stephane.  Height, 
4.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

13.  Seventy-five  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  No.  12,  exhibiting  no  adornment  other  than 
stephane  an<l  .slight  development  of  hair.  They  are  usually  covered  with  a  white 
coat,  and  decorated  with  red  and  black  lines. 

14.  Fragment  of  figure  similar  to  No.  12,  broken  at  waist,  and  at  neck  and  left 
shoulder.  Above  the  waist  are  two  holes  for  inserted  arms,  with  fragments  of 
arms  still  in  place.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  6.5 -cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

15.  (  Fig.  9. )  Bearded  seated  figure,  broken  at  waist  and  lacking  arms.  Eyes, 
the  usual  lumps.  Round  pilos-like  cap.  Mouth,  a  deep  cut,  and  beard  marked 
by  four  vertical  grooves.     White  slip.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Yellow  elay. 

16.  (Fig.  10.)  Seated  male  figure  in  high  pilos,  with  strap  passing  under 
chin.     The  figure  has  a  band  across  the  mouth,  plainly  for  holding 

a  flute,  which  is  now  broken  away.     The  aiSoia  are  represented  by  a  round  lump  of 

clay.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  for  headdress,  Schliemann,   Tiryns,  p.  159,  No.  93: 
Furtwiingler,  Jahvbucfi,  1887,  p.  202,  No.  8 ;  Furtwiingler, 
Oh/ni/)i(f,  Ergehnissi' :  Die  Bronzen,  pi.  xvii.  288. 
17.    (Fig.  11.)    Seated  figure  with  feet  extended.     Part 


Fig.  ». 


of  face,  both  arms,  feet,  and  legs  of  chair  missing.      The 
figure  has  a  stephane  with  boss,  but  otherwi.se  is  unadorned. 
,\  strij)  of  clay  over  each  temple  forms  the  hair.     White 
slip.     Height,  8  cm.     Length,  6.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 
Pjq  u  Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryus,  j).  159,  No.  91. 

18.   Two  similar  figures,  badly  broken. 
19.    Similar  figure,  with  baud  over  mouth,  apparently  for  holding  flute.     Traces  of  white  coat. 
Height,  5  cm.     Length,  6  cm.     Yellow  clay. 


Fig.  10. 


»  Cf .  No.  270. 


«  Cf.  No.  280. 


^1 


16 


TllK   TKKKA-(()TTA    FKirUINKS 


suih  mimlters.  have  refeifiict'.  |KMliaps,  to  Ht'ia  Aiitlu-ia.  Hut  tlu'  aj»|»n>iniati'iiess  of 
thf  foot  with  a  suulaP  (wliiih  set'ius  too  flahoiate  to  have  lu'en  iNirt  of  a  human  Hj;- 
ure).  of  the  ol>ieit  whith  we  liave  called  a  tree."  of  the  whoils  '  ami  the  liiij^s/  it  is 
iiunossihle  to  see.  Here,  then,  we  donhtless  anain  have  examples  of  small,  inexi»ensive 
otferin«»s.  which  were  turnetl  out  hv  the  score  hv  the  coroplasts,  ami  serve<l  to  sitisfv 
those  aniono-  the  poorer  classes  whose  nutans  did  not  |w'rmit  them  to  present  more  elaho- 
rate  ott"erini»s. 

But  these,  after  all,  are  points  of  minor  importance.  The  chief  interest  and  value  of 
our  find  <»f  teriii-eottas  lies  in  the  fact  that  they  reveal  to  us  —  in  the  tii-ures  of  the 
'•  Ari»ive"  classes  —  the  existence  of  an  artistic  tradition  which  he«;:an  lonj;-  hefore  the 
period  (»f  the  <listinctly  Mvcenaean  civilizjition.  and  continued  unhroken  for  centuries 
after  it.  Thev  thus  streni«then  us  in  the  position  which  we  have  heen  led  tu  tiike  fnmi 
a  iivneral  survev  of  the  wlude  result  of  our  excavations. 

A  detailed  catalogue  of  the  Terra-c<»tta  Fii-urines  follows.  Upon  the  Pl.ATKs  iXLll.- 
XLVIll.)  the  fi«;ures  in  parentheses  refer  t«)  the  nundiers  of  this  catalogue. 

I.     PKIMITIVE   AKGIVE. 

1.  (1*1. A  IK  XLII.  1.)  Kiidc  stamlinjj  tiuurc  uuMl.l.tl  l.y  han.l,  —  a  siinpU'  strip  of  clay, 
pinrhcl  tooitlur  at  the  niid.Uf  to  form  a  waist  ami  a  stumpy  pair  of  arniH  (now  1m>keu).  and 
piiH-lii'd  at  top  into  a  poiiite.l  liciul.     No  traces  of  c<»lor.      Ihii,'lit.  .')  cm.      Dark  red  clay. 

I't".  SclilieiiKiim.  Tii'iiiis.  p.  l.')0.  No.  78. 

2.    (  Kiu.  1. )    Similar  tijjurr.  arms  broken.     To  each  side  of  the  ncwe  is  fixed  a 

ShuHp  of  flay,  to  nprescnt  the  eyes.     The  liottoiu  is  rounded  to 
j^      form  a  base.     No  trace  of  color,      lliijiht,  4.')  cm.      Lii;htyelh»w 
W        ela.v. 
3.    (  Fiii.  2. )    .Similar  figure  with  a  lump  of  clay  attai-hed  to 
eaeli  side  of  the  nose  tt)  rejuesent  the  eyes,  and  another  lump  on 
tojiof  hea«l.  to  form  a  sort  <•£  pilos  or  cap.     The  figure  is  attached 
,,       .  to  a  base  antl  jiossihly  formed    i)art  of   a   group.      Ni>  traces  of 

color.      Height,  ;')  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 
C'f.  Seldiemann,  Tin/ns,  ]>.  l')3.  No.  82. 

4.  (  Figs.  3  and  4. )  Similar  figure,  with  lumps  for  eyes  and  a 
strip  of  clay  w<Mmd  aWont  the  head,  forming  a  st«'phane. 
lielow  this  stephane,  at  hack,  three  strips  of  clay  are 
ai)plie«l  to  represent  the  hair.  The  figure  stands  on  a 
plinth  and  may  have  forme«l  part  of  a  group.  The 
hody  is  painted  hrown  :  the  face  is  I'oveivd  with  a  white 
slip.      Height.  5.5  em.     Clay.  re<ldish  yellow. 

5.  (  Fig.  5.  )     Similar  figure,  wearing  stej)Iiane.    The 
ImmIv   is  ])ierced    hy  a    round   hole,   apparently    for   tlie 

Ki(i.  :$.  lui    \  i>urpose  (»f  suspending  the  figure.      No  traces  of  color. 

Height.  G.5  «in.      Red  clay. 

6.  Fragments  of  two  similar  figures  with  hoh's  for  susjK'nsion.  Fiu.  .'>. 

7.  (  1*L ATE  XLII.  •>.)     Primitive    figure,    right    arm    broken.      Eyes,   the    tisual 

lumps.     The  stephane  has  a  hoss  adde«l   in  front.     Traces  of  white  slip.      Height,  «>  en«.     Clay, 
light  yellow. 

8.  (  Fig.  0.)     Primitive  figure,  winch  originally  had  two  lumps  for  eyes,  now  lost.     Tlie  figure 
is  remarkable  for  tlie  two  lumps  of   clay  which  are  evidently  meant  for  the  breasts,  although 

1  Cf.  Nu.  J-O.  «  Cf.  Xo.  280.  Cr.  Xo.  LIU.  *  Cf.  Xo.  2»I. 


H<i.  •_'. 


TIHYNTIIIAN    .\UGIVE 

they  are  placed  very  low.    Color,  i-eil,  shading  to  black  (apparently  from  burning). 
Yellow  clay. 

9.  (Fig.  7.)    Similar  figure,  with  the  usual  lumps  for  eyes.     The 
represented  by  a  cutting  across  the  "  beak."'     The  ver- 
tical grooves  in  the  lower  part  of  the  figure   seem  to 
iH'present  the  folds  of  the  chiton.     Xo  trace  of  color. 
Height,  5.5  em.     Light  yellow  clay. 

10.  (  Fig.  8.)  Standing  male  figine  with  stephane. 
The  «'ycs  are  not  indicated,  but  the  lower  part  of  the 
"  l)eak  "  is  drawn  out  to  form  a  beard,  and  the  mouth 
is  ivpi-esentcil  by  a  short  (rutting.     B<Kly  and  stephane 

are  painted  red.      Height,  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

11.   One  hundre<l  and  eleven  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Xos. 
1-J>,  showing  the  sanie  development  of  hair  and  stephane,  but  no  devel- 
opment of  drai)ery.     They  are  all  of  small  dimensions,  made  by  hand,  of  rather 
generally  show  traces  of  a  white  coat,  with  simjih;  line  patterns  applied  in  red  and 


17 
Height,  5.5  cm. 

mouth  is  rudely 


FlO.  <i. 


Fig.  8. 

coarse  clay,  and 
black. 


GROUP    I:   SLIGHTLY 


H.     THIYNTHIAN   ARGIVE. 

DKVKLOPKi:)   PLASTIC  OUNAMKNTATION   (NO  DECORATIVE 
BANDS). 


12.  ( I'l.ATK  XLII  I.  L)  Seated  female  figure,  simplest  form.  The  figure  is  made  in  the 
same  way  as  No.  1,  but  it  is  slightly  bent  in  the  mi(Ulle,  and  to  the  back  is  applied  a  four-legged 
support  (  cf.  p.  5.  note  1  ).  There  is  a  simple  stephane  on  the  head,  and  the  feet  are  represented  by 
two  lumps  applied  to  the  Invttom  of  the  figure.  White  slij),  traces  of  red  on  stephane.  Height, 
4.5  cm.     1  )ark  yell»>w  clay. 

13.  Seventy-five  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Xo.  12,  exhibiting  no  adornment  other  than 
stephane  and  slight  development  of  hair.  They  are  usually  covered  with  a  white 
coat,  and  decorated  with  red  and  black  lines. 

14.  Fragment  of  figtne  similar  to  No.  12,  broken  at  waist,  and  at  neck  and  left 
shouhler.  .\bove  the  waist  are  two  holes  for  inserted  arms,  with  fragments  of 
arms  still  in  place.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  (5.5 -cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

15.  (  Fig.  i>. )  Bearded  seate«l  figure,  broken  at  waist  and  lacking  arms.  Eyes, 
the  usual  lumps.  Kound  pilos-like  cap.  Mmith,  a  deep  cut,  and  beard  marked 
by  four  vei-tieal  grooves.      White  .slip.     Height,  0.5  em.     Yellow  clay. 

16.  (  Fig.  10.)  Seated  m.ale  figure  in  high  pilos,  with  strap  passing  under 
chin.     The  figure  has  a  band  across  the  mtmth,  plaiidy  for  holding 

a  flute,  whi«*h  is  now  broken  away.     The  aifiola  are  repres«'nted  by  a  round  lump  of 

clay.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  for  hea<ldress,  Seldiemann,  Tin/iis,  p.  159,  No.  93: 
Furtwiingler,  Jahrhiirli,  1887,  p.  202,  No.  8 :  Furtwiingler. 
(Hiinipia,  Kfffchuitiai' :  I)lr  Itronzrn,  pi.  xvii.  288. 

17.  (Fig.  11.)  Seated  figure  with  feet  extended.  Part 
of  fa<"«',  both  arms,  feet,  and  legs  of  chair  missing.  The 
figure  has  a  stephane  with  boss,  but  otherwise  is  unadorned. 
.\  strip  of  clay  over  each  temple  forms  the  hair.  White 
slip.      Height,  8  cm.     Length,  G.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

y^^.  n  Cf.  Schliemann,  Tln/ns,  \^.  159,  No.  91. 

18.  Two  similar  figures,  badly  broken. 

19.  Similar  iigure.  with  ban«l  «)ver  mouth,  apparently  for  holding  flute.  Traces  of  white  coat. 
Height,  5  em.     Length,  fi  cm.     Yellow  clay. 


Fig.  10. 


'I  I 


ll 


Fig.  12. 


18  TERRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 

20.  Similar  figure,  broken  at  waist,  legs  of  chair  also  broken.  At  left  side,  near  feet,  are  traces 
of  a  smaller  figure,  also  broken  at  waist.  No  traces  of  color.  Height,  5  cm. 
Length,  6.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

2L  (Fig.  12.)  Flute  player  of  uncertain  sex.  Right  arm  and  right  half  of 
flute  broken  away.  With  the  exception  of  the  face  and  the  flutes,  the  figure  is 
entirely  covered  with  dark  red  paint.     Height,  7  cm.    Light  yellow 

clay. 

22.  (Fig.  13.)  Performer  on  the  syrinx  —  the  "bird-faced'* 
tyi)e,  with  simple  stephane.  The  nature  of  the  Pan's  pipe  is  clearly 
indicate*!  by  a  cross  strip  at  top  and  bottom  of  the  instrument. 
Broken  at  bottom.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

23.  (Fig.  14.)  Similar  figure  with  double  flute.  Stephane 
adorned  with  a  boss.    Red  stripe  indicates  the  flute  strap.    Height,        yia.  13. 

5.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

at.  (Fig.  15.)  Woman  kneading  bread.  She  wears  a  stephane,  and  has  a  lump  of  clay 
attached  to  each  shoulder,  to  represent  dress-pins  (jrcpoioi). 
Small  disks  of  clay  represent  the  dough  in  the  i)an.  Traces 
of  white  on  arms  of  woman  and  on  pan,  of  red  on  stephane, 
of  brown  on  woman's  botly.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish 
yellow. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  149,  No.  76.     The  motive   is 
very  ancient  —  it  occurs  in  the  oldest  sculpture  of  Egypt ;  cf. 
Perrot  et  Chipiez,  I/ist.  ih  VArt,  I-  P-  74,  fig. 
48,  and  p.  6G2,  fig.  448. 

25.  (Plate  XLII.  3.)     Standing  female  Vm.  14.  Fig.  15. 
figure,  showing  an  attem)>t  at  more  careful  re- 
presentation of  the  hair.     Under  the  .stephane  there  is  a  large  curl  over  each  eye, 
and  an  oblong  strip  of  clay  at  the  back  of  the  head,  now  mostly  broken    away. 
Stephane,  i-ed  ;  hair  and  botly  black.     Height,  8  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tii'ijn»,  pi.  xxv.  k. 

26.  (  Fig.  16.)  Flute  player  (flutes  now  missing),  showing  further  development 
of  hair  into  two  sti-ands  in  front  of  each  shoulder,  and  four  curls  across  forehead. 
Tliere  is  also  an  attempt  to  represent  the  feet.     Traces  of  white  slip.     Height, 

Fig.  10.         8.5  cm.     Clay,  <lark  yellow. 


W 


GROUP  2 :  CONSIDERABLY    DEVELOPED   PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION  (ONE   BAND). 

27.  (Plate  XLIL  4.)  Standing  figure,  with  close-fitting  necklace  (cf.  p.  11)  extending  to 
nape  of  neck,  and  bosses  at  shoulders,  to  represent  Trcpdmt.  The  figure  has  a  stephane.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

2a  (Plate  XLII.  12. )  Similar  figure,  with  wide  band  stretched  from  shoulder  to  shoulder, 
surmounted  by  round  l)os.ses  (cf.  pp.  10  f.).  The  hair  is  represented  by  curls  across  the  fore- 
head, bound  with  a  taenia.  White  slip,  traces  of  reil  lines  on  band  and  down  left  side.  Height, 
11  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

29.  Forty-three  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  27  and  28,  adorned  with  one  necklace  only. 
Almost  all  have  the  stephane,  and  show  some  development  of  the  hair.  They  also  have  very 
considei-able  traces  of  white  coat  and  ornamentation  in  red  and  black. 

30.  (Plate  XLII.  2.)  Standing  figure,  arms,  heacl,  and  feet  broken  away,  with  narrow  band 
which  passes  over  left  shoulder  and  under  right  arm.  About  the  neck  are  traces  of  a  close-fitting 
necklace.     Slight  traces  of  white.     Height,  6  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Here  the  band  seems  clearly  to  i'ei)resent  the  fold  of  an  outer  garment,  arrange<l  in  the  manner 
of  the  later  himation  (cf.  the  Acrojwlis  statues,  Nuseex  iT Athviws^  pis.  ii.  and  iii. ;  Heuzey,  FUj. 
Ant.  pi.  xii.  4;  and  our  own  Nos.  163,  164,  and  175).  The  oblitpie  band  is  very  similar  to  that 
of  the  jjiimitive  vase  in  human  form  from  Hissarlik,  Schliemann,  IHo»,  p.  343,  No.  235. 


TIRYNTHIAN   ARGIVE 


19 


31.  Two  fragments  of  similar  figures,  with  bands  passing  from  left  shoulder  to  right  side. 

32.  (Fig.  17.)    Standing  figure  without  stephane.     The  hair  is  formed  by  curls  arranged  about 
a  centre.     The  arms  and  all  the  upper  part  of  the  body  were  enveloped  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay,  which  formed  a  sort  of  shawl  (now  pi-eserved  only  on  right  side). 
No  traces  of  color.     Height,  7  cm.     Greenish  yellow  clay. 

33.  (Plate  XLII  I.  2.)  Seated  female  figure  with  stephane,  similar  to  No. 
12,  but  (h'corated  with  a  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  The  eyes  are  not 
indicated  plastically.  The  stei)hane  has  a  boss.  The  feet  are  indicated  by  two 
projections.  Covered  with  white  slip,  marked  with  red  and  black  horizontal 
lines  on  chiton  and  chair.     Ih-ight,  9  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  Heuzey,  F'nj.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  1  (from  Cyrenaica). 

34.  (Plate  XLIII.  3.)  Similar  figure,  with  ends  of  necklace  enlarged  into 
»rc/M»i«u.  The  figui-e  has  no  separate  supi)ort,  but  is  held  ujjright  by  two  legs 
attached  directly  to  the  back.  Covere<l  with  white  slip,  traces  of  red  lines  at 
neck  and  waist.     Height,  9.5  cm.     Re»l  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  77r//«.«,  p,  157,  Nos.  87  and  88 ;  and  on  the  whole  series  of  .seated  figures,  the 
figures  from  Tegea  (Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus.  J'Athenes.,  Nos.  541,  542;  and  Leuormant, 
Gaz.  Arch.  1878,  pp.  44  flf.). 

35.  Four  hundred  and  ninety-one  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  33  and  34,  with  stephane 
and  single  necklace,  both  with  and  without  .separately  made  chairs.  They  all  show  the  same  sys- 
tem of  decoration  in  red  and  black  lines  on  a  white  ground,  with  occasional  use  of  color  applied 
directly  (for  the  botlies).     Clay,  usually  red  or  yellow. 


GROUP  3:   ELABORATE   PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION    (TWO  OR  MORE   BANDS). 

36.  (Plate  XLII.  5.)  Standing  figure  with  two  necklaces.  The  hair  was  formed  by  four 
notched  strands  at  back  of  head,  and  shows  traces  of  a  stephane.  Hair,  eyes,  and  bod}'  painted 
black,  face  and  breast  natural  color  of  the  clay.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

37.  (Plate  XLII.  11.)  Similar  figure  with  two  necklaces  and  Trc/wiai  as  Kovp(yrp6^o<:  (with  an 
infant  in  her  arms).  The  heatl  of  the  child  is  broken  away.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  neck- 
lace, on  infant,  and  on  lower  edge  of  chiton.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  p.  13. 

3&   Six  almost  identical  figures  carrying  infants,  l)oth  with  and  without  necklaces. 

39.  (Fig.  18.)  Standing  female  figure,  carrying  a  child  on  her  back ;  he  sits 
on  her  shoulders  and  grasps  her  around  the  head.  She  wears  the  customary 
stephane  with  boss.  Hair,  two  strands  over  eyes.  General  traces  of  white. 
Heiirht,  5.5  cm.     Grav  clay. 

Cf.  the  figui-e  given  by  Heuzey,  Fit/.  Ant.  )il.  iv.  4,  which  has  a  child  both 
at  front  and  at  back. 

40.  (Plate  XLII.  10.)  Standing  female  figure  of  usual  type  in  stephane, 
with  one  double  and  (originally)  two  single  bo.sses.  She  wears  a  close-fitting 
necklace  with  pendant,  and  long  double  necklace  across  shoulders,  between  two 
round  pins.  Plentiful  traces  of  white  slip,  and  of  red  lines  on  stephane  and  neck- 
laces.    Height,  8  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

tt.  (Plate  XLII.  13.)  Similar  figure,  but  without  stephane.  The  hair  was  originally  long 
curls,  now  broken  away.  She  has  three  necklaces,  consisting  of  a  twisted  band  between  two  plain 
ones,  and  double  bosses  rei)resent  the  dress-pins.  The  fold  of  the  chiton  between  the  legs  seems 
to  be  represented  by  a  slight  indentation,  but  this  might  be  due  to  a  defect  of  the  clay.  The 
body  is  paintecl  black.     Height,  7.5  cm.     (iray  clay. 

42.  (Plate  XLII.  7.)  Similar  figure  in  high  stephane  with  three  bosses.  Hair,  simple  mass, 
crossed  by  horizontal  grooves.  Long  necklace  with  three  jjendants  across  breast.  Large  round 
pin  on  left  shoulder :  the  one  on  the  right  is  broken  away.  The  feet  are  carefully  indicated  by 
wedge-sha|>ed  projections,  and  the  figure  stands  on  a  plinth.     White  slip,  with  traces  of  rod  on 


Fig.  18. 


18 


20. 


TEHKA-COTTA    FIGURINES 
Similar  fi<nire,  broken  at  waist,  legs  of  chair  also  broken.    At  left  siile,  near  feet,  are  traces 


TTHYXTIIIAN    ARGIVE 


10 


No  traces  of  color. 


llcigbt.  5  cm. 


A 


Fi.i.  14. 


of  a  smaller  figure,  also  broken  at  waist. 
Length.  G.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

121,    {V'lg.  12.)     Flute  i)layer  of  uncertain  .sex.     Right  arm  anil  right  half  of 
''     flute  broken  away.     With  tlie  exception  of  the  face  anil  the  flutes,  the  figure  is 
^         entirely  covered  with  dark  re«l  paint.     Height.  7  cm.    Light  yellow 
day. 
22.    (Fig.  13.)     Performer  on  the   syrinx — the  "bird-faced" 
tyi»e,  with  simple  stephane.    The  nature  of  the  Pan's  \n\m  is  clearly 
indicated  by  a  cross  strip  at  top  and  bottom  of  the  instrument. 
Bi«»ken  at  bott«>ni.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Red  clay. 
.,  .   ,„  23.    <  Fi".    14.)      Similar  tiunre  with  double   flute.      Stejdiane 

adorned  with  a  boss.    Red  striiK;  indicates  the  flute  strap.     Height,        pn,.  13. 

.^..">  cm.      Red  clay. 

24.    (  Fi"'.  15.)    Woman  kneading  bread.     She  wears  a  stephane,  and  has  a  lump  of  clay 
attaclied  to  each  shoulder,  t«)  represent  dress-pins  (Trfpuiut). 
Small  disks  of  clay  represent  the  tlough  in  the  pan.     Traces 
of  white  on  arnis  of  woman  and  on  |)an,  of  rc«l  on   stephane, 
of  brown  on  womaus  botly.     Height,  0  cm.     Clay,  reddish 

yellow. 

(.'f.  Schlicmann,  Tin/u.s.  p.  149.  No.  70.     The  motive   is 
very  ancient  —  it  occurs  in  the  oldest  sculpture  of  Egypt :  cf. 
l*t;rrot  et  Thipie/,  I/ist.  tie  FArt,  I.  p.  74,  fig. 
48,  and  p.  002,  Hg.  448. 

25.  (Platk   XLH.  3.)     Standing   female 
tigiirc,  showing  an  attemj^t  at  more  careful  re- 
presentation of  the  hair.     Under  the  stephane  theiv  is  a  large  curl  over  each  eye, 
and  an  oblong  strip  of  clay  at  the  back  of  the  head,  now  mostly  broken    away. 
Stephane,  red  :  hair  and  botly  black.     Height,  8  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schlicmann,   Tlnjns,  pi.  xxv.  k. 

26.  (  Fig.  10.)  F'lute  player  (^flutes  now  missing),  showing  further  development 
of  hair  int«>  two  strands  in  front  of  each  shoulder,  and  ftmr  curls  across  fori-head. 
There  is  also  an  attempt  to  represent  the  feet.     Traces  of  white  slip.     Height, 

Fk;.  ir>.         8.5  cm.     I'lay,  dark  yellt)v.-. 

(;H()rP  2:  CONsn)EUAULY    DKVKLOPKD   PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION  (ONE   HAND). 

27.  (  Pl.vte  XLll.  4.)  Standing  figure,  with  close-fitting  necklace  (cf.  p.  11)  extending  to 
nape  of  neck,  and  bosses  at  sht)ulders,  to  represent  ttc/wiw.  The  figure  has  a  stephane.  Traces  of 
white.      Height.  7.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

28.  (  Plvik  XLll.  12.)  Similar  figure,  with  wide  band  stretched  fi-om  shoulder  to  shoidder, 
surmounted  by  round  bosses  ( i-f .  ])p.  10  f.).  The  hair  is  represented  by  curls  across  the  fore- 
head, bound  with  a  taenia.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  lines  on  band  and  down  left  side.  Height, 
11  cm.     Light  yellitw  clay. 

29.  F^orty-three  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  27  and  28,  adorned  with  one  necklace  only. 
Almost  all  have  the  stephane,  and  show  some  development  of  the  hair.  They  also  have  very 
considerable  traces  of  white  coat  and  ornamentation  in  red  antl  black. 

30.  (Pl.vte  XLII.  2.)  Standing  figure,  arms.  head,  and  feet  broken  away,  with  narrow  hand 
which  passes  over  left  shoulder  and  under  right  arm.  About  the  neck  are  traces  of  a  close-fitting 
necklace.     Slight  traces  of  white.     Height.  0  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Here  the  band  seems  clearly  to  rejjresent  the  fold  of  an  outer  garment,  arrangetl  in  the  manner 
of  the  later  himation  ( cf .  the  Acroi>olis  statues,  Mnsvva  O'Athiinxy  jds.  ii.  and  iii. ;  Heuzey,  FUj. 
Aht.  jd.  xii.  4:  and  our  own  Nos.  103.  104,  and  175).  The  obli«pie  band  is  very  similar  to  that 
of  the  primitive  vase  in  human  form  front  Hissarlik,  Schliemann,  Ifios,  p.  343,  No.  235. 


31.  Two  fragments  of  similar  figures,  with  bands  |)assing  frouj  left  shoulder  to  right  side. 

32.  (Fig.  17.)     Standing  figure  without  stephane.     The  hair  is  formed  by  curls  arranged  about 
a  centre.     The  arms  and  all  the  ui)per  part  of  the  body  were  enveloped  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay,  which  formed  a  sort  of  shawl  (now  pn'served  only  on  right  side). 
No  traces  of  color.      Height,  7  cm.     (ireenish  yellow  clav. 

33.  (  Platk  XLH  I.  2.)  Seated  female  figure  with  stei)hane.  sindlar  to  No. 
12,  but  de»'orated  with  a  necklace  from  shoidder  to  shoidder.  The  eyes  are  not 
indicated  jdastically.  The  stephane  has  a  boss.  The  feet  are  indicat«'d  by  two 
projections.  Covered  with  white  slij),  marked  with  red  ami  black  horizontal 
lines  on  chiton  and  chair.      Height,  U  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  Heuzey.  Fi(/.  Ant.  \A.  xl.  1  (from  Cyrenaica ). 

34.  (Pl.vtk  XLIII.  3.)  Similar  figure,  with  ends  of  neckl.ace  enlarged  into 
wtinUai.  The  figure  has  no  separate  sup|K)rt,  but  is  held  upright  by  two  legs 
attached  direi-tly  to  the  back.  Covered  with  white  slip,  traces  of  red  lines  at 
neck  and  waist.      Height.  9.5  cm.      Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schlii'inann,  Tin/us,  p.  157,  Xos.  87  and  88;  and  on  the  whole  series  «)f  seated  figures,  the 
figures  from  Tegea  (Martha,  C(tf.  dcs  F'nj.  thi  Mux.  tf  Af/ir/ws,  Nos.  541,  542;  and  Lenormant, 
(I'ttz.  At'vh.  1878.  pp.  44  ff.). 

35.  Four  hundred  and  ninety-one  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos,  33  and  .34,  with  stephane 
and  single  necklace,  both  with  and  without  separately  made  chairs.  They  all  show  the  same  sys- 
tem of  decoration  in  red  and  black  lines  on  a  white  ground,  with  occasional  use  of  color  applied 
<lirectly  (f<>r  the  boilies).     Clay,  usually  red  or  yellow. 

GROrP  :3:   ELABORATE    PLASTIC  ORXAMENTATION    (TWO  OR  MORE   BANDS). 

36.  (Pl.vtkXLII.  5.)  Standing  figure  with  two  necklaces.  The  hair  was  formed  by  four 
notched  strands  at  back  of  head,  and  shows  traces  of  a  stephane.  Hair,  eyes,  and  body  painted 
black,  face  and  breast  natural  color  of  the  clay.     Height,  0.5  cm.      Dark  yellow  clay. 

37.  (Platk  XLH.  11.)  Similar  figure  with  two  necklaces  and  :r€/joi'«i  as  KorpiT/m<^o9  (with  an 
infant  in  her  arms ).  The  head  of  the  j'hild  is  broken  away.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  neck- 
lace, on  infant,  and  on  lower  »'dge  of  chiton.     Height,  7.5  <*m.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  }..  13. 

38.  Six  alm<»st  identical  figures  carrying  infants,  both  with  and  without  necklaces. 

39.  (Fig.  18.)  Standing  female  figure,  carrying  a  child  on  her  back  ;  he  sits 
on  her  shouidi-rs  ami  grasps  her  around  the  head.  She  wears  the  customary 
stephaiu'  with  boss.  Hair,  two  strands  over  eyes.  General  traces  of  white. 
Height.  5.5  cm.     (iray  clay. 

Cf.  the  figure  given  by  Henzcy,  FUj.  A  tit.  )d.  iv.  4.  which  has  a  child  both 
at  front  and  at  back. 

40.  (Pl.vtk  XLII.  10.)  Standing  female  figure  of  usual  type  in  stejdiane, 
with  one  double  and  (originally)  two  single  bosses.  She  wears  a  close-fitting 
necklace  with  jM'udant,  and  long  double  ne«'klace  across  shoiihh'rs,  between  two 
i-ound  pins.  Plentiful  traces  of  white  slip,  and  of  red  lines  on  stejdiane  and  neck- 
laces.    Heijjht.  8  «'m.     Dark  vellow  clav. 

41.  (Platk  XLII.  13.)  Similar  figure,  but  without  stephane.  The  hair  was  originally  long 
curls,  now  broken  away.  She  has  three  neckhu'cs,  consisting  of  a  twisted  band  between  two  plain 
one.s,  and  doubh;  bosses  represent  the  dress-])ins.  The  fold  of  the  chiton  between  the  legs  seems 
to  Ik*  repri'sented  by  a  slight  indentation,  but  this  might  be  «lue  to  a  defect  of  the  clay.  The 
body  is  painted  black.      Height,  7.5  cm.     (hay  clay. 

42.  (Platk  XLll.  7.)  Similar  figure  in  high  stephane  with  three  bosses.  Hair,  sim])le  mass, 
crossed  by  hori/.<»ntal  grooves.  Long  necklace  with  three  i>emlants  across  breast.  Large  round 
pin  on  left  shonhh'r :  the  one  on  tlu'  right  is  broken  away.  The  feet  are  carefully  indicated  by 
wedge-shai)ed  projections,  antl  the  figure  stands  on  a  plinth.      \\'hite  slip,  with  traces  of  ivd  on 


Fm.  IS. 


•20 


TERRACOTTA   FIGURINES 


Fio.  19. 


Fuj.  20. 


necklace,  pin,  hair,  and  stephane;  botly,  from  waist  down,  black.     Height,  10  cm.     Dark  yellow 

clay. 

43.   (Fig.  19.)     Fragment   of   fignre  with   two  necklaces  and  pecnliar  form  of  pin  on  right 

shoulder  ;  this  consists  of  a  wedge-shai)ed  i)iece  of  clay,  and  is  plainly 

only  an  elongatetl  form  of  the  round  pin  of  earlier  numbers ;  it  forms 

a  transition,  however,  to  the  elaborate  pins  of  later  numbers.     Hair 

two  large  curls,  surmountetl  by  stephane.     Traces  of  white.     Height, 

5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

44.  (Fig.  20.)  Similar  female  figure,  with  elab- 
orate applied  ornaments.  She  has  a  stephane  with 
double  boss,  bound  about  the  bottom  with  a  taenia. 
The  hair  is  represented  by  four  8i)iral  curls  over 
forehead,  three  long  curls  at  back.  Four  neck- 
laces (one  twisted,  one  with  i)endant),  and  under  them  (ap|)earing  at  left  side) 
two  nu>re  bands,  which  can  hardly  be  anything  but  an  attempt  to  rei)resent 
the  fold  of  the  chiton.  On  the  right  shoulder  is  an  elaborate  pin,  consisting 
of  two  cross-bars  and  two  bosses,  with  traces  of  a  third  ci-oss-bar  (tyi>e  of 
No.  84).  The  feet  are  marked  with  tliree  grooves  each.  A  wide  band  of 
clay,  broken  at  both  extremities,  appears  under  right  arm,  and  thei-e  are 
traces  of  a  simihir  band  under  left  arm.  These  may  have  served  to  form  a 
loop  for  susi)ension,  for  the  figure  could  never  have  been  intended  to  staml. 
White  slip,  with  red  lines  on  face  and  bi-east ;  stephane,  taenia,  and  l>ody  ivd  : 
hair  black,  black  band  at  waist  and  at  bottom  of  chiton.  Height,  9  <'m.  Clay, 
dark  yellow. 

45.  (Platk  XLII.  8.)  Similar  figure,  with  deep  indentation  in  beak,  which  brings  out  nose 
and  chin.  The  figure  wears  a  simple  stephane.  Hair,  two  large  curls  over  forehead,  six  notche<l 
strands  at  back.  There  are  three  necklaces  (simple  band  between  two  notched  bands),  with  flower- 
shaped  TTfiH'nii  on  left  shoidder.  Face  aiul  necklaces  show  thick  white  slip;  the  Ixxly  has  horizontal 
red  lines.     Height,  13.5  cm.     Clay,  greenish  yellow. 

46.  (Platk  XLII.  9.)  Similar  figure  with  the  same  indentation  for  mouth.  The  hair  con- 
sisted  originally  of  thick  twisted  braids  (two  pieces  only  are  i)reservetl).  Four  necklaces  —  twisted 
band  between  two  plain  ones,  to^Mid  by  waved  band.  The  fibulae  were  elaborate  :  each  consisted 
originally  of  two  large  bosses  of  three  concentric  circles,  with  small  ]M)sses  between.  Thick  white 
slip  on  face  and  necklaces,  narrow  red  line  at  waist.     Height,  11.5  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

47.  Thirty  fragnu'uts  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  40-4G,  with  two  or  more  necklaces.  They  are 
all  crudely  made,  often  without  trace  of  color,  although  all  probably  ha<l  at  least  the  usual  white 
coat  with  line  decoration, 

4a  Fifteen  fragments  of  bo<lies,  broken  below  waist,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
scheme  of  decoration. 

49.  (  Plate  XLII  I.  6.)  Seated  figure  with  stephane  (broken  at  front)  and  two  necklaces ;  also 
originally  with  pins  at  the  shoulders.  The  hair  is  treated  as  a  single  mass  over  each  eye.  Cus- 
tomary white  slip,  some  traces  of  re<l  horizontal  lines  on  neck  (to  represent  another  necklace  ?), 
necklace,  waist,  and  lower  part  of  chiton.     Height,  12.5  cm.     Clay,  red. 

50.  (Plate  XLIII.  7.)  Similar  figure  with  four  necklaces  (three  plain  bands  and  one  twisted 
band),  seated  in  wide  chair.  Hair  is  treate<l  as  one  single,  large  curl  on  top  of  head.  White  slip. 
Height,  9.5  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  77r////.«<,  ]>.  156.  No.  86. 

51.  (Plate  XLIII.  10.)  Fragment  of  similar  figni-e,  broken  at  waist  and  right  shoidder,  with 
three  necklaces  (a  ]>lain  band  between  two  twisted  bands),  ending  on  each  shoulder  in  two  round 
bosses.  The  mouth  is  distinctly  marked  by  a  straight  groove  across  beak.  The  figure  has  earrings 
consisting  of  one  boss  apjdied  to  another,  and  stei)hane.  The  hair  is  treated  as  a  single  strand 
over  each  eye,  notche<l  in  front,  as  a  mass  at  back,  criss-crossed  with  vertical  and  horizontal 
grooves,  and  notched  at  sides  of  head.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 


I 


TIRYNTHIAN   ARGIVE 


21 


Fig.  21. 


52.  (Fig.  21.)  Upper  part  of  female  figure,  with  a  remarkable  brooch  on  right  shoulder  — 
a  large  spiral,  adorned  with  rosettes  and  bosses.  (In  this  single  case,  it 
seems  possible  that  this  ornament  is  of  a  floral  nature,  and  has  some  connec- 
tion with  Hera  Antheia;  cf.  p.  10.)  Hair,  a  large  mass,  which  covers  head 
and  shouhlers,  hatched  with  horizontal  and  vertical  ffnxives.  The  earrin"-s 
have  the  form  of  rosettes,  with  raised  l)osses  in  the  centi-e.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  5  cm.     Red  clay. 

53.  (Plate  XLIII.  8.)    Similar  figure,  elalmrate  decoration.     It  has  six 
necklaces,  four  plain  and  two  twisted  bands ;  the  lower  one  passes  around 
the  back.     Earrings  in  the  forms  of  double  bosses.    The  stephane  also  has 
a  large  boss.    The  hair  is  treated  as  a  long  notched  curl  over  each  eye.  with  five  spirals  at  back  of 
head.     Traces  of  white,  with  red  on  stephane.     Height,  7  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

54.  (Plate  XLIII.  9. )  Elaborate  figui-e,  broken  at  waist ;  left  arm  and  right  forearm  missing. 
The  figiue  has  no  necklaces,  but  a  deep  groove  runs  across  the  breast  and  around  the  shoulders 
aiul  back,  to  mark  the  edge  of  the  chiton.  Tlie  stei)hane  is  pierced  by  three  holes,  probably 
inteiuled  for  inserted  ornaments.  Earrings  in  the  form  of  rosettes.  The  hair  consists  of  two  bands 
above  forehead,  filled  with  irregular  lines  of  small  holes,  —  a  not  altogether  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  indicate  the  texture  of  the  hair.  Below  these  bands  the  hair  falls  in  spiral  curls  (originally 
there  were  two  which  fell  in  front  of  shoulders,  and  four  at  back),  which  remind  one  strongh'  of 
metal  work.  The  treatment  of  the  body  at  the  waist  marks  a  style  which  is  not  constructively 
that  of  terra-cotta  figures,  but  is  more  like  the  techniipie  of  beaten  metal.  On  the  shoulders 
are  fibulae  in  the  form  of  four-leaved  clovers  (cf.  p.  10).  Some  traces  of  red  on  chiton  and  on 
stephane.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Gray  clay,  now  black  from  burning. 

55.  Five  hundred  and  seventy-seven  more  or  less  broken  seated  figures  of  the  type  of  Nos. 
49-53,  with  two  or  more  necklaces,  usually  with  stephane  and  pins.  Some  traces  of  decoration  in 
red  and  black  lines  on  a  white  ground,  with  occasional  application  of  paint  directly  to  the  clay. 

56.    (Fig.  22.)    Upper  part  of  "■  bird-faced  "  figure,  broken  at  waist.     Hair, 

single  wavy  curl  above  forehead.     The  figure  is  entirely  wrapped  in  a  sort  of 

•shawl,  which  rises  to  a  point  over  the  head.     Thick  white  slip ;  traces  of  red 

and  black  on  fragment  of  back  of  chair.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  No.  32  and  the  figure  from  Tegea,  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Jltis. 

^T  \         d' A  then  en,  Nos.  554-558. 

^M*  m  57.    (Plate  XLIII.  4.)    Seated  female  figure,  holding  infant  (heads  of  both 

^hi.—  .  ^  I  J^     figures  missing).     The  seated  figure  is  of  the  regular  Tirynthian  tyi)e,  with 
a  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.     The  child  is  an  oblong  lump  of  clay, 
with  a  groove  at  bottom   to  mark  the  feet.     Some  traces  of  white.     Height, 
6  cm.     Red  clay. 
Cf.  p.  13. 
5&    Fragments  of  seven  similar  figures,  all  of  the  regular  "  bird-faced  "  type,  to  which  a  lump  of 
clay  is  atlded  to  represent  a  child.     Some  traces  of  white.     Clay,  red  to  yellow. 

59.  (Plate  XLIII.  11.)  Fragment  of  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist,  on  wide  seat, 
which  was  evidently  intended  for  two  figures.  The  fragment  preserved  wears  a  waved  necklace  of 
two  bands,  and  was  doubtless  of  the  "  bird-faced  "  tyi)e.  In  her  laj)  she  holds  an  object  like  a 
broad  roll  or  band,  marked  with  five  grooves,  which  evidently  extended  to  the  other  figure  of  the 
group.  Slight  traces  of  white,  with  red  on  taenia  and  black  on  the  body  of  the  woman.  Height, 
6.5  cm.     Length,  8.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

60.  (  Plate  XLIII.  5.)  Female  figui-e  from  a  similar  group  (the  seat  is  here  broken  close  to 
the  figure,  but  was  plainly  intended  for  two  figures,  as  it  shows  no  traces  of  legs  at  the  point  of 
breakage.  The  face  is  of  the  usual  "  Tirynthian  Argive  "  sort,  with  a  single  mass  of  hair  over 
each  eye.  The  entire  figure  is  wrapped  in  a  mantle  (cf.  No.  56)  meeting  in  front,  which  rises  to  a 
jK)int  al)ove  the  head.  In  the  lap  are  traces  of  a  roll  or  band,  similar  to  that  of  No.  59.  Traces 
of  brown  on  hair  and  lower  part  of  chiton.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 


Fig.  2ti. 


t; 


•20 


TER K A-COTT A    FU i U KIN KS 


Km.  ly. 


Fi.;.  -20. 


neckhue,  pin,  hair,  ami  stephane ;  binly,  fiom  waist  down,  black.     Height,  10  cm.     Dark  >cllow 

clay. 

4a    (Fig.   19.)     Fragment   of    figure  with    two  necklaces  ami  i>eculiar  form  of  pin  on  right 

shoiiUkr  :  this  consists  of  a  wcilge-shaiK'd  i>iece  of  clay,  and  is  plainly 

only  an  elongated  f«»rm  «>f  th«'  round  pin  of  earlier  numln'rs :  it  ft>rnis 

a  transition,  however,  to  the  elaborate  pins  of  later  munbers.      Hair 

two  large  eurls,  surnunnited  by  stephane.     Traces  of  white.      Height, 

5  em.      Yellow  elay. 

44.  (  Fig.  '20.)  Similar  female  tigure,  w itli  elal>- 
«»rate  applied  »unanients.  She  has  a  stephane  with 
double  1h)ss,  bound  about  the  bottom  with  a  taenia. 
The  hair  is  represented  by  four  spiral  curls  over 
forehead,  three  long  eurls  at  back.  Four  neck- 
laces (^one  twisteil.  one  with  jHiidantX  and  umler  them  ( apjH'aring  at  left  side  ) 
two  more  bands,  which  can  hardly  be  anything  but  an  attempt  to  represent 
the  fold  of  the  chit<m.  On  tlie  right  shouhler  is  an  elaborate  i>in,  consisting 
of  two  cn»ss-bars  and  two  bosses,  with  traces  of  a  third  cross-bar  (ty|H.'  »»f 
No.  84).  The  feet  are  marked  with  three  gif)oves  each.  A  wide  band  of 
clav.  broken  at  both  extremities.  api>ears  under  right  arm,  and  thei-e  are 
traces  of  a  siuiilar  band  under  left  arm.  These  may  have  served  to  form  a 
loop  for  sus|)ension,  for  the  tigure  could  never  have  In-en  intended  to  stand. 
White  slip,  with  red  lines  on  face  and  breast:  stephane,  taenia,  and  \hk\\  re<l : 
hair  black,  black  band  at  waist  and  at  bottom  of  ehiton.  Heigiit,  9  cm.  Clay, 
dark  yellow. 

45.  (1*1. Ml.  XLII.  8.)  Similar  figure,  with  deep  indentation  in  Inak,  which  brings  out  nose 
and  chin.  The  Hgure  wears  a  simple  stephane.  Hair,  two  large  curls  over  forehead,  six  notchetl 
stranils  at  back.  Thei-e  an;  three  necklaces  (simple  band  In'twecn  two  notched  bands),  with  tlower- 
shape«l  7r€/.oi ./  on  left  shouhhr.  Face  ami  necklaces  show  thick  white  slip;  the  Iwuly  has  horizontal 
reil  lines.      Height,  l:i.")  cm.     Clay,  greenish  yellow. 

46.  (l*l.ATK  XLII.  1». )  Similar  figure  with  the  same  indentation  for  nmuth.  The  hair  con- 
sisted orio-inailv  of  tliiek  twisted  braids  ( tw»)  i)ieces  oidv  are  i»reserved  ).  Four  necklaces  —  twisted 
band  between  two  plain  ones,  topi)cd  l»y  waved  band.  Tlie  fibulae  were  elaborate  :  each  consisted 
originally  of  tw(»  large  bosses  of  three  concentric  circles,  with  small  bosses  between.  Thick  white 
slip  on  face  and  ne<-khu'es,  narrow  red  line  at  waist.      Height.  ll.'>  cm.     Clay.  re<ldish  yellow. 

47.  Thirtv  fragments  of  fiarures  similar  to  Nos.  40-4r»,  with  two  or  more  necklaces.  They  ai-e 
all  t-rudely  made,  often  without  trace  of  color,  although  all  probably  had  at  least  the  usual  white 
coat  with  line  decoration. 

4a  Fifteen  fragments  of  botlies,  liroken  below  waist,  so  that  it  is  imi^ssible  to  determine 
scheme  (»f  «leeoration. 

49.  (  Pi.AiK  XLII  I. «). )  Sj'ated  figure  with  stephane  (broken  at  fr«mt)  and  two  necklaces ;  also 
originally  witli  pins  at  the  shoulders.  The  liair  is  treated  as  a  single  mass  over  each  eye.  Cus- 
tomary white  slij).  some  tiaees  of  retl  horizontal  lines  on  neck  (to  represent  another  necklace?), 
neiklaee,  waist,  antl  lower  part  of  chiton.      Height,  12.')  cm.     Clay,  red. 

50.  (  Platk  XLIII.  7.)  Similar  figure  with  four  necklaces  (three  plain  bands  and  on«'  twisted 
band ).  seated  in  wide  chair.  Hair  is  treate«l  as  one  single,  large  curl  «>n  top  of  head.  White  slip. 
Height,  9.5  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  Sehliemann,   Tlri/iis,  ]».  150,  No.  86. 

51.  (  Platk  XLIIl.  10.)  Fragnu-nt  of  similar  figure,  br«»ken  at  waist  and  right  shoulder,  with 
thn-e  neekhices  (a  i)lain  band  between  two  twisted  l>ands).  ending  oJi  each  shoulder  in  two  round 
bosses.  The  mouth  is  distinctly  marked  by  a  straight  groove  across  beak.  The  figure  has  earrings 
consisting  of  one  boss  ai)plied  to  another,  and  stephane.  The  hair  is  treated  as  a  single  strand 
over  each  eye.  notched  in  front,  as  a  mass  at  back,  criss-i-rossed  with  vertical  and  horizontal 
grooves,  and  notched  at  sides  «»f  head.     Traces  (»f  white.      Height,  5.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 


II 


TIkYNTHIAN    ARCHVE 


21 


Fig.  Ul. 


52.  (Fig.  21.)  rpper  part  of  female  figure,  with  a  remarkable  broocii  on  right  shoulder  — 
a  large  spiral,  adorned  with  rosettes  and  Inisses.  (In  this  single  case,  it 
seems  i>ossiblc  that  this  ornament  is  of  a  floral  nature,  and  has  some  connec- 
ti«)n  with  Hera  Antheia:  cf.  p.  10.)  Hair,  a  large  mass,  which  covers  head 
and  shouhh'rs,  hatched  with  horizontal  and  vertical  grooves.  The  earrino-s 
have  the  ft)rm  of  r«»settes,  with  raised  bosses  in  the  centre.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  5  cm.     Red  clay. 

53.  (Platk  XLIII.  8. )     Similar  figure,  elaborate  decoration.      It  has  six 
n«'cklaces,  four  plain  and  two  twiste<l  bands :  the  lower  one  passes  around 
the  back.     Earrings  in  the  forms  <)f  double  bosses.    The  stephane  also  has 
a  large  boss.     The  hair  is  treated  as  a  long  notched  curl  over  each  eye.  with  five  spirals  at  back  of 
head.     Traces  of  white,  with  red  <m  stephane.      Height,  7  cm.      Reddish  yellow  clay. 

54.  (  Platk  XLIII.  9. )  Elaborate  figure,  broken  at  waist :  left  arm  and  right  f<n-earin  missing. 
The  figure  has  no  n«'cklaces,  but  a  «leep  groove  runs  acr«»ss  the  breast  and  around  the  sln)uhlers 

antl  back,  to  mark  the  edge  of  the  chiton.  The  stephane  is  pierced  by  three  lutles,  ])r<»bably 
intended  for  inserted  ornaments.  Earrings  in  the  form  of  rosettes.  The  hair  consists  of  two  bands 
above  forehead,  filknl  with  irregular  lines  of  small  holes,  —  a  not  altogether  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  indicate  the  texture  of  the  hair,  lielow  these  bands  the  hair  falls  in  spiral  curls  (ori<«inallv 
there  were  two  whi<'h  fell  in  front  of  sh<»ulders,  and  foju-  at  back),  wliich  r«'niind  one  strongly  of 
metal  work.     The  treatment  of  the  ImmIv  at  the  waist  marks  a  stvle  which  is  not  construetivclv 

*  •  • 

that  of  terra-<'otta  figures,  but  is  more  like  the  techniipie  of  beaten  metal.  On  the  shoulders 
are  filudae  in  the  form  (»f  four-leav»'d  clovers  ( cf .  p.  10).  Some  traces  of  red  on  chiton  and  on 
stephane.     Height,  8.5  cm.     (Jray  clay,  now  black  frt»in  burning. 

55  Five  hundred  and  seventy-seven  more  or  less  broken  seated  figures  of  the  ty})e  of  Xos. 
49-5ii,  with  two  or  more  neekhices.  usually  with  ste))hane  and  pins.  Some  traces  of  decoration  in 
re«l  and  black  lines  on  a  wliite  ground,  with  occasional  application  of  i)aint  directly  to  the  clay. 

56.    (Fig.  22.)     Upper  part  of  ••  bird-faced  "  figure,  broken  at  waist.     Hair, 
single  wavy  curl  above  forehead.     The  figure  is  entirely  wra]>ped  in  a  sort  of 
•shawl,  whii'h  rises  to  a  point  over  the  head.     Thick  white  slip ;  traces  of  red 
and  black  on  fragnu'ut  of  back  of  chair.      Height,  f).5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 
Cf.  Xo.   32  and  the  figure  from  Tegea,  Martha,  ('at.  (Ici<   Fi;/.  dn   JIus. 
^f  \        tf  Af/i'iiH's.  Xos.  554-558. 

^P  m  57.    (  Platk  XLHL  4.)     Seated  female  figure,  holding  infant  (heads  of  both 

^^4-    .    »,  «jk      fignres  missing).     The  seated  figure  is  of  the  regular  Tirynthian  type,  with 
a  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.     The  child  is  an  oblong  lumj)  of  clav. 
with  a  groove  at  bottom   to  mark  the  feet.     Some  traces  of  white.     Height. 
•5  cm.     Rj'd  clay. 
Cf.  p.  l:i. 

58.  Fragments  of  seven  similar  figures,  all  of  the  regular  "  bird-faced  "  type,  to  which  a  lump  of 
clav  is  ailde«l  t«>  represent  a  child.     Some  traces  of  white.     Clay,  red  to  yellow. 

59.  (  Platk  XLIII.  11.)  Fragment  of  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist,  on  wide  seat, 
which  was  evi«lently  intentled  ior  two  figures.  The  fragment  preserved  wears  a  waved  necklace  of 
two  bands,  ami  was  doubtless  of  the  "  bird-face<l  "  tyjie.  In  her  lap  she  holds  an  object  like  a 
broad  roll  or  band,  marked  with  five  grooves,  which  evidently  extended  to  the  other  figure  of  the 
group.  Slight  traces  of  white,  with  red  on  taenia  and  black  on  the  body  of  the  woman.  Height, 
•  5.5  i-m.     Length,  8.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

60.  (  Plaik  XLIII.  5.)  Female  figure  from  a  similar  group  (the  seat  is  here  broken  close  to 
the  figure,  but  was  plaiidy  iutenth-d  for  two  figures,  as  it  shows  no  traces  of  legs  at  the  point  of 
breakage.  The  fa«'e  is  of  the  usual  '"Tirynthian  Argive"  .sort,  with  a  single  mass  of  hair  over 
each  eve.  The  entire  figure  is  wrapped  in  a  mantle  (cf.  Xo.  50)  meeting  in  front,  whicli  rises  to  a 
point  above  the  head.  In  the  la[)  are  traces  of  a  roll  or  band,  similar  to  that  of  Xo.  59.  Traces 
of  brown  on  hair  and  lower  part  of  chiton.     Height,  S.o  cm.      Reddish  yellow  cla}'. 


Fi.;.  J--', 


«>o 


t?:rra-cotta  fkiurines 


GEOMETRIC 


23 


6L    (Fig.  23.)    Similar  female  figure  from  right  hand  side  of  groui).     The  mantle  is   here 
"        broken  at  the  back,  while  in  front  it  leaves  the  neck  and  shoulders  bare.     The 
f!^m  figure  has  a  simple  stephane  and  a  single  necklace,  adorned  with  three  bosses. 

fl^l^^    White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  necklace.     Height,  6  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 
'^^^^H        62.    Fragment  of  a  similar  group  of  large  size  (only  left  hand  figure  preservwl, 
fH^^^M    broken  at  Thoulder  and  at  lower  right  hand  corner).     In  the  lap  is  a  fragment  of 
jT^^H     a  broad  band,  similar  to  the  bands  of  Nos.  59  and  CO.     (ieneral  traces  of  white. 
'^I^^B     Height.  11  cm.     Red  clay. 

^^^^       The  interpretation  of  these  groups  is  an  interesting  ])roblem.     So  far  as  we  can 

^(^^^   jiitlge.  both  the  figures  were  feminine,  for  in  Nos.  59,  t>0,  and  02  we  have  the  left 

^  hand  figure  of  the  group,  and  in  No.  61   the  right  hand  figure,  and  these  are  all 

f  «G-  ••^-        feininin'e.     Moreover,  the  traces  of  the  second  figure,  preserved  on  the  seat  of  No. 

59.  point  to  a  female  rather  than  to  a  male  figure.     This  fact  at  once  declares  against  the  theorj- 

that  we  are  here  dealing  with  a  representation  of  Zeus  and  Hera,  a  sort  of  U^i*%  y..>'K  (such  as  the 

group  given  by  Overbeck,  Kunxtmythdoyle,  Hera,  fig.  4  a,  from  Gerhard,  Aut.  liihhrerke,  pi.  i.), 

which  we  should  most  naturally  expect  to  find  at  a  sanctuary  of  H.ra.'     The  asswiation  of  Hebe 

with  Hera,  as  she  was  later  associate<l  with  her  in  the  gioup  of  P.dycleitos  and  Naukydes,  seems 

hardly  probable  at  tlie  early  date  to  which  we  must  assign  these  groups.     We  are  reduced,  then, 

to  the  view  that  we  have  here  an  early  form  of  two  female  divinities  like  the  later  Denu'ter  and 

Kore.     (For  another  very  ]»rimitive  group  of  these  gwldesses,  cf.  Heuzey,  F'kj.  Ant.  pi.  xiii.  3; 

later  exan.ples  are  pis.  xviii.  bis.  3 :  xxiv.  1.     Cf.  the  same  author's  article,  '  Groui>e  de  Dcnu'ter 

et  Kore.'  in  Mon.  (jrecu  puh.  par  /'vl.s«oc.  pour  rencouragemtnt  de.«  etudes  grecque»  en  France, 

1870. )     The  roll  may  then  be  the  symbol  of  the  bond  lietween  the  two  gcxldesses. 

63.  Four  hundred  and  thirteen  fragments  of  botlies  of  the  early  seated  tyi^e  —  lower  parts  only 
ineserved.  They  usually  show  some  traces  of  the  white  coat,  and  often  are  decorated  at  the  lower 
edge  and  at  the  waist  with  simple  line  patterns  in  applied  red  and  black. 

64.  Two  hundred  and  fifty-nine  detached  heads  of  the  "bird-faced"  t>'i>e,  with  round  lumps 
for  eyes,  and  (usually)  simple  stephane.  Traces  of  the  white  coat  are  common,  and  the  stephane 
is  often  red. 

m.    MYCENAEAN. 

65.  (Fig.  24.)    Fragment  of  female  idol  of  the  usual  Mycenaean  form  — 
round  botly  —  broken  at  waist  and  neck.     Ornamenta- 
tion in  wavy  lines,  brown  to  black.    Height,  4.5  cm.    Fine 
yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann.  Mycenae  and  Tirijui*,  pi.  C,  fig.  m. 

66.  Nine  fragments  of  similar  figures,  same  clay,  same 
ornamentation. 

67.  (  Fig.  25.)    Female  figure  with  arms  raised  (pelta- 

shaped    body.)      Ornamentation    in    red 
lines.     Height,  8  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann.  Mijcenae  and  Tiryns.  pi.  B,  figs,  e  and  f. 
5  ^Jjl        68.    Thirteen  fragments  of  similar  figures,  .same  clay,  orna- 
mentation  in  red.  changing  to  brown  and  black. 

69.     (Fig.  20.)    Female  idol  with  amis  (two  apidied  strijis  of 
clay)  crossed  below  breasts,  which  are   also   represented   plastically,  by  api)lied 
disks.     Broken  at  top  and  bottom.     Ornamentation  in  red  lines.     Height,  5.5  cm. 
Fine  yellow  clay. 
Fig.  26.  Cf.  Schliemann.  Mycenae  and  Tiryns,  pi.  C,  fig.  I. 

1  The  Heraea  mentioned  by  Pans.  (II.  24.  2)  probably  whole  subject,  cf.  ihid.  pp.  177-181  ;  RoscImt,  Lez.  iler 
had  some  relation  to  the  U^s  yd>ios  (cf.  Daremberg  ct  Myth.  V  p.  20«>8;  Forster,  Die  Hochzeil  ,lr»  Z^h»  u.  der 
Saglio,  DUt.  ties  Ant.  '  Micros  gamos,"  p.   179).     On  the     Hera,  Breslaii,  18«7. 


Fiu.  24 


Fio.  '2 


*.&>. 


I-'iG.  28. 


Fig.  29. 


70.   (Fig.    27.)     Botly  of  Mycenaean  figure  with  arms  raised,  broken  at  top  and  bottom.     The 

breasts  are  connected  by  a  crescent-shaped  band  (meant  to  represent  a  neck- 

^^^  ^K    lace?  cf.  No.  30,  and  the  Tirynthian  Argive  figures  generally).     Usual  wavy 

/St^fVWM^m     lin^s,  shading  from  light  to  dark  brown.     Height,  3.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow 

^^^■1^^^  71.   Twenty-six  fragments  of  Mycenaean  ware,  so  broken  that  the  exact 

Fro.  27.  form  cannot  be  determined  ;  same  fine  clay, 

with  ornamentation  in  wavy  lines.  ^^^^^  '«^^^^H  jM^ 

72.  (Fig.  28.)    Large  bull's  or  cow's  head,  broken  at  neck  and       ^■i^fc^*^Bi^^B?  ^ 
minus  horns.     Ornamentation  in  light  red,  straight  lines  on  fore- 
head and  nose,  circle  around  eyes  and  end  of  nose,  hatched  lines 

^^  on  horns,  filling  of  double  squares  on  cheeks,  and 

^1^^^  peculiar  ornament  at  back  of  neck  (Fig.  28  b).  In 
^■V^^L  the  middle  of  the  forehead  is  a  vertical  hole,  possibly 
^M/f^^^    meant  to  contain  a  bronze  axe  or  some  other  orua- 

^^        ment  (cf.  Schliemann,  MyccmiCy  p.  218,  figs.  329,  330 ;  and  the  large  silver  head. 
Fig.  28  6.      »bi'f-  V-  210  f.,  figs.  327,  328).     The  theory  of  Perrot 
(^Iliatoire  de  PArt,  VI.  p.  822),  that  this  axe  symbolized 
the  axe  used  to  slaughter  the  victim,  seems  to  us  probable.     Height, 
8  cm.     Width,  10.5  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

73.  (Fig.  29.)  IVxly  of  horse,  broken  at  legs  and  neck.  Line  orna- 
mentation in  brown,  shading  to  black.  Length,  7.5  cm.  Fine  yellow 
clay. 

74.  Nine  fragments  of  other  animals,  much  broken,  same  clay,  same  oniamentation. 

IV.    GEOMETRIC. 

75.  (Fig.  30.)    Rude  round-botlied  figui*e,  overladen  with  ornamentation.     It  presents  many 

analogies  to  the  elaborate  Tirynthian  Argive  figures.  The  nose  was 
originally  of  the  "  beak "  tyjie.  The  eyes  are  incised  triangles.  Ear 
very  large,  with  large  pendant.  The  hair  was  a  large  mass,  now  broken 
awjiy.  A  single  band  passes  from  the  neck  under  each  arm,  and  there 
are  two  simple  necklaces,  which  carry  a  large  brooch,  broken  at  lower 
edge.  On  the  shoulders  are  "  clover-leaf  "  pins,  with  five  bosses  each. 
The  decoration  in  color  is  Geometric  (Dipylon),  in  red  paint,  shading  to 
black.  It  consists  of  horizontal  lines,  zigzags,  and  dots  below  wai.st,  of 
dots  alone  on  necklace,  pins,  and  brooch.  Height,  12.5  cm.  Reddish 
yellow  clay. 

Cf.  pp.  0  f. 

76.   (  Plate  XLVHI.  13.)    Geometric  horse,  legs  broken.    The  deco- 
ration is  entirely  in  straight  lines,  except  at  shoulder,  where  there  are  two 
curve<l  lines.     This  horse  is  very  similar  to  the  horses  which  are  so  com- 
mon \\\wn  the  covers  of  Geometric  vases  (cf .  Rayet  et  CoUignon,  Histoire 
de  la  Ceratnique  Grecque,  p.  33,  fig.  21),  and  i>erhaps  came  from  a  vase. 
Color,  lustrous  black.     Height.  9  cm.     Yellow  clay. 
Amouff  the  other  animals  of  Class  IX.  several  .show  traces  of  Geometric  influence  in  their  deco- 
ration,  but  in  none  are  these  traces  so  pronounced  as  to  justify  their  transference  to  the  Geometric 
class. 
Cf.  p.  6. 


Fig.  :». 


k 


11 


H 


oo 


THRU  A  rOTT  A    FI(  iUKlNES 


GEOMETRIC 


23 


Fig.  23. 


61.  (Fio.  •2o^  Similar  female  figure  from  right  liaiul  side  of  grou)).  The  mantle  is  here 
l.rokin  at  the  baek,  while  in  fr.>nt  it  leaves  the  neek  and  .shoulders  hare.  The 
figure  has  a  simi»le  stephane  and  a  single  neeklace,  adorned  witli  three  bosses. 
White  slip,  traees  of  red  on  neeklace.     Height,  0  em.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

62.  Fragment  of  a  similar  group  of  large  size  (only  left  hand  figure  preservetl, 
broken  at  slioulder  and  at  lower  right  hand  corner).  In  the  lap  is  a  fragment  of 
a  broad  band,  sin.ilar  to  the  bands  of  Nos.  59  and  00.  (ieneral  traces  of  white. 
Height,  11  em.      Red  elay. 

The  interpretation  of  these  groups  is  an  interesting  ]noblem.  S>  far  as  we  can 
judire.  both  tlie  figures  were  feminine,  for  in  Nos.  51).  (JO,  and  02  we  have  the  left 
hand  figure  of  the  group,  and  in  No.  01  the  right  hand  figure,  ami  these  are  all 
feminine.  Moreover,  the  traees  of  the  second  figure,  jn-eserved  on  the  seat  of  No. 
51>.  point  to  a  female  rather  than  to  a  male  figure.  This  fact  at  once  dei-lares  against  the  theory 
that  we  are  here  dealing  with  a  representation  of  Zeus  and  1  lera,  a  sort  of  Ic/hw  y..>.w  Csueh  as  the 
grouj)  given  by  Overbeek.  K>ntstm>jthohMjk',  Hera.  fig.  4  a,  from  (ierhard.  Ant.  Ulhhret'h;  pi.  i.), 
which  we  should  most  naturally  expect  to  find  at  a  sanctuary  of  Hrra.'  The  ass.H-iation  of  Hebe 
with  Hera,  as  she  was  later  associated  with  her  in  the  gronp  of  P..lycleit<.s  and  Naukydes,  seems 
hardly  i)robable  at  the  early  date  to  which  we  must  assign  these  groui)s.  We  are  reduced,  then, 
to  the  view  that  we  have  here  an  early  form  of  two  fen.ale  divinities  like  the  later  Dem.t.r  and 
Kore.  {Yov  another  verv  i»rimitive  group  of  these  gmldesses,  cf.  Heuzey.  FUj.  At^t.  pi.  xiii.  3; 
later  examples  are  pis.  xviii.  bis.  3 :  xxiv.  1.  Cf.  the  same  author's  artichs  '  (irouju-  de  Dcmrter 
et  Kore."  in  Mo„.  t/nrs  j,i,h.  par  l\Us„v.  pour  rcncnnuKjcmnit  ih>*  etmhx  fjirctjucit  en  Fnime^ 
1870. )     The  roll  niav  then  be  the  syn»bol  of  the  bond  between  the  two  g.Mldesses. 

63.  Four  hundred  and  thirteen  fragments  of  bodies  of  the  early  seated  type  —  lower  jiarts  only 
l.nsorved.  They  usually  show  some  traces  of  tlie  white  coat,  and  ..ften  are  decoratf.l  at  the  lower 
I'due  and  at  the  waist  with  simple  line  patterns  in  applied  red  and  black. 

64.  Two  hundred  and  fifty-nine  detached  heads  of  the  "  bird-faced "'  type,  with  round  lumps 
for  eyes,  and  ( usually)  simple  stephane.  Traces  of  the  white  coat  are  common,  and  the  stephane 
is  often  red. 

111.     MYCENAEAN. 

65.  (Fisi.  24.^    Fragment  of  female   id»»l  of  the  usual  Mycenaean  form  — 
r«)uu«l  body  —  brokm  at  waist  and   neck.     Ornamenta- 
tion in  wavy  lines,  brown  to  black.     I  leight.  4.5  cni.    Fine 
yellow  day. 

Cf.  Schliemann.  M/frenm-  nml  Tu>i)>s,  pi.  C,  fig.  ni. 

66.  Nin«'  fragments  of  similar  figures,  same  elay.  same 
ornamentation. 

67.  (  Fig.  25.)    Femah'  figure  with  arms  raised  (]H'lta- 

shai>ed    l)ody.)      Ornamentation    in    red 
lints.     Height.  !S  cm.      Fine  yellow  clay. 

C^f.  Schliemann.  J/>fnn"f  "w'  Tin/n.'*.  pi.  H,  fig-*.  «  and  f. 

68.  Thirteen  fragments  of  similar  figures.  san»e  clay,  orna- 
mentation in  red.  changing  to  brown  and  black. 

69.  (F^ig.  2»>.)    Female  idol  with  arms  (two  applied  strips  of 
(•lav)  cr«)ssed   below  breasts,  which  are   also   represented    plastic 
disks.     Broken  at  toi>  and  bottom.     Ornamentation  in  red  lines. 
Fine  yellow  clay. 

Fi«;.  '2i\.  Cf.  Sehlienmnn,  Mi/rituie  and  Ttiyus,  pi.  C.  fig.  1. 

1  The  Utraea  mentioned  by  Pans.    11.  lM.  *J)  prokiblv      wliole  subjfct,  cf.   ihi.l.   y\>.  17T-1S1 
baa  some  relation  to  tbe    .'«pis   ii>^o%  (,f.  l)arembt>rg  et      Myth.   \^  p.  'J<KW;^Furster,  Ihr  ll.xf, 
Sajjlits  Ifirt.  ihs  A„t.  •  Hieros  jjamos,"  p.    17'.»).     <>u  the      //» m,  Breshiu.  1S4J7. 


Kio.  '^4 


Fio.  'S>. 


illy,  by 
Height, 


ap)>lied 
5.5  cm. 


;   KnHfber, 


J.rx.  ihr 

H*  M.  «/f  r 


Ym.  27. 


72. 


Fig.  28. 


Fio.  28  6. 


Fig.  29. 


70.  (Fig.  27.)  Ro<ly  of  Mycenaean  figure  with  arms  raised,  broken  at  top  and  bottom.  The 
breasts  are  connected  by  a  crescent-shai>ed  band  (meant  to  represent  a  neck- 
lace? cf.  No.  30,  and  the  Tirynthian  Argive  figures  generally).  Usual  wavy 
lines,  shading  from  light  to  dark  brown.  Height,  3.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow 
clay. 

71.  Twenty-six  fragments  of  ^lyeenaean  ware,  so  broken  that  the  exact 
form  cannot  be  determined  :  same  fine  clay, 
with  ornamentation  in  wavy  liiu's. 
(Fig.  28.)  Large  bull's  or  cow's  head,  broken  at  neck  and 
minus  horns.  Ornamentation  in  light  red,  straight  lines  on  fore- 
head and  no.se,  circle  around  eyes  and  end  of  nose,  hatched  lines 
on  horns,  filling  of  double  squares  on  cheeks,  and 
peculiar  ornament  at  back  of  neck  ( Fig.  28  6).  In 
the  inid<11eof  the  forehead  is  a  vertical  hole,  possibly 
meant  to  contain  a  bronze  axe  or  some  other  orna- 
ment (cf.  Schliemann,  Mi/rrnar,  p.  218,  fig.s.  329,  330;  and  the  large  silver  head, 
!blt/.  p.  210  f.,  figs.  327,  328).  Tlie  theory  of  Perrot 
(^1/i.sfoii'c  (fr  rArt,  VI.  p.  822),  that  this  axe  symbolized 
the  axe  used  to  slaughter  the  vietim,  seems  to  us  probable.  Height, 
8  em.     Width.  10.5  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

73.  (Fig.  29. )  IVwly  of  horse,  broken  at  legs  and  neck.  Line  orna- 
mentation in  brown,  shading  to  black.  Length,  7.5  em.  Fine  yellow 
clay. 

74.  Nine  fragments  of  other  animals,  much  broken,  .same  clay,  same  ornamentation. 

IV.    GEOMETRIC. 

75.  (Fig.  30. )     Rude  round-bodied  figure,  overla<len  with  ornamentation.     It  presents  many 

analogies  to  the  elaborate  Tirynthian  Argive  figures.  The  no.se  was 
oiiginally  of  the  '•  In^ak "  tyjK*.  The  eyes  ave  incised  triangles.  Ear 
very  large,  with  large  pendant.  The  hair  was  a  large  mass,  now  broken 
aw.iy.  A  single  band  j)asses  from  the  neck  under  each  arm,  and  there 
are  two  simple  iieckla<'es,  which  carry  a  large  brooch,  broken  at  lower 
Cilge.  On  the  shoulders  are  "  clover-leaf  "  pins,  with  five  bosses  each. 
The  decoration  in  color  is  (leometric  (Dipylon).  in  red  ]>aint,  shading  to 
black.  It  consists  of  horizontal  lines,  zigzags,  and  dots  below  waist,  of 
dots  alone  on  neeklace,  pins,  and  brooch.  Height,  12.5  cm.  Reddish 
yellow  clay. 
Cf.  pp.Of. 

76.  (l*i,ATK  XLVIH.  13.)  Geometric  horse,  legs  broken.  The  deco- 
ration is  entirely  in  straight  lines,  except  at  shoulder,  where  there  are  two 
curved  lines.  This  horse  is  very  similar  to  the  horses  which  are  so  com- 
mon ni>on  the  covers  of  (leometric  vases  (cf.  Rayet  et  CoUignon,  Ifiiitoire 
dt  III  ('enniiiijm'  Grccffiic,  p.  33.  fig.  21 ),  ami  perhaps  came  from  a  vase. 
Color,  lustrous  black.  Height.  9  cm.  Yellow  clay. 
Anion"-  the  other  animals  of  Class  IX.  several  show  traces  of  Geometric  influence  in  their  deco- 

ration,  but  in  none  are  these  traces  so  pronounced  as  to  justify  their  transference  to  the  Geometric 

class. 
Cf.  p.  6. 


Fkj.  -K). 


II 


24 


TERRACOTTA    FI0URINE:S 


II 


KiG.  :m. 


Fig.  32. 


V.    ADVANCED   ARGIVE. 

77.  (Fig.  31.)  Seatetl  female  figure,  varying  from  primitive  type  only  in  that  the  head  has 
eyes,  nose,  anil  mouth  carefully  modeled.  The  face  is  of  pronounced  archaic 
type  — mouth  turned  up  at  corners,  eyes  wide  and  staring.  Th«>  body  is  still  a 
iiiere  oblong  piece  of  clay  :  it  shows  traces  of  two  necklaces.  General  traces  of 
white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Clay,  re«l. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Ttryitx,  p.  IGO,  No.  95. 

7a  (Fig.  32.)  Similar  figure,  broken  at  waist,  and  lacking  right  arm.  Face  of 
marked  archaic  type  —  eyes,  protruding  niasses.  Hair,  single 
loui;  curl  over  each  shoulder,  topped  by  stephane  with  (^originally) 
seven  small  bosses.  The  breasts  were  modeled  separately  and 
upplicil.  as  is  evident  from  depression  to  receive  right  breast.  In 
the  hand,  the  thumb  and  the  fingers  are  distinguished,  and  a  hole  is  left  between 
them  (for  holding  an  object?).    Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  stephane.     Height, 

8  cm.     Red  clay. 

79.  (Pi.atkXLIV.  2.)  Seated  figure,  which  .shows  some  attemi)t  at  model- 
ing the  bmly.  The  swell  of  the  breast  is  quite  well  reproduced,  the  hair  is 
moulded  with  the  face,  the  ear  is  fairly  well  given,  although  jdaced  too  high. 
The  stephane  has  long  ends  behind,  and  thus  forms  a  sort  of  taenia.     The  dress- 

l)ins  are  of  the  usual  "  boss  "  type.  The  band  is  here  plainly  a  necklace,  for  the  fold  of  the  chiton 
is  reproduced  at  the  neck.  There  is  no  chair,  but  only  two  legs  attached  to  the  back  of  the  figure. 
Color,  white,  with  red  on  necklace,  at  waist,  and  on  lower  edge  of  chiton.     Height,  12  cm.     Light 

vt'llow  clav. 

80.  (lY.VTE  XLI V.  1.)  Flat-bo<lied  figure  (head  missing),  seated  in  elaborate  chair.  She  wears 
three  necklaces  —  the  second  has  three  j^endants,  and  the  thiitl  ends  in  small  round  pins.  On 
the  back  and  arms  of  the  chair  are  round  bosses.  Ground  color,  white ;  the  shorter  necklaces  are 
red  ;  the  long  one  has  oblique  lines ;  back  of  chair,  vertical  lines ;  arms  of  chair,  horizontal  lines ; 
bosses,  radiating  lines:  broad  band  at  waist  and  below  knees  — all  red.     Height,  8  cm.     Yellow 

clav. 

Cf.  Martha.  Cat.  des  FUj.  (hi  Mhk.  crAthenes,  No.  731 :  and  the  statuette  from  Thisbe,  now 

in  Dresden,  Arch.  Anz.  1895.  p.  220,  4. 

81.  (Fig.  33.)  Fragment  of  seated  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
below  waist.  Simple  necklace  with  jiendant,  followed  by  twisted 
necklace,  and  wiile  band,  which  is  probably  here  the  fold  of  the 
chiton.  The  fragment  on  the  right  shoulder  is  part  of  a  large 
fibula.  The  figure  is  interesting  as  showing  the  method  of  attach- 
ing the  head  in  these  advanced  Argive  figures:  the  Ixnly  was 
drawn  out  into  a  wedge-shai)ed  jirojection  at  the  top,  »\Hm  which 
the  head  was  fitted  :  the  joint  was  then  covered  by  a  necklace  in 

.  front  and  by  the  mass  of  tlie  hair  Whind.  This  figure  also  shows 
the  legs  of  chair  attaclied  directly  to  the  figure.  Cieneral  traces  of 
white;  slight  traces  of  i-e<l  on  orna- 
ments.    Height,  12  cm.     Clay,  i-e<l. 

82.  ( Fig.  34.)  Fragment  of  right 
shoulder,  with  fibula  of  the  usual 
bronze  t\ye  (cf.  p.  10).     The  figure 

has  two  twiste<l  necklaces,  and  the  fold  of  the  chiton  is  distinctly 

marked  bv  an  applied  band  of  clav ;  to  this  is  affixed  the  fibula  in 

form  of  a  semicircle,  with  two  paii-s  of  rings  for  decoration.     Slight  traces  of  white,  and  of  red 

on  fold.     Height,  4  cm.     Reddisli  yellow  clay. 


Fig.  3.3. 


Fig.  3t. 


ADVANCED   ARGIVE 


25 


Fig.  36. 


Fm. :«. 


85.   (Fig.  37. ) 


83.    (Fig.  35.)    Botly  of  figure,  which  shows  greatest  development  of  fibula.     This  here  consists 

of  a  long  bar,  decorated  with  rosettes,  and  with  cross-bars  of 
dumb-bell  shape.  Four  bars  and  three  rosettes  are  preserved, 
and  this  is  probably  the  original  number,  as 
the  pin  begins  to  narrow  considerably  at  the 
points  of  breakage.  The  ends  undoubtedly 
curved  forward,  as  in  No.  84.  The  figure  has 
two  necklaces  (one  twisted)  and  distinctly 
marked  fohl.  Traces  of  white  on  neck,  neck- 
laces, fibula,  and  back,  of  red  on  fold  and  on 
cross-bars  of  fibula.  Height,  12.5  cm.  Clay, 
red. 

84.   (Fig.  36.)    Fibula  of  most  elaborate 
tyi)e,  broken  from  its  figure.     It  has  three 
cross-bars  and  two  rosettes,  and  curves  for- 
ward at  the  ends.    CJround  color  white,  cross-bars  marked  with 
red  and  black  criss-cross  lines,  rosettes  with  radiating  red  and  black  lines  ;  lower  tip  red.     Height, 
7  ciu.     Clay,  yellow. 
Cf.  pp.  11.  242. 

Head  and  left  arm  of  seated,  flat-lxnlied  figure,  with  an  infant  on  her  arm 
(only  legs  and  feet  of  infant  i>reserved).  Of  the  haii*,  only  a  single  mass, 
with  horizont'd  grooves,  is  preserved  over  the  left  temple.  The  figure  wears  a 
necklace  with  three  pendants,  (ieneral  traces  of  white,  red  lines  below  neck- 
lace, red  band  at  infant's  knees.  Height,  8  cm.  Red  clay. 
Cf.  p.  13. 

86.  (I*L.\TK  XLIV.  3.)  Large  seated  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
at  left  lower  edge.  She  held  an  infant  in  her  arms,  of  which  traces  are  pre- 
served only  in  her  lap.  Elaborate  adornment  with  double  necklace,  which 
carries  two  i)endants  at  the  sides,  double  waved  band,  double  straight  band, 
and  wide  fold.  The  pins,  strangely  enough,  are  onW  small  disks,  as  in  the 
earlier  tyj>es.  Left  arm  disproportionately  short.  The  chair  was  made 
separately.  Tnices  of  white,  with  applied  red  on  u])per  botly  and  child.  Lower  body  is  painted 
brown  with  re<l  horizontal  lines.     Height,  18  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

87.  (Fig.  38.)  Similar  koiy)«t/)(>«^os  figure  with  large  infant  on  left  arm.  The 
infant's  head  is  missing.  Both  woman  and  child  are  entirely  enveloped  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay,  which  includes  the  back  of  the  chair  as  well  (cf.  Nos.  56  and  60)  ; 
but  a  break  on  the 
right  side  shows  that 
the  figures  were  com- 
plete before  the  appli- 
cation of  this  layer. 
The  woman  has  a 
necklace  with  |>en- 
dant,  which  was  entirely  hidden.  The 
chihl  wears  the  chiton,  with  small, 
round  pins  at  the  shoulders.  The 
woman's  face  is  round,  with  protrud- 
ing eyes.  The  hair  is  treated  in 
notched  strands.  Traces  of  white,  of 
i-etl  on  shawl.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Yel- 
low clay. 

8a    (Fig.  39.)    Bust  of  very  large 
seated    figure,   with    three    necklaces 


Fig.  37. 


,  >' 


Fig.  38. 


Fig.  39. 


<<l 


!»l 


Fi.;.  :'.l. 


Km.  :w. 


24  TKKKAC'OTTA    FKU'RIXES 

V.     ADVANCED   AUGIVE. 

77.  (Fi;;.  31.)  Seatea  femalf  figmv,  varying  from  iM-imitive  tyi>e  only  in  that  the  hea'l  has 
eyes,  nose,  and  nioiitli  carefully  nuxleled.  The  face  is  of  pronouiice*!  archaic 
tyjMJ  — mouth  turned  up  at  corners,  eyes  witle  ami  staring.  The  hudy  is  still  a 
meiv  oblong  i)iece  of  clay:  it  shows  traces  of  two  necklaces,  (ieneral  tra<vs  of 
white.      Height.  7.")  em.     Clay.  red. 

C'f.  Sehliemann,  Tin/ns,  j..  1«'»0.  No.  IC). 

7a  (  Fig.  32. )  Siiuilar  tigure,  l)roken  at  waist,  and  lacking  right  arm.  Face  of 
murke»l  archaic  type  —  eyes,  protruding  masses.  Hair,  single 
long  curl  over  each  shoulder,  topped  l>y  stephane  with  («)rigiually) 
.seven  small  bosses.  The  breasts  were  modeled  sei)arately  and 
a|)i>li»«l.  as  is  evident  from  depression  to  receive  right  bn-ast.  lu 
tlie  liand.  the  tiiund)  and  the  Hngers  are  distinguished,  and  a  hole  is  left  between 
them  (for  lud.ling  an  object?).     Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  stephane.      Height. 

8  em.      Ked  clay. 

79.  (  ri.ATK  XLIV.  -2.)  Seated  figure,  which  shows  some  attemi»t  at  model- 
ing tiie  bodv.  Tlie  swell  of  the  breast  is  quite  well  reproduced,  the  hair  is 
moulded  with  the  fa<-e,  the  ear  is  fairly  well  given,  altlu.ugh  placed  too  high. 
The  stephane  has  long  ends  behind,  and  thus  forms  a  sort  of  taenia.     The  dress- 

])i!is  are  of  the  usual  "  boss  "  tyiH'.  The  band  is  here  plainly  a  necklace,  for  the  fold  <.f  the  chiton 
is  reproduee.l  at  the  neck.  There  is  no  chair,  but  only  two  legs  attached  ti)  the  back  of  the  figure. 
Color,  white,  with  red  on  necklace,  at  waist,  an.l  on  lower  edge  ♦)f  chiton.      Height,  12  cm.     Light 

yellow  elav. 

80.  ( l*i..v  IK  X  LI  V.  1. )  Flat-bodied  Hgure  (head  missing ).  seated  in  elaborate  chair.  She  wears 
three  necklaces  —  tiie  second  h.is  three  iH-n.lants.  and  the  third  t-nds  in  small  round  pins.  On 
the  back  an<l  arms  of  the  chair  are  round  bosses.  Ground  color,  white ;  the  shorter  necklaces  are 
red  :  the  long  one  has  ol.lifpie  lines :  back  of  chair,  vertical  lines ;  arms  of  chair,  horizontal  linos ; 
bosses,  radiating  lines:  broad  band  at  waist  and  below  knees  —  all  retl.     Height,  8  cm.      YeUow 

elav. 

Cf.  Martha.  Cat.  fAv<  Fhf.  il>t  .V//x.  d' Athene s.  No.  731:  and  the  statuette  from  Thisbe,  now 

in  Dresden,  Anh.  Aia.  18i»:,.  p.  220.  4. 

81.  (  Fig.  33. )  Fragtnent  of  seated  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
below  waist.  Simple  necklace  with  pendant,  followed  by  twisted 
necklace,  and  witle  band,  which  is  i)rob:ibly  here  the  fold  of  the 
chiton.  The  fragment  on  the  right  shoulder  is  part  of  a  large 
fibula.  The  figure  is  interesting  as  showing  the  method  of  attach- 
ing- the  head  in  these  advanced  Argive  figures:  the  body  was 
drawn  out  into  a  wedge-shai>ed  i>rojeetion  at  the  top.  upon  which 
the  head  was  fitted  :  the  joint  was  then  covered  by  a  necklace  in 

.  front  and  by  the  mass  of  the  hair  behind.  This  figure  also  shows 
the  legs  of  chair  attached  directly  to  the  figine.  (ieneral  traces  of 
white;  slight  traces  of  red  on  orna- 
ments.    Height.  12  cm.     Clay,  i-etl. 

82.  (  Fig.  34. )  F^agujent  of  right 
shoulder,  with  fibula  of  the  usual 
bronze  \\\w  (ef.  p.  10).     The  figure 

has  two  twisted  necklaces,  and  the  fold  of  the  chiton  is  distinctly 
marke<l  bv  an  a))plied  band  of  elav  :  to  this  is  affixe<l  the  fibida  in 
form  of  a'  semicircle,  with  two  pairs  of  rings  for  decoration.     Slight  traces  of  white,  and  of  ml 


ADVANCED   ARGIVE 


25 


Kir..  X\. 


Fio.  :»i. 


Fig.  .30. 


83.    (Fig.  30.)    liody  of  figure,  which  shows  greatest  development  of  fibula.     This  here  consists 

of  a  long  bar,  det'orated  with  rosettes,  and  with  cross-l)ars  of 
dumb-bell  shape.  F'our  bars  and  three  rosettes  are  preserved, 
and  this  is  jH-obably  the  original  number,  as 
the  pin  begins  to  narrow  considerably  at  the 
points  of  breakage.  The  ends  undoid)tedly 
curved  fuward,  as  in  No.  84.  The  figure  has 
two  necklaces  (one  twisted)  and  distinctly 
marked  fold.  Traces  of  white  on  neck,  neck- 
laces, fil>ula.  and  back,  of  led  on  fold  and  on 
cross-bars  of  fibtd.i.  Height,  12.5  cm.  Clay, 
red. 

84.    (  Fig.  3G.)    F'ibula  of  most  elaborate 
type,  broken  from  its  figure.      It  has  three 
cross-bars  an<l  two  rosettes,  and  curves  for- 
ward at  the  t-nds.     (iround  color  white,  cross-bars  marked  with 
re»l  and  black  crissH-ro.ss  lines,  rosettes  with  radiating  re«l  and  black  lines  ;  lower  i\\>  red.     Height, 
7  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 
Cf.  pp.  11.  242. 

85.  (Fig.  37.)  Head  and  left  arm  of  seated,  flat-lM)died  figure,  with  an  infant  on  her  arm 
(only  legs  and  feet  of  infant  preserved ).  Of  the  hair,  only  a  single  mass, 
with  horizontal  grooves,  is  preserved  over  the  left  temple.  The  figure  wears  a 
necklace  with  three  pendants,  (ieneral  traces  of  white,  red  lines  below  neck- 
lace, red  band  at  infant's  knees.  Height.  8  cm.  Ked  clay. 
Cf.  p.  13. 

86.  (  I'l.vtk  XLIV.  3.)  Large  seated  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
at  left  lower  edge.  She  held  an  infant  in  her  arms,  of  which  traces  are  pre- 
1  served  only  in  her  laj).  Elaborate  adornment  with  double  necklace,  which 
carries  two  pendants  at  the  sides,  double  waved  band,  double  straight  band, 
and  wide  fold.  The  juns,  strangely  enough,  are  only  small  disks,  as  in  the 
earlier  types.  Left  arm  disproportionately  short.  The  chair  was  made 
separately.  Traces  of  white,  with  applied  red  on  upper  body  and  child.  Lower  body  is  painted 
brown  with  re<l  horizontal  lines.      Height.  18  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

87.  ^Fig.  38. )  Similar  K(»i7>o7-/»(i<^s  figure  with  large  infant  on  left  arm.  The 
infant's  hea«l  is  nnssing.  Both  woman  and  child  are  entirely  enveloped  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay,  whi«h  includes  the  back  of  the  chair  as  well  (cf.  Nos.  50  and  GO)  : 
but  a  break   on   the 


Fig.  .38. 


on 


fold.     Hei'dit.  4  cm.      lieddisli  yellow  clay. 


ri<;ht  side  shows  that 
the  ligun's  were  com- 
|)lete  before  the  aj)pli- 
eatioii  of  this  layer. 
The  woman  has  a 
necklace  with  pen- 
dant, which  was  entirely  hidden.  The 
child  wears  the  chiton,  with  small, 
round  pins  at  the  shoulders.  The 
woman's  fac<'  is  round,  with  ])rotrud- 
ing  eyes.  The  hair  is  treated  in 
notclunl  strands.  Traces  of  white,  of 
re<l  on  shawl.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Yel- 
low clay. 

aa    (Fig.  30. )     Rust  of  very  large 
seated    figin-e.    with    three    necklaces 


Fig.  31). 


Ms 


I 


.1 


Fiu.  40. 


ffariuent  * 


26  TERRA  COTTA   FIGURINES 

(plain  necklace  between  two  twisted  ones ),  double  waved  band  and  wide  fold.  On  the  back  are 
traces  of  hair  treated  as  a  mass,  and  of  back  of  chair.  General  traces  of  white,  with  re<l  on  fold. 
Height,  12  cm.     The  entire  figure  must  have  been  fully  40  cm.  tall.     Red  clay. 

89.    (Fig.  40.)    Similar  large  fragment,  with  three  necklaces  and  wide  fold,  topped  by  two 

narrow  bands  with  round  pendants.     Traces  of 
white,  fold  red.     Height,  10  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

90.  (  Platf.  XLIV.  4. )  Torso  of  seated  figure 
with  very  elaborate  adornment.  About  the  neck 
runs  a  simple  necklace  decorated  with  a  line  of 
lioles,  followed  by  a  twistecl  chain  with  large  jK^n- 
dants,  which  are  decorated  alternately  with  grooves 
and  rows  of  holes.  The  chiton  is  a  distinct  layer 
of  clay.  From  shoulder  to  shoulder,  over  the 
chiton,  runs  a  waved  band,  adornwl  with  fine 
holes  ;  Wtween  the  turns  of  this  band  are  i-o.settes 
(an  imitation  of  lace.'  or  should  we  find  here  a 
trace  of  the  metal  ornaments  found  by  Sclilie- 
mann.  which  were  intendetl  to  be  sewn  to  the 
cf.  p.  11 ).  The  pins  are  of  the  "clover-leaf"  type,  with  double  bosses  in  the  centre, 
and  single  bosses  on  the  leaves.  At  the  back  are  traces  of  curls,  and  two  notched  bands  are 
stretched  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  over  the  chiton.  Genei-al  traces  of  white  on  neck  and  neck- 
laces, botly  brown.     Height,  8  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 

91.  (Plate  XLIV.  5.)  Similar  elaborate  torso.  The  chiton  is  a  separate  layer  of  clay.  Two 
twisted  necklaces.  Over  the  chiton  in  front  is  stretched  a  waved  stripe,  decorated  with  incuse 
disks  (such  as  are  found  in  ceramic  ware )  followed  by  a  line  of  jH-'udants,  with  similar  incuse 
disks,  bosses  at  top  and  notches  at  bottom  (cf.  p.  11 ).  The  pin  is  similar  to  that  of  No.  90,  but 
laro-er.  Behind,  there  are  traces  of  curls  and  a  line  of  i)endants  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  Traces 
of  brown  paint  on  chiton.     Height,  8  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

92.  One  hundred  and  eighty  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  77-91.  Tlie  plastic  decora- 
tion  is  throughout  very  elaborate ;  the  painted  decoration  consists  sometimes  of  red  and  black  lines 
on  a  white  ground.  Sometimes  this  treatment  is  applied  only  to  the  up|>er  part  of  the  bo<ly,  and 
the  lower  part  is  given  a  solid  brown  color,  applied  directly  to  the  clay. 

9a  (Platk  XLV.  11.)  Head  and  shoulder  of  advanced  Argive  type.  The  headdress  is  broken 
away.  The  hair  was  a  row  of  curls  over  the  forehead,  topi»ed  by  a  notched  niass.  with  the  usual 
simple  mass  at  the  back,  now  broken  away.  The  figure  has  two  close-fitting  necklaces  with  three 
pendants,  followed  by  three  larger  ones  (one  of  them  twisted ),  decorated  at  the  shoulder  with  a 
pin  of  the  round  boss  type.  The  fold  of  the  chiton  is  represented  by  two  narrow  bands  ;  it  was 
held  by  a  large  fibula  of  the  usual  elaborate  kind,  of  which  only  the  upper  part  remains.  White 
slip,  red  on  ornaments.     Height,  12  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

94.  (Plate  XLV.  13.)  Similar  head  and  shoulder,  color  well  preserved.  Close-fitting  necklace 
with  iiendant,  followed  by  three  others  (simple  band  between  two  twisted  bands)  and  double  wavetl 
band.  The  pin  is  jUaced  altogether  too  high,  so  that  it  can  only  be  intended  for  ornament,  — 
possibly  as  a  jiendant  to  the  necklace.  Disk  eamngs  with  jjendants.  Hair,  two  mas-ses  alwve 
forehead,  with  horizontal  grooves,  large  mass  at  back,  notched  at  sides  of  neck.  The  headdress 
consists  of  a  calathus,  bound  by  a  wide  taenia.  The  ground  color  is  white :  black  is  found  on 
hair  (except  at  sides  of  neck),  above  the  eyebrows,  and  inside  of  eyes;  in  radiating  lines  on  ear- 
rings, in  dots  on  pin  and  waved  band :  red  appears  in  radiating  lines  on  earrings,  in  dots  on  pin 
and  waved  band,  and  in  two  wide  streaks  above  and  below  close-fitting  necklace.  All  the  colore 
are  carelessly  applied,  ami  seem  to  be  meant  simply  to  enliven  the  figure,  without  much  regard  to 
its  anatomy.     Height,  12  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

95.  (Plate  XLV.  2.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  type,  with  double  stejihane.  The  hair  consists 
of  four  loops  over  forehead,  single  long  curl  at  each  side.  Ground  color,  white  ;  traces  of  red  on 
hair.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Gray  clay. 


I 


11 


ADVANCED   ARGIVE 


27 


96.  (Plate  XLV.  4.)  Similar  head,  with  stephane  and  boss.  Hair,  two  notched  strands  over 
forehead,  topi>ed  by  two  masses  with  horizontal  grooves ;  single  strand  over  shoulder.  Simple 
disk  earrings.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

97.  (Plate  XLV.  8.)  Similar  head  ;  has  stephane  with  double  boss,  bound  by  a  taenia.  Hair, 
two  notched  strands  over  forehead,  and  mass  at  back.  Double  boss  earrings.  Traces  of  two 
necklaces.     Ground  color,  white  ;  stephane,  red  ;  hair,  brown.     Height,  6  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

96.  (Plate  XLV^.  9.)  lleatl  of  advanced  Argive  type,  in  high  calathus  with  three  bosses  and 
double  taenia.  Hair,  two  masses  over  forehead,  wedge-shaped  mass  at  back.  One  earring  is  pre- 
served —  a  simple  disk.  Traces  of  one  plastic  necklace,  with  jiendant  and  boss,  and  of  two  painted 
necklaces,  retl.  Gi-ound  color,  white  ;  hair,  black ;  red  8trii)es  on  calathus,  necklace,  and  neck. 
Height,  9  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

99.  (Plate  XLV.  5.)  Similar  head.  The  calathus  has  three  bosses  and  is  bound  by  double 
taenia.  Hair,  two  notched  strands,  topped  by  two  masses  over  foreliead,  laige  mass  at  back. 
Plain  disk  earrings.     White  slip ;  taenia,  red  ;  hair,  black.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

100.  (  Plate  XLV.  7.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  tyjie  with  high  calathus,  fronted  by  two 
plumes  (cf.  p.  13)  with  a  disk  at  the  base.  Hair,  notched  mass  over  forehead,  topped  by  wide 
strand-s,  which  extend  to  shoulders.  Earrings,  large  disks.  A  wide  band  repiesents  the  fold  of  the 
chiton.  White  coat ;  traces  of  red  on  brows,  earrings,  side  hair,  and  fold.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Dark 
yellow  clay. 

101.  (Plate  XLV.  10.)  Similar  head,  plumes  broken  away.  Double  taenia.  Hair,  two  notched 
masses  over  forehead,  topi)ed  by  large  curls,  mass  at  back.  Plain  round  earrings.  Traces  of 
necklace.     White  slip ;  hair,  black  ;  red  on  taenia.     Height,  9.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

102.  (Plate  XLV.  1.)  Similar  head,  calathus  small,  plumes  large.  Double  taenia.  Hair, 
two  huge  curls  over  forehead,  mass  at  back.  Rosette  earrings.  General  traces  of  white.  Height, 
7.5  cm.     Claj',  gray. 

103.  (Plate  XLV.  6.)  Similar  head.  The  plumes  are  here  connected  behind  the  calathus, 
and  the  one  that  is  preserved  is  adorned  with  a  di.sk.  Double  taenia.  Round  earrings.  Hair, 
large  curl  over  each  temple,  mass  at  back.  Traces  of  necklace  with  pendants.  Slight  traces  of 
white.     Height,  11  cm.     Clay,  dark  yellow,  shading  to  red. 

104.  (Plate  XLV.  12.)  Similar  head,  with  large  rosette  between  plumes,  which  hei*e,  also,  are 
connected  behind  calathus.  Double  taenia.  Rosette  earrings.  Hair,  mass  over  forehead  and  at 
back,  topjK'd  by  two  large  curls.  Slight  ti*aces  of  necklace  with  pendant.  White  slip  ;  hair  black ; 
red  on  necklace.     Height,  9  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

105.  (Plate  XLV.  3.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  tyi>e.  The  features  are  very  sharp  and  dis- 
tinctly archaic,  —  indeed,  it  may  be  a  question  whether  this  head  ought  not  to  be  placed  in  the 
"  Archaic  '*  class.  The  eyes  are  wide  and  staring,  mouth  accentuated,  in  that  the  region  separating 
the  mouth  from  the  cheeks  and  the  chin  is  here  defined  by  a  round  hollowing,  which  at  tlie  same 
time  gives    hardness.     Hair,  tight  curls  over  forehead,  treated  in  a  conventional  manner,  like 

inverted  wave  pattern,  spirals  at  back,  now  broken.  Simple  band  about  hair,  traces 
of  another  ornament  ( jM^rhaps  calathus)  on  crown  of  head.  Simple  earrings.  Traces 
of  white  on  face :  hair,  black.     Height,  4  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

106.  Two  hundred  archaic  heads,  similar  to  Nos.  93-105,  always  showing  the 
same  tendency  to  elaborate  headdresses. 

Here,  too,  we  have  placed  (see  p.  7)  — 

107.  (^Fig.  41.)  Body  of  standing  female  figure,  broken  at  neck.  The  body  is 
a  perfect  cylinder :  in  fact,  it  seems  to  have  been  made  on  the  wheel.  The  hair  was 
a  simple  mass  at  back,  red.  The  ornamentation  consists  of  a  broad  stripe  at  waist^ 
and  four  series  of  three  fine  red  lines  below  waist  —  very  similar  to  Argive-Linear 
work  (see  p.  3)  in  vases.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

Fig.  41.  (Jf.  for  round  body,  Heuzey,  Fiy.  Ant.  pi.  ix.  No.  3  (from  Cyprus). 


26 


TERRA  rOTTA    FIOrRTXES 


ADVANCED   ARCTVE 


27 


I,  1-  I'lu.      J.ne  eiiiire  ngure  iuum  iiu*c-  men  im.^?    -^^  v....  .......      ..>. .j. 

(Fij;.  40.)    Similar  large  fragment,  with  three   necklaces  and  wide  fold,  topi>e(l   by  two 

narrow  bantls  with  round  i>endants.     Traces  of 


.^^* 
^^#i 


Fui.  4«. 


(plain  necklice  between  two  twisted  ones ),  double  waved  band  and  wide  fold.  On  the  back  are 
traces  of  hair  treated  as  a  mass,  an.l  of  back  of  chair,  (ieneral  traces  of  white,  with  red  on  f.dd. 
Height,  1'2  cm.     The  entire  figure  must  have  been  fully  40  cm.  tall.     Red  clay. 

j>en( 
white,  fold  red.     Height,  10  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

90.  (  Pi.ATK  XLIV.  4. )  Torso  of  seated  figure 
with  very  elab«)rate  adornment.  About  the  neck 
runs  a  simple  necklace  decorated  with  a  line  of 
holes,  followeil  by  a  twisted  chain  with  large  yteu- 
dants.  which  are  decorated  alternately  with  griMives 
and  rows  of  holes.  The  i-hiton  is  a  distinct  layer 
of  clav.  From  shouhler  to  shoulder,  over  the 
chiton,  runs  a  waved  baml,  adorned  with  fine 
holes  :  between  the  turns  of  this  band  are  rosettes 
(an  imitation  of  lace  .'  or  should  we  fiiul  here  a 
trace  of  the  metal  ornaments  f«»un«l  by  Schlie- 
maun.  which  were  intended  to  Ik'  sewn  to  the 
garment?  of.  p.  11 ).  The  pins  are  of  the  "  elover-leaf  "  t\\H:.  with  double  l>o»»f8  in  the  centre, 
and  single  bosses  on  the  leaves.  At  the  back  are  traces  of  curls,  and  two  notched  bands  are 
stretched  from  shoulder  to  shoidder  over  the  chiton.  Cieneral  traces  of  white  on  neck  and  ne«-k- 
laces,  body  brown.     Height,  8  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 

91.  (Plate  XLIV.  "). )  Similar  claiwratc  torso.  The  chiton  is  a  separate  layer  of  clay.  Two 
twisted  necklaces.  Over  the  chiton  in  front  is  stretched  a  waved  strip*-.  «lecorated  with  iiu-use 
disks  (such  as  are  found  in  ceramic  ware)  followed  by  a  line  of  pendants,  with  similar  incuse 
disks,  bosses  at  top  and  notches  at  bottom  (cf.  p.  1 1 ).  The  pin  is  similar  to  that  of  Xo.  90,  but 
larger.  Behind,  there  are  traces  of  curls  and  a  line  of  i»endants  from  shouhler  to  shoulder.  Traces 
of  brown  paint  on  chiton.     Height,  8  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

92.  One  hundred  and  eighty  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Xos.  77-91.  The  jdastic  decora- 
tion is  throughout  very  elal)orate :  the  painted  decoration  consists  sometimes  of  reil  and  black  lines 
on  a  white  ground.  Sometimes  this  treatment  is  applied  only  to  the  upjK-r  part  of  the  Innly,  and 
the  litwer  part  is  given  a  solid  brown  color,  applied  directly  to  the  clay. 

93.  (Platk  XLV.  11. )  Head  and  shoulder  of  advanced  Argive  tyi>e.  The  headdress  is  broken 
away.  The  hair  was  a  row  of  curls  over  the  forehead,  topi)e<l  by  a  notcheil  mass,  with  the  usual 
simple  mass  at  the  back,  now  broken  away.  The  figure  has  two  elose-titting  necklaces  with  three 
iHMidants,  followed  by  three  larger  ones  (one  of  them  twisted ),  «lecorated  at  the  shoulder  with  a 
pin  of  the  round  boss  tyiH\  tIic  fold  of  the  chiton  is  represented  by  two  narrow  bands  :  it  was 
held  by  a  large  fibula  of  the  usual  elaborate  kind,  of  which  only  the  upper  part  remains.  White 
slip,  red  on  ornaments.     Height,  12  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

94.  (Pi.A  rK  XLV.  13. )  Similar  head  and  shoulder,  color  well  preserved.  Close-fitting  necklace 
with  iH'udant.  followed  by  three  others  (simple  band  between  two  twisted  bands)  and  «louble  wavetl 
bantl.  The  pin  is  i»laced  altog»ther  too  high,  so  that  it  can  only  be  intended  for  ornament,  — 
possibly  as  a  pendant  to  the  necklace.  Disk  earrings  with  jK-ndants.  Hair,  two  masses  al»ove 
forehead,  with  horizontal  grooves,  large  mass  at  back,  n«)tched  at  sides  of  neck.  The  hea«ldi-e8s 
consists  of  a  calathus,  boiuul  by  a  wide  taenia.  The  ground  color  is  white  :  black  is  found  on 
hair  (except  at  sides  of  neck  ),  above  the  eyebrows,  and  inside  of  eyes;  in  radiating  lines  on  ear- 
rings, in  dots  on  pin  and  waved  band  :  red  apiK^ars  in  radiating  lines  on  earrings,  in  dots  on  pin 
and  waved  band,  and  in  two  wide  streaks  ab«n'e  and  below  close-fitting  necklace.  All  the  cohus 
are  carelessly  apjdied.  and  seem  to  be  meant  simi)ly  to  enliven  the  figure,  without  nuich  regard  to 
its  anatomy.     Height.  12  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

95.  (  Platk  XLV.  2.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  tyiw,  with  double  stephane.  The  hair  consists 
of  four  loops  over  forehead,  single  long  curl  at  each  side.  Ground  color,  white  :  traces  of  re«l  on 
hair.     Height,  o.o  cm.     Gray  clay. 


96.  (  Platk  XLV.  4. )  J^imilar  head,  with  stephane  and  boss.  Hair,  two  notched  strands  over 
forehead,  topped  by  two  masses  with  horizontal  grooves  ;  single  strand  over  shoulder.  Simple 
disk  earrings.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

97.  (Platk  XLV.  8. )  Similar  head  ;  has  stephane  with  double  boss,  bound  by  a  taenia.  Hair, 
two  notched  strands  over  forehead,  and  mass  at  back.  Double  boss  earrings.  Traces  of  two 
necklaces,     (hound  color,  white  :  stephane,  ivd ;  hair,  brown.     Height,  6  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

98.  (Platk  XLV.  9.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  tyiK',  in  high  calathus  with  three  bosses  and 
double  tienia.  Hair,  two  masses  over  forehead,  wedge-shaped  mass  at  back.  One  earring  is  jne- 
8erve<l  —  a  simple  disk.  Traces  of  one  plastic  neckhice,  with  pendant  and  boss,  and  of  two  painted 
necklaces,  red.  (J round  color,  white;  hair,  black;  red  strijH^s  on  calathu.s,  necklace,  and  neck. 
Height,  9  cm.     Yi'llow  clay. 

99.  (  Platk  XLV.  5.)  Similar  head.  The  calathus  has  three  bosses  and  is  liound  by  double 
taenia.  Hair,  two  notched  strands,  topped  by  two  masses  over  forehead,  large  mass  at  back. 
Plain  disk  earrings.      White  slip :  taenia,  red  :  hair,  black.     Height.  7  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

100.  (  Platk  XLV.  7.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  tyi)e  with  high  calathus.  fronted  by  two 
plumes  (cf.  p.  13)  with  a  di>k  at  the  base.  Hair,  notched  mass  over  forehead,  tojjped  by  wide 
strands,  which  extend  to  shoulders.  Earrings,  large  disks.  A  wide  band  rei)r«'scnts  the  fold  of  the 
chiton.  White  coat ;  traces  of  red  on  brows,  earrings,  side  hair,  and  fold.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Dark 
yellow  clay. 

lOL  (Platk  XLV.  10.  >  Similar  head,  pliunes  broken  away.  Double  taenia.  Hair,  two  notched 
masses  over  forehead,  topped  by  large  curls,  mass  at  back.  I'lain  round  earrings.  Traces  of 
necklace.     White  slip;  hair,  black  ;  red  on  taenia.     Height,  9.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

102.  (Platk  XLV.  1.)  Similar  head,  calathus  small,  plumes  large.  Double  taenia.  Hair, 
two  hirge  curls  over  foivhead,  mass  at  back.  Rosette  earrings,  (ieneral  traces  of  white.  Height, 
7.5  (-m.     Clay.  gray. 

103.  (Platk  XLV.  C. )  Similar  head.  The  ]>lumes  are  here  connected  behind  the  calathus, 
and  the  one  that  is  ju-eserved  is  adorned  with  a  disk.  Double  taenia.  Round  earrings.  Hair, 
large  curl  over  each  temple,  mass  at  back.  Traces  of  necklace  with  pendants.  Slight  traces  of 
white.     Heiylit.  11  cm.     Clav,  dark  yt'llow,  shadiu"  to  i-ed. 

104.  (Platk  XLV.  12.)  Similar  head,  with  large  rosette  between  ]>lumes,  which  here,  also,  are 
connected  behind  calathus.  Double  taenia.  Rosette  earrings.  Hair,  nuiss  over  forehead  and  at 
back,  topped  by  two  large  curls.  Slight  traces  of  necklace  with  pendant.  White  slij) :  hair  black  ; 
reil  on  ne<klace.     Height,  9  cm.     Dark  vellow  clav. 

105.  (  Platk  XLV.  3.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  type.  The  features  are  very  sharp  and  dis- 
tin<'tly  arehaic.  —  indeed,  it  may  be  a  question  whether  this  head  ought  not  to  be  placed  in  the 
"  Archaic  "  class.  The  eyes  are  wide  and  staring,  mouth  accentuated,  in  that  the  region  separating 
the  mouth  from  the  cheeks  and  the  chin  is  here  defined  by  a  round  hollowing,  which  at  the  same 
time   gives    hardness.     Hair,  tight  curls  over  forehead,  treated  in  a  conventional  maiuier.  like 

inverted  wave  pattern,  spirals  at  back,  now  broken.  Simple  ban<l  about  hair,  traces 
of  another  ornament  (  perhaps  calathus)  on  crown  of  head.  Simple  earrings.  Traces 
of  white  on  face  :  hair,  black.     Height,  4  cm.     Clay,  j'cl low. 

106.  Two  hundred  archaic  heads,  similar  to  Nos.  93-105,  always  showing  the 
same  tendency  to  elaboratt>  headdi*esses. 

Here,  too,  we  have  placed  (seep.  7)  — 

107.  (  Fig.  41. )  li<Mly  of  standing  female  figure,  broken  at  neck.  The  body  is 
a  ]>erfect  cylind«'r :  in  fact,  it  seems  to  have  been  made  on  the  wheel.  The  hair  was 
a  simple  mass  at  back,  red.  The  ornamentation  consists  of  a  broad  strijie  at  waist^ 
and  four  .series  of  three  fine  red  lines  below  waist  —  very  similar  to  Argive-Linear 
work  (.see  p.  3)  in  vases.     Height.  8.5  cm.     Reddish  yeHow  clay. 

Cf.  for  round  body,  lleuzey,  /Vy.  Anf.  pi.  ix.  Xo.  3  (from  Cyprus). 


Fig.  41. 


I(  ' 


r  I 


28 


TEKKA-COTTA   FIGURINES 


h  i 


Fig.  42. 


VI.     FIGURES   UNDER   ORIENTAL  INFLUENCE. 

lOa  iFig.  42.)  Plaque  with  heraldic  lions,  broken  at  right  lower  corner.  The  position  of  the 
lions  is  very  schematic ;  eacli  rests  one  fore  paw  on  a  ixjilestal,  antl  raises  the 
other  horizontally,  so  that  the  two  raisetl  legs  meet  for  their  whole  length. 
The  tail  is  curved  over  the  l»ack.  The  heads  turn  and  look  backward.  The 
surface  is  treated  rather  supei-ficially,  and  the  muscles  are  but  little  develoi>ed. 
No  trace  of  color.  Height,  10  cm.  Clay,  ml,  in  many  jilaccs  burned  black. 
The  Lion  gate  at  Mycenae  is  strikingly  similar  to  this  plaque,  as  well  as 
some  Mycenaean  gems  (^for  instance,  the  one  published  by  Tsountas,  'E<^.  'Apx- 
1888,  p.  175,  2  :  i)l.  x.  2).  Between  the  two  lions  of  our  plaque  probably 
st«M)d  a  iKidestal  or  altar  (the  upper  edge  can  still  be  made  out)  similar 
to  those  of  the  gate  and  the  gem.  The  phuiue  would  seem  to  Wlong  to  the 
end  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization.  On  the  whole  subject  of  herahlic  animals, 
see  Cuvtius,  '  Uber  "NVai)i)engebrauch  u.  WapiHJUstil  im  gr.  Alterthum,'  in  his 
Gesununvhe  AUanifhmf/cn,  II.  pp.  77-115,  pi.  i.  (cf.  with  our  plaque 
esjMicially  Nos.  8  and  11). 
109.    (Fig.  43.)    Upper  ])art  of  winged  female  figure,  broken  at  waist.     The  face  is  badly  worn, 

but  plainly  archaic.  Three  notihed  strands  of  hair  fall  to  each  shoulder. 
The  head  is  surmounted  by  a  stcphanc.  Arms  akimbo,  —  the  hands  held 
sickle-shaped  objects,  badly  worn.  Hair,  red ;  red  bands  on  stephane, 
body,  and  wings.     Height.  7  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

This  figure  is  very  similar  to  the  Delos  statue  (/?.  C.  II.  III.  [1879], 
pp.  393-399,  pis.  vi.  and  vii.).  and,  like  it,  was  undoubtetlly  a  running 
figure  with  one  knee  touching  the  ground.  In  terra-cotta,  we  have 
similar  figures  in  Martha,  Cat.disFhj.  ifu  Mus.  iT Athene s.  No.  9,  and 
in  Dumont  ct  Chaplain,  Lex  Cenimlques  ih-  hi  (,'rere  Prnpre,  II.  p.  229, 
No.  4G.  These  arc  both  explained  as  gorgims,  and  that  is  the  interi>i-eta- 
tion  we  ai-e  inclined  to  give  to  oiir  figure.  On  the  subject  of  running 
figures,  cf.  Curtius, '  Die  knieenden  Figuren  d.  altgr.  Kunst,'  in  Geitam- 
elte  Abh,nii1l„,Hien,  II.  pp.  116  ff.  pi.  ii.,  and  Gerhardt,  '  UVwr  die  Fliigelgestalten  der  altcn 
Kunst,'  in  his  GexammeJte  Alnd.  AUnntiJliinfjen,  I.  pp.  157  fF.  i»ls.  ix.-xii. 

110.    ( Fig.  44.)    Fragment   of   a   siuiilar  figure,  running  to  right,  badly  broken.     All  that 

ai)i)ears  is  the  body,  w  ith  arms  akindMi,  a  small  part  of  right  wing,  right 
leg  to  knee,  and  left  leg  to  midille  of  thigh.     But  the  figiire  is  plainly 
an  archaic  running  figure.     Traces  of  white ;   some   red   on   chiton. 
Height,  5.5  cm.    Reddish  yellow  clay. 
Cf.  No.  109. 

111.    (Fig.  45.)    Squatting  male  figure,  tyi)e  of  the  Egyptian  Be», 
broken  at  knees.     The  figure  is  that  of  a  dwarf  with 
hands   placed  on  the  alMlomen,  which  is  abnormally 
develoi^ed.     Hair,  a   mass    with   horizontal   griH)ve8. 
No  trace  of  color.     Height,  G  cm.     Red  clay. 
The  wide  distribution  of  this  class  of  figures  may  be  seen  from  Orsi's  note  on 
the  find  at  Megara  Hyblaea,  A/on.   Ant.  I.  p.  838,  note  1.     Cf.  the  figure  there 
given,  pi.   vi.  4.      The  development  of   this   type   is  traced    by  Ileuzey,  *Sur 
quelques    rei)rcsentations   du   dieu   grotestpie   ap]H?le    Bes   par   lea    Kgyptiens, 
Comptex  lienthix  de  VAciidemle  des  Inscription!*  et  lielles-Lettres,  1879,  ]>.  140. 
lliz.   Six  replicas  of  No.  111.  all  more  or  less  broken.     Same  clay,  some  traces 
of  white  coat. 

1113    Similar  figure  of  smaller  size,  feet  broken  away.     No  trace  of  color. 
Height,  5  em.     Dark  yellow  clay. 


Fio.  43. 


in 


Fig.  44. 


Fig.  45. 


EARLY   ARCHAIC 


29 


114.  (PhATK  XLVIII.  IG.)  Fragment  of  large  sphinx,  broken  at  middle  of  botly.  The  figure 
is  very  rude,  consisting  of  no  more  than  a  head  and  neck  ( in  full  face),  set  upon  a  winged  body 
(whether  of  a  lion  or  of  some  other  animal  it  is  impossible  to  determine).  The  technique  is  most 
interesting,  for  all  the  surfaces  of  the  face  are  i)lane  surfaces,  and  appear  to  have  been  made  with 
a  knife  or  some  similar  tool ;  this  is  true,  too,  of  the  wing.  Moreover,  there  are  no  traces  of  paint 
on  the  head  or  on  the  wing,  whereas  they  are  plentiful  on  the  other  parts  of  the  figure.  It 
ajuiears,  then,  that  the  figure  was  finished  and  painted,  and  at  some  later  time  the  surfaces  which 
show  the  knife  marks  were  formed  by  cutting  away  the  original  contours.  The  paint,  which 
a])|)ears  on  legs  and  body,  is  red.     Height,  11  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

An  interesting  head  for  comparison  is  published  by  Tsountas.  'K<^.  'Xpx-  1892,  p.  13,  jd.  iv.  4 
and  4":  cf.  also  the  poros  heatls  from  the  Acroixdis  (^ller.  Arch.  XVII.  [1891],  pp.  304  fi".  pi.  x.), 
which,  some  have  held,  were  made  by  a  workman  during  the  noonday  rest,  exactly  as  our  figure 
may  have  been  reuKKleled. 

115.  (Fig.  4G. )    Small  sphinx,  head  missing.     The  head  was  apparently  feminine,  for  two 
^^^  locks  of  hair  appear  in  front  of  each  shoulder.    No  traces  of  color.    Height, 

^i^^^^j^^^  4.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 

i^^^^^^^^^H  116.    Fragment  of  similar  sphinx,  only   front   ' 

K/I^^^^^f^^k  l^n*  body,  and  beginning  of  wing  preserved. 
JV^^^^^F  ^^1  Traces  of  white.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Clay,  brown. 
^       ^^I^^^^L  ^^^-    C^'o*  ^^0    Small  figure  on  a  horse,  gal- 

'  JB^^      loping  to  left  —  plaque,  stam^M^d  on  both  sides. 
Fig.  4«.  Rude  modeling,  but  with  some  attempt  at  repre- 

senting muscles  of  horse  by  means  of  grooves. 
Surface,  green  enamel.     Height,  G.5  cm.     Light,  sandy  material. 

This  figure  is  stamped  as  Egyptian  by  its  enamel.  Moreover,  Professor 
Petrie,  in  his  \atdratis  (p.  14),  s})eaks  of  "figures  of  light,  friable, 
sandy  ware  "  —  a  description  which  applies  exactly  to  our  plaque ;  and 
Professor  Ernest  Gardner  informs  us  that  some  of  these  figures  were  exactly  similar  to  oui's.  There 
can  be  no  doubt,  then,  that  we  have  here  an  ini[)orted  article,  as  is  also  the  case  with  a  small 
fragment  of  similar  material  and  glaze  —  the  lower  portion  of  a  squatting  figure,  very  much  like 
the  tyjMj  of  the  Egyptian  Bes,  Nos.  111-113. 


Fig.  47. 


VII.     EARLY   ARCHAIC. 


lia   (Fig.  48.) 


Fig.  48. 


GROUP  A:   HAND-MADE   FIGURES. 

Standing  male  figure,  both  legs,  left  arm,  and  right  forearm  missing.  The 
figure  presents  many  analogies  to  primitive  Argive  figures  —  the  eyes 
are  round  lumps,  the  nose  is  almost  a  beak,  and  the  hair  consists  of  four 
strands  falling  to  the  shouhlers  behind  and  a  wavy  curl  on  top  of  the 
head.  Yet  the  mouth  and  chin  are  })lainly  indicated,  and  there  is  some 
attempt  at  nuwleling  in  the  body,  which  produces  something  the  effect 
of  the  early  Apollo  figures.  The  botly  is  covered  with  a  thick  white 
slip,  with  applied  red  on  hair,  red  lines  at  breast  and  waist,  and  red 
hatchings  on  legs  (meant  to  represent  pattern  on  chiton  ?).  Height, 
11  cm.     Clav,  red. 

119.  Fragment  of  seated  male  figure,  broken  at  hips.  The  upjier 
part  is  a  mere  wedge,  to  which  was  attached  a  face  in  front,  and  a  mass 
of  hair  behind.  The  alSola  are  roughly  represented,  but  far  too  high. 
Slight  traces  of  dark  brown  on  left  arm,  back  of  head  and  lower  abdo- 
men.    Height,  9  cm.     Clay,  straw. 

120.  (Fig.  49.)  Standing  female  figure,  rudely  motleled  by  hand, 
but  showing  an  attenq)t  to  distinguish  the  features  of  the  face.     The 


'i 


k 


Kit:.  4--'. 


28  TKUIJA  C'OTTA    FKaitlXKS 

VI.     FIGURES   INDKU   ORIENTAL   INFLUENCE. 

lOa  iViii;.  42.)  riatjiie  with  luralilii'  lions,  l.iokfii  at  right  l«)\vc'r  conwr.  The  position  of  the 
lions  is  viiv  sfheniatii* :  cat'li  ivsts  oue  foiv  paw  on  a  jKHlestal,  and  raises  the 
other  horizontally,  so  that  the  two  raisetl  le«;s  meet  for  their  \vlH>le  length. 
The  tail  is  eurveil  over  the  haek.  The  hea«ls  turn  and  h»ok  haekward.  The 
surfaee  i-s  treated  rather  supi-rtieially,  and  the  museles  are  hut  little  developetl. 
No  trate  of  eolor.  Height,  10  em.  Clay,  red,  in  many  plaees  hnrnetl  hlaek. 
The  Lion  gate  at  Myeenae  is  strikingly  similar  to  this  jdatpie.  as  well  as 
s<mie  Myeenaean  gems  (^tor  instanee,  the  one  published  by  Tsountas.  'K<^.  '.\i>\. 
1888,  p.  IT.').  2:  pi.  X.  2).  lj«tween  the  two  lions  of  our  plaque  probably 
sto«.d  a  pe.lestal  or  altar  (the  upiK-r  edge  can  still  Ik-  made  <»ut)  similar 
to  those  of  the  gate  and  the  gem.  The  phupie  would  seem  to  belong  to  the 
end  of  the  Myeenaean  eivilization.  On  the  wlnde  subjeet  of  luraldie  animals, 
see  Curtius,  '  Uber  Wappengebraiieh  n.  Wai)penstil  im  gr.  Alterthiim.'  in  his 
(irxiim unite  AUn(,iifi>i,nfin,  II.  pp.  77-115,  pi.  i.  (ef.  with  our  phiipie 
especially  Xos.  8  and  11). 

109.    (Kig.  -io.)    Upper  part  of  winged  female  figure,  broken  at  waist.     The  faee  is  badly  worn, 

but  plaiidy  arehaie.      Three  notehed  strands  of  hair  fall  to  each  shoulder. 

<'*^^^  The  head  is  sinni<»unted  by  a  stephane.     Arms  akimbo.  —  the  hands  held 

^^^^^1^     siekle-shaiK-d  objeets,  badly  worn.     Hair,  red ;  red  bands  on  ste[»hane, 
^^^^^^^    body,  and  wings.     Height.  7  em.     Yell<»w  elay. 
'fl^^^H        This  figure  is  very  similar  t.»  the  Delos  statue  (/»'.  f.  If.  III.  [1879], 
^^I^^^P    pp.  30o-:{l>0,  pis.  vi.  and  vii. ).  and,  like  it,  was  undoid)tedly  a  running 
'4^**:  \^^^^     tiijure   with    one   knee   touehing  the   groinid.      Lj   terra-cotta,  we   have 
<^  ^Wy^       similar  figures  in  Martha,  (nL  «frs  Fiij.  (hi  J/its.  (fA/Inins,  No.  9,  and 
,       -a^BjIr  •"  I>«miont  et  Chaplain,  Lrs  (  Vr<nii'n^ni:'<  th  hi  f,'nrr  Pi'uprv,  IL  p.  229. 

•   -^^^  >;,».  4iJ.     These  are  both  exjdaine*!  as  gorgons.  and  that  is  the  interpreta- 

tion we  are  inclined  to  give  to  our  figure.  On  the  subject  of  running 
figures,  cf.  Curtius,  '  Die  knieendeu  Figuren  d.  altgr.  Ktmst,'  in  (I'vsom- 
u.iltr  AUnniilhiiHiii,.  II.  pp.  IIG  ff.  pi.  ii.,  and  Gerhardt.  'Uber  die  Fliigelgestalten  der  alten 
Kunst.*  in  lii>  (icstiiininlti-  Ahnh  Ahhnnilhinijen,  I.  pp.  157  IT.  jds.  ix.-xii. 

110.    (Fig.  44. )     Fragment   of   a   similar  figure,   running  to  right,  badly  broken.     All   that 

apiK'ars  is  the  IxMly.  w  itli  arms  akimbo,  a  small  part  of  right  w  iiig.  right 
h'g  to  knee,  and  left  leg  to  middle  of  thigh.     Rut  the  figure  is  plaiidy 
an  archaic   running  figure.     Traces  of  white  :   some   red   on    chiton. 
Height.  5.5  cm.     Uedili.di  yellow  clay, 
if.  No.  109. 

111.    (  Fig.  45.)    S«piatting  male  figure,  typ-  of  the  Flgyptlan  Bes, 
broken  at  knees.     The  figure  is  that  of  a  dwarf  with 
hands   placed  on  the  alMhunen.  which  is  abnormally 
deveh»ped.      Hair,   a    mass    with    hori/.«)ntal    grooves. 
No  trace  of  color.     Height.  0  em.      Ked  clay. 
The  wide  distriltution  of  this  class  of  figures  may  be  seen  from  Orsi's  note  «m 
the  find  at  Megara   Hyblaea.  Mnit.   A  lit.  I.  p.  838,  note  1.     Cf.  the  figure  tln-rt; 
given,  pi.   vi.  4.       The   devehtpnunt  of    this    type   is  traced    by  Ileuzey,  'Sur 
(piehpies    representations    du    dieu    grotesipie    appele    lii's    ])ar    Ics    Egyptiens, 
Cotiiptc  Jiemhi.t  (Je  V AiniWinh'  ih-K  J/tscrijttioiis  et  /irlfes-Littirs.  1879,  ]).  140. 

112.  Six  reidicas  nf  No.  111.  all  more  or  less  broken.     Same  elay,  s«»me  traces 
of  white  coat. 

113.  Similar   figure  of  smaller   size,   feet  broken   away.     No   trace   of  eolor. 
Height,  5  em.     l)ark  yellow  clay. 


EAKLY    ARCITATC 


29 


I 


hu..  V.\. 


Vic.  44. 


Km.  4.-,. 


114.  (PhATK  XLVIII.  1«;.)  Fragment  of  large  .sphinx,  broken  at  middle  of  body.  The  figure 
Is  very  rude,  consisting  t>f  no  more  than  a  head  and  neck  (  in  full  face),  set  upon  a  winged  body 
(whether  of  a  liou  or  of  some  other  animal  it  is  impossible  to  determine).  The  technicpie  is  most 
interesting,  for  all  the  surfaces  of  the  face  are  jdane  surfaces,  and  appear  to  have  been  made  with 
a  knife  or  scmie  similar  tool  :  this  is  true,  tm),  of  the  wing.  Moreover,  there  are  no  traces  of  paint 
on  the  head  or  on  the  wing,  whereas  tluy  ar«'  plentiful  on  the  other  parts  of  the  figure.  It 
appears,  then,  that  the  figure  was  finished  and  painted,  and  at  some  later  time  the  surfaces  which 
show  the  knife  marks  were  formed  by  cutting  away  the  original  c<»ntours.  The  paint,  which 
appears  on  legs  and  body,  is  r»'d.      Height.  11  cm,     YcHow  elay. 

An  interesting  hea<l  for  comparison  is  i)ublished  by  Tsountas.  'i:</>.  Wpx  1892.  p.  1.3.  pi.  iv.  4 
and  4":  cf.  also  the  poros  heads  from  the  AcrojM>lis  (  /.Vr.  Arr/i.  XVII.  [1891],  pp.  304  f^".  pi.  x. ), 
which,  some  hav«'  hehl,  weiHi  made  by  a  workman  during  the  noonday  rest,  exactly  as  our  figure 
may  have  Ijeeii  remoileled. 

115.  (  Fig.  4«». )    ."^mall  sphinx,   head  missing.     The  head  was  api)arently   feminine,  for  two 

locks  of  hair  a}»i)ear  in  front  of  each  shotdder.    Xo  traces  of  color.    Height, 
4.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yell()W. 

A^^'^^I^^Hj^H  116.    Fragm«-nt  of  similar  sphinx,   only    front 

jl^J^^^^H^^H  leg.    body,   and    i>eginning     of     wing     preserved. 

Traces  of  white.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Clay,  brown. 
117.  (  Fig.  47. )  Small  figure  on  a  horse,  g-.il- 
loping  to  left  —  plaque,  stamiwd  on  lM)th  sides. 
lliide  modeling,  l)ut  with  some  att<'mpt  at  repre- 
senting muscles  of  horse  by  means  of  gro«)ves. 
Surface,  green  enamel.     Height.  0.5  cm.     Light,  sandy  material. 

This  figure  is  stamped  as  Egyptian  by  its  enamel.  More<)ver,  Professor 
Retrie,  in  his  Xuidnitls  (\},  1-1),  speaks  of  *' figures  of  light,  friable, 
sandy  ware"  —  a  descripti«»n  which  applies  exactly  to  our  phupie;  ami 
Professor  Ernest  Gardner  informs  us  that  some  of  these  figures  were  exactly  similar  to  ours.  There 
can  Im'  no  doubt,  then,  that  we  have  here  .an  imported  article,  as  is  also  the  case  with  a  small 
fragnu-nt  of  similar  material  and  glaze  —  the  lower  i>ortioii  of  a  squatting  figure,  very  much  like 
the  type  of  the  Egyptian  Ites,  Xos.  111-113. 

VII.     EARLY   ARCHAIC. 


Fi(i.  h;. 


lia  (Fig.  48.) 


Km.  48. 


GROUP  A:   liAXD-MAUK    FIGURES. 

Standing  male  figure,  l^oth  legs,  left  arm,  and  right  forearm  missing.  The 
figure  presents  many  analogies  to  primitive  Argive  figures  —  the  eyes 
are  round  lumps,  the  nose  is  almost  a  Ijcak.  and  the  hair  consists  of  four 
strands  falliu"  to  the  shoulders  behind  and  a  wavy  curl  on  toi)  of  the 
hea«l.  Yet  the  mouth  and  chin  are  plaiidy  indicated,  and  there  is  some 
attempt  at  modeling  in  the  body,  which  produces  something  the  efl'ect 
of  the  early  Apollo  figures.  The  body  is  covered  with  a  thick  white 
sii}»,  with  ai>i)lied  red  on  hair,  red  lines  at  breast  and  waist,  and  red 
hatchings  on  legs  (meant  to  represent  pattern  on  chiton?).  Height, 
11  «-m.     Clay,  red. 

119.  P'ragment  of  seated  male  figure,  broken  at  hii)S.  The  upjier 
part  is  a  mere  wedg«'.  to  which  was  attached  a  face  in  front,  and  a  mass 
of  hair  behind.  The  ui6<t7a  are  roughly  represented,  but  far  too  high. 
Slight  traces  of  dark  brown  on  left  arm,  back  of  head  and  lower  abdo- 
men.    Height.  9  cm.     Clay,  straw. 

120.  (  Fig.  49.)  Standing  female  figure,  rudely  modeled  by  hand, 
but  showing  an  attempt  to  distinguish  the  features  of  the  face.     The 


f 


r 


30 


TERRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 


Fig.  49. 


Fig.  50. 


nose,  now  broken,  was  aistinguishetl  from  the  chin  :  the  eyes  are  incised  eii-cles :  the  liair  is  a 

series  of  notched  strands  falling  to  shoulders.  The  arms  ai-e  raised 
to  the  breasts,  and  three  grooves  at  the  end  of  each  mark  the  fingers. 
General  traces  of  white.     Height,  8  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

121.  Standing  female  figure  with  remarkably  long  neck,  broken  at 
waist,  arms  missing.  Face  very  rude,  nose  very  much  like  a  beak, 
but  distingui.shed  from  chin,  mouth  not  indicated.  The  breasts  are 
rudely  applied  lumps.  Eyes,  two  incised  circles.  Hair  consisted  of 
notched  mass  at  top  and  strands  down  the  back  (now  broken  off). 
White  color  is  preserved  in  circles  of  eyes.  Height,  10.5  cm.  Clay, 
reddish  yellow. 

yx^  (Fig.  50.)  Standing  female  figure  with  nose  and  month  care- 
fully distinguished.  Eyes,  however,  arc  lumps  —  a  i-eminiscence  of 
the  earlier  types.  Hair,  nine  notchetl  strands,  spreading  over  shoul- 
ders. A  sliirht  groove  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  marks  the  fold  <»f 
the  chiton.     The  forearms  (now  broken  off)  wei-e  extended  forward. 

Three  grooves  extend  from  waist  to  bottom  of  chiton  on  each  side,  doubtless  to  represent  folds. 

The  ground  color  is  black,  covered  with  yellow  dots,  even  on  the  parts  of  the  neck  above  fold  of 

chiton  :  between  the  giooves,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  figure,  are  hatchings  of  light  yellow.    Height, 

11.5  cm.     Clay,  grayish  yellow. 

123.  (Fig.  51.)    Rudely  made  figure  with  round  body ;  head,  right  arm,  and  left  forearm  niiss- 
inir.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Red  clav. 

This  figure  stands  in  the  same  relation  to  the  two  preceding  figures  that  the 
statue  of  Cheramyes  (cf.  Collignon.  Ilht.  ih-  la  Sculpture  Grecque,  I.  j).  103, 
fig.  73)  does  to  the  Nicandra  statue  {ibid.  p.  120,  fig.  59).  It  is  an  attempt  to 
vary  the  monotony  of  the  stjuare,  l)oard-shaped  body  by  another  form,  which, 
however,  is  eipially  sununary  and  untiue  to  nature. 

124.  (Fig.  52.)  Kude  round  figure  of  a  pregnant  woman,  head,  arms,  and 
feet  broken  away.  The  feet  were  attached  to  two  stunips 
inserted  in  the  lower  part  of  the  figure.  The  edge  of  the 
chiton  below  the  neck  is  carefidly  indicated  by  a  deep  cutting. 
White  slip.     Height,  0.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Representations  of  pregnant  women  are  not  uncommon  in 
all  perio<ls  of  Greek  terra-cottas :  cf.  Schliemann,  lUrUht  iihr,-  die  Aiix(jra- 
buHffen  in  Truia  hu  Jahre  1S90,  pi.  i.  3 ;  Diirpfeld,  Tm'uu  ]'S03,  p.  101  : 
Schiine,  6>.  Jieliefx,  p.  67,  No.  142,  pi.  xxxvi.  (  =  Hull.  1808,  p.  54,  No.  20 ) : 
Stephani,  Compte  Hemhi,  1865,  pp.  193,  194,  pi.  vi.  6  ;  Ant.  dn  Bo,Hj,hore 
Chnmerien,  II.  \h  91,  pi.  Ixix.  7.  But  all  these  figures  are  plainly  intended  ft>r 
caricatures,  whereas  our  figure,  as  a  temple  gift,  can  hardly  be  anything  but  a 
thank  offering  for  a  successful  childbirth.  It  is  appropriately  dedicated  to  Hera 
as  ElKdOvia.  (Cf.  Hesych,  s.  v.  E;A«<^wa«-  'Hpa  ti  'Apya.  and  on  the  whole  sub- 
ject.  Roscher.  Le.i'lcon  der  Mytholoffie,  V.  pp.  2087  ff. 

125.  Forty-four  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  118-122,  mostly  bodies  of  the  mm't  t\\ye, 
roughly  made  by  hand.  A  few  show  traces  of  applied  plastic  ornamentation.  The  painted  orna- 
mentation is  simple  ;  it  consists  princii)ally  of  lines  and  dots,  usually  in  red  and  black,  although 
there  are  a  few  cases  of  applied  white  (to  mark  the  girdle),  and  one  figure  has  two  purple  bands 
falling  from  the  girdle  in  front.  The  only  i)attern  is  found  on  the  right  side  of  one  figure,  where 
we  may  supj)ose  the  fold  of  the  Doric  chiton  to  be :  — 


Fig.  51. 


Fig.  o'l. 


w 


/ 


^"Hc^^ 


EARLY   ARCHAIC 


31 


Fig.  53. 


126.  (Fig.  53.)  Torso  of  female  figure  of  coarse  clay,  round-bodied  type.  On  the  right  shoul- 
der is  an  elaborate  fibula  of  the  "  clover-leaf  "  tyi>e,  and  the  left  shoulder 
shows  traces  of  a  similar  fibula.  At  the  back  are  traces  of  strands  of 
hair,  and  also  of  an  applied  band  which  was  stretched  from  shoulder  to 
shoulder.  The  ground  color  is  red,  covered  by  a  black  coat,  with 
applied  yellow  lines  at  waist  and  neck,  and  yellow  dots  on  fibula. 
Height,  6  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

127.  Similar  torso,  forearms  (which  were  extended)  broken  off. 
Traces  of  four  strands  of  hair  at  back,  and  of  one  strand  in  front  of 
each  shoulder.  Fold  of  chiton  represented  plastically  and  decorated 
with  "laufender  Hund"  pattern  in  light  brown.  The  entire  body  is  covered  with  a  light  brown 
coat,  to  which  is  applied  dark  brown  on  bust  and  arms.  Dark  brown  stripe  at  waist.  Height, 
6.5  em.     Yellow  clay. 

128.  Third  torso  of  similar  style,  arms  broken.  Fold  of  chiton  moulded  in  the  clay,  both  at 
front  and  back.  Traces  of  long  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  behind.  Hair  was  six  notched 
strands.  Fi-agment  of  large  fibula  on  left  shoulder.  Ground  color  red,  changing  to  black  (appar- 
ently from  burning).  Applied  white  on  neck  and  fibula ;  white  line  at  waist.  Height,  5  cm. 
Dark  yellow  clay. 

129.  Fragment  of  heavy,  seated  figure  of  coarse  clay  (similar  to  the  clay  of  Nos.  126-128), 
broken  at  neck  and  below  knees.  The  woman  leans  forward  and  rests  her  elbows  on  her  knees. 
The  forearms  are  broken  off.  Color,  black,  with  red  lines  at  upper  edge  of  chiton  and  at  waist. 
Traces  of  large  fibula  at  left  shoulder.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Here,  too,  we  nmy  j)lace,  as  a  transitional  type  — 

130.  (Platk  XLVII.  3.)  Bust  and  head  of  rudely  made  figure  of  arehaic  style,  with  a  mod- 
eletl  hea<l.  This  figure  presents  striking  analogies  to  the  advanced  Argive  figures ;  it  has  a  low 
stephane,  six  large  curls,  large  earrings,  and  a  close-fitting  necklace.  Yet  it  is  a  real  archaic 
figure :  the  body  was  of  the  same  tyjMi  as  Nos.  126-129.  Paint  applied  dii-ectly :  pui)ils  of  eyes, 
hair,  and  body,  black  :  brows,  brown.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

131  Fragments  of  four  replicas  of  No.  130,  with  varying  amounts  of  plastic  ornament.  Three 
have  necklaces,  the  fourtii  is  broken  close  to  the  neck.  One  has  marks  of  a  long  necklace  from 
shoulder  to  shoulder  at  the  back.  Two  have  ai)plied  earrings,  while  of  the  others,  one  has  the  ear- 
rings represented  by  circles  sunk  in  the  clay,  the  other  has  none  at  all.  The  hair  consists  in 
three  cases  of  curls :  in  the  other  it  is  a  mass.  All  show  marks  of  having  had  a  stephane.  The 
system  of  color  is  the  same  in  all  —  body,  solid  color,  in  one  case  black,  shading  to  red  ;  in  the 
others,  black :  necklace,  a  r«>w  of  dots ;  pupils  of  eyes,  brows,  and  hair,  same  color  as  the  body  — 
in  one  ease  red,  in  the  others,  black.  One  figure  has  a  black  dot  in  the  centre  of  each  earring. 
Height,  3.5  cm.  to  6.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow,  except  one  figure,  which  is  of  gray  clay. 


GROUP  B:   MOULD-MADE  FIGURES. 


132.    (Fig.  .54.)  Fragment  of  standing  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 

_^       ^:^^^  waist,  arms  missing.     The  motleling  is  careless.     The  fig- 

«i^UH^^BH^k  ure  is  interesting  only  because  it  has  at  the  shoulders  round 

j^H^^^^P  pins  similar  to  those  of  the  early  and  advanced  Argive 

^fl^^^^^^  styles  (cf.  p.  8).    General  traces  of  white.     Height,  4  cm. 

iJS^^^^^  133.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  without  pins.  The  lower 

Fig  <>i  body  is  no  more  than  a  squared  lumj)  of  clay  ;  the  arms 

are  stumps.     Fold  of  chiton  represented  by  a  slight  groove. 
Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

134.    (Fig.  55.)    Moulded  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  above  knees. 
She  wears  a  sleeveless  chiton — the  upper  edge  plainly  marked  by  a  depres- 


Fig.  55. 


ii 


;5U 


THKHA-COTTA    FKil'RINES 


EARLY    ARCHAIC 


31 


Fir..  4i>. 


Fig.  rA). 


nose,  now  broken,  was  aistinguislua  from  the  chin  :  tlie  eyes  are  iiuisea  eireles  :  tlie  hair  is  a 

series  of  n«»teheil  strands  falling;  to  sliouKlers.  The  arms  art*  raiseil 
to  the  breasts,  and  three  grooves  at  the  eiul  of  each  mark  tlie  fingers. 
(uMieral  traces  of  wliite.     Height.  8  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

121.  Staiuling  female  Hgme  with  ninarkably  long  neck,  br«>ken  at 
waist,  arms  missing.  Face  very  rude,  nose  very  nuudi  like  a  U'ak, 
but  distinguished  from  chin,  mouth  not  in«licate«l.  The  breasts  are 
nuhly  applied  lumps.  Eyes,  two  incised  circles.  Hair  consisted  of 
uotiheil  mass  at  top  and  strands  down  the  back  (now  br<>ken  off). 
White  color  is  preserved  in  cii-cles  of  eyes.      Height.  lO.o  cm.     Clay, 

reddish  yellow. 

-[fXi  (  Fig.  50. )  Standing  female  figure  with  nose  and  mouth  care- 
fully distinguished.  Eyes,  however,  arc  lumps  —  a  reminiscence  of 
the  earlier  tyiHJS.  Hair,  nine  notched  strands,  spreading  over  shoul- 
ders. A  siiirht  groove  fntm  shoidder  to  shoulder  marks  the  f<»ld  i»f 
the  chiton.  The  forearms  (now  broken  off)  were  extended  forward. 
Three  "•itK)ves  extend  froni  waist  to  l)ottom  of  chiton  on  each  side,  doubtless  to  represent  folds. 
The  ground  color  is  blaek,  covered  with  ycUow  dots,  even  on  the  parts  of  the  neck  above  fold  of 
chiton  :  between  the  grooves,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  figure,  are  hatchings  of  light  yellow.  Height, 
ll.."»em.     Clay,  grayish  yellow. 

123.  (  Fig.  51. )     Rudely  made  figure  with  round  Ixnly  ;  head,  right  arm,  and  left  ftuearm  miss- 
ing.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

This  figure  stands  in  the  same  relation  to  the  two  preceding  figures  that  the 
statue  of  Cheramyes  (cf.  Collignon.  J/lxf.  <fr  la  Svulptmv  ffirvt/m,  \.  ]».  1«»:}, 
fig.  73)  does  to  the  N'ieandra  statue  ( Ihhf.  p.  120,  fig.  50).  It  is  an  attemj.t  to 
varv  the  monotony  of  the  s«piave.  board-shajjcd  body  by  another  form,  which, 
however,  is  eipndly  sunnnary  and  untrue  to  nature. 

124.  (  Fig.  52. )  liude  round  figure  of  a  pregnant  woman,  head,  arms,  and 
feet  broken  away.  The  feet  were  attached  to  two  stumjjs 
inserted  in  the  lowei-  part  of  the  figure.  The  edge  of  the 
chiton  btdow  the  neck  is  carefully  indicated  by  a  deep  cutting. 
White  slip.     Height,  0.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Re}>resentations  of  pregnant  women  are  not  micommon  in 
all  periods  of  (ireek  terra-cottas :  ef.  Schlieniann.  linUht  liUf  <fir  Aiisijni- 
hmif/rn  in  Trola  on  Jahrv  JS!fO.  pi.  i.  o ;  Di'.rpfeld.  Trotu.  Is'.t.l,  p.  lOl  : 
Schi.ne,  r/r.  JMirfs.  p.  G7,  No.  142,  pi.  xxxvi.  (  =  />'»///.  18«;8,  p.  54,  No.  20 ) : 
Ste])hani.  Compte  liemhi,  1865.  i>p.  193,  194,  \\.  vi.  fi  :  Ant.  (hi  liosji/^on- 
Chninh-ien,  II.  p.  91,  jd.  Ixix.  7.  But  all  these  figures  arc  plainly  intended  for 
caricatures,  whereas  onr  figure,  as  a  temi)le  gift,  can  hardly  be  anything  but  a 
thank  offering  for  a  successful  chihlbirth.  It  is  appropriat«'ly  dedicated  t«»  Hera 
as  UXiibvuu  ( Cf.  Hesych,  k.  r.  K.'Aci^ti'as-  'H^w  «  'A/iyc.  and  ..n  the  wlu»le  sub- 
jeet.  Roseher.  Lixirnn  ihi'  J/i/thofoffic,  \-  pj).  2087  ft". 

125.  Forty-four  fragments  f>f  figures  similar  to  Nos.  118-122,  mostly  IkmHcs  of  the  miiV«  type, 
roughly  made  by  hand.  A  few  slu»w  traces  of  applied  plastic  ornamentation.  The  painted  orna- 
mentation is  simple  ;  it  consists  principally  of  lines  and  dots,  usually  in  retl  and  black,  although 
there  are  a  few  cases  of  apjdied  white  (to  mark  the  girdle ),  and  one  figure  has  two  purple  bands 
fallinjr  from  the  ffirdle  in  front.  The  onlv  pattern  is  fimnd  on  the  right  side  of  one  figure,  where 
we  may  supi)ose  the  fold  of  the  Doric  chiton  to  be:  — 


Fig.  r,l. 


Fi. 


133^^ 


Fiu.  .>3. 


126.  (Fig.  53.)  Torso  of  female  figure  of  coarse  clay,  round-bodied  type.  On  the  right  shoul- 
der is  an  elaborate  fibula  of  tlu'  "  clover-leaf  "  type,  and  the  left  shoulder 
shows  traces  of  a  similar  fibula.  At  the  back  are  traces  of  strands  of 
Jiair,  and  also  of  an  ajiplied  band  which  was  stretched  from  shoulder  to 
shoulder.  The  grovnul  color  is  red,  covered  by  a  black  coat,  with 
applied  yellow  lines  at  waist  and  neck,  and  yellow  dots  on  fibula. 
Height,  0  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

127.  Similar  torso,  forearms  (which  were  extended)  broken  off. 
Traces  of  four  strands  of  hair  at  back,  and  of  one  strand  in  front  of 
each  shoulder.  Fold  of  chiton  represented  plastically  and  decorated 
with  "laufendcr  Hund"  patt«rn  in  light  brown.  The  entire  botly  is  covered  with  a  light  brown 
coat,  to  which  is  applied  dark  brown  on  bust  an<l  arms.  Dark  brown  stripe  at  waist.  Height, 
5.0  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

128.  Third  torso  of  similar  style,  arms  broken.  Fold  of  chiton  moiddcd  in  the  clay,  both  at 
front  and  baek.  Traces  of  long  necklace  from  sliouhler  t«»  shoulder  behind.  Hair  was  six  notched 
strands.  Fragment  of  large  fibula  on  left  shoulder.  Ground  color  red,  changing  to  black  (appar- 
ently from  burning).  .\pplied  white  tm  neck  and  fibula:  white  line  at  waist.  Height,  5  cm. 
Dark  yellow  clay. 

129.  Fragment  of  heavy,  seated  figure  of  coarse  clay  (similar  to  the  clay  of  Nos.  120-128), 
broken  at  neck  and  below  knees.  The  woman  leans  forward  and  rests  her  elbows  on  her  knees. 
The  forearms  ai-e  broken  oft".  Color,  black,  with  red  lines  at  ui)per  edge  of  chiton  and  at  waist. 
Traces  of  large  fibula  at  left  shouMer.      Height.  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Here,  too.  we  may  jdace,  as  a  transitional  type  — 

130.  (I'l.ATK  XLVII.  3.)  Bust  and  head  of  rudely  made  figiue  of  archaic  style,  with  a  mod- 
eled head.  This  figure  presents  striking  analogies  to  the  advanced  Argive  figures;  it  has  a  low 
stephane,  six  large  curls,  large  earrings,  ami  a  close-fitting  necklace.  Yet  it  is  a  real  archaic 
figure :  the  biMly  was  of  the  same  type  as  Nos.  120-129.  Paint  ai)[)Hed  directly :  pupils  of  ejcs, 
hair,  and  body,  black:  brows,  brown.     Height,  6.5  <Mn.     Yellow  clay. 

131.  Fr:ignH»nts  of  four  replicas  of  No.  130.  with  varying  amounts  of  plastic  ornament.  Thi-ee 
have  neekhu'cs.  the  fourth  is  broken  close  to  the  neck.  One  has  marks  of  a  long  necklace  from 
shouldi'r  to  shoulder  at  the  back.  Two  have  ai)])lied  earrings,  while  of  the  others,  one  has  the  ear- 
rings represented  by  circles  suidc  in  the  clay,  the  other  has  none  at  all.  The  hair  consists  in 
thive  cases  of  curls:  in  the  other  it  is  a  mass.  All  show  marks  of  having  had  a  stephane.  The 
system  of  cohn*  is  the  same  in  all  —  IkhU',  soliil  color,  in  one  case  black,  shading  to  red  ;  in  the 
others.  bla«*k  :  necklace,  a  row  of  d»»ts :  pu})ils  of  eyes,  brows,  and  hair,  same  color  as  the  bod\'  — 
in  one  cast?  re<I.  in  the  others,  black.  One  figure  has  a  black  dot  in  the  centre  of  each  earring. 
Height,  3.5  cm.  to  6.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow,  except  one  figure,  which  is  of  gray  clay. 

(JUOn*   II:    MOULD-MADK   FKiURKS. 


132.  (  Fig.  .')4. )  Fragment  of  standing  feniale  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
waist,  arms  missing.  The  mmleling  is  careless.  The  fig- 
ure is  interestinjr  onlv  because  it  has  at  the  shouhlers  round 
pins  similar  to  tho.se  of  the  early  and  advanced  Argive 
styles  (cf.  p.  8).  (ieneral  traces  of  white.  Height,  4  cm. 
Clay.  red. 

133.   Fragment  of  similar  figure,  withotit  pins.  The  lower 
bodv  is  no  more  than  a  s(piare«l  lumj)  of  clay  ;  the  arms 
are  stumps.     Fold  of  chiton  represented  by  a  slight  groove. 
Tnices  of  white.     Height.  7.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

134.     (  Fig.  55.)     Moulded  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  above  knees. 
She  wears  a  sleeveless  chiton — the  upper  edge  jdainly  marked  by  a  depres- 


FiG.  'A. 


32 


TERRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 


EARLY   ARCHAIC 


33 


/ 


Fig.  rAi. 


Fig.  57. 


sion  —  and  necklace  with  pendant.     At  each  side  of  neck,  one  or  two  curls  of  a  long  lo<'k  of  hair. 

The  arms  fall  close  to  the  sides.  The  i-elief  is  very  flat,  but  there  is  an 
attempt  to  represent  the  breasts.  No  trace  of  color.  Height, 
7.5  cm.     Clay,  dark  red. 

135.  (Fig.  56.)  Badly  worn  figui-e  of  sinnlar  make,  no  orna- 
mentation. At  height  of  shoulders,  two  supjwrts  were  fixe<l  to 
the  back  to  hold  the  figure  upright  (ef.  the  Argive  seated  fig- 
ures).    Traces  of  white.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

136.  Three  fragments  of  similar  fignres,  all  showing  ivmains 
of  supiwrts  at  level  of  shoulders.  They  all  show  traces  of  white 
coat.     Heights,  4.5  cn>.  to  8  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

137.  (Fig.  57.)  Lower  part  of  large  moulded  figtire,  in  very 
high  relief  (broken  at  waist).  The  chiton  hangs  in  a  long 
straight  fold  between  the  legs  (cf.  Mn»een  iTAtheiteH,  pi.  v.). 
Arms  are  pressed  close  to  sides.  Color,  bright  red  : 
arms,  pink.     Height,  10  cm.    Reddish  yellow  clay. 

138.  (Fig.  58. )  Similar  fragment  in  lower  relief,  with  line  ornamentation  in  pur- 
ple ( simple  vertical  lines,  joined  by  horizontal  and  criss-cross  lines ;  at  sides,  rude 
horizontal  lines  only).     Height,  6  cm.     Cby,  reddish  yellow. 

139.  Frao-meuts  of  three  similar  figures  in  low  relief,  arms  always  at  sides.  In  two 
cases,  the  toes  are  motleled  rather  carefidly. 

140.  (Fig.  59.)  Mouhled  figure,  broken  at  neck.    Hands  still  at  sides. 
From  the  waist  down,  the  figure  is  a  mere  case,  in  which  all  the  forms 
disappear,  but  there  is  an  attempt  at  representing  the  feet.     Above  the       y\g.  .■». 
waist,  the  modeling  is  summary,  but  fairly  .iccurate.     The  breasts  are 
clearly  brought  out,  as  are  also  the  lower  edge  of  the  chiton  and  the  indentation  of 
the  girdle  (cf.  Mu»ees  irAtheues,  pi.  x.).      The  figure  stands  on  a 
narrow  plinth,  which  was  included  in  the  mould.     \Vhite  slip,  with  i-ed 
bands  avoiuul  lower  part  of  chiton.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  gray. 

141.  Exact  replica  of  No.  140,  similarly  broken,  decorated  with  re<l 
bands.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  gray. 

142.  Very  similar   figure,  but   not   replica.     The   projwrtions   are 
Fig.  o9.       slightly  smaller  than  those  of  No.  140  and  No.  141  :  the  figure  may  have 

been  made  from  a  mould  which  was  itself  made  from  No.  140  or  No. 
141  and  shrank  in  baking.^    It  shows  only  ti-aees  of  white.    Height,  7  cm.    Red  clay. 

60.)    Fragment  of   similar   figure,  broken  at  waist.     The  hair  is  representetl  by- 
notches  and  falls  to  shoulders.     The  ear  is  too  high,  as  is  usual  in 
archaic  work.     The  edges  of  the  chiton  at  neck  and  waist  are  dis- 
tinctly marked.     Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  chiton.     Height,  4.5  cm. 
Red  clay. 

144.  ( Fig.  61.)  Fragment  from  the  same  moidd  as  No.  143, 
minus  face  and  broken  at  knees.  This  figure  .shows  not  only  the 
lower  edge  of  the  fold  of  the  chiton,  but  also  the  indentation  of  the 
girdle.  Arms  held  close  to  sides.  Slight  traces  of  retl.  Height, 
7.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

145.  Up])er  part  of  similar  figure  in  high   calathus  (broken  at 


Fio.  go. 


I  -i  ■ 


Fig.  61. 


waist).    Fold  of  chiton  and  intlentation  of  girdle  well  marked.    Color, 
white ;  traces  of  red  on  calathus.     Height,  5  cm.     Clay,  red. 

146.  Small  fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  and  l)elow 
knees.     Behind  each  hand  ( arms  still  hang  close  to  sides)  a  small  hole,  possibly  for       Fio.  Gi 
sus|)ending  the  figure.     Traces  of  white.     Height.  4.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

147.    (Fig.  62. )    Similar  figure,  showing  wide  border  all  around,  where  the  clay  ran  over  the 
'  Cf .  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mim.  dWthlnes,  p.  xxiii,  ou  the  subject  of  "  SHmioiilnges.'* 


Fig.  G4. 


Fig.  63. 


e<lges  of  the  mould.  Arms  hang  close  to  sides.  Edges  of  chiton  marked  by  grooves  at  neck  and 
waist,  also  at  sides.  The  hair  is  represented  by  grooves,  worked  after  the  figure  left  the  mould. 
Slight  traces  of  red.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

14&  (Plate  XLVI.  5.)  Figure  from  the  same  mould,  with  stephane  added.  Traces  of  white 
on  face,  of  red  on  chiton.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

149.  Fragment  from  the  same  mould  as  Nos.  147  and  148,  broken  at  neck  and  knees. 

150.  (Plate  XLVI.  14.)  Bu.stof  large  standing  figure  broken  at  waist.  High  round  stephane. 
The  hair  is  carefully  representetl  by  curls  in  low  relief  over  forehead,  and  three  long  curls  in  front 
of  each  shoulder.  The  eyes  are  remai'kably  long  and  triangular.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  left 
side.     Height,  10  cm.     Gray  clay. 

151.  (Fig.  63.)    Somewhat  similar  fragment,  broken  at  waist,  face  badly  broken.     Edges  of 

chiton  very  plainly  marked,  also  edge  of  girdle.  Hair, 
large  mass  at  back.  Ears,  remarkably  large.  No  traces 
of  color.     Height,  10  cm.     Red  clay. 

152.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  and 
neck.  General  traces  of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Red 
clay. 

i53.  (Plate  XLVI.  1.)  Rudely  modeled  figure,  with 
arms  l>ent  at  elbows,  hands  touching  shoulders.  No 
attempt  at  representing  details.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  7  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

154.    (Fig.  64.)    Fragment  of  figure  with  arms  simi- 
larly bent  (bi*oken  at  neck  and  above  knees).     Very 
careless  modeling.     Traces  of  white.     Two  red  lines  at  waist,  one  at  neck. 
Height,  7  cm.     Greenish  yellow  clay. 

155.  (Plate  XLVI.  6.)  Standing  figure  in  stephane,  with  hands  raised  to  breast.  All  the 
lines  are  remarkably  deep ;  they  seem  to  have  been  nitide  with  a  pointed  instrument.  Hair  treated 
in  notches.  Two  grooves  mark  the  lower  border  of  chiton.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  8  cm. 
Cl.iy,  ilark  red,  shading  to  black. 

lS6i  Two  fragments  of  very  similar  figures,  with  hands  raised  to  breasts  (both  breken  at  neck). 
One  has  white  slip,  with  red  horizontal  lines,  one  at  upper  e<1ge  of  chiton,  three  at  waist,  two  at 
lower  edge  of  chiton. 

157.  (Plate  XLVI.  2.)  Somewhat  more  advanced  archaic  figure,  showing  an  attempt  to 
rej)re8ent  the  folds  of  the  chiton.  The  figure  wears  the  stephane,  and  the  arms  are  represented 
as  l>ent  at  the  elbow,  although  the  forearms  are  mere  stumps.  Traces  of  white  coat.  Height, 
8.5  cm.     Retl  clay. 

158.  Fourteen  fragments  of  similar  figures,  mostly  lower  parts  with  folds  in  low  relief.  One  is 
an  exact  replica  of  No.  157. 

1S9L  Figure  very  similar  to  No.  157  —  folds  of  chiton  fairly  well  given 
(broken  at  neck).  The  arms  hang  slightly  forward,  and  are  entirely 
given  in  the  mould.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish 
yellow. 

160.  Fragment  of  left  side  of  archaic  figure  —  forearm  and  hand 
grasping  edge  of  chiton  preserved  —  with  fairly  careful  reproduction  of 
folds.  This  figure  is  not  flat  at  back,  but  hollow,  with  thin  walls,  corre- 
sponding to  the  later  technique.  No  traces  of  color.  Height,  8  cm. 
Retl  clay. 

161.  (Fig.  65. )  Lower  part  of  archaic  figure,  showing  still  greater 
develoj)ment  of  folds  of  chiton.  Here,  not  only  the  vertical  folds  which 
fall  fi-om  the  arm  are  brought  out,  but  the  folds  between  the  legs  are  also 
fairly  well  reprtnluced.  The  mtnleling  of  the.se  folds  is  softer  than  in 
most  of  the  other  figures  of  this  class,  giving  an  impression  of  greater 

Fig.  65.  freetlom.     This  may  partly  be  tlue  to  the  fact  that  this  was  perhaps  made 


(JP 


32 


TERRA-(  OTTA    FKiURlNES 


EARLY    ARCHAIC 


38 


Ki«>n 


Fuj  rA\. 


Fkj.  .*>". 


Kio.  't8. 


\m\  necklact'  with  jx'nd.int.      At  eai'li  side  of  neck,  «»iie  or  two  cmls  of  a  lonir  Icm-U  of  liair. 

Tlic   arms   fall   tl«>so   to  the  sides.     The   relief   is  very  flat,  hut   there    is   an 

att»'mi»t  to  represent  tlie  hreasts.     No  traee  of  color.     llei<jht, 

^^         ^^^^^^^     T.5  en».     Clay,  dark  red. 

M  ^^^       ^^^^^B         •^^-    (^'.^-  ''^^-^    Hadly  worn  figure  of  similar  make,  no  orna- 

^Lk        ^H        ^^^^H|     mentation.     At  height  of  shoulders,  two  sup))orts  were  fixed  to 

^■i         9^         ^^^K"         *^'"'  ^*'^^''^  *'•  '"*''^  *'"'  ^n'""*'  >»l»'»gl>t  (ef.  tlie  Argive  seated  fig- 

vl         ^^V  ^^^^T  urcs).     Traces  of  white.     Height,  8. A  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

I        ^V  ^^^V    ^  136.    Three  fragments  of  similar  figures,  all  showing  remains 

^■^  ^^^*  of  siii)i)orts  at  level  of  shoulders.     They  all  show  traces  of  white 

(•(Kit.     Heights.  4.0  em.  to  8  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

137.  (Fig.  57.)  Lower  ]>art  of  large  moulded  figure,  in  very 
high  relief  (broken  at  waist).  The  chiton  hangs  in  a  long 
straight  fold  hetween  the  legs  (cf.  Miixevs  <rAf/t}iiis.  ]»1.  v.). 
Arms  are  pressed  close  to  sides.  Color,  bright  red  : 
arms.  pink.     Height,  10  cm.     Reddish  y«'llow  clay. 

138.  (  Fi".  58. )  Similar  fragment  in  lower  relief,  with  line  ornamentation  in  pur- 
]>le  (  simple  vertical  lines,  joined  by  horizontal  and  criss-cross  lines :  at  sides,  rude 
horizontal  lines  only).     Height,  ii  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

139.  Frao-meiits  of  three  similar  figures  in  h>w  relief,  arms  always  at  sides.  In  two 
cases,  the  toes  are  modeled  rather  carefully. 

140.  (Fig.  5U.)  Moidded  figure,  broken  at  neck.     Hands  still  at  sides. 
From  the  waist  ilown.  the  figure  is  a  mere  case,  in  which  all  the  forms 
disappear,  but  there  is  an  attempt  at  representing  the  feet.      Above  the 
waist,  the  modeling  is  snnnnary,  l)ut  fairly  accurate.     The  brt'asts  are 
clearlv  brought  out.  as  are  also  the  lower  vi\y;ti  of  the  chiton  and  the  indentation  of 
the  girdle   (ef.   Mitsi'rs  f/M^//r//r.«.  jd.  X.).      The   figure  stands  on  a 
narrow  plinth,  which  was  included  in  the  mould.     White  slip,  with  red 
bands  around  lower  ])art  of  chiton.     Height.  7  cm.     Clay.  gray. 

141.  Exact  replica  of  No.  140.  similarly  broken,  decorated  with  red 
bands.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  gray. 

142.  Very  similar  figure,  but  not  repli«'a.  The  ])roportions  are 
slightly  smaller  than  those  of  No.  140  and  No.  141  :  the  figur*-  may  have 
been  made  from  a  mould  which  was  itself  made  from  No.  140  or  No. 

141  and  shrank  in  baking.^    It  shows  only  traces  of  white.    Height,  7  cm.    Red  clay. 

143.    (Fig.  00.)    Fragment  of   similar    figure,  broken  at  waist.     The  hair  is  rcjiresented  by 
notches  and  falls  to  shoulders.     The  ear  is  too  high,  as  is  usual  in 
archaic  work.     The  edges  of  the  chiton  at  neck  and  waist  are  dis- 
tinctly marked.     Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  chiton.     Height.  4.5  cm. 
Red  clay. 

144.  (  Fig.  61.)  Fragment  from  the  same  mould  as  No.  143. 
minus  face  and   broken  at  knees.     This   figure  shows   not  only  the 

^^^^^  h)wer  edge  of  the  fold  of  the  chiton,  but  also  the  indentation  <»f  the 
tl  ^^^B  girdle.  Arms  held  close  to  sides.  Slight  traces  of  re<l.  Height, 
1     ^^^H  Red  clay. 

145.  I'pjier  part  of  similar  figure  in  high  ealathus  (broken  at 
waist).  Fold  of  chiton  and  indentation  of  girdle  well  marked.  (\»lor, 
white:  traces  of  red  on  ealathus.     Height,  5  cm.     Clay,  red. 

146.  Small  fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  an«l  below 
knees.     TJehind  each  hand  ( arms  still  hang  <dose  to  si«les )  a  small  hole,  jxissibly  for 
snsiM'ndiu"-  the  figure.     Traces  o{  white.      Height.  4.5  cm.      Retl  clav. 

147.    (  Fig.  Ct'2. )    Similar  figure,  showing  wide  border  all  arouml,  where  the  clay  ran  over  the 
'  Cf.  M.'vrtlia,  Cat.  </m  Fiy.  tlu  Mun.  </M?/iiiiM,  p.  xxiii,  oii  th«  subjett  «.f  "  suriiioiilage*.'* 


Flc.  (K). 


Fig.  r.l . 


Fi(..  c'.J. 


Fig.  «U. 


Fig.  G3. 


edges  of  the  mould.  Arms  hang  close  to  sides.  Edges  of  chiton  marked  by  grooves  at  neck  and 
waist,  also  at  sides.  The  hair  is  represented  by  grooves,  worked  after  the  figure  left  the  mould. 
Slight  traces  of  red.     Height,  8.5  em.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

148.  (  Platk  XLVI.  5.)  Figure  from  the  same  mould,  with  stephane  added.  Traces  of  white 
on  face,  of  red  on  chiton.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

149.  Fragment  from  the  same  mould  as  Nos.  147  and  148,  broken  at  neck  and  knees. 

150.  (Platk  XLVI.  14.)  Jiustof  large  standing  figure  broken  at  waist.  High  round  stephane. 
The  hair  is  carefully  represented  by  curls  in  low  relief  over  forehead,  and  three  long  curls  in  front 
of  each  shoulder.  The  eyes  are  remarkably  long  and  triangular.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  left 
side.     Height,  10  em.     Gray  clay. 

151.  (Fig.  03.)     Somewhat  similar  fragment,  broken  at  waist,  face  badly  broken.     Edges  of 

chiton  very  [)lainly  marked,  also  edge  of  girdle.  Hair, 
large  mass  at  back.  Ears,  remarkably  large.  No  traces 
of  color.     Height,  10  cm.     Retl  clay. 

152.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  and 
neck,  (ieneral  traces  of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Red 
clay. 

153.  (Platk  XLVI.  1.)  Rudely  modeled  figure,  with 
arms  bent  at  elbows,  hands  touching  shoulders.  No 
attempt  at  representing  details.  Ti'aces  of  white. 
Heijjht.  7  cm.     Yellow  clav. 

154.  (Fig.  04.)  Fragment  of  figure  with  arms  simi- 
larly bent  (broken  at  neck  and  above  knees).  Very 
careless  modeling.     Traces  of  white.     Two  red  lines  at  waist,  one  at  neck. 

Height.  7  em.     Greenish  yellow  clay. 

155.  (  Pi-.\TK  XLVI.  0.)  Standing  figure  in  .stephane.  with  hands  raised  to  breast.  All  the 
lines  are  remarkably  deep;  they  seem  to  have  been  made  with  a  pointed  instrument.  Hair  treated 
in  notches.  Two  grooves  mark  the  lower  border  of  chiton.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  8  cm. 
Clay,  dark  red,  shading  to  black. 

156.  Two  fragments  of  very  similar  figures,  with  hands  raised  to  breasts  (both  broken  at  neck). 
One  has  white  slip,  with  red  horizontal  lines,  one  at  upper  edge  of  chiton,  three  at  waist,  two  at 
lower  edge  of  chiton. 

157.  (  Plate  XLVI.  2. )  Somewhat  more  advanced  archaic  figure,  showing  an  attempt  to 
represent  the  folds  of  the  chiton.  The  figure  wears  the  stephane,  and  the  anus  are  represented 
as  bent  at  the  elbow,  although  the  forearms  are  mere  stumps.  Traces  of  white  coat.  Height, 
8.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

158.  Fourteen  fragments  of  similar  figures,  mostly  lower  parts  with  folds  in  low  relief.  One  is 
an  exact  replica  of  No.  157. 

159  Figure  very  similar  to  No.  157  —  folds  of  chiton  fairly  well  given 
(broken  at  neck).  The  arms  hang  slightly  forward,  and  are  entirely 
given  in   the  mould.     Traces  of   white.     Height,  G  em.     Clay,  reddish 

^^^I^^H  160.    Fragment   of   left   side  of   archaic    figure  —  forearm  and  hand 

fl^^^^^l        grasping  edge  of  chiton  preserved  —  with  fairly  careful  reproduction  of 
mS^^^B        fohls.     This  figure  is  not  flat  at  back,  but  hollow,  with  thin  walls,  corre- 
™"^^"         spoiiding  to  the  later  technique.     No  traces  of  color.     Height,  8  cm. 
Red  clay. 

161.  (  Fig.  65. )  I^iwer  ])ai*t  of  archaic  figure,  showing  still  greater 
development  of  folds  of  chiton.  Here,  not  only  the  vertical  folds  which 
fall  from  the  arm  are  brought  out,  but  the  folds  between  the  legs  are  also 
fairly  well  reproduced.  The  motleling  of  these  folds  is  softer  than  in 
most  of  the  other  figures  of  this  class,  giving  an  impression  of  greater 
Fig.  05.  freedom.     This  may  partly  be  due  to  the  fact  that  this  was  perhaps  made 


II 


S4 


TEKRA-COTTA   FIOrUINES 


No  traces  of 


when  the  mould  itself  was  somewhat  worn,  and  the  lines,  therefore,  not  so  shari). 

color.     Ileisjht,  8  cm.     Li-ht  yellow  clay.  ,       ,    •  ,         i      , 

162.  Two  fragments  of  similarly  drained  figures.  One  of  them  is  painted  a  bright  re«l ;  the 
other  shows  a  very  plain  thuml)-mark  at  the  back. 

163.  ( Pi.A TE  XLVI.  3.)  Figure  of  the  "  Spes "  tyiie,  broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  Tlie 
himation  falls  from  right  shoulder  and  passes  under  right  arm.  The  chiton  was  doubtless  indi- 
eated  in  color.  Ri-ht  hand  raised  to  waist,  and  pierced  by  a  hole  for  an  attribute  (perhaps  a 
flower?).  Left  hand  holds  edge  of  himation.  The  folds  are  very  carefully  indicated.  Hin.ation, 
i-ed  —  color  applied  directly  to  clay.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Ci  Winter  'Die  Terrakotten  von  der  Akropolis,'  Arch.  Am.  1893,  i>p.  140  ff.,  esp.  figs.  5, 
11.  15;  Lechat,  '  Terres  Cuites  de  Corcyre,'  B.  C.  If.  XV.  (1891),  pp.  1-112,  esp.  p.  79,  No. 
74  pi.  viii.  2  (the  si>ecimen  there  mentioned  had  a  hole  in  the  hand,  exactly  as  No.  163  has)  ; 
Ileuzev  Flo.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  2  (from  Cvienaica) ;  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Muh.  d: Athene^,  No. 
733  (provenance  unknown,  but  probably  Greek).  The  best  short  discussion  of  the  "  Si.es  "  figures 
is  that  of  Orsi,  in  his  publication  of  the  Megam  Ilyblaea  terra-cottas  ;  see  Man.  Ant.  I.  pp.  924  if. 

164.  (Plate  XLVI.  10.)  Fragment  of  figure  similar  to  N»).  163  —broken  at  neck  and  waist. 
Same  arrangement  of  himation,  same  careful  adjustment  of  folds.  Right  hand  raised  to  waist, 
left  doubtless  grasped  edge  of  garment.    Slight  traces  of  white.    Height,  5  cm.    Light  yellow  elay. 

165.  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  above  waist  and  below  knees.  The  folds  are  hastily 
indicated.  The  left  hand  hangs  somewhat  forward  and  holds  an  aj.ple.  At  the  back  is  a  very 
plain  thumb-mark.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

166.  (Plate  XLVL  9.)  Aphroilite  of  archaic  type,  broken  at  neck  and  knees.  Folds  of  chiton 
barely  indicated.  Both  hands  are  raised,  the  right,  carrying  a  dove,  to  breast ;  the  left,  with 
flower,  below  it.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow  and  very  fine. 

167.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  only  left  hand  with  dove  and  right  hand  side  of  draiM?ry  pre- 
served.    Traces  of  white.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

16a  (Fig.  66.)  Similar  Aphrodite,  broken  at  neck  and  above  knees.  Right  hand,  raised  to 
breast,  carries  dove  :  left  gi-asps  edge  of  sleeve  of  himation.  Traces  of  white.  I  leight, 
7  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

169.  Similar  figure,  badly  broken.  Right  holds  dove,  left  raised  edge  of  hima- 
tion.  The  folds  of  the  himation  are  carefully  given.  On  the  shoulders,  traces  of 
three  locks  of  hair.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

170.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist.  Right  hand  holds 
dove.  In  front  of  shoulders,  four  notched  strands  form  the  hair.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  6  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

171.  Second  fragment,  broken  at  neck  and  just  below  breasts.     Right  holds 


Fig.  66. 


'    .1 


dove.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  2.5  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

Cf  on  all  these  figures,  Nos.  166-171,  the  marble  statue  in  Lyons  ((?«'..  At-ch.  1876,  p.  13d, 
pi  xxxi.);  also  the  terra-cottas,  Heuzey,  FUj.  Ant.\A.  xii.  5:  Orsi,  'Megara  Ilyblaea,'  Mon. 
A^it.  I.  p.  925,  pi.  vii.  11;  Michaelis,  .1/r/,.  Zeit.  1864,  p.  137,  pi.  clxxxii.  1;  Martha,  Cat.  des 
Fifj.  du  Mus.  d'Athene»,  No.  433. 

172.  (Plate  XLVI.  4.)  Figure  of  usual  archaic  type,  broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  The  figure 
wears  the  chiton,  with  a  thick  fold  between  the  legs,  and  over  it  another  garment  (xito.kio-ko«?) 
reaching  to  the  knees  (cf.  the  statue,  Musees^  d' AtJienrx,  pi.  v.).  Both  hands  are  raisetl  in  front 
of  body?  the  left  below  the  right,  and  each  holds  a  fruit.    Traces  of  white.    Height,  7.5  cm.    Clay, 

light  yellow  and  very  fine.  xr     tor 

Cf.  p.  15 ;  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  2 ;  Martha,  Cut.  des  Fig.  dn  3fu».  d'Afhenrs,  No.  16b. 

173.  Very  similar  fragment,  broken  at  neck  and  thighs.  Left  hand  holds  a  fruit :  attribute  of 
right  uncertain,  but  probably  also  a  fruit.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

"174.  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist.  Left  hand  at  bi-easts,  holds  flower. 
Traces  of  white.     Height,  4  cm.     Red  clay. 

This  type  is  very  common:  cf.  Orsi,  'Megara  Ilyblaea,'  Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  924,  pi.  vii.  4,  pi. 
viii.  3  ;  idem,  'D'  Una  Citta  Greca  a  Terravecchia  presso  Gianmichele  in  Provincia  di  Catania,' 


EARLY   ARCHAIC 


35 


ibid.  VII.  jip.  230  flf.,  pi.  iv. ;   Chirac,  Miis/'c  de  tScufpture,  pi.  dcxxxii.   J.  1449   H;   Lechat, 
'Terres  Cuites  de  Coi-cyre,'  B.  C.  II  XV.  (1891),  p.  30,  No.  7,  pi.  i.  2;  p.  33,  No.  14,  pi.  i.  3. 

175.  (Plate  XLVI.  8.)  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  at  waist.  She 
wears  the  himation  falling  from  right  .shoulder  to  left  side,  and  holds  in  front  of  her,  with  her 
right  hand,  a  wreath.     Traces  of  red  on  himation.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow  and  fine. 

Cf.  the  statue  from  the  Acro|>olis  (Collignon.  Hist,  de  la  Scidptufe  G/'ccque,  I.  p.  353,  fig. 
178),  which  holds  a  wreath  in  the  right  hand  and  a  jar  in  the  left ;  Orsi,  '  D'  Una  Citta  Greca 
a  Terravecchia  presso  Granmichele  in  Provincia  di  Catania,'  Mon.  Ant.  VII.  p.  234,  fig.  24; 
Kekule,  Ant.  Tevrakottni,  II.  p.  9,  fig.  4.  It  seems  not  unlikely  that  this  figure  has  reference  to 
the  cult  of  Hera  Antheia. 

176.  (  Plate  XLVI.  7.)  Standing  figure  in  chiton  (edge  at  neck  and  waist,  with  folds  at 
shoulder  and  below  girdle  carefully  rendered).  Broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  Right  hand  holds 
a  small  animal  (probably  a  hare)  :  left  grasps  edge  of  sleeve  of  chiton  at  breast.  At  back  are 
marks  of  a  thumb  and  two  fingers.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  11  cm.    Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  the  fragment  of  a  poros  statuette,  Salzmann,  La  Xecmpole  de  Camifoa,  pi.  ix. ;  Bernouilli, 
Ajdifttdite,  p.  38. 

177.  Fragments  of  two  replicas  of  No.  176,  showing  the  same  finger-marks  at  back.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  7.5  cm.  and  8.5  cm.  respectively.     Same  clay  as  No.  176. 

178.  Twenty  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  176  and  177,  principally  small  bits  of  drapery. 
Dark  red  clay. 

179.  (Plate  XLVI.  11.)  Similar  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck.  She  wears  chiton  with 
thick  fold  between  legs,  and  long  overgarment  like  that  of  No.  172.  Both  hands  hold  attributes  — 
right,  an  animal  (stag?),  left,  bow  (cf,  p.  15).  The  break  at  the  left  shoulder  is  interesting,  as  it 
shows  the  method  of  manufacture  by  layers  —  the  outer  layer  is  of  much  finer  clay  than  the  inner 
(filling)  layer.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  11.5  cm.     Fine,  light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xviii.  bis.  1  (from  Thespiae)  ;  Stephani,  Compte  Rendu,  1872,  p.  161, 
pi.  iii.  4  (from  Kertsch  :  the  figure  looks  as  if  it  had  come  from  the  same  mould  as  No.  179)  ; 
Lechat,  '  Terres  Cuites  de  Corcyre,'  B.  C.  II.  XV.  (1891),  p.  48,  No.  37,  pi.  iii.  2  ;  p.  51,  No.  40, 
pi.  iii.  1 :  Ii«>rlin  Museum,  6831  (Attica)  and  6262  (Thespiae)  :  Syracuse,  large  terra-cotta  room, 
case  III.  (Megara  Ilyblaea). 

180.  Four  frajrments  of  fijrures  similar  to  Nos.  166-179,  attributes  indistinguishable  on  account 
of  breakage.     Traces  of  white.     Clay,  fine,  varying  from  yellow  to  red. 

ISL  Eight  fragments  of  drapery  very  similar  to  that  of  Nos.  166-179,  but  belonging  to  hollow 
figures  with  thin  walls.  Traces  of  white  slip;  slight  traces  of  red.  Heights,  4  cm.  to  13  cm. 
Clay,  light  yellow  to  i-ed. 

lJB2.  Basis  of  large  statue  of  archaic  type,  with  fragment  of  the  figure  from  the  knees  down. 
The  feet  are  carefully  mo<leled  and  fairly  correct.  The  bottom  is  pierced  by  a  round  vent.  The 
chiton  was  red.  Height,  7  cm.  Height  of  plinth,  2  cm.  Length,  6  cm.  Width,  5  cm.  Clay, 
reddish  yellow. 

183.  Six  fi-agments  of  similar  bases,  usually  with  traces  of  feet  only.  General  traces  of  white. 
The  dimensions  vary  from  3  cm.  X  3.5  cm.  to  5.5  cm.  X  7.5  cm.     Clay,  light  red  to  yellow. 

184.  (Fig.  67.)  Very  rude  seated  figure,  broken  at  bottom.  The  figure  varies 
little  from  the  standing  type,  except  that  it  is  slightly  bent  at  the  middle  and  has 
two  supports  behind  (cf.  No.  135).  The  arms,  which  are  resting  on  the  knees,  are 
little  l)etter  than  two  stumps.  On  the  breast  is  a  pendant.  The  upper  part  forms 
a  rude  stephane.  The  figure  hardly  appeai-s  to  be  modeled  at  all,  yet  the  surface 
shows  i)lainly  that  it  was.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

185.  Similar  figure  with  supports  behind.  She  wears  stephane  and  necklace 
jT  ^^H  with  i)eiidant  (these  made  in  the  mould),  and  long  veil  falling  to  shoulders  (a 
I  J^^^        separate  piece  added  after  the  figure  was  complete).     Traces  of  white  ;  three  red 

lines  on  bottom  of  chiton.     Height,  10.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

186.  Third  fi'nire  of  the  same  sort  with  arms  bent  at  elbows,  and  hands  raised 


Fig.  07. 
to  shoulders. 


Traces  of  white.     Height,  8  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 


k 


34  TKKRA  C'OTTA    FKirKIXES 

wIkmi  the  nu.ul.l  Itself  was  soincwimt  worn,  ami  the  lines,  thiMefure,  ni.t  s..  sharp.     No  ti-aees  of 
color.      lleii,'ht,  8em.     Li-ht  yellow  elay. 

162.  Two  fragtnents  of  similarly  <lrai>ea  fi-nros.  One  of  them  .s  painted  a  bright  reil :  the 
other  shows  a  verv  plain  thnml)-mark  at  the  haek. 

163  (Pi.VTK  "XLVI.  3.)  Fignre  of  the  "Sins"  tyi>e,  broken  at  neck  ami  at  knees.  Ihe 
him  ition  falls  from  ri-ht  shouhler  ami  passes  under  right  arm.  The  chiton  was  doubtless  indi- 
eated  in  color.  Ki-ht  haiul  raised  to  waist,  and  pierced  by  a  hole  for  an  attribute  (i>erhaps  a 
flower?).  Left  haml  holds  edge  of  himation.  The  folds  are  very  can>fully  indicated.  Iliination, 
,-0,1  —  color  ai>plie.l  .lirectlv  to  clay.     I leight,  8.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

C'f  Winter  -Die  Terrakotten  von  der  Akropolis,'  Arch.  Anz.  1803,  pp.  140  ff..  esp.  figs.  5, 
11.  15:  Leehat.  •  Terres  C\iites  de  Corcyre,'  li.  C  If.  XV.  (1891),  pi».  1-112.  esp.  p.  79,  Xo. 
74  i>l.  viii.  2  (the  specimen  there  mentioned  had  a  hole  in  the  haml.  exactly  as  Xo.  1»>3  has ) ; 
llJnzev  Fui  htt  pi.  xl.  2  (from  Cvrenaica)  :  Martha,  Cat.  (ha  Foj.  ih,  Mt,s.  d' Athv„v>i.  Xo. 
733  ( proven'ance  unknown,  but  pn.bably  Greek ).  The  best  short  discMission  of  the  "  Si>es  "  figures 
is  that  of  Orsi.  in  his  publication  .»f  the  Megara  Ilyblaea  terra-cottas  ;  see  Mun.  A,<t.  I.  pp.  .»-4  tt. 

164  (  Pl  vtk  XLVI.  10. )  Fragment  of  figure  similar  to  Xo.  103  —  broken  at  neck  and  waist. 
Same  arrangement  of  himation,  same  carefur  adjustment  of  folds.  Kight  hand  raised  to  waist, 
left  doubtlels -rasped  edge  of  garment.    Slight  traces  of  white.    Height.  5  cm.    Light  yelh.w  clay. 

165  Fra.-ment  of  arci.aie  figure,  broken  above  waist  and  below  knees.  The  folds  are  hastily 
indicated.  The  left  hand  hangs  somewhat  forward  and  holds  an  apple.  At  the  back  is  a  very 
plain  thumlvmark.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  C.5  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

166  (  Pl  vtk  XLVL  9. )  Aphroilite  of  archaic  tyi>e.  broken  at  neck  and  knees.  Folds  of  chiton 
buelv  indicate.1.  lioth  hands  are  raised,  the  right,  carrying  a  d..ve,  to  breast ;  the  left,  with 
flower.  beh»w  it.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow  and  very  fine. 

167.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  .)nly  left  hand  with  dove  and  right  hand  side  of  drapery  pre- 
served.    Traces  of  white.     Height,  4.5  em.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

16a    (Fig.  60.^    Similar  Aphrodite,  broken  at  neck  and  above  knees.     Kight  hand,  raised  to 
breast,  carries  dove  :  left  grasps  edge  of  sleeve  of  himation.    Traces  of  white.   1  leight, 

7  cm.     Dark  red  clay.  . 

169.  Similar  figure,  badly  broken.  Right  holds  dove,  left  raised  edge  of  hima- 
tion. The  folds  of  the  himation  are  carefully  given.  ( )n  the  shouhlers,  traces  of 
three  Im.ks  of  hair.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

170.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist.  Kight  hand  holds 
dove.  In  front  of  sh(mlders,  four  notched  strands  form  the  hair.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  0  cm.     Reddish  yeUow  clay. 

171.  Second  fragment,  broken  at  neck  and  just  below  breasts.     Right  holds 
dove.     Traces  of  white.     Height.  2.5  cm.     Fine  yellow  clay. 

Cf  on  all  these  figures,  Xos.  100-171.  the  marble  statue  in  Lyons  iGax.  Airh.  18 «b,  p.  1J3, 
pi  xxxi.):  also  the  term-cottas,  Heuzey,  FUj.  Ant.  yX.  xii.  5:  Oi-si,  'Megara  Ilyblaea,'  Mn,,. 
Ant.  I.  p.  925.  pi.  vii.  11;  Michaelis,  A,-,],.  Znt.  \HCA,  p.  137,  pi.  clxxxii.  1:  Martha,  Cat.  ihx 
Fit/,  (hi  Mux.  (rAt/rcne.t,  Xo.  433. 

i72.  (  Platk  XLVI.  4. )  Figure  of  usual  archaic  type,  broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  1  he  tigure 
we-us  the  chit.m,  with  a  thick  fold  between  the  legs,  and  over  it  am^ther  garment  {xirmliTK,^!) 
leaehin-  to  the  knees  (cf.  the  statue.  JL,,ee..  irAtJu'nr.s  pi.  v.).  R>th  hands  are  raise.l  in  front 
of  body!  the  left  below  the  right,  and  each  holds  a  fruit.     Traces  of  white.    Height,  7.5  cm.    (  lay, 

light  vellow  and  very  fine.  x-     7q- 

Cf.p.  15:   lleuzev,  Fh/.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  2:  Martha,  Cat.  Jfs  Ftfj.  d>,  Mu.^.  (VAthvnvii,  Xo.  73o. 
173    Very  similar  fragment,  broken  at  neck  and  thighs.     Left  hand  holds  a  fruit :  attribute  of 

ri-ht  uncertain,  but  prol)ablv  also  a  fruit.     Traces  of  white.     Height.  5  cm.     Fine  yeHow  clay. 
^174.    Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  wai>t.     U-ft  haml  at  breasts,  holds  flower. 

Traces  of  white.     Height,  4  cm.     Red  clay.  ,      ••    •       i 

This  type  is  verv  common:  cf.  Or-si,  '  Megara  Ilyblaea,'  Mon.  Ant.  I.   p.  924,  ]>1.  vii.  4,  pi. 
viii.  3;  idem,  'D'  Una  Citta  Greca  a  Terravecchia  presso  Granmichele  in  Provincia  di  Catania,' 


E.\RLY    ARCHAIC 


35 


Fig.  66. 


ibid.  VII.  i»p.  230  ff.,  pi.  iv. :   Chirac.  }[„.'<('(•  de  .Sr,df,ttfn\  jd.  dcxxxii.   J.   1449   H;   Leehat, 
'Terres  CniU-s  de  Coivyre.'  Ji.  C.  //.  XV.  (1891),  p.  30.  Xo.  7,  i>l.  i.  2:  p.  33,  Xo.  14,  pi.  i.  3. 

175.  (Pl.vte  XLVI.  8.)  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  at  waist.  She 
wears  the  himation  falling  from  right  .shoulder  to  left  side,  and  hohls  in  front  of  her,  with  her 
right  hand,  a  wreath.     Traces  of  red  on  himation.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow  and  fine. 

Cf.  the  statue  from  the  Acro)K)lis  (Collignon.  I/!,'<t.  de  lit  Scid/itiin-  (it'crqiK',  I.  p.  353,  fig. 
178),  which  holds  a  wreath  in  the  right  hand  and  a  jar  in  the  left;  Orsi,  '  D'  Una  Citta  Greca 
a  Terravecchia  presso  Granmichele  in  Provincia  di  Catania."  Alon.  Avt.  VII.  p.  234,  fig.  24 ; 
Keknle,  Ant.  Trrndottrn,  II.  p.  9.  fig.  4.  It  seems  not  unlikely  that  this  figure  has  reference  to 
the  cult  of  Hera  Antheia. 

176.  (  Pl.vtk  XLVI.  7.)  Standing  figure  in  chiton  (edge  at  neck  and  waist,  with  folds  at 
shouhk'r  and  below  girdle  carefully  rendered ).  Broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  Right  hand  holds 
a  small  :inimal  (prob:ibly  a  hare ) :  left  grasps  edge  of  sleeve  of  chiton  at  breast.  At  back  are 
marks  of  a  thumb  and  two  fingers.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  11  cm.    Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  the  fragiui'iit  of  a  poros  statuette,  Salzmann.  L^i  \crr(tj)oh'  de  C<imh'ox,  pi.  ix. :  Bernouilli, 
Ajdif'fdite.,  p.  38. 

177.  Fragments  of  two  replicas  of  Xo.  170,  showing  the  same  finger-marks  at  back.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  7.5  cm.  and  8.5  cm.  respectively.     Same  clay  as  Xo.  170. 

178.  Twenty  fragments  of  figures  similar  U^  Xos.  170  and  177,  principally  small  bits  of  drapery. 
Dark  reil  clay. 

179.  (Plaik  XLVI.  11.)  Similar  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck.  She  wears  chiton  with 
thick  fold  l>etween  legs,  and  long  overgarment  like  that  of  Xo.  172.  Both  hands  hold  attributes- 
right,  an  animal  (stag?),  left,  bow  (cf.  p.  15).  Th<'  break  at  the  left  shoulder  is  interesting,  as  it 
shows  the  metluHl  «)f  manufacture  by  layers  —  the  outer  layer  is  of  much  finer  clay  than  the  inner 
(filling)  layer.     Traces  of  white.     I  leight.  11.5  cm.     Fine,  light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Heuzey,  Fiff.  Ant.  pi.  xviii.  bis.  1  (from  Thespiae)  :  Stephani,  Compte  Jifndn,  1872,  p.  101, 
pi.  iii.  4  (from  Kertsch  :  the  figure  h)oks  as  if  it  had  come  from  the  same  mould  as  Xo.  179)  ; 
Leehat,  '  Terres  Cuites  de  Corcyre,'  /?.  ('.  II.  XV.  ( 1891),  p.  48,  Xo.  37,  pi.  iii.  2  :  p.  51,  Xo.  40, 
pi.  iii.  1  :  Ii»rlin  Museum,  0831  (Attica)  and  0202  (Thesi)iae)  :  Syracuse,  large  terra-cotta  room, 
case  III.  (Megara  Ilyblaea). 

180.  Four  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Xos.  100-179,  attributes  imlistinguishable  on  account 
of  breakage.     Traces  of  white.     Clay,  fine,  varying  from  yellow  to  red. 

18L  Ki<dit  frairmeiits  of  <lraperv  very  similar  to  that  of  Xos.  100-179,  but  belonging  to  hollow 
figures  with  thin  walls.  Traces  of  white  slip;  slight  traces  of  red.  Heights,  4  cm.  to  13  cm. 
Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

182.  Basis  of  large  statue  of  archaic  type,  with  fragment  of  the  figure  from  the  knees  down. 
The  feet  :ire  carefully  modeled  :ind  fairly  correct.  The  bottom  is  pierced  by  a  round  vent.  The 
chiton  was  red.  Height,  7  cm.  Height  of  plinth,  2  cm.  Length,  0  cm.  Width.  5  cm.  Clay, 
re<ldish  yellow. 

183.  Six  fragments  of  similar  bases,  usually  with  traces  of  feet  only.  General  traces  of  white. 
The  ilimensions  vary  from  3  cm.  X  3.5  em.  to  5.5  cm.  X  7.5  cm.     Clay,  light  red  to  yellow. 

184.  ( Fig.  07. )  Very  rude  seated  figure,  broken  at  bottom.  The  figure  varies 
little  from  the  standing  type,  except  that  it  is  slightly  bent  at  the  middle  and  has 
two  supports  behind  (cf.  Xo.  135).  The  arms,  which  are  resting  on  the  knees,  are 
little  lu'tter  than  two  stumps.  On  the  breast  is  a  pendant.  The  iipi)er  part  forms 
a  rude  stephane.  The  figure  hardly  appears  to  be  modeled  at  all,  yet  the  surface 
shows  plainly  that  it  was.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

185.  Similar  figure  with  supi>orts  behind.  She  wears  stephane  and  necklace 
t  «^H  with  iwndant  (these  made  in  the  mould ),  and  long  veil  falling  to  shoulders  (a 
t  .|^^^        separate  piece  added  after  the  figure  was  complete).     Traces  of  white  :  three  red 

lines  on  bottmi  of  chitim.     Height,  10.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 
Fhj.  iu.  jgg    'pi,|,.,]  fijKure  of  the  same  sort  with  arms  bent  at  elbows,  and  hands  raised 

to  shoulders.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  8  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 


36 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


EARLY   ARCHAIC 


37 


I.    i 


68.)  Seated  figure,  very  summary  modeling  —  only  feet,  hands,  and  features 
brought  out  at  all.  The  figure  rests  on  a  high  plinth,  which  was  moulded  with 
it.  The  hair  is  a  simple  baud  above  forehead.  She  wears  a  stephane,  from  which 
a  veil  falls  over  shoulders.  Solid,  pierced  only  by  air-vent.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  8  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

188.  (Plate  XLVI.  12.)  Replica  of  No.  187,  only  that  plinth  was  made  lower. 
Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  lower  part  of  chiton.     Height.  7  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

189.  Similar  figure,  but  not  from  same  mould.  Moileling  very  summary. 
Traces  of  white.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

190.  Similar  figure,  but  with  high  polos  instead  of  stephane.  Traces  of  red. 
Height,  8  cm.     Red  clay. 

191.  Similar  figure,  seated  on  wide  chair  (broken  at  waist).  Here,  also,  the 
veil  covers  the  hair  and  falls  to  shoulders ;  cf.  No.  187).  White  slip.  Height, 
6  cm.     Red  clay. 

l-iu.  OH.  Yov  all  these  carelessly  motleled  figures,  cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xi. :   Perrot 

et  Chipiez,  Ilht.  de  VAi-t,  HI.  p.  425, fig.  209 :  Kekule,  Ant.  Tirntlotten.  II.  p.  9,  fig.  3 ;  Martha, 
Cat.  lies  Fig.  du  Jlua.  d^UheneSy  Nos.  227  ff. ;  Panofka,  Terrakotten  de»  K.  Mu».  zu  Berlin j 
p.  12,  pi.  ii. 

192.  (Fig.  69.)  Hastily  modeled  seatetl  figure,  wrap|)ed  in  flowing  chiton,  under  which,  how- 
ever, the  outlines  of  arms,  hands,  and  breasts  are  carefully  brought  out. 
The  figure  is  pierced  by  an  air-vent.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm. 
Reddish  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Gerhard,  Ant.  Bild.  pp.  338  flf.,  pi.  xcv.  1,2  (Sicily):  also  in  stone, 
the  seated  figures,  discovered  at  Branchidae  by  Newton  {^Discoveries  at 
Ilali<ania.'*,HU»,  pp.  530  ff.,  pis.  Ixxiv.,  Ixxv.),  and  the  archaic  statue  in  the 
National  ^luseum  at  Athens  (Kavvadias,  No.  6  ;  'E^.  'Ap^.  1874,  p.  480,  pi. 
Ixxi.  Aa  and  A;3). 

193.  Four  fragments  of  similar  figui-es,  not,  however,  from  the  same 
mould.  Slight  traces  of  white  ;  sonie  red  on  chairs,  feet,  and  chitons.  Clay, 
yellow  and  red. 

194.  Similar  figure  showing  an  attempt  at  reproilucing  the  folds  of  the 
chiton  where  it  falls  across  the  breast.  Arms  still  at  sides,  hands  resting 
on  knees.     Fragments  of  two  supports  at  back.     AVhite  slip  with  red  lines 

Height,  6  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

figures,  not  from  same  mould.     Traces  of  white :  one  figure  has  red  lines 
(criss-cross  pattern)  on  breast  and  above  knees.     Height,  6  cm.  and  7.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

196.  Lower  part  of  large  seated  figure  on  high  plinth,  with  considerable  treatment  of  the  folds 
at  sides  and  between  legs.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Dark  red  <'lay. 

197.  (Plate  XLVI.  16.)  Figure  similar  to  No.  192.  but  with  much  better  treatment  of  folds 
across  breast  and  at  waist.  The  outlines  of  the  legs  are  also  well  brought  out.  The  hands  rest  on 
arms  of  chair,  and  both  hold  round  objects  (probably  apples :  cf.  Nos.  172,  173,  and  p.  15).  The 
figure  is  pierced  by  an  air-vent.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

198.  (Plate  XLVI.  13.)  Similar  figine,  with  careful,  though  stylistic  representation  of  folds 
by  deep  vertical  lines,  from  breast  to  feet.  Hands  at  knees ;  fingers  rudely  indicated.  The  figure 
has  an  air-vent.     Red  line  at  neck.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  and  very  fine. 

199.  (Plate  XLVI.  15.)  Similar  figure  without  indication  of  folds,  but  with  right  hand  raise<1, 
holding  a  bird  to  breast.  Left  hand  rests  on  left  knee.  The  throne  on  which  she  sits  is  carefully 
distinguished.     Traces  of  red  on  chair.     Height,  6  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  and  ver}'  fine. 

Cf.  Nos.  166-171;  Kekule,  Ant.  Termkotten,  II.  p.  10,  fig.  10,  p.  11,  fig.  13;  also  figures  in 
Case  VI.,  large  terra-cotta  room,  Syracuse. 

200.  Fragments  of  five  replicas  of  No.  199,  all  solid.  Traces  of  white,  with  red  on  chair.  Fine, 
light  yellow  clay. 


Fig.  G9. 

on  arms  and  bi'east. 
195.    Two  similar 


201.    (Fig  70. )    Hastily  modeled  figure  of  a  child,  broken  at  waist.    On  her  right  arm  she  holds 

ta  small  doll.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Red  clay. 
202.    Thirteen  small  heads  belonging  to  the  type  of  Nos.  198  and  199.     They 
are  flat  at  biick,  of  pronounced  arehaic  style.     The  hair  is  usually  a  mass  falling 
to  shoulders,  slightly  notched  over  forehead,  with  i)olos  or  stephane.     General 
traces  of  white.     Heights,  2.5  cm.  to  5  cm.      Clay,  fine,  ranging  from  yellow  to 
v.l. 
203.    1  hree  very  similar  heads,  not,  however,  flat  at  back.     The  features  are 
arehaic.     Hair,  mass.     One  head  has  the  polos.     Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  polos, 
tio.  70.         Heights,  3  cm.,  3.5  cm.,  and  4  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

204.  Lower  part  of  crouching  male  figure  with  hands  (disproportionately  large)  on  knees.  The 
figure  corresponds  very  closely  to  one  from  Megara  Ilyblaea  (cf.  Mon.  Ant.  I.  pi.  vi.  5),  and  was 
undoubte<lly  a  satyr  or  silenus.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  6  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

205.  Lower  part  of  squatting  figure,  probably  a  satyr,  broken  at  waist.  Hands  rest  on  knees. 
Traces  of  white,  s|)oradic  bits  of  red.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

Thei-e  is  a  similar  figure  in  Syracuse,  large  terracotta  room.  Case  III.,  from  Megara  Hyblaea. 

206.  Rude  seated  Pan  —  hollow  figure,  which  probably  served  as  a  vase.  Modeling  very  flat,  only 
face,  arms,  and  syrinx  brought  out.    Slight  traces  of  white.    Height,  8.5  cm.    Reddish  yellow  clay. 

207.  Heatl  of  archaic  type,  hollow,  with  vase  orifice  at  the  top.  The  hair  seems  to  be  held  close 
to  the  skull  by  a  veil.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

206.  (Plate  XLVI  I.  13. )  Very  similar  head,  also  with  orifice  at  top,  and  casque-like  hair- 
covering.     Traces  of  white.     Heigl:t,  6.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

209.  Eight  fragments  of  similar  heads,  badly  broken.  General  traces  of  white.  Yellow  clay, 
shading  to  red. 

These  heads  (Nos.  207-209)  have  the  marks  of  the  Rhodian  ware  as  described  by  Heuzey  (  Cat. 
des  Fig.  du  Mas.  du  Louvre,  p.  220),  "la  nnlchoire  inferieure  osseuse  et  developpee  a  I'exces,  ce 
que  nous  ap{)elons  le  menton  galochv  ;  de  gros  jeux  triangulaires,  dont  la  i)aupiere  superieure  est 
seule  arquee."  They  are  probably,  therefore,  imported,  although  a  few  may  be  local  imitations. 
Cf.  Heuzey,  loc.  c<7.Vp.  229,  230;  Kekule,  Ant.  Terrakotten,  II.  p.  12,  fig.  16,  and  p.  18,  fig.  34; 
Winter,  At-ch.  Anz.  1893,  p.  147,  No.  28;  Orsi,  '  Megara  Hyblaea,'  Mm.  Ant.  I.  ]).  805. 

210.  (Plate  XLVI  I.  15.)  Hcjul  of  pronounced  archaic  tyjie  —  eyes  set  obliquely  to  nose, 
mouth  raised  at  corners.  The  headdress  is  very  high,  a  sort  of  tiara  (the  kydaris?),  and  from  it 
a  veil  falls  to  the  shoulders.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 

yn  Three  very  similar  heads,  all  with  same  headdress  and  veil.  Slight  traces  of  white. 
Height.s,  5.5  cm.,  5.5  cm.,  and  7  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

These  heads  (Nos.  210  and  211)  again  resendde  very  closely  a  Rho<lian  type  (cf.  Heuzey,  Fig. 
du  Mas.  du  Louvre,  pi.  xi.  2),  which  is  found  pretty  generally  distributed  in  the  basin  of  the 
Mediterranean  —  in  Greece,  in  Sicily,  in  Italy,  and  even  in  Phoenicia.^  Yet  they  show  some  di- 
vergences, for  instance,  the  eyes  are  not  set  quite  so  obliquely  as  those  of  tlie  Rhodian  figures, 
and  they  are  not  so  narrow ;  so  that  they  are  probably  of  local  manufacture,  imitating  Rhodian 
work,  like  the  Syracusan  figures  mentioned  by  Heuzey .^ 

212.  (Plate  XLVH.  14.)  Archaic  head,  with  elaborate  treatment  of  the  hair.  This  consists 
of  two  rows  of  curls  over  the  forehead,  moulded  in  the  form,  then  a  row  of  elaborate  applied  si)iral 
curls,  with  eight  curls  at  the  back  (now  broken),  the  whole  topped  by  a  double,  twisted  taenia. 
The  eyes  are  wide  and  very  long,  nose  in  two  planes,  mouth  straight,  ending  in  a  pad  of  flesh  at 
each  corner ;  a  deep  furrow  exten<ls  from  cheek-bone  to  chin  on  each  side  of  nose.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

213.  (Plate  XLVH.  12.)  Large  archaic  head,  very  similar  to  No.  212.  Same  type  of  face. 
The  hair  here  consisted  of  a  row  of  scaUops  moulded  in  the  form,  with  a  row  of  applied  curls  above 
and  large  mass  behind.  The  figure  had  large  earrings,  now  broken.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 
8.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

These  two  heads   (Nos.  212  and  213)   differ  greatly  from  the  Argive  tyi>e.     Their  nearest 
«  Cf.  Ilpiieey,  Cat.  de*  Fig.  du  Mus.  du  Loui-re,  p.  240.  ^  Ibid.  p.  227,  ii.  3. 


i( 


ii 


36 


TKHRA  COTTA    FIGURINES 


EARLY    ARCHAIC' 


37 


187.   (Fig. 


Fit;.  (JS. 


192.  (  Fiiv.  t;o.) 


{jS.^  Seated  fij^ui-e,  very  summaiy  nuHleling  —  only  feet,  hands,  and  feature.s 
brought  out  at  all.  Tho  figure  rest.s  on  a  high  plinth,  which  wa.s  moulded  with 
it.  The  hair  is  a  simple  l»and  above  forehead.  She  wears  a  stephane,  fjoin  which 
a  veil  falls  over  shoulders.  Solid,  pierced  only  by  air-vent.  Traces  of  white. 
Height.  8  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

188.  (  Pl.vtk  XL  VI.  12.)    Replica  of  No.  187,  only  that  plinth  was  made  lower. 
Tracts  »)f  white,  of  red  on  lower  part  of  chiton.     Height,  7  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

189.  Similar   figure,   but    not    from    same   mould.     Modeling  very  sununary. 
Traces  uf  white.     Heitiht,  G.')  cm.      Red  clav. 

190.  Similar  figure,  but  with  high  jwlos  instead  of  stephane.    Traces  of  red. 
^^^      I  leiglit.  8  cm.     Red  day, 

r  tJ^RH  191.    Similar  figure,  seated  on  wide  chair  (broken  at  waist).     Here,  also,  the 

*    ^^^H      veil  covers  the  hair  and  falls  to  shoulders :  cf.  No.  187).     White  slip.     Height, 
•J  cm.     Red  clay. 

For  all  these  carelessly  modeled  figures,  cf.  lletizey.  Fiij.  Ant.  pi.  xi.  :  Perrot 
et  niii>iez,  I/isf.  </v  I' Art.  HI.  p.  425,  fig.  21»0 :  Kekule.  Ant.  Tn,-i,h>ttni.  II.  p.  0.  fig.  3;  Martha, 
Cut.  (hs  Fit/,  (hi  Mii.'<.  trAt/dnrs,  Nos.  227  tf.  :  Fauofka,  Tiri'iihittcn  (lis  K.  Mnn.  :.u  Uei/in, 
p.  12,  ]d.  ii. 

Hastily  modeled  seated  figure,  wrai>ped  in  flowing  chiton,  under  which,  how- 
ever, the  outlines  »>f  arms,  hands,  and  breasts  aiv  carefidly  brought  out. 
The  figure  is  pierced  by  an  air-vent.  Traces  of  white.  Height.  7.5  cm. 
Reddish  vellow  clav. 

Cf.  Cierhard.  Ant.  BUil.  i)p.  388  ff..  \\.  xcv.  1,  2  (Sicily):  also  in  stone, 
the  seated  fijrures.  discovered  at  Branehidae  bv  Newton  (  Dtxronr'nx  tit 
J[iiH>;ii'n<i!isus,  pp.  r)30  ft'..  i>ls.  Ixxiv.,  Ixxv.).  and  the  archaic  .statue  in  the 
National  Museum  at  Athens  (Kavvadias,  No.  G  ;  'Ki^.  'A^»x.  1874.  p.  480,  pi. 
Ixxi.  An  and  A/i). 

193.  Four  fragments  of  similar  figures,  not.  however,  from  the  same 
luoidd.  Slight  traces  of  white  :  some  red  on  chairs,  feet,  and  chitons.  Clay, 
yellow  and  red. 

194.  Similar  figure  showing  an  attemi>t  at  reproducing  the  folds  of  the 
chiton  where  it  falls  across  the  breast.  Arms  still  at  sides,  hands  resting 
on  knees.     Fragments  of  two  supports  at  back.     AVhite  slip  with  red  lines 

Height,  ♦»  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

195.  Two  similar  figures,  not  from  same  mould.  Traces  of  white :  one  figuiv  has  red  lines 
(criss-cross  j)attern  )  on  breast  and  above  knees.     Height.  G  cm.  and  7.5  em.     Clay,  yellow. 

196.  Lower  part  of  large  seated  figure  on  high  jtlinth,  with  considerable  treatment  of  the  folds 
at  sides  and  between  legs.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm,     Dark  re<l  clay. 

197.  (  Pi-A TK  XLVI.  IG. )  Figure  similar  to  No.  lt>2.  but  with  n»ucli  better  treatnient  of  folds 
across  breast  and  at  waist.  The  outlines  of  the  legs  are  also  well  br«>ught  out.  The  hands  rest  <»n 
arms  of  chair,  and  both  hold  rouml  objects  (probably  ai)ples :  cf,  Nos,  172,  17;i.  anil  p.  15).  The 
figure  is  j)ieree«l  by  an  air-veut.     Tr.aces  of  white.     Height,  7  cm.     Dark  re«l  clay, 

196.  (Pl.vtk  XLVI.  13.)  Similar  figure,  with  careful,  though  stylistic  representation  of  folds 
l>y  deep  vertical  Hues,  fnmi  breast  t(»  feet.  Hands  at  knees:  fingers  rudely  indiciited.  The  figure 
has  an  air-vent.     Re«l  line  at  neck.     Height.  (5.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yeHow  and  very  fine. 

199.  (Pl.mk  XLVI.  15.)  Similar  figure  without  indication  of  folds,  but  with  right  hand  raised, 
holdini;  a  bird  to  breast.  Left  band  rests  on  left  knt'C.  The  throne  on  whieh  she  sits  is  carefullv 
distiniiuished.     Traces  of  red  on  chair.      Heij;ht.  G  cm.     Clav,  li":ht  vellow  and  verv  fine. 

Cf.  Nos.  1«;»;-171:  Kekulc.  Aot.  Ttrrtilt>tlttt.  II.  p.  10,  fig.  10,  p.  11,  fig.  13:  also  figures  in 
Case  VI..  larg«'  terra-cotta  roonu  Syracuse. 

200.  Fragments  of  five  replicas  of  No.  190,  all  solitl.  Traces  of  white,  with  red  on  chair.  Fine, 
lijlht  vellow  clav. 


on  arms  and  breast. 


Fiu.  70. 


201.     (Fig  70. )     Hastily  modeled  figure  of  a  child,  broken  at  wiiist.    On  her  right  :irm  she  holds 
a  small  doll.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

202.  Thirteen  small  heads  l)elonging  to  the  type  of  Nos.  198  and  199.  They 
are  fiat  at  back,  of  pronounced  archaic  style.  The  hair  is  usually  a  mass  falling 
to  shoulders,  slightly  notched  over  forehead,  with  polos  or  stephane.  General 
traces  of  white.  Heights,  2.5  cm.  to  5  cm.  Clay,  fine,  ranging  from  yellow  to 
re.l. 

203.  Tluee  very  similar  he:uls.  not,  however,  fiat  at  back.  The  features  are 
archaic.  Hair,  nuiss.  One  head  has  the  polos.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  polos. 
Heights,  3  cm.,  3.5  cm.,  and  4  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

204.  Lower  part  of  crouching  male  figure  with  hands  (disproportionately  large)  on  knees.  The 
figure  corres|)onds  very  closely  to  one  from  Megara  Hyblaea  (cf.  J/oh.  Ant.  I.  ])1.  vi.  5),  and  was 
undoubtedly  a  satyr  or  silenus.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  G  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

205.  Lower  part  of  s(piatting  figure,  probably  a  satyr,  broken  at  waist.  Hands  rest  on  knees. 
Traces  of  white,  s|)oradi<'  bits  of  red.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

There  is  a  similar  figure  in  Syracuse,  large  terracotta  room.  Case  III.,  from  Megara  Hyblaea. 

206.  Rude  s«'ated  Pan  —  hollow  figure,  which  probably  served  as  a  vase.  Modeling  very  flat,  only 
face,  :irms,  and  svrinx  broutrht  out.     Sli<;ht  traces  of  white.    Heijiht,  8.5  cm.    Reddish  vellow  clav. 

207.  Hea<l  of  archaic  type,  hollow,  with  vase  orifice  at  the  toj).  The  hair  seems  to  be  held  close 
to  the  skull  by  a  veil.     Traces  of  white.     Heiuht,  7.5  cm.     Red  clav. 

206.  (  Pi.ATK  XLVII.  13.)  Very  similar  head,  also  with  orifice  at  top,  and  casque-like  hair- 
covering.     Traces  of  white.     Heigl:t,  G.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

209.  Eight  fragments  of  similar  heads,  l)adly  broken,  (ieneral  traces  of  white.  Yellow  clay, 
shading  to  red. 

These  heads  (  Nos.  207-209)  iiave  the  m:irks  of  the  Rhodian  ware  as  described  by  Ileuzey  i^Ctit. 
tits  Fitf.  tin  Mils,  till  Linii'ft\  p.  220),  "la  machoire  inferieure  osseuse  et  dcveloi)pce  a  I'exccs,  ee 
<pie  nous  a])pelons  le  nuntttn  ijtilittltf  :  de  gros  yeux  triangulaires,  dont  la  ])aui>iere  superieure  est 
seule  arcpiee."  They  ai*e  probably,  therefore,  imi)orted,  :ilthough  a  few  may  be  local  imitations. 
Cf.  Heuzey,  loc.  r;^  pp.  229.  230:  Kekule.  Ant.  Terrakottcn.  II.  j).  12,  fig,  IG.  and  p,  18,  fig.  34; 
Winter,  Arili.  An-.  1«93,  j..  147,  No.  28:  Orsi,  •  Megara  Hyblaea.'  Mm.  Ant.  I.  ]».  805. 

210.  (Plate  XLVI  I.  15.)  He:id  of  jnonounced  archaic  tyiw  —  eyes  set  oblicpiely  to  nose, 
nuMith  raised  at  corners.  The  headdress  is  very  high,  a  sort  of  tiara  (the  kydjiris?),  :ind  from  it 
a  veil  f:dls  to  the  shoulders.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow, 

211.  Three  very  similar  lu'ads,  all  with  same  headdress  and  veil.  Slight  traces  of  white. 
Heights.  5.5  em.,  5.5  cul,  and  7  cm.     Y«'llow  clay. 

These  he.ads  (Nos.  210  an«l  211)  again  resend)le  very  closely  a  Rhodian  type  (cf.  Heuzey,  Fir/, 
tfu  Mils.  (Ill  Lfiuiwe.  pi.  xi.  2),  which  is  f«)un<l  pretty  generally  di.stributed  in  the  basin  of  the 
Metliterranean  —  in  (ireece.  in  Sicily,  in  Italy,  and  even  in  Phoenicia.'  Yet  they  show  some  di- 
vergences, for  instance,  the  eyes  are  not  set  «piite  so  obli(|ucly  as  those  of  the  Rhodian  figures, 
and  thev  are  not  so  narrow  :  so  that  they  are  probablv  of  local  manufacture,  imitating  Rhodian 
work,  like  the  Syracusan  figures  mentioned  by  Heuzey .- 

212.  (  Pl.vtk  XLVI  I.  14.)  Archaic  head,  with  elaborate  treatment  of  the  hair.  This  consists 
of  two  rows  of  curls  over  the  forehead,  moulded  in  the  form,  then  a  row  of  elaborate  ai)pHed  si)iral 
curls,  with  eight  cinls  at  the  back  (now  broken),  the  whole  topped  by  a  double,  twisted  taenia. 
The  eyes  ai-e  wi«le  and  very  long,  nose  in  two  planes,  mouth  straight,  ending  in  a  pad  of  flesh  .at 
each  corner :  a  deep  furrow  extends  from  cheek-bone  to  chin  on  e:uh  side  of  nose.  Traces  of 
white.      Height,  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

213.  (Platk  XLVII.  12.)  Large  archaic  head,  very  simihir  to  No.  212.  Same  type  of  face. 
The  hair  here  consisti'd  of  a  row  of  scallops  moulded  in  the  form,  with  a  row  of  applied  curls  above 
antl  hirge  mass  behind.  The  figure  had  large  earrings,  now  broken.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 
8.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

These  two  heads   (Nos.  212  and  213)   diff"er  greatly  from   the   Argive  type.     Their  nearest 
>  ("f.  ll.Miz.'.v,  Cat.  ih*  Fit/.  il>i  .Uiis.  ,Ih  Ltm-re.  p.  'J40.  "  H'i't- 1>-  --",  •'•  ^<- 


II. 


38 


TEKRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 


ANIMALS 


39 


'I 


analogy  iu  the  Heraeum  fintls  is  the  bronze  bust,  5,  pi.  II.  1,  2  ;  anil  in  terra-cotta,  the  head  pub- 
lishetf  by  Cesuola,  Coll.  of  Cypriote  Ant.  IV.  pi.  xv.  No.  117  (t-f.  the  sculptures,  ibid.  I:  pi.  xeiii. 
Nos.  G22  and  023 ;  pi.  xcvii.  Nos.  0(32  and  663).  We  are  inclined,  therefore,  to  regard  these  two 
heads  as  injported. 

214.  (Platk  XLVII.  4.)  Head  of  archaic  style,  with  very  sharp  features.  The  hair  is  an 
applied  mass  at  back,  marked  with  notches  and  bound  with  a  t;ienia.  The  ground  color  is  greenish 
yellow,  to  which  red  was  applied  on  eyes,  cheeks,  and  brows.  Hair,  red,  shading  to  black.  Height, 
4.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

215.  Small,  very  rude  bearded  masque,  slightly  chipped  at  sides.  Eyes  and  mouth  marked  by 
wide  grooves,  beard  by  coai-se  vertical  lines.     No  trace  of  color.     Height,  5  cm.     Red  clay. 

216.  (Plate  XLVII.  8.)  Archaic  female  masque,  original  edge  all  ai-ound.  The  hair  is 
moulded  in  masses.  Hole  for  suspension  above  forehead.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm. 
Light  yellow  clay. 

217.  Large  votive  head,  broken  at  right  side  and  at  neck.  The  hair  is  a  row  of  round  bosses, 
surmounted  by  stephane  with  suspension  hole.     Modeling  sui>erticial.     Traces  of  white.     Height, 

9  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

2ia    Very  similar  head,  almost  replica,  broken  at  neck,  left  side  of  face  chipi>ed  away.     Traces 

of  white.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  dark  red. 

219.  Ri«-ht  side  of  larire  votive  head,  with  treatment  of  hair  in  four  lines  of  zigzags.  Narrow 
stephane.     Traces  of  white.     Height.  6  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

220.  Similar  fragment,  with  large  round  earring.  Hair  motleled  as  a  mass,  topped  by  stephane. 
Traces  of  white.     Height,  8.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

221.  (Plate  XLVII.  9. )  Similar  masque  with  stephane.  The  hair  is  ti-eated  as  short  curls. 
Hole  for  susi)ension  in  front  of  stephane.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

222.  (Plate  XLVII.  6.)  Small  masipie  with  verj'  high  stejdiane,  broken  at  neck.  Hair, 
a  line  of  notches  above  forehead.  Customary  hole  for  susiK'Usiou.  No  trace  of  color.  Height, 
4  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

223.  Three  replicas  of  No.  222,  same  clay. 

224.  Small  bust  of  hasty  workmanship,  original  edge  preserved  all  around.  The  hair  is  a 
simple  mass.     Hole  for  susjiension.     No  trace  of  color.     Height,  8  cm.     Greenish  yellow  clay. 

225.  (  Plate  XLVII.  10.)  Archaic  masque  in  high  stephane,  bi-oken  only  at  upiKjr  right  hand 
corner.    The  hair  is  treated  in  two  rows  of  loops.    Traces  of  white.    Height,  6.5  cm.    Clay,  straw. 

226.  Eight  fragments  of  archaic  masques,  similar  to  Nos.  221-225,  both  with  and  without 
stei)hane.     The  suspension  hole  is  common,     (ieneral  traces  of  white.     Yellow  clay. 

Vm.     ADVANCED   ARCHAIC. 

227.  (Fig.  71.)  Upi>er  part  of  standing  figure  with  high 
stephane  (broken  at  waist).  Hair,  a  simple  roll  below  stephane. 
At  the  shoulders  were  two  projections  (now  broken  off),  which 
doubtless  served  to  suspend  the  figure.  Some  traces  of  white 
coat.     Height,  9.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

228.  Very  similar  smaller  figure,  broken  at  waist.  This  figure 
also  has  stephane  and  projections  at  shoulders.  Two  strands  of 
hair  fall  in  front  of  left  shoulder,  one  in  front  of  right.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  6  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

229.  Lower  i)art  of  seated  figure  with  hands  on  knees.  The 
figure  is  hollow,  like  the  later  terra-cottas  of  free  style.  The 
folds  of  the  chiton,  however,  are  still  represented  in  a  stiff,  archaic 
fashion.  The  color  is  well  preservetl  —  white  slip,  with  traces  of 
api>Ued  red.     Height,  5  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

230.  (  Plate  XLVII.  11.)  Votive  head,  hair  treated  in  waves 
*^'*'"  ^**                         above  forehead,  and  in   notches  at  sides.     Stephane,  pierced  by 

suspension  hole.   Traces  of  white.    Height,  5.5  cm.    Dark  red  clay. 


231.  Three  exact  replicas  of  the  preceding,  same  traces  of  color :  same  clay. 

232.  Seven  heads  similar  to  No.  230,  but  not  replicas.     Same  treatment  of  hair ;  stephane  with 
hole  for  suspension.     General  traces  of  white.     Height,  4  cm.  to  5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

233.  Twenty-three  fragments  of  similar  advanced  archaic  heads,  much  mutilated,  but  probably 
all  votive  heads.  General  trace  of  white.  Clay,  usually  red ;  one  or  two  s^iecimens  are  of  yellow  clay. 

f234.    (Fig.    72.)    Head   of   advanced   archaic    style,   solid.      Hair 
treated  as  a  simple  mass.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  3.5  cm.     Light 
yellow  clay. 
235.   (Plate  XLVII.  1.)    Similar  head,  solid.    Hair,  mass.    Traces 


of  white.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 


Fig.  72. 


236.    (Plate  XLVII.  2.)    Similar  heatl,  solid.     Hair,  mass,  but 
treated   in  waves  over  forehead.     Traces  of   white,  of   red  on  hair. 
Height,  4.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

237.  (  Plate  XLVII.  5.)    Similar  head,  solid.     High  coiffure,  treated  as  a 
mass.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  4  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

238.  (Fig.  73.)  Head  of  similar  style.  Hair,  wavy  curls  over  forehead,  and  at  sides  of  neck ; 
mass  at  back  under  veil.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  6  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

IX.     FREE  STYLE. 

239.  (Plate  XLVII.  7.)  Fragment  of  large  votive  head,  broken  at  left  side.  The  whole 
treatment  is  in  large  surfaces,  free  from  archaic  restraint ;  the  mouth  has  the  natural  curve,  the 
outlines  of  the  eye  are  correctly  given,  even  to  the  lapping  of  the  upper  lid  over  the  under.  A 
ridge  down  the  middle  of  the  face  seems  to  show  that  the  head  was  made  in  two  pieces.  Traces 
of  white.     Height.  8.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

This  head,  in  spite  of  its  fragmentary  condition,  seems  to  us  to  represent  the  great  style  of  the 

fifth  century,  and  has  inherent  traces  of  the  influence  of  some  large 
statue.  The  peculiar  marking  of  the  hair,  undercut  and  thus 
relieved  from  the  face,  and  falling  on  either  side  in  a  mass  of  curls 
(here  boldly  sketched,  though  not  elaborately  modeled),  is  closely 
analogous  to  the  Argive  coin  in  which  a  copy  of  the  Polycleitan 
Hera  has  been  identified.  It  also  suggests  a  comparison  with  the 
newly  identified  marble  head  in  the  British  Jkluseum  (see  General 
Introd.  to  Sculpture,  p.  23).  We  are  thus  encouraged  to  consider 
this  terra-cotta  head  as  inunediately  related  to  the  great  Polycleitan 
Hera.  Cf.  Waldstein,  'The  Argive  Hera  of  Polycleitus,'  J.  H.  S. 
XXI.  (1901),  pp.  30  ff.,  esi>ecially  pp.  43,  44,  and  fig.  2. 

240.  (Fig.  74.)  Votive  bust,  broken  at  neck,  but  with  original 
edge  at  waist.  The  folds  of  the  chiton  and  of  the  long  veil  which  falls  over  the  shoulders  and  the 
arms  are  all  given  with  perfect  freedom  and  naturalness.  The  figure  is  covered  with  a  white  coat. 
Height,  9  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

X.     ANIMALS. 


f 


2tt.  (Plate  XLVIII.  7  and  Fig.  75.)  Group,  representing  a  bull  attacked  by  a  lion.  The 
lion  grasps  the  bull  around  the  shoulders  and  bites  him  in  the  neck.  The  bull  is  plainly  exhausted  ; 
his  head  sinks  to  one  side,  and  one  of  his  hind  legs  is  curled  up  under  him,  while  the  other  is 
stretched  straight  out  behind,  as  in  the  well-known  Acropolis  grouj).  The  execution  of  the  group 
is  fair  —  the  anatomy  of  the  bull's  head  is  quite  well  given,  and  the  muscles  are  fairly  well 
brousrht  out.  The  fore  lejrs  of  the  lion  are  too  long,  otherwise  he  is  well  modeled  ;  his  mane  is 
forme<l  of  a  number  of  roiuid  disks,  close  together.  Technically,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  bull 
seems  to  have  been  made  complete  (his  tail  curls  over  his  back),  and  the  lion  was  then  "  applied," 
so  to  sjjeak,  to  him.     White  .slip  ;  black  lines  on  forehead  of  bull  and  front  legs  of  lion  ;  red 


tf 


38  TEKRA-C'OTTA   FKiriUNKS 

analogy  in  tlie  Ileraeinn  finds  is  the  luonzo  bnst,  5,  j)!.  II.  1.  2  :  and  in  tena-cotta.  the  lieatl  pub- 
iishetf  bv  Cesm»la,  C<>1L  uf  ('>ji>nnh  Ant.  II!  pi.  xv.  No.  117  (i-f.the  sculptures,  ihi(L  V  pi.  xeiii. 
Xos.  0-22  and  G2o ;  pi.  xevii.  Nos.  iUli  ami  003 ).  We  are  inelineil,  tliei-efore,  to  regard  these  two 
heads  as  iinjHjrted. 

214.  (Platk  XLVII.  4.)  Head  of  archaic  style,  with  very  sharp  features.  The  hair  is  an 
applied  mass  at  back,  marked  with  notches  and  lu)und  with  a  taenia.  The  grountl  color  is  greenish 
yellow,  to  which  red  was  api»lied  on  eyes,  cheeks,  and  brows.  Hair,  re<l,  shading  to  black.  I  leight, 
4.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

215.  Small,  very  rude  bearded  mascpie,  slightly  chipiwd  at  sides.  Eyes  and  mouth  marked  by 
wide  grooves,  beanl  by  coarse  vertical  lines.     No  trace  of  color.     Height,  5  cm.     Ked  clay. 

216.  (Platk  XLVII.  8.)  Archaic  female  masque,  original  edge  all  around.  The  hair  is 
moulded   in  masses.     Hole  for  suspension  above   forehead.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm. 

Light  yellow  clay. 

217.  Large  votive  head,  broken  at  right  side  and  at  neck.  The  hair  is  a  row  of  round  bosses, 
surmounted  l)y  stei)hane  with  susiHiUsion  hole.  Modeling  sui)erticial.  Traces  of  white.  Height. 
l»  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

218.  Vcrv  similar  head,  almost  rei)Iica,  broken  at  neck,  left  side  of  face  ehipi>ed  away.     Traces 

(»f  white.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  dark  red. 

219.  Right  side  of  large  votive  head,  with  treatment  of  hair  in  four  lines  of  zigzags.  Xarrow 
stepliaue.     Traces  of  white.     Height.  U  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

220.  Similar  fragment,  with  large  round  earring.  Hair  modeled  as  a  mass,  topped  by  stephane. 
Traces  of  white.     Height.  8.0  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

221.  (  Plate  XLVII.  9.)  Similar  masque  with  stephane.  The  hair  is  treated  as  short  curls. 
Hole  for  suspension  in  front  of  stephane.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Ked  clay. 

222.  (Plate  XLVII.  G.)  Small  masque  with  very  high  stejdiane,  broken  at  neck.  Hair, 
a  line  of  notches  above  forehead.  Customary  hole  for  suspension.  Xo  trace  of  color.  Height. 
4  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

223.  Three  replicas  of  Xo.  222.  same  clay. 

224.  Small  bust  of  hasty  workmanship,  original  edge  i>reserved  all  around.  The  hair  is  a 
simple  mass.     Hole  for  suspension.     Xo  trace  of  color.     Height,  8  cm.     (Jreenish  yellow  clay. 

225.  (  Plate  XLVII.  10.)  Archaic  masque  in  high  stephane.  broken  only  at  upper  right  hand 
corner.    The  hair  is  treated  in  two  rows  of  loops.    Traces  of  white.     Height,  0.5cm.    Clay,  straw. 

226.  Kiglit  fragments  of  arcliaic  ma.sques,  similar  to  Xos.  221-225,  both  with  and  without 
stephane.     The  suspension  hole  is  conunon.     (ieneral  traces  of  white.     Yellow  clay. 

Vni.     ADVANCED   ARCHAIC. 

227.  (Fig.  71.)  C^pper  part  of  standing  figure  with  high 
stei>hane  (broken  at  waist).  Hair,  a  sinqde  roll  below  stephane. 
At  the  shoidders  were  two  projections  (now  broken  off),  which 
doubtless  served  to  suspend  the  figure.  Some  traces  of  white 
coat.     Height.  9.5  cm.     Reddish  yellow  clay. 

228.  Very  similar  smaller  figure,  broken  at  waist.  This  figure 
also  has  stephane  antl  projections  at  shoulders.  Two  strantls  of 
hair  fall  in  front  of  left  shoulder,  one  in  front  of  right.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  0  cm.      Yellow  clay. 

229.  Lower  part  of  seatetl  figure  with  hands  on  knees.  The 
figure  is  hollow,  like  the  later  terra-cottas  of  free  style.  The 
folds  of  tlie  chiton,  however,  are  still  represented  in  a  stiff,  archaic 

,^  V.  tfi^^^^H       fashion.     The  color  is  well  preserved  —  white  slip,  with  tnu-es  of 

Jr  j^BBB^B      ^M^l*^'*"'^  >'*'<^-      Height.  5  C'lay,  reddish  yellow. 

^     ^  j»^^"^»-^^  ^^    (  Plate  XLVII.  11.)  Votive  head,  hair  treated  in  waves 

above  forehead,  and  in   notches  at  sides.     Stejihane,  pierced  by 
suspension  hole.    Traces  of  whitt-.    Height,  5.5  cul    Dark  red  clay. 


AXIMALS 


39 


231.  Three  exact  replicas  of  the  ])reee«Hng,  same  traces  of  color :  same  clay. 

232.  Seven  heads  similar  to  Xo.  230,  but  not  replicas.     Same  treatment  of  hair :  stei)hane  with 
hole  for  susi)ensioiL     (ieneral  traws  of  white.     Height,  4  cm.  to  5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

233.  Twenty-thi-ee  fragments  of  similar  a<lvanced  an-haic  heads,  nuich  nnitilated,  but  probably 
all  votive  heads,  (ieneral  trace  of  white.  Clay,  usually  red  ;  one  or  two  specimens  are  of  yellow  clay. 

f234.    (Fig.    72.)    Head   of   advanced   archaic    style,   solid.      Hair 
treated  as  a  simple  mass.     Traces  of  w  hite.     Height,  3.5  cm.     Light 
yellow  clay. 
235.    (Pl.vte  XLVII.  1.)    Similar  head,  solid.    Hair,  mass.    Traces 
of  white.     Height,  4.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 
236.    (Plate  XLVH.  2.)    Simihir  head,  solid.     Hair,  mass,  but 
ti*eated   in  waves  over  foi*ehead.     Traces  of    white,  of   red  on   hair. 
Height,  4.5  cn>.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

237.  (  Plate  XLVII.  5.)    Similar  head,  solid.     High  coiffure,  treated  as  a 
mass.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  4  cm.     Dark  red  clay.  ^^^"  *"^" 

238.  (Fig.  73.)     Head  of  similar  style.     Hair,  wavy  curls  over  forehead,  and  at  sides  of  neck: 
mass  at  back  under  veil.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  0  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 


IX.     FREE   STYLE. 

239.  (Plate  XLVII.  7.)  Fragment  of  large  votive  head,  broken  at  left  side.  The  whole 
treatment  is  in  large  surfaces,  free  from  archaic  restraint ;  the  mouth  has  the  natural  curve,  the 
outlines  of  the  eye  are  correctly  given,  even  to  the  Iap))ing  of  the  upper  lid  over  the  under.  A 
ridge  <lown  the  middle  of  the  face  seems  to  show  that  the  head  was  made  in  two  pieces.  Traces 
of  white.     Height.  8.5  cul     Red  clay. 

This  head,  in  spite  of  its  fragmentary  condition,  seems  to  us  to  represent  the  great  style  of  the 

fifth  century,  and  has  iidierent  traces  of  the  influence  of  some  large 
statue.  The  i)eculiar  marking  of  the  hair,  undercut  and  thus 
relieved  from  the  face,  and  falling  on  either  side  in  a  mass  of  curls 
(here  bohlly  sketched,  though  not  elaborately  modeled),  is  closely 
analogous  to  the  Argive  coin  in  which  a  copy  of  the  Polycleitan 
Hera  has  been  identified.  It  also  suggests  a  comparison  with  the 
newly  identified  marble  head  in  the  British  Museum  (see  Cieneral 
Introd.  to  Sculpture,  p.  23).  We  are  thus  encouraged  to  consider 
this  terra-cotta  head  as  inunediately  related  to  the  great  Polycleitan 
Hera.  Cf.  Waldstein,  •  The  Argive  Hera  of  Polydeitus,'  j.  II.  S. 
XXI.  (1901 ),  i)p.  30  ff.,  especially])!).  43,  44.  and  fig.  2. 

240.    ( Fig.  74.)    Votive  bust,  broken  at  neck,  but  with  original 


Fig.  74. 


ed<re  at  waist.  The  folds  of  the  chiton  and  of  the  long  veil  which  falls  over  the  shoulders  and  the 
ai'uis  are  all  given  w  ith  perfect  freedom  an«l  naturalness.  The  figure  is  covered  with  a  white  coat. 
Height,  9  CUL     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

X.     ANLMALS. 

241.  (Pl.vte  XLVIII.  7  and  Fig.  75.)  Group,  representing  a  bull  attacked  by  a  lion.  The 
lion  grasjis  the  bidl  around  the  shoulders  and  bites  him  in  the  neck.  The  bull  is  plainly  exhausted  ; 
his  head  sinks  to  one  side.  an«l  one  of  his  hind  legs  is  curled  up  imder  him,  while  the  other  is 
stretched  straight  out  behind,  as  in  the  well-known  Acropolis  grouj).  The  execution  of  the  group 
is  fair  —  the  anatomy  of  the  bull's  head  is  quite  well  given,  and  the  nniscles  are  fairly  well 
brouiiht  out.  The  fore  leirs  of  the  lion  are  too  long,  otherwise  he  is  well  modeled :  his  mane  is 
formed  of  a  luunber  of  round  disks,  close  together.  Technically,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  bull 
seems  to  have  been  made  complete  (his  tail  curls  over  his  back),  and  the  lion  was  then  "ai)plied." 
so  to  si)eak,  to  him.     White  slip  ;  l)lack  lines  on  forehead  of  bull  and  front  legs  of  Hon  ;  red 


I,. 


40 


TERRACOTTA   FIGURINES 


ANIMALS 


41 


'  \ 


streak  at  lion's  mouth,  extending  across  the  bull's  neck  (probably  a  representation  of  bloo<l). 
Length,  10  cm.     Height,  5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 

The  motive  of  a  bull  attacked  by  one  or  more  lions  is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  one  of  the  com- 
monest  in  Greek  art.  In  Mycenaean  times,  we  find  representations  of  this  subject  on  gems 
(ef.  Tsountas,  '£</,.  'Apx-  1888,  p.  177,  No.  25,  pi.  x. :  ibid.  1889,  p.  IGG,  No.  18,  pi.  x. ;  Perrot 
et  Chipiez,  Ilist.  lie  l\h'U  VI.  p.  771,  pi.  xvi.  21)  :  and  on  an  ivory  placpie  from  Sparta  (B.  C. 
U.  II.  [1878],  p.  213,  pi.  xvi.  4).  In  archaic  art  it  is  very  common  ;  cf.  for  example,  the  frieze 
of  the  temjde  of  Assos  (Clarac,  Mu>^ee  de  Sculpture,  II.  pi.  cxvi.  B,  No.  5)  :  the  Lycian  relief 
(Clarac,  op.  cit.  II.  pi.  ccxxiii.  No.  189)  ;  the  relief  from  Marsala  (.l/c/<.  Zeit.  1872,  pp.  133, 
134,  pi.  li.)  ;  group  from  Myra  (Fellows,  Biscorenes  in  Lycin,  p.  197)  :  relief  from  Xanthus 
(ibid.  p.  174)*;  frieze  from  Aezani  (Le  Bas  et  Waddington,  Voijaye  Archeoloffique  en  Grece  et 
en  Asie  J/i«eMr^ atlas, under 'Asie  Mineure,'pl.  xiv.)  ;  and  esi)ecially  the  Acroiwlis  group  {U.  C. 

II.  XIII.  [1889],  p.  139,  and  Rev.  Arch.  XVIII.  [1891],  p.  137,  pi.  xiv.  bis.).  The  motive  is 
also  common  in  branches  other  than  sculpture  in  stone  ;  cf.  the  shield  from  Amathus  published 
by  Cesnola  {Cyprus,  pi.  xx.)  ;  the  trii^d  from  Vulci  (Braun,  Anmdi,  1842,  pp.  62  flf. ;  Mon. 

III.  pi.  xliii.)  ;  and  the  oenochoe  (Gerhard,  Aui<.  Vns.  II.  p.  134,  pis.  cxxii.,  cxxiii).  In  terra-cotta, 
I  know  of  no  examples  except  two  reliefs  — one  in  Berlin  (Gerhard,  Ant.  Bild.  p.  317,  pi.  Ixxviii. 
2).  the  other  in  Palermo  (Kekulc,  Ant.  Terndotten,  II.  p.  82,  pi.  liv.  2). 

Of  all  these  <'roui>s,  the  Acropolis  one  approaches  most  nearly  to  ours.     In  both,  the  bull  is 

plainly  exhausted  and  overcome;  the  hind  legs  even  have  the 
same  position  in  both  —  that  of  the  "  split,"  and  the  decoration 
in  red  stripes  is  common  to  both.  In  fact,  it  seems  probable 
that  our  group  was  copieil  from  a  work  of  s<'ulpture  similar  to 
V  ^^H^MT  ^  -^^^     the  Acro}K>lis  group,  and  dates  from  about  the  same  time,  i.  e., 

{>^^  -•>.     -     .  -^  j^      the  first  half  of  the  sixth  century  B.  C. 

242.    (Plate  XLVIII.  11.)    Fragment  of  a  centaur,  top  of 

head,  legs,  and  horse's  body  missing.     The  break  at   buttocks 

shows  plainly  that  the  figure  was  a  centaur.     He  has  a  long.  }x)intetl  beard,  in  which  a  triangular 

hole  marks  the  mouth.     The  left  hand  is  pressed  against  the  left  hip ;  the  right  was  apparently 

raised.     White  slip.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  figure  from  Limniti,  Arc?i.  Anz.  1889.  p.  88,  E. 

243.  (Plate  XLVIII.  6.)  Horse  carrying  a  woman  of  primitive  type.  She  faces  the  horse's 
right  side,  and  no  saddle  is  represented.  Eyes  and  breasts  of  woman  and  eyes  of  horse  are 
applied  disks.  White  slip,  with  applied  red  lines  on  neck,  waist,  and  knees  of  woman.  Height, 
6.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

Reinach,  in  a  study  of  female  figures  associated  with  horses  (Lo  Neaopole  de  Myrina,  pp. 
401  if.),  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  ''  Ton  i^eut  hesiter  entre  Eos,  Selene  et  Aphrodite,  mais  sans 
exclure  la  possibilite  d'une  autre  hypothese."  At  Argos,  a  figure  like  No.  243  is  much  more  likely 
to  be  associated  with  Hera  TTririos  (cf.  Paus.  V.  15.  5),  but  this  cannot  be  regarded  as  anything 
more  than  a  conjecture. 

244.  (Plate  XLVIII.  2.)  Moimted  warrior  of  the  ordinary  primitive  type.  Face,  a  beak, 
with  disks  for  eyes  ;  high  helmet.  He  has  no  shield,  but  extends  his  arms  to  the  sides  of  the 
horse's  head.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

245.  (Plate  XLVIII.  4.)  Similar  warrior,  with  large  shield  on  left  arm.  Only  neck  and 
shoulders  of  horse  are  preserved.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  9  cm.     Red  clay. 

246.  (Plate  XLVIII.  3.)  Similar  warrior,  no  part  of  horse  preserved.  The  warrior  wears 
a  i)eculiar  helmet,  the  effect  of  which  resembles  that  of  the  American  "  cocked  hat."  White  slip. 
Height,  7  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

247.  Forty-five  fragments  of  similar  figures,  all  more  or  less  broken.  They  usually  show  traces 
of  a  white  slip.     Clay,  usually  red. 

For  this  very  common  type,  cf.  Martha,  Cat.  de»  Fig.  du  Mu».  d'Athenes,  Nos.  602,  603  (from 
Tegea)  :  Jamot,  B.  C.  If.  XIV.  (1890),  pp.  217  ff.  (Tanagra  figures) ;  Cesnola,  Coll.  of 
Cypriote  Antiquities,  IIP  pi.  Ixix. 


Fig.  75. 


24&  (Plate  XLVIII.  8.)  Horse  with  pannier  on  each  side,  bound  by  straps  which  pass 
around  neck,  under  belly,  and  under  tail.  Ornamented  with  black  lines  across  breast,  black  dots 
on  straps.     Length,  7.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  hor8<;  with  a  basket  on  his  back  found  at  the  sanctuary  of  the  Kabiri  (Wolters,  Ath. 
Mitt  XV.  [1890],  p.  358). 

249.  (Plate  XLVIII.  10.)  Horse's  heatl  of  good  style.  The  forelock  is  carefully  brought 
out,  and  even  the  wrinkles  over  the  eyes.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow 
and  fine. 

250.  (Plate  XLVIII.  12.)  Small  animal  (dog?),  legs  broken.  The  eyes  are  holes  bordered 
by  raised  rims.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  3.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

251.  (Plate  XLV'III.  1.)  Bull's  head  of  good  style,  complete  except  right  horn.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  6.5  cm.     Clay,  retl. 

252.  (Plate  XLVIII.  5.)  Similar  head,  horns  broken.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  cm. 
Clay,  red. 

253.  (Plate  XLVIII.  17.)  Bull's  head  in  profile,  good  workmanship.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  5.5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  large  finds  of  similar  bulls  at  the  sanctuary  of  the  Kabiri  (Wolters,  Ath.  Mitt.  XV. 
[1890],  pp.  355  ff.). 

254.  (Plate  XLVIII.  24.)  Serpent's  heatl  of  good  style.  Body,  black  :  head,  green,  bordered 
by  maroon  line  ;  eyes  and  nose  touched  up  with  black.    Length,  5.5  cm.    Yellow  clay. 

255i  (Plate  XLVIII.  9.)  Small  dove  with  young  under  her  wings.  Ti*aces  of  red.  Height, 
2.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

256.  (Plate  XLVIII.  23.)  Cock,  practically  unbroken.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  comb 
and  wattles.     Height,  7  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

257.  (Plate  XLVIII.  14.)  Small  human-headed  bird,  with  ring  for  susi)ension.  The  face  is 
archaic,  with  higli  coiif ure,  two  braids  falling  over  right  shoulder  and  one  over  left ;  mass  at  back. 
Traces  of  white  with  applied  red.     Height,  5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Martha,  Cnt.  des  Fiff.  du  Mus.  d'Athhies,  Nos.  241,  242,  964;  Kekulc,  Ant.  Terralotten, 
II.  p.  26,  figs.  63  and  64  ;  Heuzey,  Fig.  du  Mus.  du  Louvre,  pi.  xiii.  6.  We  agree  with  Heuzey 
(loc.  cit.  p.  11),  in  regarding  this  figure  as  a  Siren  or  Harpy,  borrowed  by  the  Greeks  from  the 
Egyptian  repi*esentation  of  the  soul. 

258.  ( Fig.  76.)    Cock,  broken  at  neck.     The  background  is  cut  away  all  around,  and  the 

placpie  is  pierced  by  two  holes  for  suspending  it  or  for  fixing  it  upon 
a  background.     Ti*aces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.    Dark  retl  clay. 

This  tyjje  is   very  conmion.     Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Jftis. 
tVAthcncs,  Nos.    11-13:  Dumont  et  Chai)lain,  Ceramiques  dc  la 
Grece  Propre,  II.  ]>.   229,  No.  45;  Girard,  '  Sur  Quelques  Nocro- 
poles  de  la  Grece  du  Nord,'  B.  C.  II.  III.  (1879).  p.  217,  No.  2  ; 
Stephani,  Compte   Rendu,  1868,  p.  71,  pi.  iii.  14  ;  Rayet,  Cat.  de 
la  Coll.  tVAnt.  Gr.  de  M.  O.  liayet,  p.  8,  No.  30:  there  are  similar 
si)ecimens  in  Syracuse. 
(Plate  XLVIII.  19.)     Dog's  head,  broken  at  neck,  which  is  decorated  with  a  twisted 
The  moileling  is  very  careless.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  6  cm.     Clay,  red. 
(Plate  XLVIII.  18.)     Rude  ram's  head,  broken  at  neck.     Traces  of  red.     Height, 
Light  yellow  clay. 
Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  106,  fig.  22. 

26L  Bear's  head,  broken  at  neck,  very  rude  eye  and  mouth  marked  by  long  grooves.  Traces 
of  red.     Height,  5  cm.     Gray  clay. 

262.  (Plate  XLVIII.  15.)  Head  of  griffin,  broken  at  neck.  The  mouth  is  wide  open.  The 
hair  is  represented  by  notches  above  the  forehead  and  at  sides  of  neck.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 
6  cm.     Red  clay. 

263.  (Plate  XLVIII.  20.)  Squatting  ])ig,  fore  legs  (which  were  extended  horizontally) 
broken.     No  trace  of  color.     Height,  6  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 


Fio.  76. 


259. 

collar. 
260. 
5  cm. 


hi 


40 


TERRA  COTTA    FIOrRINES 


ANIMALS 


41 


streak  at  lions  mouth,  extoiuliii};  acrosH  the  bull's  neck  (^probahly  a  representation  of  l»loo«l). 
Lon-th,  10  oiu.     Ih'ioht,  5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow. 

The  motive  of  a  bull  attacked  by  one  or  more  lions  is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  one  of  the  com- 
monest in  Greek  art.  In  Mycenaean  times,  we  find  representations  of  this  s!d)ject  on  gems 
( cf.  Tsountas.  'K,^.  Wpx-  1888,  p.  177,  No.  io,  pi.  x. :  ibid.  1880,  p.  Ifiti,  No.  18,  pi.  x. ;  Pernit 
et  Chipiez.  I  fist,  de  f'Art,  VI.  p.  771,  pi.  xvi.  '21)  :  and  on  an  ivory  pla.pie  from  Sparta  ( li.  C. 
II.  II.  [1878],  i>.  218,  pi.  xvi.  4).  In  archaic  art  it  is  very  conunon  :  cf.  for  exaniple,  the  frieze 
of  the  temjde  of  Assos  ((.'larac  ^flls^'■(•  */r   Sru//>fitri',   II.  pi.  cxvi.  15,  No.  '>)  :  the  Lycian  relief 


//.  XIII.  [1889],  p.  130,  and  Iin\  Atr/».  XVIII.  [1801],  p.  137,  pi.  xiv.  bis.).  The  njotive  is 
also  common  in  branches  other  than  sculpture  in  stone  :  cf.  the  shield  from  Amathns  i>ublishetl 
by  t'esnola  (^C;/jo->is,  pi.  xx. ) :  the  triiwul  from  Vulci  (Hraun.  AmtaH.  1842.  pp.  02  ff. :  Mon. 
HI.  pi.  xliii.)  :  and  the  oenochoi'  ( (ierhard,  A>i.<.  Vas.  II.  p.  134,  pis.  cxxii..  cxxiii ).  In  terra-<-otta, 
I  know  of  no  examples  excei)t  two  reliefs  —one  in  IJerlin  (derhard.  Ant.  liihL  p.  317,  pi.  Ixxviii. 
2 ),  the  other  in  Palermo  (  Kekulc,  .1/*^  Tei-rakottett,  II.  p.  82,  jd.  liv.  2). 

Of  all  these  groups,  the  AcroiK)lis  one  approaches  most  nearly  to  ours.     In  both,  the  bull  is 

plainly  exhausted  and  overcome:  the  hin<l  legs  even  have  the 
same  ])osition  in  both  —  that  of  the  "  split,"  and  the  decoration 
in  red  stripes  is  conunon  to  both.  In  fact,  it  seems  pmbable 
that  our  group  was  co]>ied  from  a  work  of  sculptiire  similar  to 
the  Acroi)olis  group,  and  dates  from  about  the  sanie  time,  i.  e., 
the  first  half  of  the  sixth  century  \\.  c. 
*"^  242.    (Platk  XLVIII.  11.)    Fragment  of  a  centaur,  top  of 

^^^-  '•^"  hea«l,  legs,  an«l  horse's  bo<ly  missing.     The   break  at   butt<H'ks 

shows  plainly  that  the  figure  was  a  centaur.     He  has  a  h>ng.  i^inted  beanl,  in  which  a  triangular 
hoi.'  marks  the  mouth.     The  left  hand  is  pi-essed  against  the  left  hip  :  the  right  was  apparently 
raised.     White  slip.     I  leight.  (». ')  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 
Cf.  the  figure  from  Limniti.  Airh.  Anz.  1880.  p.  88,  K. 

243.  (Platk  XLVIII.  «J.)  Horse  carrying  a  woman  of  primitive  tyi>e.  She  faces  the  horse's 
right  side,  and  no  saddle  is  represented.  Kyes  and  breasts  of  woman  an<l  eyes  of  horse  are 
applied  disks.  White  slip,  with  applied  red  lines  on  neck,  waist,  and  knees  of  woman.  Height, 
♦J.o  cm.     Red  clay. 

Reinach,  in  a  study  of  female  figures  associated  with  horses  ( Ln  2\,'ecfojtoh'  (h  J///r//if/,  pp. 
401  ff.),  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  •'  Ton  pent  hesiter  entre  Eos.  Selene  et  Aphrodite,  mais  sans 
exchue  la  imssibilitc  tVune  autre  livjiothese."  At  Argos,  a  figure  like  No.  243  is  much  more  likely 
to  be  associated  with  Hera  TTTrios  (cf.  Pans.  V.  lo.  5),  but  this  cannot  be  reganled  as  anything 
more  than  a  conjecture. 

244.  (Plate  XLVIII.  2.)  Mounted  warrior  of  the  «ndinary  primitive  type.  Face,  a  Wak, 
with  disks  for  eyes:  high  helmet.  He  has  no  shield,  but  extends  his  arms  to  the  sides  of  the 
horses  head.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  7.0  cm.     Red  clay. 

245.  (Platk  XLVIII.  4.)  Similar  warrior,  with  large  shield  on  left  arm.  Only  neck  and 
shoulders  of  horse  are  preserved.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  0  em.     Red  clay. 

246.  (Plate  XLVIII.  3.)  Similar  warrior,  no  part  of  horse  preserve<l.  The  warrior  wears 
a  peculiar  helmet,  the  effect  of  which  resembles  that  of  the  American  "cocked  hat."  White  slip. 
Height,  7  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

247.  Forty -five  fragments  of  similar  figures,  all  more  or  less  broken.  They  usually  show  traces 
of  a  white  slip.     Clay,  usually  red. 

For  this  very  conunon  tyi)e.  cf.  Martha,  Cat.  de»  Fig.  <hi  Mus.  d' Atlnnvs.  Nos.  (502.  tJ03  (from 
Tegea):  Jamot.  /?.  C.  If.  XIV.  (1890),  pp.  217  ff.  (^Tanagra  figures):  Cesnola,  Coll.  of 
Ct/jii'iote  AntiqtiU'u'if,  IIP  pi.  Ixix. 


24S.  (Plate  XLVIII.  8.)  Horse  with  pannier  on  each  side,  bound  by  straps  which  pass 
around  neck,  under  belly,  and  under  tail.  Oi'uamented  with  black  lines  across  breast,  black  dots 
on  straps.     Length,  7.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

(^f.  the  horse  with  :i  basket  on  his  back  found  at  the  sanctuary  of  the  Kabiri  (Wolters,  At/i. 
Mitt.  XV.  [181M)],  p.  3.58). 

249.  (Plate  XLVIII.  10.)  Horse's  head  of  good  style.  Tln'  forelock  is  carefully  brought 
out,  and  even  the  wrinkles  over  the  eyes.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow 
and  fine. 

250.  (Plate  XLVIII.  12.)  Small  animal  (dog?),  legs  broken.  The  eyes  are  holes  bordered 
by  raise<l  rims.     Trsjces  of  white.     Height,  3.  ">  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

251.  (Plate  XLVIII.  1.)  Bull's  head  of  good  style,  complete  except  light  horn.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  0.5  cm.     Clay,  red. 

252.  (Plate  XLVIII.  ').)  Similar  head,  horns  broken.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  G.5  em. 
Chiy,  ivd. 

253.  (Plate  XLVIII.  17.)  Bull's  head  in  profile,  good  workmanship.  Traces  of  white. 
Height.  5.')  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  large  finds  of  similar  bulls  at  the  sanctuary  of  the  Kabiri  (Wolters,  ^1^//.  Mitt.  XV. 
[1800],  pp.  355  ff.). 

254.  (  Plate  XLVIII.  24.)  Seri)ent's  head  of  gootl  style.  liody.  black  :  head,  green,  bordered 
by  maroon  line  ;  eyes  and  nose  t«>uehed  up  with  black.     Length,  5.5  cm.    Yellow  clay. 

255.  (  Plate  XLV^IH.  0. )  Small  dove  with  young  nmler  her  wings.  Traces  of  red.  Height, 
2.5  cm.     Red  clay. 

256.  (  Plate  XLVIII.  23.)  Cock,  })ractically  uid)roken.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  comb 
and  wattU's.     Height,  7  ••m.     Yellow  clay. 

257.  (  Plate  XLVIII.  14. )  Small  hiunan-headed  bird,  with  ring  for  suspension.  The  face  is 
archaic,  with  high  coiffure,  two  braids  falling  over  right  shoulder  ami  one  over  left:  mass  at  back. 
Traces  of  white  with  applied  re<l.     Height.  5  cm.      I):»rk  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Martha.  Cat.  dcs  Fitj.  da  Mas.  dWthhas.  Nos.  241,  242,  9(54;  Kekule,  Ant.  Tcrralotten, 
II.  p.  2(»,  figs.  03  and  04  :  Heuzey.  Fitj.  da  Mas.  da  Loavrc,  pi.  xiii.  0.  We  agree  with  Ileuzey 
(ltn:  lit.  p.  11).  in  reganling  this  figure  as  a  Siren  or  Harpy,  borrowed  by  the  Greeks  from  the 
Egyjrtian  i*epres«'ntation  of  the  s«ml. 

258.  (  Fig.  70. )    Cock,  broken  at  neck.     The  background  is  cut  away  all  around,  and  the 

platpie  is  pierced  by  two  ludes  for  suspending  it  or  for  fixing  it  upon 
a  backgrimnd.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  5.5  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

This  t\\Mi  is   Vi'ry  common.     Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  da  Mas. 
(rAtlicacs,  Nos.    11-13:  Dumont  et   Chajdain.  CCnimiqaes  dc  la 
(Jn'ce  Proi)V(\  II.  )».  220,  No.  45:  (Jirard,  '  Sur  Quelques  Nccro- 
l>oles  de  la  (ince  du  Nord.'  //.  C.  II.    III.  (1870).  p.  217,  No.  2  : 
Stephani.  Ctnnpte   Jttada,  18(58,  p.  71,  pi.  iii.  14  :  Rayet,  Cat.  dc 
la  Coll.  d'Aiit.  Cf.  dc  M.  O.  Ik\it/ct,  p.  8,  No.  30:  there  are  similar 
s|M>cimens  in  Syracuse. 
(Plaie  XLVIII.  10.)     Dog's  head,  broken  at  neck,  which  is  decorated  with  a  twisted 
The  mcMleling  is  very  careless.     Traces  of  white.     Height,  6  cm.     Clay,  red. 
(Plate  XLVIII.  18.)      Rude  ram's  head,  broken  at  neck.     Traces  of  red.     Height, 
5  cm.     Light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann.  Tit't/as,  p.  106,  fig.  22. 

26L  Be:ir's  hea<l,  broken  at  neck,  very  rude  eye  and  mouth  marked  by  long  grooves.  Traces 
of  red.     Height,  5  cm.     Gray  clay. 

262.  (Plate  XLVIII.  15.)  He.nd  of  gi-iffin,  broken  at  neck.  The  mouth  is  wide  oj^n.  The 
hair  is  n-pi-esented  by  notches  above  the  forehead  and  at  sides  of  neck.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 
0  cm.     Red  clay. 

263.  (Plate  XLVIII.  *20.)  S(piatting  i)ig.  fore  legs  (which  were  extended  horizontally) 
broken.     No  trace  of  color.     Height,  0  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 


Fifi.  76. 


collar. 
260. 


42 


TERRACOTTA   FIGURINES 


VARIOUS  ORTECTS 


43 


ll 


M 


264.  (Plate   XLVIII.  21.)     Sitting  monkey,  arms  broken.     No  trace  of  color.     Height, 

9.5  em.     Light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Martha,  Cot.  des  Fig.  du  Jlits.  (FAthhies,  No.  100;  Fr.ihner,  Collection  Banc,  No.  464. 
It  is  probable,  from  the  i>osition  of  the  arms  ami  from  a  remnant  of  some  object  on  the  left 
shoultler,  that  our  figure  held  a  spear  in  the  right  hand,  and  carried  a  shield  on  the  left  arm  — 
the  attitude  of  a  similar  figure  from  Megara  Hyblaea  in  Syracuse  (vase  room,  central  case). 

265.  (Plate  XLVIII.  22.)    Tortoise,  head  missing.    Traces  of  white.     Length,  4  cm.     Dark 

red  clay. 

266.  Six  hundred  and  forty-six  fragments  of  animals,  similar  to  the  types  here  described,  all 

more  or  less  mutihiteil. 

XI.     VARIOUS   OBJECTS. 

267.  (Fig.  77.)  Fragment  of  dish  with  cakes.     Length,  6  cm.     Clay,  retldish  yellow. 

Undoubtedly  an  offering  "  by  sub- 
stitution "  to  the  go<ls ;  cf .  Pettier  and 
Reinach,  La  Seccojiole  de  Mt/rinu, 
pp.  240  ff. 

268.   (Fig.  78. )    Table,  legs  broken 

close   to   top.     The  edges  are  grooved 

to   form    an   ornamental  pattern.     On 

!•'"■■  ""•  the  table,  thin   strips  of  clay,  applied 

irregularly,  seem  to  us  to  represent  foo«l  (cf.  No.  2G7).     Traces 

of  white  and  some  red.     Length.  7.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

269.    (Fio'.  79.)    Top  of  a  table,  legs  broken.     At  each  corner  is  a  Wss,  meant,  i^ssibly,  to 

represent  a  bronze  nail-head.  Top  painted  with  ci-oss-lines  and  round 
dots  in  maroon,  shading  to  black.  Length,  5.5  cm.  A>'idth,  5  cm. 
Yellow  clay. 

270.  Ftu-ty-eight  fragments  of  similar  tables,  mostly  small,  flat  pieces 
(»f  tops,  with  incised  patterns  of  parallel  and  criss-cross  lines.  They  are 
usually  painted  solid  red,  but  a  few  have  the  reg- 
ular white  coat,  with  applied  red  and  black  lines. 
The  lurjrest  fragment  measures  7.5  cm.  X  C  cm. 
Yellow  clay. 


Fig.  78. 


Fig.  79. 


271. 


( Fi"-.  80.)    Fragment  of  bed,  legs  broken.    The  sides  are  covend  with 


Fig.  8a 
The  arm  has 


incised  patterns  :  on  one  side,  in  the  centre,  meander.  an«l  at  sides,  criss-cross. 

No  traces  of  color.     Height,  3.5  cm.    Length, 
4.25  cm.     "Width,  2.75  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

272.    (Fig.  81.^    Armchair,  legs  an<l  back  broken, 
a  hole  at  the  end  (to  receive  a  bronze  nail-hea<l  ?). 
Traces  of  a  seated  figui-e  in  the  chair.     Decoration 
in  straight  and  zigzag  lines,  brown  to  black.    I  leight, 
5  cm.    Length.  6  cm.    Width,  4.5  cm.    Light  yellow 

clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann.  Tinjmt.  p.  148,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  c. ; 
Furtwiiugler,  Samm.  Snitournf,  II.  pi.  cxliv.  3 :  Mon.  Ant.  VI.  p.  107,  pi.  iv.  9 ; 
ibid.  p.  129,  pi.  V.  10. 

27a    Similar  armchair,  containing  fragment  of  a  female  figure  of  the  seated, 
flat-bodied  type,  legs  and  back  broken.     One  arm  has  a  round  boss  at  the  end. 
Decoration  in  brown  criss-cross  lines  on  back  of  chair.     The  bo<ly  of  the  woman  was  painted 
black.     Height,  7  cm.     Length,  6.75  cm.     Width,  5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 
Cf.  No.  272. 


Fig.  «L 


Fig.  82. 


Fig.  83. 


Fig.  84. 


274.  (Fig.  82.)  Leg  from  a  similar  chair  or  from  a  table,  with  ornamental  nail-head,  decorated 
by  eight  radiating  grooves,  with  a  boss  at  the  centre.  The  end  is  painted  red.  Height,  4.5  cm. 
Clay,  yellow. 

275.  Fifty -two  fragments  of  similar  legs,  all  decorated  on  the  ends,  usually  with  a  boss  or  a 

rosette  or  radiating  lines.  They 
usually  show  traces  of  white 
or  i-ed  color.  Length,  2  cm.  to 
8  cm.     Clay,  yellow  or  red. 

276.  (Fig.  83.)  Foot  with 
sandal.  The  sole  is  a  sepaiute 
piece,  and  there  is  an  elaborate 
bow  on  the  instep.  No  trace  of  color.  Length,  6  cm.  Yel- 
low clay. 

277.  (Fig.  84.)  Terra-cotta  mould.  The  objects  repre- 
sented come  out  more  plainly  in  the  impression  (which  is 
here  given)  than  in  the  mould  itself ;  but  they  are  ilifficult 

to  determine  with  certainty.     Two  are  plainly  shells,  one  seems  to  be  a  pear,  another  a  fig,  another 
a  nut.     Length,  4  cm.     Width,  2.6  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

The  objects  represented  in  this  mould  make  it  appear  probable  that  the  mould 
was  used  for  making  offerings  of  focxl,  "  by  substitution,"  to  the  goddess.  Cf.  No. 
'267.  and  the  reference  there  given. 

278.  (Fig.  85.)  Small  set  of  three  large-handled  vases,  set  into  one  another. 
They  served  no  practical  purpose,  but  were  simply  a  votive  offering.  Traces  of 
white.     Height,  6.25  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

Orsi,  in  his  article  '  Megara  Hyblaea '  {Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  874),  quotes  a  case  of 
two  stamni  set  into  each  other  in  a 
grave  (No.  cxciii.  of  his  enumera- 
tion). 

279.  ( Fig.  86.)    Fragment  of  a 
All  that  is  preserved  is  a  jiortion 

of  the  long  table,  with  two  boards  ui>on  it,  each  car- 
rying a  cake  of  dough.  On 
the  base,  beside  this  table, 
traces  of  three  figures  of  })rim- 
itive  tyi>e.  Traces  of  black. 
7.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  bake-shop  scenes  in  Athens,  Martha,  Cat.  den  Fig.  du  Mvs. 
dWfirencs,  Nos.  39,  40,  published  by  Kourouniotes,  'E«^.  'Apx-  1896.  pp. 
201  ff.,  pi.  xi. 

280.  (Fig.  87.)  Small  tree  (?)  with  seven  projections  about  main  stalk 
(to  represent  branches?).  White  coat,  ornamentation  in  red  and  black 
lines.     Height,  7  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

281.  (  Fig.  88.)  Two  flower-like  disks,  fastened  together  by  the  stems. 
One  is  painted  solid  red,  the  other  has  cross-lines  in  red, 

shading  to  black:  stems,  dark  red:     I-.ength,  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

282.  Twenty-two  fragments  of  similar  disks.  They  are 
all  painted,  usually  in  maroon  and  black,  sometimes  in 
solid  color.     Length,  1.5  cm.  to  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

283.  (Fig.  89.)  Four-sided  cone,  perforated  at  the  top. 
Ornament,  a  wide  stripe  in  dark  red  to  black,  on  each  face. 


Fig.  85. 
bake-shop  scene. 


1fer"^aig".ii 


Height,  4.5  cm. 


Fig.  80. 


Length.  10  cm. 


Width, 


Fig.  87. 


Fig.  88. 


Height,  5  cm.     Red  clay. 
Cf.  p.  15,  note  10. 


Fig.  8t>. 


4-2 


TKKRA  COTTA    KI(JrKINP:S 


VARIOUS   ORTECTS 


43 


264.  (I'kvtk    XLVUI.   -1.)     Sitting   monkey,  aims  broken.     >o  trace  of   color.     Height, 

9..")  cm.     Lijiht  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Martha,  Cot.  iks  Fuj.  (hi  JIfis.  d'AtlHtHs,  No.  100;  Fr.'.hner,  ('olhHlon  liunr.  No.  4G4. 
It  is  i)robal.le,  from  the  iwwitiou  of  the  arms  and  from  a  remnant  of  some  object  on  the  left 
shoultler,  that  our  figure  held  a  sin-ar  in  the  right  hand,  an«l  carried  a  shield  on  the  left  arm  — 
the  attitude  of  a  similar  figure  from  .M»'gara  llyblaea  in  Syracuse  (^Xixse  roouj,  central  case). 

265.  (Platk  XLVIII.  -2. )    Tortoise,  head  missing.    Traces  of  white.     Length,  4  cm.     Dark 

retl  clav. 

266.  Six  hundred  :ind  forty-six  fragments  of  animals,  similar  to  the  types  here  described,  all 

more  or  less  mutilated. 

XL     VAIUOUS   OBJECTS. 


267. 


Fio.  78. 


( I-'i-^.  77.)  Fragment  of  dish  with  cakes.     Length,  6  cm.     Clay,  reddish  yellow. 
Undoubtedly  an    offering    "  by  sub- 
stitution "  to  the  go«ls:  cf.  Pottier  and 
Keinach,     L"    ykropolc    (Iv    J/iJtind, 
pp.  •J4r,  ff. 

268.  (,Fig.  78. )  Table,  legs  broken 
close  to  top.  The  edges  are  grooved 
to  form  an  ornamental  i>attern.  On 
the  table,  thin  strijis  of  clay,  applied 
irregularly,  seen»  to  us  to  represent  fcKMl  (^ef.  No.  "207 ).  Traces 
of  white  and  some  red.     Length.  7.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

269.    (  Kli;.  7i»-)     I'M'  "^  -^  tuUc.  h'gs  bn.ken.     At  each  corner  is  a  l)o>s.  meant,  i^ssibly,  to 

represent  a  bronze  nail-head.  Top  i)ainted  with  en»ss-lim's  and  r«>und 
dots  in  maroon,  shading  ti»  black.  Length.  5.5  cm.  Width.  5  cm. 
Yellow  clay. 

270.  Forty-eight  fragments  of  similar  tables,  mostly  small,  flat  ineces 
i>f  tops,  with  incised  patterns  of  parallel  and  criss-cross  lines.  They  are 
usually  painted  solid  red,  but  a  few  have  the  reg- 
ular white  coat,  with  applie«l  red  and  black  lines. 
The  largest  fragment  measures  7.5  cm.  X  ♦'  <'i>i. 
^'•''-  ■••  Yellow  clay. 

271.    (  Fig.  80. )    Fragment  of  bed.  legs  In-oken.    The  sid«'s  are  covere«l  with 
incised  patterns  :  on  one  side,  in  the  centre,  meander,  antl  at  sides,  criss-cross. 

No  traces  of  coh>r.     Height,  3.5  cm.     Length, 
4.25  cm.     Width.  2.75  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

272.    (  Fig.  8L  )     Armchair,  legs  and  back  broken, 
a  hole  at  the  end  (to  receive  a  bronze  nail-head.'). 
Traces  of  a  seated  figure  in  the  chair.      I)ecorati«)n 
in  straight  and  zigzag  Hiu's.  brown  to  black.     I  leight, 
5  cm.    Length.  G  cm.    Width.  4.5  cm.    Light  yellow 

clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann.  TT/v/w-s.  p.  148.  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  c. ; 

Furtwiingler,  S>niiin.  S,i},om'(>f.  \\.  pi.  exliv.  :] :    }fo)>.  Ant.  VI.  p.  107,  pi.  iv.  1» ; 

ihhl.  p.  120.  pi.  V.  10. 

27a    Similar  armchair,  containinu;  fragment  of  a  female  figure  of  the  seated, 
flat-bodied  tyi>e.  legs  and  back  broken.     One  arm  has  a  round  boss  at  the  end. 
Decoration  in  brown  criss-cross  lines  on  back  of  chair.     The  IkmIv  of  the  woman  was  painted 
black.      llei«^ht.  7  cm.     Length,  G.75  cm.     Width,  5  cm.     Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  No.  272. 


Fig.  80. 
The  arm  has 


Fiti.  81. 


Fio.  8l». 


274.  ( Fig.  82.)  Leg  from  a  similar  chair  or  from  a  table,  with  ornamental  nail-head,  decoi-ated 
by  eight  radiating  grooves,  with  a  boss  at  the  centre.  The  end  is  painted  red.  Height,  4.5  cm. 
Clay,  yellow. 

275.  Fifty-two  fragments  of  similar  legs,  all  decorated  on  the  ends,  usually  with  a  boss  or  a 

rosette  or  radiating  lines.  They 
usually  show  traces  of  white 
or  red  color,  L«'ngth.  2  cm.  to 
8  cm.     Clay,  yeHow  or  red. 

276.    (Fig.    83.)    Foot   with 

sandal.     The  sole  is  a  se))arate 

l>icce,  and  there  is  an  elaborate 

No  trace  of  color.     Lensth,  G  cm.     Yel- 


FiG.  8.'{. 


Fn;.  84. 


t 

'h 


Fui.  8.i. 


l)ow  on  the  instep 
low  clay. 

277.  (Fig.  84.)  Terra-eotta  mould.  The  objects  repre- 
sente«l  come  out  more  plaiidy  in  the  impression  ( which  is 
here  given)  than  in  the  mould  itself ;  but  they  arc  iliflicult 

to  determine  with  certainty.     Two  are  plainly  sliells,  one  seems  to  be  a  i)ear.  another  a  fig,  another 
a  nnt.     Length,  4  cm.     Width,  2.G  cm.     Clay,  yellow. 

The  objects  represented  in  this  mould  make  it  appear  probable  that  the  mould 

was  used  for  making  offerings  of  food.  "  by  substitution.'"  to  the  goddess.    Cf.  No. 

■2<57.  and  the  reference  there  given. 

W.-^^lll^^^  278.    (  Fig.  85. )    Small  set  of  three  large-handled  vases,  set  into  one  another. 

V       ^3/K       1  ''^'y  >«'»ved  no  practical   i)urpose,  but  were  simply  a  votive  offering.     Traces  of 

white.     Height,  G.25  cm.     Dark  red  clay. 

Orsi,  in  his  article  •  Megara  Hyblaea '  {Mod.  Aiit.  I.  p.  874).  cpiotes  a  case  of 
two  stamni  set  into  each  other  in  a 
grave  (No.  cxciii.  of  his  enumera- 
tion). 

279.  (  Fig.  8G.)  Fragment  of  a 
bake-shop  scene.  All  tiiat  is  preserved  is  a  portion 
of  tin-  h)ng  table,  witli  two  l>oards  upon  it.  each  car- 
rying a  cake  of  dough.  On 
the  base,  besid*'  this  table, 
traces  of  three  figures  of  prim- 
itive type.  Traces  of  black. 
7.5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  bake-sh«»p  scones  in  .Vthens,  ^lartha.  Cat.  (h.<i  Fif/.  dit  Jlus. 
(VAtheniK,  Nos.  30.  40,  published  by  Koju-onniotes,  'V.^.  'A,,v  18<.H>.  pp. 
201  ft".,  id.  xi. 

280.  (Fig.  87.)  Small  tree  O  with  seven  projections  about  main  stalk 
(^to  represent  branches?).  White  coat,  ornamentation  in  red  and  black 
lines.     Heiffht.  7  cm.     Clav.  reddish  vellow. 

281.  (  Fig.  88.)  Two  flower-like  disks,  fastened  together  by  the  stems. 
One  is  painted  solid  red.  the  other  has  cross-lines  in  red, 

shading  t«>  black:  stems,  dark  red:     Length.  5  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

282.  Twenty-two  fragments  of  similar  disks.  They  are 
all  painted,  usually  in  maro<m  and  black,  sometimes  in 
solid  t'olor.      Length.  1.5  cm.  to  5  cm.     YeHow  clay. 

283.  (Fig.  80. )  Four-sided  cone.  i)erforated  at  the  top. 
Ornament,  a  wide  stripe  in  dark  red  to  black,  on  each  f.ice. 
Height.  5  cm.      He»l  clay. 

Fig.  88.  Cf.  p.  15,  note  10.  Fig.  8l» 


Fig.  S(;. 
Height,  4.5  cm.     Length.  10  cni.     Width, 


Fig.  87. 


/ 


II 


Ml 


44 


TERRA-COTTA   FIGURINES 


Thr  Argivr  Hrraeum 


Plate  XLII 


|i 


l! 


Fig.  IH). 
3  cm.  to  5  cm 


Fio.  91. 


284.    (Fig.  90.)    Similjir  perforated  cone;  on  each  side,  six  hoiizontid  lines.     Color,  light  red, 
shading  to  dark  retl,  brown,  and  black.     Height,  7  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

285.  Thirt)M)ne  similar  cones.     Decoration  is  raiv,  and  is  never  more  than  a 
simi)le  scheme  of  line  ornament.     Height,  3.5  cm.  to  G.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow  to  red. 

286.  (Fig.  91.)    Large  si)ool.     On  one  face,  a  stamp,  consisting  of  curvetl  lines, 
radiating  from  a  centre.     Slight  traces  of  red.     Height, 
4  (Mil.     Diameter,  5  cm.     Clay,  greenish  yellow. 

287.  (Fig.  92.)  Similar  spool.  On  one  face,  an  ani- 
mal (cat  or  dog),  stamped  in  deep  lines.  Traces  of  white. 
II«'ight,  5.5  cm.     Diameter,  5.75  cm.    Yellow  clay. 

288.  Forty -nine  similar  spools,  with  simple  designs, 
usually  a  single  circle  or  simple  rosette;  two  have  a  Greek 
cross.     They  almost  never  show  traces  of  color.     Heights, 

Diameter,  3  cm.  to  4.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 
289.    One  liuiulied  and  seventy-eight  plain  spools,  sometimes  rounded 

at  the  ends.     Almost  no  traces  of  color.     Heights,  2.25  cm.  to  0  cm. 
Diameters,  2.25  cm.  to  6  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  retl. 

290.  Large  jiear-shai^ed  weight  (pi-obably  loom-weight),  i)erforated 
4.5  cm.  from  top.  The  bottom,  which  is  flattened,  is  pierced  by  three 
holes,  apparently  unconnected,  and  another  hole,  parallel  to  the  axis, 
enters  at  the  side.  On  one  side,  at  bottom,  is  stami)ed  an  anthemion. 
No  trace  of  color.  Height,  14.5  cm.  Greatest  diameter,  7  cm.  Dark 
yellow  clay. 

291.  Twenty  fragments  of  similar  large  weights,  perforated  at  top, 
and  with  one  to  five  holes  at  l)ottom,  but  without  decoration.  No  traces 
of  color.     Height,  7.5  cm.  to  13  cm.     Clay,  usually  retl. 

292.  Eight  whorls  of  the  ordinary  type,  all  plain  except  one,  which  has  four  radiating  grooves 
on  one  side.     No  decoration.     Diameters,  2.75  cm.  to  5  cm.     Clay,  yellow  to  retl. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tlryns,  pp.  147  ff. ;  Jft/cenae  and  Tirt/ns,  p.  77. 

293.  Three  objects  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross  with  rounded  ends,  i)iercetl  by  a  hole  at  the 
centre.     No  color.     Lengths,  4.75  era.,  5.5  cm.,  6.5  cm.     Clay,  red. 


Fig.  92. 


294.    Four  small  rings  with  notchetl  edges. 
4  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryni<^  p.  148,  No.  73. 


They  are  paintetl  red.     Diameters,  2.75  cm.  to 


NOTE. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  these  \mges  were  in  tyi)e  before  the  apj)earaiice  of  Hinlaczek's  two  articles.  '  Zur 
Schmuckkunst  des  altgriechischen  Mittelalters '  and  *  Die  Fibel  des  Odysseus.  Helikesuiul  Kalykes '  {Jtihres- 
hefte  d.  oester.  arch.  lust,  in  Wlen,  V.  [1902].  pp.  207  ff.,  and  !hi>f.  VI.  [11H)8],  pp.  108  ff.),  so  that  it  was 
iiiilHissible  to  give  definite  references  to  the  Argive  figures  which  he  mentions.  We  are  pleased  to  note  tliat 
his  conclusions  as  to  the  dress  of  these  figures  are  substantially  in  agreement  with  (»ur  own,  as  exjiressed  on 
pp.  10  ff.  and  jjassim. 


13(41) 


10(40) 


12(28) 


1lf37) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  PRIMITIVE  AND  TIRYNTHIAN  .\RGIVE  TYPE:  STANDING  FIGURES 


'    ' 


f 


44 


TERRA-COTTA    FlCiURlNES 


Thk  Arrivk  IIrraritm 


Plate  XLII 


li 


Fig.  1H>. 
3  cm.  to  o  em. 


Fig.  !»1. 


284.    (Fig.  1>0.)    Similar  iwrforated  cime ;  on  oaeh  side,  si.\  horizontal  lines.     Color,  light  red, 
shailing  to  dark  reil.  brown,  and  black.     1  leight,  7  em.     Yellow  elay. 

285.  Thirty-one  similar  cones.     Decoration  is  rare,  and  is  never  more  than  a 
simple  scheme  of  line  ornament.     Height,  3.5  cm.  to  0.5  cm.     Clay,  yellow  to  red. 

286.  (Fig.  91.)    Large  si)ool.     On  one  face,  a  stamp,  consisting  of  curved  lines, 
radiating  from  a  centre.     Slight  traces  of  red.     Height, 
4  (111.     Diameter,  5  cm.     Clay,  greenish  yellow. 

287.  (  Fig.  9'2.)  Similar  spool.  On  one  face,  an  ani- 
mal (t'at  <»r  dog),  stami)ed  in  deep  lines.  Traces  of  white, 
Il.ioht,  5.5  cm.     Diameter,  5.75  cm.     Yellow  clay. 

288.  Forty -nine  similar  s^hmjIs,  with  simple  designs, 
usually  a  single  circle  or  simple  rosette;  two  have  a  Cireek 
cross.     They  almost  never  show  traces  of  coh)r.     Heights, 

Diameter,  3  cm.  to  4.5  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 
289.    One  liundied  and  seventy-eight  plain  spools,  sometimes  i-onnded 

at  the  ends.     Almost  no  traces  of  color.     Heights,  2.25  em.  to  •»  cm. 
Diameters.  2.25  cm.  to  «j  cm.     Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

290.  Large  i)ear-shai)ed  weight  ( probably  loom-weight ),  i)erforated 
4.5  cm.  from  t()p.  The  bottom,  which  is  flattened,  is  pierced  by  three 
holes,  apparently  unconnected,  and  another  hole,  jiarallel  to  the  axis, 
enters  at  the  side.  On  one  side,  at  bottom,  is  stamped  an  anthemion. 
No  trace  of  coh)r.  Height,  14.5  cm.  Greatest  diameter,  7  cm.  Dark 
yellow  clay. 

291.  Twenty  fragments  of  similar  large  weights,  ]>erforated  at  top, 
and  with  one  to  five  holes  at  bottom,  but  without  decoration.  No  traces 
of  color.      Height,  7.5  cm.  to  13  cm.     Clay,  usually  red. 

292.  Kiglit  whorls  of  the  ordinary  type,  all  plain  except  one,  which  has  four  radiating  grooves 
on  one  side.     Xo  decoration.     Diameters,  2.75  cm.  to  5  cm.     Clay,  yellow  to  retl. 

Cf.  Scldiemann.  TirtjHs,  pp.  147  ff. :  Jft/ccnac  and  TV/v/w^,  p.  77. 

293.  Three  objects  in  the  form  of  a  (Jreek  cross  with  rounded  ends,  jnerced  by  a  hole  at  the 
centre.     Xo  color.     Lengths,  4.75  cm.,  5.5  cm.,  G.5  cm.     Clay,  ivd. 

294.  Four  small  rings  with  notched  edges.  They  are  jKiinted  red.  Diameters.  2.75  cm.  to 
4  cm.     Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemaun,  71i>/nf>,  p.  148,  Xo.  73. 

NOTK. 

It  is  t«)  1)6  regretted  tliat  these  jjajj^"  were  in  type  before  the  ap|)earance  t»f  Iludar/.ek's  two  artii'le><.  •  Ziir 
Schmiickkinist  des  altgrieclnscheii  Mittt'lalteis '  ami  •  Dif  P'ibtl  des  Odysseus.  HeUkesuiid  Kalykes '  {.lohres- 
hefte  d.  o,ster.  arch.  I»sf.  in  Wi^n,  V.  [11)02].  pp.  '201  IT.,  aiul  ifnd.  VI.  [1«M»;{],  pp.  108  fl:.),  so  that  it  was 
impossible  to  give  dethiite  references  to  the  Argive  figures  which  he  mentions.  We  are  pleased  to  note  that 
his  conclusions  as  to  the  dress  of  these  figures  are  substantially  in  agreement  with  our  own,  as  expressetl  on 
pp.  10  ff.  and  jiussbn. 


Fui.  92. 


13(41) 


10(40 


12(28; 


1 1  ^37) 


TERR.\  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  PRIMITIVE  AND  TIRYNTHIAN  .\RGIVE  TYPE:  STANDING  FIGURES 


if 


4'J 


Thr  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLIII 


The  Argive  Hbrabum 


Plate  XLIV 


l! 


I 


10(51) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES  -  TIRYNTHIAN  ARGIVE  TYPE:  SEATED  FIGURES 


*<90)  5(91) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ADVANCED  ARGIVE  TYPE 


f 


I 


Thr  Argivr  Hrraeitm 


Plate  XLIII 


I) 


10(61) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  TIRYNTIIIAN  ARGIVE  TYPE:  SEATED  FIGURES 


1 


Thr  Argivr  HRRAEirM 


Plate  XLIV 


4  90) 


5(91) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ADVANCED  ARGIVE  TYPE 


I! 


The  Argivr  Hrraritm 


Plate  XLV 


l! 


11  (93) 


13(94) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ADVANCED  ARGIVE  TYPE:  HEADS 


/ 


The  Argivr  Hrrarum 


Plate  XLVI 


12(188) 


13(198) 


14(160) 


15(199) 


16(197) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -EARLY  ARCHAIC  TYPE 


ii 


Thr  Argivr  Hrrari'm 


Plate  XLV 


11<93) 


13(94) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ADVANCED  ARGIVE  TYPE:  HEADS 


Thr  Argivr  Hrrari'm 


Plate  XLVI 


\l 


1.1 


12' 188 


13198) 


14(150; 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -EARLY  ARCHAIC  TYPE 


Thk  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  XLVII 


1^1 


13(208) 


15(210) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  EARLY  ARCHAIC  TYPE  (Nos.  3.  4,  6,  8—10,   12-15); 
ADVANCED  ARCHAIC  TYPE  (Nos.  1,  2,  5,  11);  FREE  STYLE  (No.  7) 


f 


I 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLVIII 


22(265) 


24(254) 


21(264) 


23(256) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ANIMALS 


l| 


% 


Thr  Argivf.  Hrrakitm 


Plate  XLVII 


12(213) 


13(208) 


15(210) 


TERRA  COITA  FICiLRlNES.     EARLY  ARCHAIC  TYPE  (Nos.  3.     4.     6,     8—10.       u-i.O; 
ADYANCEO  ARCHAIC  TYPE  (Nos.  i,     2,     5.     11);     FREE  STYLE  (No.  7) 


f 
il 


Vil 


The  Argivr  Hrrarum 


Plate  XLVIII 


22(265 


24(2541 


21(264) 


23(256) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.     ANIMALS 


Il 


/' 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


tl 


(I 


ill 


I 


ii 


l! 


<  ' 


\ 


THE  TERRACOTTA  RELIEFS* 

By  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN  and  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 

The  Terra-Cotta  Reliefs  form  a  pui*tiun  of  the  interesting  finds  among  the  objects  of 
the  lesser  arts  which  the  excavations  at  the  Argive  Heraeum  has  yielded.  The  greater 
number  of  them  were  found  during  the  first  season  in  1892,  in  what  we  termed  the 
"  black  layer  "  below  the  foundation  walls  of  the  Second  Temple.  Though  we  are  not 
justified  in  saying  that  this  black  layer  ran  continuously  round  the  foundations  of 
the  whole  Temple,  earth  of  this  consistency,  containing  objects  of  the  same  character, 
was  found  at  so  many  points  in  the  filling  for  the  Second  Temple  that  a  certain  degi-ee 
of  continuity  may  be  assumed.  Still,  at  times,  the  black  earth  was  found  in  greater 
thickness  and  the  objects  in  greater  profusion ;  so  that  we  were  led  to  use  the  term 
"  pockets."  Other  specimens  were  discovered,  chiefly  on  the  south  and  southwest  slopes, 
in  the  third  layer  of  earth  which  had  been  massed  as  filUng  for  the  Second  Temple ;  so  that 
on  the  whole,  the  provenience  of  all  these  objects  may  be  designated  as  the  filling  below 
the  Second  Temple.  The  chronology  of  all  objects  found  in  this  filling  would  thus  be 
fixed  in  the  one  direction  as  being  prior  to  the  year  423  b.  c.  The  other  limit  cannot  be 
detenuined  in  the  same  way  by  the  conditions  of  excavation ;  especially  as  objects  mani- 
festly belonging  to  widely  different  periods  were  found  together  in  this  filling.  We  may, 
however,  anticipate  and  mention  one  fact  which  will  necessitate  fuller  explanation  on 
some  future  occasion,  namely,  that  none  of  these  terra-cottas  were  found  on  the  same 
level  as  the  Mycenaean  walls  erected  on  the  bed-rock  below  the  filling.  Further  points, 
in  so  far  as  they  can  now  be  determined,  will  be  noted  as  we  examine  each  individual 
fragment. 

The  terra-cotta  reliefs  will  be  considered  in  two  groups :  first,  those  that  ornamented 
fhit  objects  of  terra-cotta  —  plaques,  tiles,  j/inakesj  bricks,  etc. ;  and,  secondly,  those  that 
evidently  formed  parts  of  terra-cotta  vessels  or  vases  decorated  in  relief.  We  shall  in 
this  chapter  confine  our  study  to  the  former  group. 

These  plaques  (Plate  XLIX.)  are  ten  -  in  number ;  they  are  all,  with  the  exception  of 
Nos.  9  and  10,  in  a  more  or  less  fragmentary  condition. 

1.  Winged  figure  to  right,  legs  in  profile,  head  and  body  en  face.     Upper  left  corner  missing. 
Length,  0.14  m. ;  width,  0.085  m. ;  thickness,  0.008  m.    Found  on  the  Second  Temple  Terrace. 
2-4.   Rectangular  reliefs,  bordered  by  incuse  circles,  the  centres  of  which  are  raised,  inclosing 

two  square  fields.     In  each  field,  a  winged  figure  running  or  flying  to  left. 

2.  Length,  0.07  m. ;  width,  0.085  m. ;  thickness,  0.026  m. 
a   Length,  0.10  m. ;  width,  0.085  m. ;  thickness,  0.027  m. 

4.  length,  0.117  m.;  width,  0.073  m. ;  thickness,  0.023  m. 
All  these  were  found  in  or  back  of  the  South  Stoa. 

5.  Form  similar  to  No.  2,  rectangular  field.     Two  men  facing  each  other  with  uplifted  arms. 
Length,  0.096  m. ;  width,  0.086  m. :  thickness,  0.031  m.     Second  Temple  Tei-race. 

'  Thi»  chapter,  dencriptive  of  tbeni,  is  here  reproduced  »  An  eleventh  fragment,  similar  in  form  to  Xo.  2,  but 

as   published  in    the  American   Journal  of  Archaeology  with  only  a  foot  showing  in  the  field,  was  too  much  muti- 

(vol.  II.  1898,  pp.  173-186),  with  slight  corrections  and  lated  to  be  published, 
additions. 


I 


48 


THE   TERRA-COTTA   RELIEFS 


•  \ 


'  I 


/I. 


^ 


I 


6.  Part  of  a  rectangular  relief,  representing  a  beanletl  man  in  a  chariot,  driving  a  quadriga. 
Length,  0.085  ni. ;  width,  0.087  ni. ;  thickness,  nearly  0.01  ni. 

7.  Fragment  with  similar  subject,  only  one  horse,  much  smaller  and  less  well  preserved. 
Length!  0.069  m. ;  width,  0.43  m. ;  thickness,  0.01  m.     Both  Nos.  0  and  7  from  the  Second 

Temi)le  Terrace. 

8  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  relief.     Tncuse  circles  as  in  No.  2,  bordering  square 

fields.     Also  a  rosette  with  eight  leaves. 

(a.)    Fore  part  of  Centaur  to  right,  holding  a  branch.   In  the  field,  rosettes  formed  of  four  leaves 

and  four  diamonds  alternating. 

Length,  0.091  m. :  width,  0.079  m. ;  thickness,  0.018  m. 

(b.)    Lower  portion  of  a  kneeling  figure  to  left. 

Length,  0.067  m. ;  width,  0.056  m. :  thickness,  0.02  m.     Found  back  of  the  South  Stoa. 

9.  Small  square  relief,  well  preserved.     Above,  an  extension  pierced  by  a  hole.     In  the  field,  a 

lion  to  right.  ,,/-.,       i 

Length.  0.05  m. ;  width,  0.045  m. ;    thickness,  0.014  m.     From  east  of  the  Chambers  on  the 

Second  Temple  Terrace. 

10.  Small  rectangular  relief.     Two  women  in  a  chariot  to  right,  driving  a  quadriga,     tpper 

part  pierced  by  a  hole. 

Length,  0.054  m. ;  height,  0.046  m. ;  thickness,   0.01  m.     Probably  found  back  of  the  South 

Stoa.  XT     o  1 

All  these  plaques,  with  the  exception  of  No.  8,  are  made  of  a  fine  reddish  clay.     No.  8,  however, 
is  made  of  a  very  coarse  greenish  yellow  clay,  in  which  small  stones  are  visible. 

The  question  what  purpose  these  plaques  served  is  not  easily  detenuined.     There  are 
two  classes  of   ancient  metal  relief  work  :  repousse,  or  beaten  work,  and  pressed,  or 
stamped  work.     The  stiimped  work,  especially  in  soft  and  thin  gold,  was  evidently  made 
from  a  mould '  upon  which  the  thin  metal  was  pressed.     The  use  of  so  brittle  a  material 
as  clay,  however  hard  the  baking  may  have  made  it,  and  however  thick  such  brick-like 
plaques  as  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  and  5  may  be,*  would  be  strange.     Still  it  is  not  imjwssible  tliat 
the  examples  just  mentioned  may  have  served  that  purpose.     All  these  reliefs  are  influ- 
enced to  some  degree  by  the  style  suggested  by  metal  work.     It  is  not  impossible  that 
they  may  have  served  as  "  backing  "  for  a  thin  coating  of  metal.     But  this  is  not  likely, 
because  for  this  the  same  objection  of  the  softness  and  brittleness  of  the  materiiil  might 
be  adduced.     Moreover,  there  is  no  trace  whatever  on  their  surface  that  such  a  covering 
existed.     And,  considering  the  peculiar  adliesive  effect  the  oxydization  of  bronze  exerts 
on  extraneous  objects  (many  vases  being  found  at  the  Heraeum  to  which  bronze  objects 
were  stuck  fast),  it  is  inconceivable  that  no  traces  of  such  a  covering  should  have  been 
found.     A  specimen  of  a  mould  in  terra-cotta  was  found  at  the  Heraeum,  0.11  m.  in 
length,  0.7  m.  in  width,  and  about  0.01  m.  in  thickness,  flat  on  one  side  and  curved 
on  the  other.     In  the  flat  side  were  several  holes  of  varying  shapes,  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  several  millimetres.     A  cast  taken  from  this  mould  showed  a  series  of  objects,  one 
of  which  undoubtedly  represented  a  mollusk,  the  mifrex,  or  purple  shell,  so  common  on 
Mycenaean  vases.     The  artist  has  made  the  common  mistake  in  representing  this  shell 
sinistral  instead  of  dextral ;  he  has  also  made  the  anterior  canal  too  wide.     Whether  the 
others  represent  nuts,  fruit,  or  seeds  of  various  shapes,  we  cannot  decide.     The  nearest 
analogies  to  such  a  mould  are  found  in  Naucratis,*  and  the  so-called  "  cake-stamps  " 
(Xaukrailsy  I.  p.  45,  pi.  29),  which  are  clearly  of  a  very  late  date.     Mr.  Cecil  Smith 

1  See  a  good  instance  of  this  in  the  bronze  mould  in  the  «  Cf.  also  Evans,  /.  H.  S.  VII.  p.  44,  and  Introduc 

Ashmolean   Museum,   Oxford,   published   by  H.  Stuart      tion,  p.  xliv. 
Jones,  /.  H.  S.  1896,  p.  323. 


h 


( 


r 


RELIEF  NO.  1 


43 


informs  us  that  there  are  in  the  British  Museum,  thus  far  unpublished,  stamps  of  a 
similar  slia^Mi  to  ours,  but  none  with  the  same  subject.  The  presence  of  the  murex 
might  point  to  a  somewhat  early  date  for  our  mould,  but  there  is  no  further  clue  to  the 
date. 

That  all  these  plaques  are  ex  votos  is  the  only  natural  explanation  of  their  existence  at 
the  Heraeum.  Nos.  9  and  10  certainly  serve  that  purpose,  as  the  holes  in  their  upper 
parts  for  hanging  them  up  show,  and  Nos.  1,  6,  and  7  can  hardly  be  anything  else. 

The  technical  method  seems  to  have  been  the  same  in  all,  namely,  that  the  clay  was 
stiimped  while  soft,  and  afterwards  fired.  Nos.  8  and  9  present  the  peculiarity  of  being 
treated  with  a  sharp  knife  after  firing,  in  order  to  express  details  and  to  emphasize  lines ; 
this  is  apparent  from  the  knife-marks  on  the  surface  of  the  clay,  and  from  the  fact  that 
in  several  places  the  outlines  have  been  trimmed  down,  leaving  a  fainter  line  at  the  back 
of  the  relief. 

No.  1.  —  This  relief  is  especially  interesting  in  that  while,  as  we  shall  see,  it  manifests 
Hellenic  elements,  it  has  traces  of  Oriental  influence  more  strongly  marked  than  the 
others.  In  fact,  we  may  say  that  the  terra-cottas  in  relief  manifest  the  *  Oriental '  charac- 
ter in  far  greater  proportion  and  pronouncedness  than  is  the  case  with  the  terra-cotta 
figurines  in  the  round.  While  we  found  but  few  specimens  among  our  many  hundred 
figurines  which  boi-e  clear  traces  of  Oriental  influence,  the  proportion  of  terra-cotta  reliefs 
which  show  this  influence  is  very  large,  and,  as  in  No.  1,  this  Oriental  character  is  clear 
and  pronounced.  This  is  a  very  significant  fact,  strengthening,  as  it  does,  our  convic- 
tion, based  upon  much  testimony  from  other  quarters,  that  Greek  sculpture  in  the  round, 
the  statne  of  pure  art,  is  a  specifically  Greek  development ;  while  Oriental  influences  only 
find  their  way  into  Greece  through  the  channels  of  decoratice  art,  especially  through 
ornamental  vessels  in  ceramic  art  and  metal  work. 

The  subject  represented  is,  at  first  sight,  quite  simple.  It  is  a  nude,  winged  figure. 
The  upper  part  of  the  body,  as  well  as  the  head,  is  in  full  face,  while  the  lower  part  from 
the  waist  downwards  is  in  profile.  This  want  of  unity  in  composition  is  the  rule  with 
reliefs,  as  well  a.s  figures  in  the  round,  of  this  early  period.  Such  inconsistency  in  atti- 
tude, by  a  curious  effect  of  conventionalism,  survived  long  after  the  artists  had  advanced 
beyond  this  point  of  archaic  awkwardness.  Ceramic  art  is  a  case  in  point,  since  not  till 
after  the  Persian  wai-s  was  this  conventionality  abandoned,  and  instances  in  sculpture  are 
too  numei-ous  to  mention. 

The  head  *  is  surrounded  by  a  mass  of  hair,  which  falls  down  to  the  shoulder  on  both 
sides  in  a  heavy,  ribbed  mass,  while  over  the  foi-ehead  it  lies  in  waves.  On  the  left  eye 
is  a  slight  indentation  which  at  first  sight  seems  like  an  iris,  but  which  on  a  careful 
examination  proves  to  be  merely  accidental,  no  such  hole  being  apparent  in  the  other 
eye.  The  nose  is  flat  and  the  mouth  hard  and  straight,  a  slight  effort  being  made  to 
model  the  lips  and  chin.  The  scheme  of  the  hair  is  strikingly  like  that  of  the  Melian 
or  the  Tenean  Apollo. 

The  wings  present  this  peculiarity,  that  they  grow  directly  from  the  breast,  in  front  of 
the  shoulders,  which  they  entirely  conceal.  The  arms  are  comparatively  thin,  a  result, 
l)erhaps,  of  the  difficulty  the  artist  found  in  dealing  with  several  different  planes,  the 
arms  being  drawn  behind  the  wings. 

Whether  the  figure  is  male  or  female  is  difficult  to  decide,  but  it  is  more  probably  the 

>  Tlie  head  of  this  figure  resembles  slightly  that  of  the  female  Centaur  on  the  Relief  Vase  in  the  Louvre.  Cf. 
De  Uidder  in  B.  C.  H.  1898,  pis.  iv.  and  v. 


'I 


sa 


THE  TERRA-COTTA   RELIEFS 


l! 


Ji 


I'. 


former.  When  it  is  carefully  examined,  the  traces  of  a  very  short  wavy  chiton  can  be 
discovered,  at  a  slight  distance  below  the  waist.  Female  figures  in  archaic  art  are  never 
represented,  as  far  as  we  know,  in  a  chiton  of  such  shortness.  Though  there  are  many 
points  of  difference,  a  comiwrison  of  this  plaque  with  the  bronze  rehef  from  the  Acro- 
polis' induces  us  to  believe  that  our  figure  is  male. 

The  thighs  are  large  in  proportion  to  the  body,  with  careful  modeling  of  the  muscles, 
especially  about  the  knee.  The  nates  are  small  in  proportion  to  the  thighs,  a  jieculiarity 
seen  also  on  the  Selinus  Metoj)e  of  Heracles  and  the  Cercopes.  The  legs  from  the  knee 
downwards  are  extremely  thin,  similar  to  those  of  the  Tenean  Apollo.  In  fact,  our  relief 
seems  to  afford  a  mixtnre  of  the  exaggerated  muscularity  of  the  Selinus  Metope  and  the 
slimness  of  the  Tenean  Apollo. 

The  attitude  of  the  figure  is  not  necesssirily  that  of  one  walking,  but  is  due  rather  to 
the  inability  of  the  artist  to  represent  the  legs  and  feet  from  the  front.  What  the  hands 
hold  is  clearly  not  a  wreath,  but  a  conventionalized  fiower  or  branch.  This  forms  part 
of  the  action  itself,  shice  each  hand  holds  an  end  of  the  ornament,  and  it  thus  becomes  a 
sort  of  contain inatio  of  a  plant  and  scroll  ornamenting  the  background,  introduced  at 
the  same  time  into  the  action  of  the  figure  itself.  This  action  is,  in  reality,  a  reminisp 
cence  of  the  well-known  "  Thierbiintligerschema,"  -  of  which  the  Persian  Artemis,^  falsely 
so  called,  is  a  good  example.  The  winged  figure  in  this  connection  was  one  of  the  tyi)e8 
adopted  by  the  Greeks,  and  was  remodeled  to  suit  their  own  i>eculiar  needs,  since,  though 
the  Hellenic  character  of  the  Pei-sian  Artemis  is  now  established,  no  one  denies  that  the 
original  type  was  a  foreign  importation.  The  addition  of  the  wings  seems  to  be  a  fea- 
ture of  the  Later  archaic  art,^  since  thev  are  certiiinlv  unknown  as  attributes  of  the  human 
figure  in  Mycenaean  or  Geometric  art,  nor  do  we  find  them  on  the  "  Island  Stones."  ' 

The  mythological  significance  of  the  relief,  if  such  it  has,  is  not  clear  to  us.  We  can 
only  say  that  it  is  a  winged  figure  treated  in  an  ornamental  manner.  We  use  the  term 
"  ornamental "  advisedly,  with  a  more  hteral  signification  than  is  generally  given ;  for 
one  of  the  most  pecidiar  and  striking  features  of  this  representation  is  the  action  of  the 
fisTure.  The  winded  "  sfenius  "  is  holdins:  in  both  hands  a  mere  ornament,  a  decorative 
design,  which  certainly  is  no  implement  of  use,  nor  has  it  any  special  significance.  But 
the  use  made  of  it  here  is  quite  distinctive  and  original.  It  is  as  if  the  decorative  feeling 
of  the  modeler  of  the  plaque  had  been  so  strong  that  it  obtruded  itself  into  his  represen- 
tation of  a  human  figure,  becoming  an  integral  jmrt  of  the  attitude  and  action,  at  the 
expense  of  the  logic  of  representation,  as  far  as  the  human  figure  itself  is  concerned. 
This  introduction  of  the  ornament  seems  to  point  to  two  customs  in  the  decoration  or 
framuig  of  scenes  and  representations  of  figures  on  vases,  bronzes,  terra-cottas,  etc. ; 
namely,  the  continuous  scroll  or  other  ornament  bordering  these  scenes,  as  with  a  frame, 
and  the  introduction  of  ornaments  into  the  field  or  background,  which  the  Germans  have 
called  "  Fiillornamente."  Such  framing  bands  and  "  FiiUornamente  "  are  the  composite 
motives  which  appear  to  have  led  the  artist  to  introduce  this  new  form  of  ornament  into 
the  field  of  this  rehef . 

We  have  had  occasion  to  cite  the  "  Persian  Artemis  "  as  an  analogy  to  our  figure.  A 
direct  repetition  of  the  motive  of  our  plaque  may  be  found  on  a  bronze  plaque  from 

»  J.  H.  S.  1893,  p.  259,  fig.  26  (Bather).  *£<>..  'Apx-  1891,  pp.  34  f.     Cf.  Langbehn,  nugeljiguren, 

-  E.  Curtius,  Gesammelte  Ahhandlungen,  II.  pp.  110  ff.  etc. 

(•  Wappengebrauch  unci  Wappenstil  im  Alterthum').  '  We  have  just  heard  from  Mr.  Hogarth  that  winged 

*  Studniczka,  Kyrene,  p.  155.  human  figures  which  he  considers  to  be  of  'Mycenaean' 

*  Milchhofer,   Anfiinge  der   Kunst,   p.  86  ;   Tsountas,  style  have  recently  been  discovered  by  him  in  Crete. 


RELIEFS   2-S 


51 


Dodona,'  but  of  a  manifestly  later  date.     Here,  however,  the  ornament  has  been  treated 
in  a  precisely  similar  fashion,  the  ends  of  the  scroll  being  held  in  each  hand.     In  spite, 
of  the  lateness  of  the  Dodona  plaque,  a  quasi-Oriental  infiuence  may  easily  be  detected. 
A  similar  position  of  hands  may  be  noticed  on  the  Euphorbus  plate." 

An  almost  exjict  duplicate  of  our  figure  may  be  found  on  the  gold  hormu><  from 
Camirus.'  Though  the  centiiur,  with  wlicmi  our  figure  invites  comparison,  has  no  wings, 
the  most  striking  similarity  of  style  is  noticeable  when  we  compare  the  two.  The  treat- 
ment of  the  hair,  body,  nates,  and  legs  is  identical.  The  wings  are  supplied  by  the  Arte- 
mis on  the  sime  jewel,  and,  moreover,  present  the  same  peculiarity  we  have  commented  on 
before,  namely,  that  they  grow  dii-ectly  from  the  breast,  concealing  the  upper  part  of  the 
arm  and  shoulder.  Our  figure,  in  fact,  might  almost  be  composed  by  a  combination  of 
the  centiiur  and  the  Artemis  on  the  hornins.  This  jewel,  which  is  certainly  Rhodian, 
exhibits  more  than  any  other  work  known  to  us  so  marked  a  similarity  of  style  and 
technique  with  our  plaque  as  to  suggest  some  very  close  connection  between  them. 
More  than  this  we  do  not  venture  to  siiy,  since  it  has  not  yet  been  determined  whether 
Khodians  wei*e  influenced  by  Argives,  or  rice  versa.  It  may  well  be  the  case  that  the 
Rhodian  types  ai-e  derived  from  Argos,  since  Camirus,  accorduig  to  legend,  was  a  colony 
of  Argos,  founded  by  the  Heraclid  Tlepolemus,*  and  was  counted  as  one  of  the  towns 
of  the  Doric  Hexapolis.  The  presence,  also,  of  the  Argive  alphabet  in  Rhodes  is  well 
known.  (Cf.  the  Argive  lambda  on  the  Euphorbus  plate.)  As  a  last  comparison,  we 
might  mention  a  relief  somewhat  similar  in  style,  but  probably  earlier,  found  at  Aegina.^ 
This  relief  exhibits  the  greatest  similarity  in  the  treatment  of  the  hair.  That  it  is  Pelo- 
ponnesian  and  not  Aeginetiin  seems  fairiy  evident. 

In  summing  up,  we  may  say  that,  while  our  plaque  exhibits  Hellenic  features,  espe- 
ciiilly  in  the  modeling  of  the  figure,  the  spirit  of  the  composition  and  the  introduction  of 
the  wings  are  distinctly  of  Orienfcil  origin.  Moreover,  we  find  absolutely  no  Mycenaean 
or  Geometric  elements,  but  those  which  are  characteristic  of  the  early  Corinthian  vases. 
We  are  foixed,  however,  to  assign  our  relief  to  a  slightly  later  date  than  those  vases 
which  exhibit  this  "  Thierbandigei-schema,"  since  the  conventional  and  decorative  treat- 
ment of  tlie  ornament  of  our  plaque,  admittedly  without  a  meaning,  is  certainly  later 
than  this  schema,  not  eariier.  Therefore  we  may  assign  it  approximately  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  seventh  century  B.  c.  Even  in  the  best  period  of  Greek  art,  such  a  deco- 
rative solecism  nuiy  be  met  with,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  beautiful  red-figured  vase  of 
astragalus  shape,  signed  IvptaKo^  ivoUa-e,  in  the  Papa  Giulio  Museum  at  Rome. 

Nos.  2-5.  —  These  are  all  of  similar  technique,  and  evidently  contemporaneous.  Frag^ 
mentary  as  they  are,  we  have  still  enough  to  show  that  their  dimensions  were  from  0.10 
to  0.12  m.  long  and  0.7  to  0.9  m.  wide.  Of  all  our  reliefs,  these  show  the  metal  influ- 
ence in  a  most  marked  manner,  the  incuse  circles  being  probably  an  imitation  of  the  nail- 
heads  used  to  fasten  bronze  sheathing  to  wood,  while  the  division  into  fields,  as  well  as 
the  technique,  finds  its  jKirallel  in  the  series  of  bronze  reliefs  from  Olympia,*'  Dodona,^ 
the  Acropolis,*  and  the  temple  of  the  Ptoan  Apollo.'    The  subject  of  the  reliefs  Nos.  2-4 


'  Carapanos,  Dodona,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  3. 

»  Salzmann,  Necropde  de  Camtiros,  pi.  liii.  ;  cf.  also 
pi.  xxvi. 

»  I  hid.  pi.  1. 

*  Diod.  IV.  58 ;  V.  57 ;  Find.  01.  vii. 

»  Stais.  'E^.  'Apx-  1895,  p.  263,  pi.  xii. 

«  Furtwiiuglcr,  Otympia,  IV.  ('  Die  Bronzeu  ')  pis. 
xzxvii.,  xxxviiL 


'  Carapanos,  Dodona,  pis.  xvi.-xviii. 

8  /.  H.  S.  1892-93,  p.  249  (Bather) ;  Wolters,  Athen. 
Mitt.  18*5,  p.  473. 

•  B.  C.  H.  1892,  p.  348,  pis.  x.,  xi.  (Holleaux). 

A  survey  of  such  reliefs  is  given  by  De  Ridder  in  his 
monograph,  "  De  Ectypis  quibusdam  aeneis,  quae  falso 
vocautur  Aegiiio-Coriuthiaca." 


I 


52 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


|i 


'Jt, 


i  ' 


is  the  same:  two  winged  figures  moving  rapidly  to  the  left  in  the  usual  "knielauf- 
schema."  '  What  the  objects  are  they  hold  in  their  hands  cannot  be  determined  >vith 
certainty ;  that  in  the  right  hand  is  paralleled  by  a  similar  object  in  the  hands  of  the 
figures  on  the  terra-cotta  reliefs  from  Sicily  -  of  later  style.  Kekule,  however,  i-efrains 
from  defining  these  objects.  That  in  the  left  hand  i-esembles  an  axe.  To  identify  these 
figures  as  gorgons  seems  impossible,  and  we  must  be  content  merely  to  term  them  winged 
daemons.  They  are  similar  in  stjle  to  the  reliefs  from  Olympia,'  which  contain  figures 
called  by  Furtwiingler  "  Daimons,"  i-etracting  the  view  he  had  previously  expressed  in 
Roscher's  Lej'lcon.*  It  is  impossible  to  tell  whether  the  figui-es  are  male  or  female, 
though  the  latter  seems  more  probable  considering  their  simiUuity  to  the  figures  on  the 
relief  previously  cited,  which  are  certainly  female.  It  may  be  here  noticed  that  these 
figures  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  "  Nike  of  Archermus,"  but  with  the  same  diffei'- 
ence  that  we  shall  phiinly  see  when  we  compare  them  with  gorgons.  Such  monsters, 
while  generally  represented  in  the  "  knielauf-schema,"  '  have  always  the  body  in  profile 
and  head  en  face,  and  in  the  case  of  our  figures  both  head  and  body  are  represented  in 
profile.  Moreover,  our  figures  are  not  holding  the  usual  bird  or  animal.  Only  one  relief 
in  terra-cotta  of  similar  technique,  though  of  different  subject,  is  known  to  us ;  *^  it  repre- 
sents the  Pei-siiin  Artemis  in  profile,  holding  a  bird  in  each  hand.  The  incuse  circles 
are  precisely  similar  to  our  reliefs,  and  a  rosette  there  is  similar  to  those  on  No.  8. 
Thoujrh  little  connection  mav  be  assumed  between  the  Pei-sian  Artemis  and  our  daemons, 
we  see  that  the  siune  Oriental  influence  was  at  work  at  the  time  of  their  manufacture. 

No.  5.  —  What  the  subject  of  No.  5  represents  is  extremely  doubtful,  and  several  inter- 
pretations are  oi>en  to  us.  It  might  be  a  boxhig  match,  if  such  be  the  correct  identifica- 
tion of  the  two  Olympia  reliefs  (  OJt/mjmi,  IV.  pis.  39,  703,  704  a  ;  cf.  also  Furtwiingler, 
BronzefiouJe,  p.  91),  or  the  similar  group  on  the  Geometric  vase  of  Co])enhagen.'  A 
certain  similarity  may  be  detected  if  we  comjKire  our  relief  with  a  gioup  on  the  well- 
known  Tripod  vase  from  Tanagra  in  Berlin."  Stive  that  no  traces  of  a  wreath  can  be 
discovered,  the  scene  on  our  relief  further  resembles  one  of  the  Ptoan  reliefs  already 
cited  {B.  C.  11.  1892,  pi.  xi.  3 ;  No.  45  in  De  Ridder,  op.  cit.).  Again,  were  it  not  for 
the  lack  of  the  tripod,  a  connection  might  be  assumed  with  the  scene  on  the  mould  in 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  we  have  already  referred  to.  Perliai)s  we  might  recognize  in 
it  the  aKpo;(cipi(r/u,o?  or  the  preliminaries  of  the  wrestling  match.  Instances  of  this  have 
been  identified  in  several  monuments."'  Or  |)erha})s  the  action  of  our  relief  may  be  only 
a  salutation.     More  than  this  we  cannot  siiy. 

In  stvle  there  is  a  closer  analojrv  between  this  relief  and  bronze  relief  work  than  is  the 
case  with  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4.  The  treatment  of  the  figures  is  precisely  identical  with  that 
of  the  above-mentioned  Ptoan  relief,  both  in  the  hair  and  in  the  build  of  the  bodies. 
The  profiles,  too,  are  similar.     Thus  the  question  of  dating  our  plaques  becomes  much 


•  Ciirtius, '  Die  Kuieemlen  Figuren  der  Altgriechischeii 
Kiiiist,'  Wittckelmauu.^  Programm,  1870   (Genam.  Ahharul. 

II.  pp.  116  ff.). 
2  Kekule,  Terracotten  von  SicUien,  pi.  Iv. 

•  Olympia,  IV.  pis.  39,  699  a,  p.  W2,  No.  1. 

*  Ibi'l.  I.  p.  1709,  .1.  V.  Gorgonen. 

•'  Milchhiifer,  op.  eit.  p.  86,  fig.  o6. 

•  Leuorinant,  Arch.  Zeit.  1866,  p.  258,  pi.  A. 

'  Furtwiiiigler,  .Irch.  Zeit.  1885,  p.  137,  pi.  Tiii. 

*  Loesohcke,  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  iii. 

*  Waldstein,  in  Proceedings  of  the  Cambridge  Philologicai 


Society,  1882,  p.  2,  where,  in  conuectiun  with  Arist.  Eth. 
Nic.  III.  1.  17,  p.  1111  (Bekk.),  the  following  illustrations 
are  mentioned :  A  vase  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Caniille 
Lecuyer  at  Paris,  a  relief  in  Clarae,  Mwee  de  Sc.  II.  pi. 
IM,  No.  53  ;  Krause,  Gymntut.  und  Agonintik,  II.  pi.  z. 
29.  Cf.  also  Vase  Catol.  Hrit.  Mus.  III.  E.  78,  as  well  as 
Gerhard,  Ant.  Bildw.  pi.  89,  also  Kaunieister,  Denkmiiler, 
I.  p.  502,  fig.  544.  I  have  recognized  another  represen- 
tation of  such  a  scene  in  a  vase  in  the  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts,  Boston,  which  I  hope  soon  to  publish. 


RELIEFS  6-8 


53 


simplified.  For,  though  we  cannot  say  with  absolute  certainty  which  of  the  two  is  earlier, 
the  fact  that  they  are  contemporaneous  (at  least  they  would  both  belong  to  the  same 
decade)  is  too  evident  to  be  doubted.  These  bronze  reliefs  belong  approximately  to  the 
beginning  of  the  seventh  century,  which  gives  us  a  similar  date  for  our  reliefs. 

If o.  6.  —  This  design  here  seems  rather  more  advanced  in  style.  The  subject  of  a  char- 
ioteer in  his  chariot  was  not  only  common  through  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  art,  but  was  a 
favorite  theme  throughout  the  whole  Mycenaean  period,  as  is  shown  by  the  grave-stelae 
found  by  Schliemann  at  Mycenae.  We  owe  the  introduction  of  the  quadriga  to  the 
Dipylon  period,  from  which  certain  features  of  our  relief  are  evidently  derived,  namely, 
the  connection  of  the  pole  to  the  wagon  by  a  roi)e  or  staff  extending  from  the  dashboard.* 
The  di^rvl^  has  the  usual  curved  form  seen  on  Egyptian  wagons,  and  the  wheels  are  of  the 
common  type  found  on  most  of  the  Dipylon  chariots.  A  counterpart  of  this  group  may 
be  found  on  the  Francois  vase,^  the  figure  of  Zeus  in  his  chariot  at  the  marriage  proces- 
sion of  Peleus  and  Thetis.  In  fact,  we  are  in  a  position  to  date  this  relief  between  the 
Dipylon  period  and  the  Fran^-ois  vase.  Its  Hellenic  origin  need  not  be  questioned ;  there 
is  certainly  no  trace  of  Ionic  influence. 

TXo.  7.  —  The  technique  of  No.  7  is  vastly  inferior.  It  has  also  suffered  far  more  from 
abrasion.  This  makes  it  difficult  to  decide  whether  one  or  two  persons  are  represented 
in  the  chariot,  more  probably  only  one.  Doubt  also  exists  as  to  whether  the  charioteer 
is  holding  the  reins  or  is  in  the  act  of  shooting  an  arrow,  and  from  the  curious  posi- 
tion of  the  body  with  regard  to  the  chariot,  a  certain  similarity  may  be  deduced  with  the 
marble  relief  from  the  Acropolis  of  the  figure  mounting  a  chariot.  At  all  events, 
the  cliariot  shows  the  same  influence  as  No.  6.  Its  chief  peculiarity  lies  in  the  fact  that 
but  one  horse  is  represented,  which  fact  must  be  assigned  to  the  incompetence  of  the 
artist,  since  never,  in  Greek  art,  does  a  chariot  of  this  form,  drawn  by  one  horse,  occur. 

Nob.  8  a  and  b.  —  That  these  fragments  fit  together  is  fairly  evident ;  but  unfortunately 
the  sides  of  the  fracture,  owing  to  the  soft  texture  of  the  clay,  have  been  considerably 
worn  away,  and  thus  the  breaks,  while  following  the  same  lines,  do  not  coincide  exactly. 
Still,  the  foot  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  a  is  the  continuation  of  the  leg  of  the 
figure  in  h.  Aside  from  its  peculiar  technique,  to  which  we  have  abeady  called  atten- 
tion, its  chief  interest  lies  in  the  seeming  irregularity.  Portions  of  three  fields  are  pre- 
served, two  of  which  are  separated  by  the  same  incuse  circles  met  with  in  Nos.  2,  3,  4, 
and  5.  The  rosette  of  n  falls  beneath  the  field  of  fe,  being  used  instead  of  an  incuse 
circle,  as  we  found  in  the  case  of  the  Lenormant  plaque  from  Mycenae.  It  is  impossible, 
however,  to  tell  the  general  form  of  the  relief,  how  many  fields  it  contained,  or  what 
subject  is  represented.  As  in  the  case  of  Nos.  2  to  5,  the  connection  between  this  and 
the  metal  reliefs  is  obvious. 

The  centaur,  the  chief  figure  of  the  relief,  is  represented  with  a  horse's  fore  legs  plainly 
visible,  though  their  lower  part  is  missing.  This  type  of  a  centaur  with  the  fore  legs 
of  a  horse  is  later  than  that  with  human  fore  legs.^  When  exactly  the  later  type  was 
introduced  cannot  be  determined,  there  being  no  distinct  dividing  line  between  the  two 
types,  which  often  api)ear  side  by  side.^  On  archaic  gems,''  however,  only  the  later  type 
occurs.     Ev-idently  the  two  styles  continued  together  for  a  considerable  period.     So  far 

»  Helbig,  D(u  homer.  Epos,  p.  141,  note  3,  fig.  83.     Cf.  *  For  example,  on  the  frieze  from  Assos,  Clarke,  In- 

Fnrtwiingler,  Arch.  Zeit.  1884,  p.  108,  pi.  viii.  4. 
»   Wiener  Vorlegebliitter,  1888,  pis.  ii.-iv. 
«  CoUignon,  Hu(t.  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque,  I.  fig.  194. 
♦  Koscher,  iu  Koecber's  Lexicon,  II.  p.  1076. 


vestigation.t,  etc.  pis.  xv.,  xx.    See  also  on  a  Cyreuean  Vase, 
Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  xi. 
«  Rossbach,  in  Arch.  Zed.  1883^pl.  xvi.  fig.  16. 


Wl 


■|! 


54  THE  TERRA-COTTA   RELIEFS 

as  can  be  judged  from  other  monuments  which  illustrate  the  later  type,  we  are  justified 
in  regarding  our  relief  as  one  of  the  earhest  examples  of  that  type. 

To  restore  the  kneeling  figure  is  impossible.  It  suggests  faintly  the  "  knielauf,"  but 
that  can  hardly  be  the  action.  The  position  of  the  legs  resembles  to  a  certain  degree 
that  of  the  figure  on  the  metal  relief  from  Olympia.*  As  no  trace  of  a  bow  or  arrow  can 
be  found  on  our  figure,  its  reconstruction  as  an  archer  is  impossible.  Apart  from  the 
carefulness  of  detail,  the  chess  of  the  figure  is  a  most  interesting  feature.  The  figure 
wears  a  broad  belt,  and  above  it  the  hues  of  the  chiton  are  indicated  by  incisions  in  the 
clay.  No  tiace  of  any  lower  garment  can  be  discovered.  Whether  this,  as  well  as  the 
fact  that  the  sex  of  the  figure  is  not  indicated,  points  to  any  intention  on  the  \uyt  of 
the  artist  to  denote  a  close-fitting  under-garment  is  doubtful.  Carelessness  is  again  the 
probable  explanation.  This  garb  is  paralleled  by  the  figures  on  the  Vaphio  cups,-  which 
wear  the  broad  belt  continued  below  the  waist  as  a  sort  of  breech-cloth,  though  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  is  left  bare.  The  portion  remaining  of  the  third  field  is  so  small  that 
we  cannot  determine  what  the  figure  was.  It  might  be  the  rear  portion  of  a  bird,  and 
the  whole  a  figure  of  the  Persian  Artemis  type. 

While  assigning  an  Hellenic  origin  to  No.  8,  we  must  nevertheless  class  it  among  the 
works  of  the  so-called  Oriental  Greek  style,  of  which  the  Argive-Corinthian  is  a  part. 
The  incuse  circles  we  have  already  discussed ;  the  rosette  is  a  favorite  form  of  deior.ition 
all  through  the  "  Corinthian  "  period,  besides  occurring  on  bronze  rehefs.^*  The  orna- 
ment above  the  centaur  is  characteristic,  and  may  be  found  on  a  Meliiin  vase.*  Here  we 
have  the  use  of  the  ornament  in  the  field  as  an  instance  of  the  horror  vacui  so  charac- 
teristic throughout  the  "Corinthian"  period,  a  feature  which  does  not  obtain  in  the 
succeeding  periods.  We  may,  therefore,  be  justified  in  assigning  this  relief  to  the  end 
of  the  seventh  century,  perhaps  a  little  Liter.  Earher  than  the  spread  of  the  Oriental 
influence  it  cannot  be. 

Nos.  9  and  10.  —  These  fragments  properly  belong  together,  since  both  are  complete 
and  illustrate  admirably  the  pinax  form.  This  in  itself  would  show  their  connection 
with  the  Connthisin  jmiakts'^  in  BerHn,  since  the  pinax  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used 
prior  to  this  period.  The  lion  on  No.  9  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  enormous  size  of 
his  head  in  proportion  to  his  body.  From  the  absence  of  any  ornaments  in  the  field,  as 
well  as  from  this  peculiarity  of  head,  which  strongly  resembles  that  of  the  Hons  on  "  Early 
Attic  "  vases,''  we  should  feel  incUned  to  assign  this  plaque  or  junax  to  a  later  stage  of 
the  Corinthian  period,  perhaps  about  the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century.  No.  10,  on  the 
other  hand,  shows  traces  of  Dipylon  characteristics.  In  spite  of  the  abrasion  from  which 
the  relief  has  suffered,  it  is  evident  that  two  women  are  represented,  but  in  a  more 
advanced  style  than  is  characteristic  of  the  Dipylon  period  ;  the  horses,  however,  show 
the  feehng  of  Dipylon  art.  Nothing  of  the  chariot  is  plain,  except  that  the  wheels  are 
probably  foiii-spoked,  though  even  this  cannot  be  decided.  No.  10  is  to  be  jissigned  to 
a  later  date  than  the  Dipylon  period,  but  probably  earlier  than  No.  6. 


>  (Hijmpia,  IV.  pi.  40. 

>  Tsountas,  in  '£<?..  'kfx  1889. 

•  J.  H.  S.  1893,  p.  240,  fig.  18  (Bather)  ;  Olympiu, 
IV.  pi.  xxxvii.  712. 


•  Coiize,  Melische  Vasen,  pi.  ii. 

•  Furtwaiigler,  Vasensammlung,  I.  p.  47. 

•  Biihlaii,  Jahrbuch  d.  Imt.  1887,  pi.  iv. 


ll 


V- 


The  Argiv^  IIbraeum 


Plate  XLIX 


^-^."^vl^ 


•h.  ■<.■ 


v 


^^ 


i< 


! 


;i' 


THE  ARGIVE  IIERAEUM.— TERRA  COTTA  RELIEFS 


54  THE   TEKRA-COTTA   RELIEFS 

as  can  be  judoed  from  other  inonuments  which  ilhistrate  the  Liter  tyi>e,  we  are  jusrified 
in  regardino-  om-  rehef  as  one  of  the  earhest  examples  of  that  type. 

To° restore  the  kneehnjr  Home  is  impossible.  It  sujjjrests  faintly  the  "knielauf,"  but 
that  can  hardly  be  the  action.  The  position  of  the  lej^s  resembles  to  a  certain  <lejriee 
that  of  the  figure  on  the  metal  relief  from  Olympia.*  As  no  trace  of  a  bow  or  arr(>w  can 
be  found  on  our  fioure,  its  reconstruction  as  an  archer  is  imi^ssible.  Apart  froin  the 
carefulness  of  detiiil,  the  dress  of  the  figure  is  a  most  interesting  feature.  The  figure 
wears  a  broad  belt,  and  above  it  the  lines  of  the  chiton  are  indicated  by  incisions  in  the 
clay.  No  trace  of  any  lower  garment  can  be  discovered.  Whether  this,  as  well  as  the 
fact  that  the  sex  of  the  figure  is  not  indicated,  points  to  any  intention  on  the  iwirt  of 
the  artist  to  denote  a  close-fitting  undei-garment  is  doubtful.  Carelessness  is  again  the 
probable  explanation.  This  garb  is  iwralleled  by  the  figures  on  the  Vaphi<»  cups,-  which 
wear  the  broad  belt  continued  below  the  waist  as  a  sort  of  breech-cloth,  tluuigh  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  is  left  bare.  The  portion  remaining  of  the  third  field  is  so  sniall  that 
we  cannot  determine  what  the  figure  was.  It  might  be  the  rear  portion  of  a  bird,  and 
the  whole  a  figure  of  the  Persian  Artemis  type. 

While  assigning  an  Hellenic  origin  to  No.  f^,  we  must  nevertheless  class  it  among  the 
works  of  the  so-calle<l  Oriental  Greek  style,  of  which  the  Argive-C«»rintliian  is  a  part. 
The  incuse  circles  we  have  already  discussed ;  the  rosette  is  a  favorite  form  of  decoration 
all  thr«)ugh  the  '-Corinthian"  period,  besides  (Kcurring  on  bronze  reliefs."  The  orna- 
ment above  the  centaur  is  characteristic,  and  may  be  found  on  a  Melian  vase.^  Here  we 
have  the  use  of  the  ornament  in  the  field  as  an  instance  of  the  h(*rror  ractf!  so  charac- 
teristic throughout  the  "Corinthian"  period,  a  feature  which  does  not  obtain  in  the 
succeeding  periods.  We  may,  therefore,  be  justified  in  assigning  this  relief  to  the  end 
of  the  seventh  century,  perhaps  a  little  later.     Eiirlier  than  the  spread  of  the  Orientiil 

influence  it  cannot  be. 

Nos.  9  and  10.  —  These  fragments  properly  belong  together,  since  both  are  complete 
and  illustrate  admirably  the  piafu-  form.     This  in  itself  would  show  their  connection 
with  the  Corinthian  y>/><r;Avx^  in  Berlin,  since  the  pi Hfi.r  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used 
prior  to  this  period.     The  lion  on  No.  9  is  chiefiy  remarkable  for  the  enormous  size  of 
his  head  in  proporticm  to  his  body.     From  the  absence  of  any  ornaments  in  the  field,  as 
well  as  from  this  peculiarity  of  head,  which  strongly  resembles  that  of  the  lions  on  "  Early 
Attic  "  vases,**  we  should  feel  inclined  to  assign  this  i)la(pie  or  plnax  to  a  later  stage  of 
the  Corinthian  period,  ])erhaps  about  the  early  part  <»f  the  sixth  century.    No.  10,  on  the 
other  hand,  shows  traces  of  Dipylon  characteristics.     In  sjute  of  the  abrasion  from  which 
the  relief  has  suffered,  it  is  evident  that   two  women  are   represented,  but  in  a  more 
advanced  style  than  is  characteristic  of  the  Dipylon  period  ;  the  horses,  however,  show 
the  feeling  of  Dii)ylon  art.     Nothing  of  the  chariot  is  plain,  except  that  the  wheels  are 
probablv  four-spoked,  though  even  this  cannot  be  decided.     No.  10  is  to  be  assigned  to 
a  later  date  than  the  Dijjylon  period,  but  probably  earlier  than  No.  6. 

1  Ohtinjua,  IV.  i>l.  40.  *  C'oiize,  Melm-he  VoMen,  pi.  ii. 

2  Tsouutas,  in  'E*.  'Apx-  1889.  *  Fiirtwunjclpr.  Vmeusamnluntj,  I.  p.  47. 
•  J.  H.  S.  180.%   p.  24G,  fig.  18  (B.ither)  ;  Ohjmpln,  *  Bi.lilaii,  Jahrburk  d.  Imt.  1887,  pi.  iv. 

IV.  pi.  ixxvii.  712. 


I 


TiiK  Argivif  IIerael-.m 


Plate  XLIX 


THE  ARGIVE  HERAKIM.— Ti:i<R.\  COTTA  RKI.IKFS 


kl 


.-'. 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


( 


1*1 


t 

ii 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 

By  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 

PREFACE 

The  publication  of  the  Vases  and  Vase  Fra^ents  from  the  Heraeum  has  proved  a  far 
more  arduous  task  than  I  expected  when  the  work  was  intrusted  to  me  eight  years  ago. 
As  the  time  for  committing  it  to  the  press  approaches,  I  am  keenly  conscious  of  its  many 
shortcomings,  for,  in  the  six  years  which  have  elapsed  since  the  completion  of  the  work 
and  its  final  revision  before  going  to  press,  the  quantity  of  new  material  found  in  Greece, 
which  might  serve  to  throw  new  light  upon  many  of  the  problems  the  vases  from  the 
Heraeum  afforded,  has  inci-eased  enormously,  and  the  greater  part  of  it,  being  as  yet 
unpublished,  has  been  inaccessible  to  me.  I  could  also  wish  that  it  had  been  possible 
for  me  to  make  the  final  revision  of  the  work  in  Athens,  with  the  actual  material  at  my 
command,  since  I  realize  very  clearly  that  many  of  the  points  which  have  presented 
themselves  to  me  during  the  six  years  since  I  left  Athens  must  remain  all  too  supei- 
ficially  treated,  owing  to  incomplete  notes  and  a  memory  sometimes  treacherous.  Such 
eases,  I  hope,  will  not  prove  of  vital  detriment  to  the  value  of  the  work. 

Two  facts  must  be  mentioned  to  secure  a  fair  understanding  of  the  work.  First, 
owing  to  the  smallness  of  the  means  at  my  command,  I  am  unable  to  publish  the  mate- 
rial as  1  had  originally  hoped,  and  consequently  have  omitted  much  which,  though  not 
of  supreme  importance,  would  have  been  of  distinct  benefit  had  it  been  possible  to  retain 
it.  Secondly,  I  see  very  clearly  that  the  enormous  mass  of  material  should,  to  secure  the 
best  results,  liave  occupied  the  attention  of  several  workers  for  at  least  twice  the  length 
of  time  I  have  been  able  to  devote  to  it.  Thus  the  work  as  it  now  appears  is  a  small 
selection  of  the  total  material,  and  cannot  in  the  strictest  sense  be  called  either  final  or 
complete.  I  have  endeavored  as  far  as  possible  to  present,  or  at  least  to  mention,  all  the 
tvi)es  and  ebisses  that  were  found ;  but  important  omissions  must  inevitably  occur  when 
over  two  hundred  thousand  fragments  are  to  be  dealt  with.  Classes  like  the  Geometric 
or  Argive  should  each  be  treated  in  as  much  space  as  the  whole  of  this  volume,  if  their 
elaboration  were  to  be  considered  final.  But  the  desire  to  make  known  to  the  world  as 
soon  as  possible  the  results  of  one  of  the  most  important  modern  excavations  has  induced 
us  all  to  hasten  the  completion  of  our  several  tasks,  and  leave  the  various  finer  points  to 
be  more  carefully  investigated  by  our  successors. 

It  is  a  great  pleasure,  on  the  completion  of  my  task,  to  look  back  on  the  warm  friends 
it  has  brought  me,  and  to  thank  them  for  the  many  and  various  kindnesses  received  at 
their  hands.  First  and  foremost,  I  wish  to  thank  most  heartily  my  friend  and  chief, 
Professor  Charles  Waldstein,  for  the  ready  help  and  encouragement  he  has  always  given 
me,  for  his  keen  and  intelligent  interest  in  my  work,  and  for  the  various  suggestions  and 
theories  he  has  outlined  for  my  benefit.  The  departure  from  Athens  at  the  end  of  the 
first  year's  work  of  Dr.  Theodore  Woolsey  Heermance,  who  had  shared  with  me  the  dis- 
agreeable task  of  cleaning  and  sorting  the  fragments,  deprived  me  of  most  valuable  assist- 


;•! 


If 


1' 


)l 


'  t 


[i!i 


111 


jg  PREFACE 

anee  during  the  more  interesting  stage  of  studying  and  classifying  the  material ;  and  I 
feel  s.«e  that,  had  it  been  possible  for  him  to  have  shared  the  responsibility  of  the  '.hole 
work  with  me,  the  result  would  have  been  far  more  satisfactory.  I  am  indebted  to  bun 
for  the  Appendix  on  the  inscriptions  that  have  been  found  on  some  of  the  fra^iente. 
Mr  Cecil  Smith  of  the  British  Museum  will  always  have  my  warmest  gratitude  for  the 
many  kindnesses  and  useful  suggestions  so  ungrudgingly  given  me  during  my  work  m 

^Further,  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Messrs.  Kavvadias,  Stais,  and  Tsountas  of  the 
National  Museum  at  Athens,  for  their  courtesy  and  kindness  in  extendmg  to  me  during 
my  three  years  in  Athens,  the  utmost  privileges  of  the  Museum  ;  to  Professor  Wolters 
and  Dr.  Zahn  of  the  German  Archaeological  Institute  at  Athens,  for  putting  the  . .lateral 
from  the  AcroH«  »•'<!  Aegina  so  openly  at  my  disposal;  and  to  Mr.  David  Hogarth, 
sometime  Director  of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  for  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the 
pottery  found  in  his  excavation  at  Melos.  I  have  also  received  many  vahuible  suggestions 
from  Professor  Ernest  Gardner  of  University  College,  London,  Mr  Paul  Perdnzet  of 
the  French  School  at  Athens,  and  Mr.  Carr  Bosanquet,  Director  of  the  British  School  at 

^'l  must  not  forget  to  thank  Mr.  GiUi^ron  and  Herr  Rohrer  for  their  careful  and  pains- 
takiii-r  work  in  preparing  the  drawings  and  photographs.  I  am  especially  grateful  to 
Janni  Papadakis,  vase-mender  in  the  National  Museum  at  Athens,  who  for  three  years 

helped  and  spared  me  in  every  way. 

Lt  of  all,  I  wish  to  express  to  my  dear  friend.  Professor  Ricliar<l  Norton,  Director  of 
the  American  School  at  Rome,  my  grateful  thanks  for  reading  the  manuscript  of  the 
work  diirin..  its  preliminary  stage  (a  labor  of  love),  and  for  the  valuable  suggestions  he 


lias  given  me. 


NOTE. 


In  fairness  to  this  section  of  the  Heraeum  publication  the  following  facts  should  be  stated     The  manuscnp 
was  delivered  to  the  committee  on  April  1,  1899.     Two  years  later,  in  the  hope  of  '^  ^l^^^^  P'"^^;*;";'; 
was  revised  as  thoroughly  as  circumstances  permitted.     At  the  present  date    November.  1903)  U  e    a  ge 
part  has  been  in  type  for  a  year  and  a  half,  and  any  farther  revision  is  impossible  for  many  obnous  reaso 
Without  a  completl  rearrangement  of  the  material.     That  it  should  not  have  been  poss.ble  to  cons.der  the 
vases  and  fragments  from  the  Heraeum  in  connection  with  the  new  phases  of  the  Mycenaean  era  revealed  by 
the  recent  excavations  in  Crete,  no  one  regrets  more  than  the  writer. 


,!l 


ABBREVIATIONS   EMPLOYED. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


Athen.  Mitt.  Mittheilung^n  des  Kaiserlich  Deiitschen  Ar- 

chaeologiscken  Instituts,  Atheiiische  Abtkeiluiig. 
Riitn.  Mitt.   Mittbeilungen  des  Kaiserlich  Deutsclieu  Ar- 

chaeulogischen  Instituts,  Rumische  Abtlieilung. 
Jahrb.  Jahrbiich  des  Kaiserlich  Deutschen  Arcbaeologi- 

■chen  Instituts. 
B.  C.  H.   Bulletin  de  Correspondance  Hell^uitjue. 
/.  H.  S.   Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 
.4.  J.  A.   American  Journal  of  Archaeology. 
Rer.  Arch.   Revue  Arch^ologique. 
Gaz.  Arch,   (iazette  Arch^ologitiue. 
Ann.  deW  Inst.    Annali  dell'  Instituto  di  Corrispondeuza 

Archeologiea. 


Bull,  dell'  Inst.  BuUetiuo dell'  Instituto  di Corrispondenza 
Archeologiea. 

Mon.  deir  Inst.  Mouumenti  Inediti  dell'  Instituto  di  Cor- 
rispondenza Archeologiea. 

Not.  d.  ScaiH.   Notizie  degli  Scavi  (Academia  di  Lincei). 

Mon.  Ant.   Monumenti  Antichi. 

Arch.  Zeit.   Archaeologische  Zeitung. 

Arch.  Anz.   Archaeologischer  Anzeiger  (in  Jahrbuch). 

ClfUis  Rev.   Classical  Review. 

Berl.  Phd.  Woch.    Berliner  Philologische  Wochenschrift. 


CATALOGUES. 


Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  Catalogue  of  the  Vases  in  the  British 
Museum.  Vols.  II.  and  III.  by  11.  B.  Walters  ;  vol. 
III.  by  Cecil  Smith. 

Louvre  Cat.    Pottier,  Catilogue  des  Vases  du  Louvre. 

Berl.  Cat.  Furtwiingler,  Beschreibung  der  Vasen  im  An- 
tiquarium,  Berlin. 


Mun.  Cat.  Jahn,  Beschreibung  der  Vasensammlung  Kii- 
nig  Ludwigs  in  der  Pinakothek  ziir  Miinchen. 

Naples  Cat.  Heydemann,  Die  Vasen  des  Museo  Nazio- 
nale  zu  Neapel. 

Boston  Cat.  Robinson,  Catalogue  of  the  Vases  in  the 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 


MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS. 

Ray.  et  Coll.  Hist.  Rayet  et  Collignon,    Histoire   de   la  Samm.  Sab.   Fnrtwangler,  Sammlung  SabouroflF. 

C^ramique  Grecque.  ^"*-  ^""^   Gerhard,  Auserlesene  Vasenbilder. 

Dum.  et  Chap.    Dumont  et  Clmplain,  Les  CiJramiques  de  Baum.    Denk.   Baumeister,    Denkmaler   des    Kkssischen 

la  Gr^e  propre.  Alterthums.                                       ^  .      .    ,. 

Per.  et  Chip.  Hist.   Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Histoire  de  I'Art  Roscher's  Lex.   Roscher,  Lexikon  der  Gnechischen  und 

dans  I'AntiquiH?.  Roraischen  Mythologie. 

Myk.Vas.    Furtwanglcr  uud  Loeschcke,  Mykenische  Va-  Daremberg-Saglio,  Dirt.   Daremberg-Saglio,  Dictionnaire 

j^gjj  des  Antiquit^s  Grecques  et  Romaines. 
MyL:  Thong.    Furtwanglcr  und  Ixieschcke,   Mykenische 

ThongefiUse  aus  dem  Gebiete  des  Mittelmeers. 


I 


li; 


111 

I'i! 


INTRODUCTION 

Early  in  the  autumn  of  1895,  Dr.  Heennanee  and  I  began  cleaning  the  fragments  of 
vases.  These  had  been  brought  up  from  Argos  to  Athens  in  small  baskets,'  and  included 
fragments  varying  from  a  foot  square  to  pieces  no  larger  than  a  iingei-nail.  None  had 
been  touched  Lave  a  few  baskets  of  the  first  and  second  year's  digging,  which  had  undei- 
<rone  a  very  superficial  cleaning  two  winters  before.  Every  fragment  was  thickly  coated 
with  a  hard  crust  of  dirt,  and  hydrochloric  acid  proved  the  only  satisfactoi-y  cleanser. 
Liirge  bowls  were  used  containing  a  solution,  two  thirds  acid  and  one  third  water,  into 
which  a  basketful  of  fragments  was  put,  stirml  round  for  a  few  minutes,  and  then  care- 
fully rinsed  in  fresh  water  to  avoid  any  after-effects  of  the  acid.  The  fragments  were 
then  sorted,  each  class  in  sei«irate  baskets,  laid  out,  and  a  search  made  for  the  component 
parts  of  a  vase,  a  task  attended  with  very  unsiitisfactory  results,  since  in  only  a  few  cases 
could  a  vase  be  reconstructed  in  anything  like  entirety. 

The  number  of  fragments  was  enormous.  No  less  than  two  hundred  and  sixty-five 
baskets,  all  more  or  less  full,  were  cleaned.  Owing  to  the  i-emoval  of  a  good  deal  of 
waste  dirt  and  closer  packing  of  the  biskets,  the  totiil  material  was  compressed  mto  about 
one  hundred  and  fiftv  baskets.  Just  how  many  fragments  were  included  is  difficult  to 
sav ;  some  baskets  which  contained  large  fragments  held  perhaps  sevei-al  hundred,  whde 
in*  others  containing  small  fragments  of  the  Argive  and  Corinthian  classes,  the  number 
amounted  to  two  or  three  thousand.  Roughly  speaking,  the  tofcil  number  of  fragments 
was  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand.  The  final  sorting  gave  the  following  propoi- 
tion  to  the  various  classes  :  — ■ 

pj^jjj  60  Baskets. 

Glazed 30       '• 

Primitive        ....••••••*  " 

Mvcenaean 

Geometric 

K     '                                                                              ....    20       " 
Argive 

Corinthian 

Black-  and  Red-Figiired ^         ' 

Miscellaneous 

160       " 

By  "  plain "  are  meant  all  fragments  which  bore  no  decoration  of  any  kind  what- 
ever." These  included  a  large  number  of  fragments  of  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  vases, 
but  the  biUk  consisted  of  coarse  fragments  of  wheel-made  vases,  which  might  belong  to 
any  period.  In  "glazed"  are  included  all  fragments  which  had  been  covered  with  a 
dark  brown  or  black  glaze,  generally  dull,  but  without  other  decoration.      Some  few 

»  The  baskets  were  those  usually  employed  in  excava-  on  the  rubbish  heaps.     If,  therefore,  it  had  been  possible 

tions,  about  25  cm.  iu  height  and  30  cm.  in  diameter.  to  preserve  all  the  fragments  of  such  description,  which 

^  It  must  also  be  remembered  that  the  bulk  of  the  undoubtedly  includetl  a  large  number  l^longing  to  the 
fragments  found  at  the  excavation  had  no  decoration  of  «'  Primitive"  class,  thtir  number  would  have  been  mate- 
any*  kind,  and  were  therefore  not  preserved,  but  thrown  rially  increased. 


LOCATION   OF  THE   FRAGMENTS  61 

of  these  belonged  to  vases  of  the  Black  or  Red-Figured  period,  but  the  bulk  bore  no 
distinguishing  characteristics.  In  addition  to  the  whole  number,  five  baskets  contained 
vases  in  an  intact  or  in  sUghtly  broken  condition. 

The  proportion  of  the  various  sites  was  as  follows :  — 

South  West  Corner 60  baskets  \  S.  Stoa 

S.  E.  Side 6  "       1 1894  & 

S.  Side,  outside  i)eribolos  wall 3  "        )      '95 

Old  Temple 10  " 

Above  Cycloj)ean  wall 7  4*      • 

Above  Upper  Stoa .  6  " 

E.  of  chambers 20  " 

S.  E.  of  Second  Temple 5  " 

W.  Building 2  « 

N.  W.  Bniiaing 5  " 

First  year  of  excavation 30  " 

Unknown 6  " 

150      " 

Baskets  of  the  first  year's  digging  contiiined  fragments  from  the  Second  Temple  Tei- 
race,  but  no  more  definite  information  is  preserved.  Fragments  of  every  kind  were 
found  in  all  these  pkices,  but  certiiin  classes  were  more  common  in  certain  spots  than  in 
others  ;  for  instiince,  on  the  Old  Temple  Terrace^  and  in  the  corner  of  the  second  platform 
below  the  Cycloi)ean  wall  and  east  of  the  Chambei-s,  the  Geometric  fragments  were  much 
nM>re  numerous  than  any  other  kind,  while  in  the  southwest  corner  (east  of  the  retaining 
wall  of  the  West  Building)  Mycenaean  predominated.  The  Argive  (so-called  Proto- 
Corinthian )  style  was  found  in  greatest  quantities  in  the  southwest  corner  and  on  the 
Old  Temple  Terrace.  Other  classes  were  divided  with  comparative  evenness  all  through 
the  excavation. 

Little  advantage  is  to  be  gained  from  the  knowledge  ( in  the  case  of  the  vases,  at  least) 
whence  each  separate  fragment  came.  Throughout  the  preliminary  stages  of  the  work 
the  fragments  from  each  spot  were  kept  carefully  separate,  but  this  proved  impossible 
after  the  tiisk  of  i)iecing  them  was  begun.  In  several  cases  fragments  from  the  same 
vase  were  found  several  hundred  yards  apart.  It  must  be  remembered  that  no  apparent 
trace  of  layers  which  could  be  chronologically  divided  was  observable  in  any  of  the 
different  finding  places,  for  the  pockets  where  the  fragments  abounded  in  greatest 
quantity  showed  that  the  material  had  been  shoveled  in  helter-skelter,  and  it  was  quite 
usiud  to  find  Mycenaean  fragments  near  the  top  and  Argive  near  the  bottom.  In  the 
cjise  of  vases  of  any  especial  importance,  the  finding  place  will  always  be  given  in  the 

course  of  this  work. 

It  is  extremely  difficidt  to  make  a  precise  estimate  of  the  number  of  vases  which 
these  fragments  represent.  The  number  of  vases  intact  or  only  slightly  broken  amounted 
to  a  little  more  than  a  thousjind.  From  the  fragments  about  ten  vases  were  reconstructed 
almost  entirely,  about  fifty  partudly  so ;  while  those  represented  by  only  half  a  dozen 
fra«niient8  apiece  amounted  to  between  two  and  three  hundred.  If  we  should  make  the 
extremely  modest  calculation  of  four  or  five  fragments  to  a  vase,  we  should  have  about 
fifty  thousand  vases. 

»  Professor  Waldstein   informs  me  that  to  the  best  of      which    were    clearly   labeled    "  Old    Temple    Terrace," 
hiii  recollection  this  statement  is  not  correct.     My  only      contained  numerous  fragments  of  the  Geometric  style, 
authority  for  the  statement  is  that  several  of  the  baskets, 


«y 


^->. 


es 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


if 


if 


In  planning  this  work,  I  have  endeavored,  as  far  as  possible,  to  model  it  on  Furtwiingler 
and  Loestheke's  JL/ktn'ische  Vdxen.  The  chief  difficulty  experienced  among  such  an 
enormous  mass  of  fragments  was  in  making  a  collection  for  publication  which  should  be 
representative.  In  doing  so  I  preferred  to  err  on  the  side  of  presenting  more  fragments 
than  wei-e  absolutely  necessary,  believing  that  such  a  plan  was  better  than  presenting  too 
little,  but  I  have  not  hesitated  to  omit  types  which  are  universally  known. 

Roughly  speaking,  the  Heraeum  vase  fragments  cover  almost  the  whole  period  of  Gi-eek 
ceramic  art  from  its  birth  to  its  decline,  a  period  of  i)erhaps  over  two  thousand  years. 
It  will  be  further  shown  how  the  bulk  of  this  material  is  characteristic  of  the  Argolid,  a 
genuine  home  industry,  and  that  little  was  imported.     The  indigenous  types  represented 


are 


Prehistoric, 

Mycenaean. 

Geometric. 

Argive. 

Local  (or  types  which  Lave  no  prototypes). 

Foreign  (i.  e.  imported)  types  are  : 

Corinthian. 

Early  Attic. 

Attic  Black-Figured. 

Attic  Red-Figured.  » 

Cyrenean. 

Megarean  ware. 

Roman. 

Now,  though  the  list  of  imported  types  is  Larger  than  the  local,  the  amount  of  such 
material  is  scarcely  a  tenth  of  the  latter.  The  reason  for  the  exclusion  of  foreign  pro- 
ducts, esjiecially  Attic,  will  be  shown  later. 

The  reader  may  notice  that  the  discussion  and  exposition  of  the  various  vase-classes 
given  here  differs  materially  from  that  given  by  Professor  Waldstein  in  the  Introduction 
to  this  publication.  In  order  that  there  may  be  no  room  for  misundei-standing  with 
regard  to  this  point,  I  desire  to  state  specifically  the  reasons  for  this  discrejiancy. 

After  two  years'  work  on  the  fragments,  I  had  independently  reached  the  conclusion 
that  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  style  included  more  varieties  of  vase-classes  than  had 
usually  been  assigned  to  it,  and  that  it  was  probably  of  Argive  origin,  —  a  conclusion 
which  confirmed  the  views  expressed  by  Professor  Waldstein  four  years  before.  Also 
that  the  style  was  an  offshoot  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  and  contemporary  with  the  Geo- 
metric, having  as  its  chief  motives  the  arrangement  of  parallel  bands  so  characteristic  on 
Mycenaean  vases.  After  communicating  this  view  to  Professor  Waldstein  I  found  that 
he  not  only  had  reached  the  same  conclusion,  but  was  disposed  to  regard  the  style  as  one 
of  the  links  in  a  chain  which  went  much  farther  back,  as  a  development  of  the  principle 
which  he  calls  "  Linear,"  and  which  he  claims  existed  in  an  unbroken  secjuence  from  the 
earliest  times.  He  has  already  developed  his  theory  so  carefully  that  I  do  not  feel  the 
need  of  repeating  what  has  been  better  expressed  by  him  in  the  Introduction.  This 
is  not  the  place  for  me  to  discuss  this  theory,  but  simply  to  define  my  own  attitude 
in  regard  to  it. 

I  agree  perfectly  with  Professor  Waldstein  in  the  general  application  of  his  "  linear  ** 
theory,  and  accept  his  views  as  to  the  presence  of  linear  motives  in  the  Mycenaean  vases, 


.(I 

1 

I* 
i> . 


SYSTEM  OF  CLASSIFICATION 


68 


and  as  to  the  Argolic  origin  of  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  style.  I  do  not,  however, 
agree  with  him  in  his  contention  that  this  style  can  be  traced  in  an  unbroken  line 
throughout  the  Mycenaean  period  as  far  back  as  the  earliest  primitive  vases,  nor  do 
I  accept  the  general  classification  he  has  already  outlined.  It  is,  of  course,  fitting 
that  in  the  General  Introduction  he  should  have  discus.sed  the  relation  of  the  Heraeum 
vase-fragments  to  the  whole  excavation  and  history  of  the  sanctuary.  In  so  far  as 
the  work  concerns  myself,  it  seems  to  me  more  suitable,  avoiding  general  theories  as 
far  as  possible,  to  confine  myself  to  a  careful  classification  of  the  material,  omitting 
those  conclusions  which,  from  my  unfamiliarity  with  all  the  finds  of  the  excavation,  would 
not  have  as  stable  foundations  as  those  expressed  by  Professor  Waldstein.  The  classifi- 
cation adopted  here  is  the  result  of  careful  study  of  the  material  for  three  years ;  and 
though  I  am  far  from  claiming  that  the  results  reached  or  the  theories  expressed 
are  the  only  ones  possible,  I  have  not  hesitated  to  base  the  whole  of  this  division  of 
the  publiciition  upon  them,  since  they  have  forced  themselves  upon  me  from  the  material. 
In  fairness,  therefore,  to  both  Professor  Waldstein  and  myself,  I  would  state  that,  as  I 
cannot  accept  his  entire  theory,  it  has  seemed  to  me  best  to  abide  by  my  own  exposition 
and  leave  the  decision  to  the  judgment  of  scholars. 

As  to  the  classification,  I  may  say  that  I  have  endeavored,  as  far  as  possible,  to  hold  by 
the  old  rules  and  to  be  as  conservative  as  I  could ;  at  the  same  time,  such  a  large  amount  of 
new  material  demanded  in  many  cases  an  entirely  new  arrangement.  But  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  no  classification  can  be  regarded  as  final;  its  main  object  is  convenience ; 
and  although  several  groups  may  be  distinguished,  they  invariably  have,  in  the  case  of 
one  group  succeeding  another,  their  connecting  links,  and  slide  into  each  other  almost 
imperceptibly.  On  the  Lake  of  Geneva  there  is  a  threefold  division,  the  Petit,  Grand, 
and  Haut  Lacs,  each  a  separate  sheet  of  water ;  but  one  can  scarcely  draw  a  straight 
line  across  the  lake  and  say  where  the  Petit  Lac  begins  and  the  Grand  Lac  ends.  In  the 
ease  of  our  vases,  we  have  the  separate  classes,  but  so  gradually  removed  from  each 
other  that  we  can  only  emphasize  the  fact  of  their  division,  without  being  too  specific  as 

to  the  actutd  point. 

I  have  tried  to  treat  the  vases  from  a  relative,  not  an  absolute,  point  of  view.  Unless 
it  be  recognized  that  the  study  of  Greek  vases  is  a  means  to  an  end,  not  the  end  itself, 
their  value  is  lost.  They  are  not  among  the  grand  arts  ;  in  fact,  the  scanty  references  to 
them  in  Greek  Hterature  show  that  the  vase-painter  or  potter,  while  pursuing  an  honor- 
able trade,  could  not  claim  to  be  an  artist  in  the  great  sense  of  the  word.  It  is  true  that 
during  the  eariiest  periods  vase-painting  was  one  of  the  few  forms  of  artistic  expression, 
but  not  the  highest  form.  A  civilization  which  could  produce  the  fortresses,  the  Bee- 
Hive  tombs  of  Mytenae  and  Orchomenos,  the  gold  cups  of  Vaphio,  the  golden  ornaments 
and  sword  blades  of  Mycenae,  is  not  to  be  measured  by  mere  vases  of  terra-cotta !  Not 
but  that  the  vases  are  artistic  ;  whatever  work  a  Greek  did  was  never  anything  else. 

As  historical  documents  thev  ai-e  extremely  valuable.  They  respond  to  the  various 
influences  at  work  on  Helks  from  the  eariiest  times,  and  reflect  in  a  thousand  different 
ways  the  life  and  tastes  of  its  people.  It  is  not  a  lofty  ideaUsm  we  find  in  them,  but  a 
realism  in  all  its  forms.  Owing  to  the  crude  state  of  plastic  and  pictorial  art  through- 
out the  periods  to  which  our  vases  belong,  we  cannot  phice  them  on  a  level  with  Attic 
vases  of  the  sixth  and  fifth  centuries ;  but  we  can  see  the  steady  development  towards 

the  later,  finer  forms. 

For  their  presence  at  the  Heraeum,  where  there  was  only  a  temple  and  not  a  settle- 


'i 


I 

.-1. 


II; 


y\ 


U 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


inent,'  there  is  but  one  exphmation  :  they  were  dedicated  to  the  use  of  the  goddessr  In 
only  a  few  cases  has  a  dedication  been  scratched  on  a  vase.  It  is  very  probable  that  such 
offerings  were  those  of  the  poorer  classes,  who  could  afford  nothing  more  ex|)ensive 
than  a  vase.  As  the  centuries  went  by,  the  tenijile  must  have  become  overcrowded 
with  such  a  mass  of  pottery,  and  the  presence  of  numerous  rubbish  heaps  proves  that 
there  were  periodical  cleanings  out  of  the  sitnctuary.  Whether  such  vases  were  ever  in 
actual  use  is  doubtful. 

From  the  fact  that  at  the  Kabirion  in  Thebes,  potters  sjit  outside  the  walls  of  the 
Temenos  and  sold  their  wares,  it  is  probable  that  such  was  the  fact  at  the  Hemeum,  and 
that  from  the  eariiest  times  the  pottery  of  the  Argolid  was  in  great  demand,  and 
so  cheap  and  common  as  to  make  the  introduction  of  foreign  vases  rather  like  bringino- 
"  coals  to  Newcastle." 

At  first  sight  the  vases  from  the  Heraeum  are  somewhat  dis{»piH)inting ;  there  is 
a  noticeable  lack  of  strange  or  beautiful  designs,  and  none  of  the  vases  seem  to  rise 
above  a  common  level.  But  the  chief  value  lies,  not  in  the  fragments  or  vases  them- 
selves, but  in  their  relation  to  the  results  of  other  excavations,  esi>ecially  those  in 
Sicily  and  Aegina.  It  is  Aegina  that  is  shown  in  the  closest  relation  with  Argos,  since 
many  of  the  more  unusual  tyi>es  found  at  the  Heraeum  may  also  be  found  in  Aegina  and 
nowhere  else. 

Such  a  connection  forms  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  two  states.  We 
know  that  it  was  during  the  reign  of  Phidon  of  Argos  that  the  two  came  together, 
since  Phidon  had  his  mint  at  Aegina.  Phidon's  date  is  variously  given  —  b.  c.  770  by 
Holm,'  745  by  Stais,*  while  Beloch  '  asserts  that  he  could  not  have  lived  eariier  than  the 
sixth  century.  Whether  he  really  introducetl  the  coining  of  money  into  Greece,  as  tradi- 
tion relates,  is  another  question.  As  most  numismatists  are  agreed  that  this  could  not 
have  taken  place  before  b.  c.  700,''  we  must  either  abandon  tradition  or  else  side  with 
Beloch.  Holm  '  thinks  that  he  may  have  introduced  Oriental  weights  and  measures  into 
Greece,  and  thus  the  introduction  of  coinage,  which  followed  shortly  after,  was  attributed 
to  him.  But  the  main  question  does  not  centre  about  Phidon  so  much  as  about  the  actual 
date  of  the  coming  together  of  the  two  states. 

In  the  recent  excavations  at  Aegina  conducted  by  Stois "  fragments  of  the  Mycenaean 
style  were  extremely  scarce,  but  large  (piantities  of  Geometric  and  Argive  (so-called 
Proto-Corinthian )  ware  were  found.  Moreover,  all  the  Geometric  ware  found  there 
resembles  that  from  the  Heraeum  much  more  closely  than  that  from  Attica,  and  several 
tyi)es  occur  which  can  be  duplicated  only  at  Argos.  It  is  also  most  probable  that  most 
of  the  vases  of  the  Geometric  and  Argive  styles  found  at  Aegina  were  imported,  not 
manufactured  there.  As  Argos,  through  the  Mycenaean  as  well  as  the  later  periods,  was 
one  of  the  chief  centres  for  the  manufacture  of  vases,  it  becomes  almost  certiiin  that 
after  the  Mycenaean  i)eriod  she  exported  her  wares  into  Aegina."     Whether  Phidon  or 


ki- 


>  Dr.  Waldstein  believes  that  there  was  here  a  primi- 
tive settlement  to  which  primitive  cooking-pots,  etc., 
would  belong     See  General  Introduction,  vol.  i. 

*  For  discussion  on  this  point  cf .  Cecil  Smith,  Xaukrati.*, 
I.  p.  47  ;  Furtwangler,  Introduction  to  Genick,  Griechische 
Kernmik,  p.  5. 

«  History  of  Greece,  I.  p.  2^. 

*  'T.<sniyu  'Apx;  1895,  p.  236. 

®  Griechische  Geschichte,  I.  p.  282. 

*  Cf.  Head,  Historia  Numorum,  Introduction,  p.  38. 


^  Op.  cit.  I.  p.  214,  Note  2. 

*  Inc.  cit.  and  Pallat,  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  pp. 
265  flF. 

•  As  the  question  of  the  origin  of  such  styles  as  the 
Mycenaean,  (ieometrie,  Argive  (so-called  Proto-Co> 
rinthian),  and  Corinthian,  whic-h  are  found  in  Aegina, 
Argos,  and  Attica  could  not  be  settled  with  positive  cer- 
tainty from  the  outward  appearance  of  the  fragments 
themselves,  a  microscopical  analysis  of  the  clay  by  an 
expert  geologist  seeme«l  to  offer  the  only  solution  of  the 


MICROSCOPICAL   ANALYSIS   OF  THE   FRAGMENTS 


65 


some  other  man  was  ruler  of  Argos  at  that  time  is  not  essential  to  the  argument,  but 
it  would  seem  that  Holm  and  Sfciis  are  right  in  considering  him  king  of  Argos  and 
assigning  to  him  a  date  in  the  fii-st  half  of  the  eighth  century.  That  this  connection 
listed  until  the  sixth  century,  when  the  Argives  assisted  the  Aeginetans  in  repelling  an 
Athenian  invasion,'  the  presence  of  the  vase  fragments  at  Aegina  would  seem  to  show. 

So  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  extremely  small  number  of  fragments  of  vases  of  foreign 
(i.e.  outside  of  the  Argolid)  make,  such  as  Dipylon,  Early  Attic,  Corinthian, Cyrenean,  Attic 
Black  and  Red-Figured,  etc.,  it  seems  probable  that  almost  all  the  rest  were  made  in  the 
Argolid.  Without  doubt  all  fragments  belonging  to  the  Mycenaean  style  were  of  such 
origin.  This  I  judge  from  the  fact  that  all  such  vases  bear  the  closest  relation  to  those 
from  Mycenae  and  show  none  of  the  features  characteristic  of  other  Mycenaean  types 


difficulty.  Afconlingly  I  sent  to  Dr.  H.  S.  Washington  a 
number  of  sherds  of  the  Primitive,  Mycenaean,  Geo- 
metric, Argive  (Proto-Corinthian),  Corinthian,  Black  and 
Ked-Figured  styles  selected  from  the  following  sites  :  the 
Heraeum,  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Nauplia,  Melos,  Attica 
(Athens,  Meiiidi,  Marko|)oulo,  Thorikos),  and  Eretria. 
His  re])ort  is  to  ap|)ear  elsewhere,  but  we  may  here  men- 
tion the  following  facts  tpioted  from  Dr.  Washington's 
letter,  which  were  given  in  reply  to  the  following  ques- 
tions :  (1)  Wliat  is  the  connection  between  lottery  found 
at  Argos  and  Aegina?  (2)  What  is  the  connection  be- 
tween iM>ttery  found  at  Attica,  Argos,  and  other  sites  ? 

(1)  "The  primitive  fragment  from  Aegina  is  coarse 
and  contains  fragments  of  mica-schist.  As  this  rock  is 
not  found  on  the  islauti,  the  presumption  is  that  this 
especial  piece  is  of  foreign  (i.  e.  extra- Aegina)  manufac- 
ture. In  the  Pelo|)onnesus  the  nearest  localities  of  these 
rocks  are  in  the  Xiris  mountains,  and  near  and  south  of 
Doliana  towards  Sitartii;  they  also  occur  in  Attica.  The 
Geometric  fragments  of  Aegina  are  coarse  with  quartz 
and  feldspar  gmiiis,  {wssibly  derived  from  schist,  but  no 
remains  of  this  or  of  vulcanic  rock  an>  visible  ;  it  may  be 
iMtive.  The  two  Mycenaean  fragments  from  Aegina  are 
rather  coarse,  and  show  fragments  of  quartz,  feldspar,  and 
aiigitc  (a  mineral  of  volcanic  rooks  on  the  island),  so  that 
these  are  almost  certainly  of  native  (Aeginetan)  nianu- 
faeture. 

"  Tlie  Proto-Corinthian  and  Corinthian  fragments  from 
Aegina  do  not  differ  in  any  essential  respect  from  the 
corresponding  si>ecimcns  of  Argos.  The  Proto-Corin- 
thian are  nmch  Kner  than  the  Coriuthian,  and  I  should 
say  that  the  Aegina  Corinthian  are  rather  coarser  than 
the  Corinthian  fragments  found  at  Argos. 

"  Of  the  Argive  siteciniens,  the  Proto-Corinthian  are  by 
far  the  finest,  though  the  Corinthian  come  close  to  them. 
A  fragment  of  a  '  local  type '  (v.  p.  161,  Platk  LXVII.) 
is  also  dense,  as  are  two  of  the  red-figure  style.  A  prim- 
itive fragment  is  also  quite  fine,  but  shows  carelessness 
in  manufacture  in  areas  of  coarser  material  and  in  the 
presence  of  limestone  fragments.  The  fragment  of  the 
(ieometric  plate  (v.  p.  116,  Plate  LVIII.)  resembles  the 
corresponding  one  from  Aegina,  and  ma}-  possibly  contain 
a  little  augite  (in  very  small  crystal  fragments),  which 
would  indicate  an  Aeginetan  derivation.  All  the  Geo- 
metric fragments  are  coarser  than  the  Proto-Corinthian, 
but  the  Mycenaean  are  rather  better,  though  less  dense, 
than  the  Proto-Corinthian. 


"  On  the  whole,  the  only  pottery  which  is,  one  may  say, 
undoubtedly  Aeginetan  is  the  Mycenaean  from  there,  the 
Argive  Mycenaean  being  distinctly  different.  There  is 
practically  no  difference  between  the  respective  Proto- 
Corinthian  and  Corinthian,  and  either  might  come  from 
any  good  clay  bed,  and  with  the  material  well  washed, 
which  would  tend  to  eliminate  all  heavy  portions  such  as 
augite. 

(2)  "  Argive,  Attic,  etc.  The  fragments  of  the  Myce- 
naean style  from  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Daulis,  Markopoulo, 
and  Nauplia  arc  all  practically  identical  with  that  of 
Argos.  The  Geometric  fragments  from  Markopoulo 
and  Eretria  are  coarser  and  resemble  the  Geometric  from 
Argos.  The  only  specimen  from  Athens  (Dipylon)  is 
also  coarse,  and  contains  much  feldspar,  an  evidence  of 
carelessness  in  washing. 

"The  pottery  from  Melos  is  quite  distinctive  in  con- 
taining fragments  of  minerals  of  volcanic  rocks  of  the 
island,  as  well  as  here  and  there  fragments  of  the  rocks 
themselves,  such  as  obsidian,  etc." 

"  Pottery  is  made  of  decayed  rocks  in  which  most  of 
the  original  and  distinctive  minerals  have  disappeared,  and 
those  left  are  still  further  done  away  by  the  washing  of 
the  clay,  so  that  it  would  be  only  in  the  most  early  and 
archaic  periods  that  we  should  expect  to  find  tell-tale 
minerals." 

Although  Dr.  Washington's  report  is  somewhat  incon- 
clusive, the  following  conclusions  would  seem  to  be  jus- 
tified: (1)  That  with  the  exception  of  a  few  fragments  of 
the  Mycenaean  style  and  the  Geometric  plate  mentioned 
on  p.  116,  none  of  the  sherds  of  the  Geometric,  Argive 
(Proto-Corinthian),  or  Corinthian  styles  are  indigenous 
to  the  island,  but  were  most  probably  imported  there.  (2) 
The  Geometric  fragments  from  Attica,  except  the  pure 
Dipylon  style,  resemble  very  strongly  those  from  Argos. 
But  these  same  conclusions  do  not  seem  to  militate 
against  the  theories  advanced  on  pp.  119  ff.  and  103  ff., 
that  the  Argive  (Proto-Corinthian)  style  originated  in  the 
Argolid,  and  that  the  earliest  beginnings  of  the  Geometric 
style  projier  are  to  l)e  sought  for  in  that  locality,  al- 
though, as  stated  on  p.  104,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to 
prove  that  the  Geometric  style  necessarily  originated  in 
the  Argolid,  and  was  taken  up  by  the  other  states,  but 
rather  that  the  external  influence  which  probably  created 
the  Geometric  style  first  made  its  appearance  in  Argos, 
and  penetrated  into  Attica  in  a  verj'  short  time. 

'  Herod.  V.  87  ff.;  cf.  also  chapter  VII.,  below. 


'  II 


M 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


I 


|i 


w 


'r 


I' 


siieh  as  Theran,  Cypriote,  and  those  from  the  various  islands.  At  the  same  time,  the 
complete  absence  of  the  first  chiss,  lustrous  finish  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  would  seem  to 
exclude  Mycenae  itself  as  the  only  factory.  With  such  a  large  output  of  Mycenaean 
vases  there  must  have  existed  a  dozen  vase  factories  scattered  through  the  plain. 

Though  it  is  a  point  that  admits  of  much  discussion,  I  am  inclined  to  follow  Furtwiingler 
and  Loeschcke's  view  tliat  the  Dorian  invasion  })roved  the  downfall  of  the  Mycenaean 
civihzation,  and  that  the  Geometric  style  arose  in  consequence  of  this  invasion '  and  can- 
not be  traced  to  the  lonians,  Carians,-  or  Eg}'j)tians.''  This  point  will  be  further  ehibo- 
rated  in  the  third  chapter,  but  we  may  anticipate  a  little.  It  is  only  recently  that  the 
connection  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  styles  has  been  siitisfactorily  estiib- 
lished.  Wide  *  has  analyzed  the  survival  of  Mycenaean  elements  in  the  Geometric  style 
and  shown  how  much  more  the  Island  types  of  the  Geometric  folhiwed  the  Mycenaean 
than  those  of  the  mainland,  but  his  assumption  that,  owing  to  the  lack  of  these  Myce- 
naean features  in  the  Geometric  style  of  the  mahdand,  the  centre  of  the  Mycenaean 
fabrics  lay  in  the  islands  is  not  necessiirily  true,  since  these  same  featuies  can  be  detected 
in  the  Geometric  vases  from  the  Heraeimi. 

The  recent  excavations  of  Flinders  Petrie  in  Egvpt,  Cecil  Smith  and  Hogarth  in  Melos, 
and  Evans  in  Crete  have  thrown  new  light  on  the  beginnings  of  the  Mycenaean  style, 
since  a  large  number  of  sherds  have  been  found  there  which,  though  akin  to  the  Myce- 
naean, are  nevertheless  earlier,  and  have  been  called  "  Aegean."  These  sherds  would  seem 
to  show  a  greater  tendency  towards  a  naturalistic  or  pictorial  form  of  ornamentation  than 
towards  a  linear.  As  yet  the  connection  between  them  and  the  Mycenaean  sherds  of 
Greece  proper  has  not  been  thoroughly  established,  but  it  may  be  assumed  that  such  a 
connection  exists. 

The  Mycenaean  style  in  Greece  proper  would  seem  to  show  the  following  development. 
As  Professor  Waldstein  has  already  pointed  out,  the  earliest  Mycenaean  fragments  show 
the  embodiment  of  a  Linear  principle  which  would  naturally  be  exjiected  in  vases  which 
succeed  the  so-called  '*  Primitive  "  style.  In  a  very  short  time,  owing  no  doubt  to  the 
maritime  character  of  the  Mycenaean  civiliztition,  and  more  probably  to  the  influence  of 
the  Aegean  pottery,  the  tendency  to  employ  a  species  of  pictorial  or  naturalistic  orna- 
mentation, especially  of  marine  life,  became  widespread. 

Later  again  the  spirit  of  conventionaUty  crept  in,  and  in  the  last  days  of  the  Mycenaean 
style  we  find  a  wealth  of  ornament  treated  in  a  purely  conventional  and  rather  fl;tmboyant 
manner,  but  without  the  introduction  of  any  fresh  ideas ;  in  fact,  the  general  tendency 
seems  a  return  to  the  early  Linear  feeling.  After  the  Dorian  invasion  we  see  this  same 
linear  principle  marching  off  in  two  different  styles,  the  Geometric  and  the  Argive  or 
Proto-Corinthian,  which  flourished  side  by  side  in  the  Argolid  for  a  considerable  ])eriod. 
During  the  seventh  century  the  increasing  commercial  and  trading  facilities  brought 
about  the  introduction  of  foreign,  especially  eastern  influences,  into  Greece,  with  the 
result  that  the  Geometric  style  died  out,  while  the  Argive  absorbed  the  new  influences, 
from  which  the  Corinthian  style  probably  had  its  origin  (see  p.  123).  Attica  in  the 
meanwhile,  after  experimenting  largely  with  the  Geometric  style,  had  worked  her  way 
into  the  Early  Attic  style,  and  after  absorbing  the  Oriental  influence  from  Corinth  througli 
the  so-called  Corinthian-Attic,  evolved  the  Black-Figured  style  which,  during  the  best 
part  of  the  sixth  century,  was  the  most  prominent  fonn  of  Greek  ceramic  art. 


*  Myk.  Vas.  p.  xii. 

2  Rayet  and  CoIIi^on,  Hist.  p.  32. 

8  Kroker,  Jahrb.  I.  (1886),  pp.  95  If. 


♦  Athen.   Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  pp.  233  ff.  and  XXI. 
(18%),  pp.  385  ff. 


.11 


hi 


NATURAL   DEVELOPMENT  OF  VASE-CLASSES 


67 


A  glance  at  the  accompanying  figure  shows  the  way  in  which  this  development  took 
place,  and  how  the  elementary  principle,  starting  from  the  Mycenaean  style,  and  working 
its  way  through  two  sei^rate  channels,  united  again  in  the  Attic  Black-Figured  style. 


Mycenaean 

Geoni 
Dip 

etric 

Argive  I. 

rlon 

Argive  II. 

Early  Attic 

Argive  V.,  Coriutbian 

So-called 
Coriuthiau- Attic 

Corinthian  with 
Attic  elements 

Black-Figured  Style 

It  cannot,  of  course,  be  said  that  the  progress  traced  above  is  absolute,  nor  can  it  be 
worked  out  exactly  with  mathematical  precision.  It  is  the  result  of  a  careful  study  of 
the  progress  of  ceramic  art  as  illustrated  by  the  two  great  centres  of  Argos  and  Athens, 
with  especial  reference  to  the  vases  from  the  Heraeum.  To  trace  the  development  of 
ceramic  art  in  any  given  place  is,  after  all,  largely  a  matter  of  theory,  and  though  I  do 
not  wish  to  maintain  that  the  theories  of  development  here  expressed  are  the  only  ones 
possible,  it  is  upon  them  that  the  whole  of  this  work  is  based. 

As  the  term  "  Proto-Corinthian  "  is  now  so  thoroughly  unsatisfactory,  I  fully  agree  with 
Professor  Waldstein  that  it  should  be  abandoned,  and  that,  as  the  Argolid  offers  greater 
claims  for  being  the  home  of  this  style  (as  I  shall  endeavor  to  show  later),  it  is  best  to  call 
the  style  Argive.  But,  as  stilted  before,  the  use  of  the  term  in  this  part  of  the  publica- 
tion is  rather  more  restricted  than  that  employed  by  Professor  Waldstein,  since  it  is  here 
used  entirely  with  reference  to  those  vases  which  are  post-Mycenaean,  and  does  not 
include  all  the  varieties  which  Professor  Waldstein  would  include  under  the  title  of 
"  Argive  Linear." 


u 


11, 

I 


' 


CHAPTER  I. 
PRIMITIVE  VASES. 

The  pottery  representing  the  '•  primitive  "  period,  i.  e.  all  pottery  (prior  to  the  Myce- 
naean civilization)  which  shows  the  employment  of  the  usual  incised  linear  decoration,  so 
common  on  the  various  sherds  in  the  lower  settlements  of  Hissarhk,  is  rather  scarce  at 
the  Heraeum.  For  this  fact  two  explanations  are  possible  :  (1)  As  we  have  pointed  out 
before,  a  large  number  of  fragments,  without  decoration  of  any  kind,  wheel  or  hand 
made,  which  might  well  belong  to  vessels  of  the  earliest  periods,  were  not  preserved, 
since  there  was  no  evidence  of  any  kind  to  show  what  their  age  was.  (2)  Sites  in  which 
such  ware  has  been  found  in  greatest  qiuintities,  such  as  Hissarlik,  Tiryns,  Thera,  etc., 
were  all  settlements  where  the  i)ottery  was  in  actual  use  by  the  inhabitants.  The 
Heraeum  was  a  sanctuary  and  not  a  settlement ;  and  as  the  cult  of  Hera  was  probably 
not  developed  until  the  Mycenaean  period,  the  custom  of  dedicating  pottery  would  not 
have  been  general,  and  hence  we  should  not  expect  to  find  many  primitive  sherds  on  the 
site.  If,  however,  there  had  been  here  an  early  settlement,  vases  would  have  been  in 
constant  use,  and  would  therefore  not  have  been  found  in  large  quantities,  as  where  in  a 
sanctuary  only  there  were  constant  deposits  of  votive  offerings  in  vases. 

Of  the  plain  pottery  already  mentioned  in  the  Introduction,  a  great  number  of  frag- 
ments seem  to  have  belonged  to  large  j)ithoi,  sunilar  to  those  at  Hissarlik.  Such  large 
vases,  of  coarse  unpainted  clay,  are  characteristic  of  all  j)eriods,  and  may  just  as  well 
fall  in  the  later  as  in  the  earlier  Greek  times.  Many  of  them,  in  fact,  are  not  dissimilar 
to  counnon  pots  used  by  the  people  of  Greece  to-day. 

The  bulk  of  this  "  primitive  "  ware  consists  of  fragments  of  yellow  or  reddish  clay 
with  incised  ornamentation,  only  a  few  vases  being  preserved  entire.  Most  of  the  frag- 
ments are  hand-made ;  but  as  wheel-made  ones  are  found,  no  general  law  can  be  stated 
for  the  use  of  the  wheel.  It  is  probable  that  some  of  the  wheel-made  prehistoric  frag- 
ments are  older  than  hand-made  Mycenaean  vases.  Beside  the  fragments  already  men- 
tioned, a  large  number  of  very  coarse  wheel-made  fragments  were  found,  decorated  only 
with  a  series  of  incised  parallel  hues  very  close  together,  evidently  made  by  some  pointed 
instrument  held  against  the  clay  as  it  revolved  on  the  wheel.  To  date  them  is  impos- 
sible ;  the  nearest  analogies  may  be  found  in  Phoenician  ware  in  the  British  Museum 
and  the  Louvre.' 

Not  more  than  two  baskets  of  the  total  number  containe<l  sherds  with  incised  decora- 
tion, and  it  was  extremely  doubtful  in  the  case  of  many  of  the  fragments  whether  they 
coidd  with  propriety  be  classed  among  the  primitive  vases.  Some,  by  their  similarity  t<> 
the  vases  from  Hissarlik,  the  tumulus  at  Bos-«)juk  in  Asia  Minor  (Koerte,  Athen.  Mitt. 
xiv.  ( 1899),  pp.  1  tf.,  pis.  i.-iii.),  and  the  Cyclades  (Tsountas,  *E<f>rifi.  'Apx- 1898,  pp.  137  ff., 
pis.  ix.,  x.)  seemed  to  belong  to  the  last  of  the  third  or  the  beginning  of  the  second  mil- 
lennium B.  c.  Probably  none  of  them  are  earlier  than  the  second  settlement  at  Hissarlik, 
and  the  majority  contemporaneous  with  the  sherds  of  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  settle- 

1  Puttier,  Vasei  Ant.  Ju  Louvre,  pi.  iv.  fig.  2. 


,*■'- 


PRIMITIVE  VASES 


69 


ments.     Some,  again,  though  essentially  primitive  in  their  technique,  show  Mycenaean 
and  Geometric  elements  without  seeming  to  belong  to  either  style. 

No  attempt  can  be  made  to  give  anything  but  an  approximate  date  to  the  fragments 
of  the  primitive  period  from  the  Heraeum.  As  the  primitive  vases  from  the  Cyclades 
furnish  the  nearest  parallels  to  many  of  our  fragments,  we  may  date  them  as  Tsountas 
does  the  island  tombs,  B.  c.  2;"500-2000 ;  those  which  show  a  more  advanced  style  of 
decoration  may  be  placed  in  the  fii-st  jwrt  of  the  second  millennium  b.  c.  ;  but  it  is 
doubtfid  if  any  of  our  fragments  to  which  the  term  "  primitive  "  can  be  applied  are 
later  than  the  beginnings  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization. 


FKAGMEXTS. 


PLATE   L. 


1.  Bright  red  clay,  fairly  fine.  Wave  i)atteru  between  bauds.  Cf.  /7/os,  figs.  298,  317. 
Koerte,  /oc.  vit.  pi.  iii.  19. 

2.  Coarse  dark  yellow  clay  with  small  black  stones,  hand-made.  Probably  part  of  amphora. 
Handle  missing.  Decoration  of  small  circles,  evidently  done  with  some  instrument  like  a  punch. 
To  left  of  tlie  handle,  breast-like  protuberance. 

3.  Reddish  clay.     Hand-made.     Same  decorations,  large  circles.     Cf.  ///os,  fig.  162. 

4.  Top  of  oinochoe,  of  fine  dark  reddish  clay.  Same  decorations  with  very  small  circles,  which 
extend  over  the  lip. 

Fragments  of  this  type  were  common  at  the  Heraeum.  Tliey  possess,  however,  no  affinity  with 
the  sieve  vases  from  Troy,  as  the  circles  do  not  go  clear  through. 

Two  variations  in  the  tyi>e  occur;  (1)  where  the  circles  have  a  central  part  left  (as  in  2) 
and  (2)  where  the  circle  is  a  complete  hole.  (3)  Similar  decoration  occurs  on  ivory 
objects  from  Troy  [I/tos,  p.  506),  as  well  as  from  the  Heraeum,  and  on  fragments  from 
graves  of  the  Hallstatt  period  in  Vienna. 

Nos.  5-8  are  all  of  a  yellow  or  re<ldisli  clay,  hand-made  and  ornamented  with  scratched  lines. 
Similar  fragments  were  quite  numerous  at  the  Heraeum,  and  probably  belong  to  the  earliest 
l)eriotl.  The  plastic  band  on  5,  with  its  jMirforated  ornament,  is  a  common  feature  in  prehistoric 
ware.*     Cf.  Schlieraann,  Iluhs,  p.  491,  fig.  454. 

9.  Low  bowl ;  height  0.27  m.  ;  diameter  0.17  m.  Reddish  clay.  Incised  dots  on  outer  edge 
of  base.     Rim  has  an  incised  herring-bone  pattern.     Two  holes  through  edge  of  base. 

10.  From  shoulder  of  large  vase,  coarse  reddish  yellow  clay.  Ornamentation  probably  ran 
round  the  shoulder  like  a  frieze. 

11.  Handle  of  vase,  coarse  i*eddish  yellow  clay,  hand-made.  Plastic  ornament  resembling  the 
knuckles  of  a  hand. 

12.  Same.  Coarse,  dark  red<lisli  clay,  hand-made :  probably  burnt.  In  plastic  form,  with  four 
divisions,  two  large  and  two  small. 

Several  other  similar  handles,  belonging  to  large  amphoras  wei-e  found,  which  vases,  as  far  as 
can  be  told  from  the  fi-agments,  possessed  no  decoration  whatsoever. 

13.  Handle,  reddish  yellow  clay,  ornamented  with  a  series  of  V-shaped  incisions.  Cf.  Ilios, 
fig.  1000. 

14.  Retldish  clay.  Wave  patterns  incised  in  similar  fashion  to  1.  In  left-hand  corner  of  the 
fragment  a  projection  like  a  button. 

15  ^  a  and  b.     Bright  retl  clay,  hand-made.     Base  of  tall  jar.     Around  bases  plastic  mould- 

'  This  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  examples  xxii.  (1898),  p.  441,  note  1  ;  B.  C.  H.  Tax.  (1895),  p.  179, 
of  a  snake,  which,  tliough  coninion  in  Mycenaean  and  later      note  6. 

times,  is  probably  not  of  Mycenaean  origin  ;  cf.  I}.  C.  H.  '^  A  fragment  very  similar  to  No.  15  has  been  found 

by  Wide  at  Aphidua  {Allien.  Mitt.  1896,  pp.  .394,  407,  pi. 


70 


THE  vasp:s  and  vase  fragments 


!♦ 


!  I 


ing  with  scratches.  Above,  narrow  band  of  triangular  indentations  and  two  bands  of  ray  pattern, 
incised.  The  same  triangular  indentations  occur  on  a  fragment  from  the  Cyclades  'E^i//x.  'Apx. 
1898,  pi.  ix.  10  and  23. 

The  following  fragments  are  all  wheel  made,  and  belong  certainly  to  a  Liter  time, 
probably  just  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

16.  Greenish  yellow  clay.  From  base  of  a  vase  with  tall  foot.  Double  herring-bone  pattern 
and  lines,  incised. 

17.  Greenish-yellow  clay,  from  vase  similar  to  16.     Rays  and  bands  incised. 

18.  Reddish  clay,  inside  entirely  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze.  Rays  and  scratches 
incised. 

As  the  technique  of  this  fragment  is  distinctly  Mycenaean  and  rather  advanced,  it  seems 
most  probable  th.it  it  should  fall  in  that  period. 

19.  Light  yellow  clay,  probably  from  an  aryballos.  Herring-bone  pattern  and  lozenge  contain- 
ing  a  steaiftika,  incised. 

20.  Briglit  yellow  clay,  with  black  core.  From  neck  of  a  vessel.  Three  raised  bands,  cross- 
liatched,  inclosing  two  bands,  upper  with  rosettes  and  herring-bones,  lower  with  herring-bones 
alone. 

21.  Reddish  yellow  clay.     From  neck  of  aiyballos.     Plastic  tongue  pattern  on  shoulder. 

The  technique  of  19-21  is  decidedly  more  advanced  than  that  of  the  other  fragmenta 
At  the  siime  time  it  is  open  to  question  whether,  with  the  possible  exception  of  21,  thev 
can  be  regarded  as  later  than  the  Mycenaean  period. 


'i" 


M 


VASES. 
1.  (Fig.  1.)  Three-legged  bowl,  two  of  the  feet  restored.  Hand-made ;  height,  0.092  m. ;  diam- 
eter of  oi)ening,  0.08  m.  Black  clay  with  brick-red  slip,  burnt 
dark  brown.  Scratched  ornamentation  on  rim,  neck,  and  belly. 
The  handle  is  divided  into  two  twisted  divisions,  also  ornamented 
with  scratches.     On  the  front,  two  breast-like  protuberances. 

This  arrangement  of  scratches  is  similar  to  that  of  'E<f>r)fi.  'Apx- 
1898,  pi.  X.  No.  1,  but  not  so  regidar,  and  is  undoubtedly  earlier. 
The  shape  is  similar  to  11  ion.  Figs.  59  and  1130.  (Cf.  also 
Koerte,  he.  cit.  pi.  ii.  9.)  Such  vessels  have  usually  been  classetl 
among  cooking-pots. 

^^  ^  t  2.  (Fig.  2.)  Vase  with   long  neck,  without  handle;   height, 

VjMF'  '  \^  0.07  m.    Black  clay,  polished  and  burnt.    The 

ftjtf  shsi\ye  of  our  vase  is  similar,  though  a  trifle 

Fig.  1.  ™ore  advanced,  to  a  vase  from  the  same  place. 

Cf.  Koerte,  he.  eit.  pi.  ii.  8. 
The  polishing  of  the  clay  is  a  common  feature  among  primitive  vases.     It 
may  be  observed  on  a  large  number  of  vases  and  shenls  from  Hissarlik,  and  also 
on  the  vases  from  Bos-Jijuk.     Cf.  Koerte,  loc.  cit.  p.  25. 

3.  (Fig.  3.)    Oinochoe?     Neck  and  handle  missing:   height, 
0.025  m.     Black  clay,  burnt,  with  incised  border  on  shoulder. 
Shape  of  vase  cannot  be  determined,  but  it  rather  recalls  the 
latter  oinochoe  type.     Similar  decoration  may  l)e  found  on  a  Trojan  vase  of  the 
fourth  settlement.     Cf.  also,  'E.<f>r)fi.  'Apx-  1899,  pi.  ix.  24. 

XV.  3),  and  assigned  by  him  to  his  early  indigenous  Geo-  nieuts  in  the  (Jeometric  style  in  Attica  are  to  be  found  in 
inetnc  class.  This  would  seem  significant  for  dating  our  the  Argolid.  This  point  will  be  discussed  more  thoroughly 
fragment,  and  also  for  showing  that  the  pre-Dorian  ele-      in  Chapter  III.  * 


Fig.  3. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE 


71 


Further,  about  twenty  very  small  hand-made  vases  were  found,  which  had  no  decora- 
tion, but  were  uniformly  of  a  dark  gray  or  reddish  clay,  showing  traces  of  burning. 
They  included  two-handled  vessels,  simihr  to  *E(f>7jfi.  'Apx-  1898,  pi.  ix.  2,  and  Koerte, 
he.  cit.  pi.  ii.  7  ;  several  three-handled  jugs  of  similar  shape  to  those  on  p.  100,  and  a  vase 
without  handles,  similar  to  Koerte,  loc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  9. 

A  series  of  vases,  which,  though  not  prehistoric  in  cliaracter,  seem  more  nearly  rekted 
to  the  earlier  than  the  later  vases,  is  represented  by  4-6.  They  are  all  of  a  very  dark 
clay,  hand-made  and  burnt  black  in  most  cases,  some  with  a  decoration  of  incised  lines 
running  from  neck  to  foot,  others  without  decoration,  and  chiefly  remarkable  for  a  very 
brilliant  polish,  giving  nearly  the  effect  of  dull  jet.  These  vases  are  very  similar  to 
several  from  Rhodes  in  the  British  Museum,  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether  our  vases 
are  not  as  are  those,  a  product  of  the  eighth  century.  At  the  same  time,  owing  to 
their  scratched  ornamentation,  they  are  more  fitly  included  in  this  chapter,  and  if  of  a 
later  date  are  probably  the  last  links  of  the  chain  begun  in  prehistoric  times. 

4.   (Fig.  4.)  Aryballos ;  height,  0.045  m.     Black  clay,  burnt,  with  decoration  of  parallel  lines. 
Much  of  the  outer  surface  worn  off. 

Several  others  were  found  at  the  He- 
raeum.  An  aryballos  precisely  similar  is  in 
the  British  Museum  (A.  case  G,  No.  658, 
from  Rhodes). 


5.   (Fig.   5.)    Aryballos:    height,   0.034 


m. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  6. 


Black  clay,  with  very  brilliant  i)olish.     Below 

handle  parallel  scratches  and  a  figure  sha})ed  like  a  bow  or  a  crescent. 

6.  (Fig.  G.)  Oinochoe ;  height,  0.045  m.  Black  clay,  polished  and  burnt,  without  ornamentation. 
Several  similar  jugs  were  found. 

CHAPTER  II. 
THE   MYCENAEAN  STYLE. 

The  development  of  the  Mycenaean  style  at  the  Heraeum  finds  its  parallel  in  the 
Mycenaean  fragments  from  Mycenae  and  Tiryns.  But  unfortunately  the  Heraeum  frag- 
ments throw  no  light  on  the  question  whether  the  Mycenaean  style  is  of  Achaean  (as  is 
usually  supposed),  Pelasgian  (cf../.  //.  S.  XVI.  [189G],  pp.  77  ff.),  or  foreign  origin.  That 
prototypes  of  the  Mycenaean  style  exist  in  the  Aegean  pottery  is  now,  I  think,  gener- 
ally admitted,  and  it  may  well  be  the  case  that  the  beginnings  of  the  civilization  are  to 
be  looked  for  in  the  Aegean  islands,  especially  Crete.  The  connection,  however,  between 
the  Mycenaean  ware  at  the  Heraeum  and  the  Aegean  pottery  is  not  easy  to  establish  ; 
the  earliest  elements  of  the  style  in  the  former  site  are,  as  Professor  Waldstein  has 
pointed  out,  distinctly  linear  in  character ;  and  that,  as  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the  island 
pottery  I  have  seen  (e.  g.  Melos),  does  not  seem  to  be  the  case  in  Aegean  pottery.  If 
anything,  the  characteristics  of  the  Aegean  pottery  are  more  naturalistic  than  linear. 
Perhaps  the  most  probable  explanation  is  that  the  Mycenaean  style  in  the  Argolid 
developed  directly  from  the  primitive  linear  types,  and  that  the  influence  of  the  islands 
brought  about  the  change  to  naturalistic  forms  of  ornamentation. 

The  two  great  classes  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  vases  with  dull  decoration  {MattmaJerei) 
and  with  lustrous  decoration  (Firnissmalerei),  are  both  represented  at  the  Heraeum,  the 
former  in  very  small  quantities.     Although  it  is  usually  supposed  that  "  dull "  vases  are 


/•I 


70 


THK    VASES    AND   VASE    FKAGMENTS 


»  ' 


ing  with  scratches.  Above,  narrow  hand  of  triangular  indentations  and  two  bauds  of  ray  pattern, 
incised.  The  same  triangidar  indentations  occur  on  a  fragment  from  the  Cyclades  'Efftrjft.  'Ap^. 
1898,  pi.  ix.  10  and  28. 

The  fallowing  fra<>:ments  are  all  wheel  made,  and  belong  certainly  to  a  later  time, 
probably  just  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

16.  Greenish  yellow  clay.  From  base  of  a  vase  with  tall  foot.  Double  herring-bone  jiattem 
and  lines,  incised. 

17.  Greenish-yellow  clay,  from  vase  similar  to  16.     Rays  and  bands  incised. 

18.  Reddish  clay,  inside  entirely  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze.  Kays  and  scratches 
incised. 

As  the  technique  of  this  fragment  is  distinctly  Mycenaean  and  rather  advanced,  it  seems 
most  ])robable  that  it  should  fall  in  that  period. 

19.  Liglit  yellow  clay,  probably  from  an  ary hallos.  Herring-bone  pattern  and  lozenge  contain- 
ing  a  fifri/!<fil't,  incised. 

2a  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  black  core.  From  neck  of  a  vessel.  Three  raised  ban<ls,  cross- 
hatchetl,  inclosing  two  bauds,  upi)cr  with  rosettes  and  herring-lwues,  lower  with  herrin"-boucs 
alone. 

21.   Reddish  yellow  clay.     Fi-oni  neck  of  anballos.     Plastic  tongue  pattern  on  shoulder. 

The  techniciue  of  19-21  is  tlecidedly  more  advanced  than  that  of  the  other  fragments. 
At  the  siime  time  it  is  open  to  question  whether,  with  the  possible  e.vcejjtion  of  21,  thev 
can  be  regarded  as  later  than  the  Mycenaean  period. 

VASES. 
1.  (Fig.  1.^  Three-legged  bowl,  two  of  the  feet  restored.  Hand-made:  height,  0.002  ni.  :  diam- 
eter of  opening,  0.08  m.  Black  clay  with  brick-red  slip,  burnt 
dark  brown.  Scratched  ornamentation  on  rim,  neck,  and  1h?11v. 
The  handle  is  divided  into  two  twisted  tlivisions,  also  ornamented 
with  scratches.     On  the  front,  two  breast-like  protuberances. 

This  arrangement  of  scratches  is  similar  to  that  of  'K<^vM-  '-^/'X- 
1808,  pi.  X.  No.  1,  but  not  so  regular.  an«l  is  uiuhkidttedly  earlier. 
The  shape  is  similar  to  ///on.  Figs.  50  an.l  1130.  (Cf.  also 
Koerte,/or.  cit.  pi.  ii.  9.)  Such  vessels  have  usually  been  classetl 
among  cooking-jxjts. 

2.  (Fig.  2.)  Vase   with    long   neck,  without  handle;    height, 
0.07  m.    Black  clay,  imlisheil  and  burnt.     The 
shape  of  otir  vase  is  similar,  though  a  trifle 
more  advanced,  to  a  vase  from  the  same  place. 
Cf.  Koertc.  /oc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  8. 
The  iM>lishing  of  the  clay  is  a  common  feature  among  ])riniitive   vases.     It 
may  be  observed  on  a  large  number  of  vases  and  sherds  from  Hissarlik,  and  also 
on  the  vases  from  lios-.ijiik.     Cf.  Koertc.  for.  cif.  ]>.  25. 

^.       ,  3.  (Fig.  3.)    OinocluK-?     Neck  and  handle  missing:   height, 

0.025  m.     Black  clay,  burnt,  with  incised  border  on  shoulder. 
Slia])e  of  vase  cannot   be  determined,  but  it  rather  recalls  the 
latter  oinochoe  type.     Similar  decoration  may  be  foimd  on  a  Trojan  vase  of  the 
fourth  settlement.     Cf.  also,  'K0i//t.  \\,,^^.  1899,  pi.  ix.  2-1. 

XV.  3),  and  assi-ncl  by  him  t.»  his  early  intli-oimus  f;e.>  n.ents  in  the  (ieoiiietrie  stvle  in  .Vtlifu  are  to  be  foiiiMl  in 
nietric  class.  This  would  seem  significant  f..r  .latin-  onr  the  Argoli.l.  This  point  will  be  diseusse.l  more  thoroughly 
fragment,  and  also  for  .showing  that  the  pre-Dorian  ele-      iu  Chapter  ill. 


Fl.;.  1. 


FlO.2. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE 


71 


Fig.  6. 


Further,  about  twenty  very  small  hand-made  vases  were  found,  which  had  no  decora- 
tion, but  were  uniforndy  of  a  dark  gray  or  reddish  clay,  showing  traces  of  burning. 
They  included  two-handled  vessels,  similar  to  'E^^ry/Lt.  Wpx.  1898,  pi.  ix.  2,  and  Koerte, 
loc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  7  ;  several  three-handled  jugs  of  similar  shape  to  those  on  p.  100,  and  a  vase 
without  handles,  similar  to  Koerte,  fov.  cit.  pi.  ii.  9. 

A  series  of  vases,  which,  though  not  prehistoric  in  character,  seem  more  nearly  rehited 
to  the  earlier  than  the  later  vases,  is  represented  by  4-6.  They  are  all  of  a  very  dark 
chty.  hand-made  and  burnt  black  in  most  cases,  some  with  a  decoration  of  incised  lines 
running  from  neck  to  foot,  others  without  decoration,  and  chiefly  remarkable  for  a  very 
brilliant  polish,  giving  nearly  the  effect  of  dull  jet.  These  vases  are  very  shuilar  to 
several  from  Rhodes  in  the  British  Museum,  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether  our  vases 
are  not  as  are  those,  a  product  of  the  eighth  century.  At  the  same  time,  owing  to 
their  scratched  ornamentation,  they  are  more  titly  included  in  this  chapter,  and  if  of  a 
later  date  are  probably  the  last  links  of  the  chain  begun  in  prehistoric  times. 

4.  (Fig.  4.)  Aryballos :  height.  0.045  m.  Black  clay,  burnt,  with  decoration  of  parallel  lines. 
Much  of  the  outer  surface  worn  off. 

Several  others  were  found  at  tlie  He- 
raeuni.  An  aryballos  precisely  similar  is  in 
the  British  Museum  (A.  case  G,  No.  G58. 
from  Rhodes). 

5.  {Vi^.   5.)    Aryballos:    height.    0.034    m. 
Black  clay,  with  very  brilliant  jwlish.     Below 

han«lle  parallel  scratches  and  a  figure  shajud  like  a  bow  or  a  crescent. 

6.  (Fig.  G.)  Oinochoe  :  height.  0.045  m.  Black  clay,  polished  and  burnt,  without  ornamentation. 
Several  similar  jugs  were  found. 

CHAPTER   II. 
THE   MYCENAEAN  STYLE. 

The  development  of  the  Mycenaean  style  at  the  Heraeum  finds  its  parallel  in  the 
Mvcenaean  fragments  from  Mvcenae  and  Tirvns.  But  unfortunatelv  the  Heraeum  fra<«- 
ments  tlirow  no  light  on  the  question  whether  the  Mycenaean  style  is  of  Achaean  (as  is 
usually  supposed),  Pehisgian  (cf../.  //.  >'.  XVI.  [189(>],  i)p.  77  If.),  or  foreign  origin.  That 
prototypes  of  the  Mycenaean  style  exist  in  the  Aegean  pottery  is  now,  I  think,  gener- 
ally admitted,  and  it  mav  well  be  the  case  that  the  beginnings  of  the  civilization  are  to 
be  looked  for  in  the  Aegean  islands,  especially  Crete.  The  connection,  however,  between 
the  Mycenaean  ware  at  the  Heraeum  and  tiie  Aegean  ]>ottery  is  not  easy  to  establish  ; 
the  earliest  elements  of  the  style  in  the  former  site  are,  as  Professor  Waldstein  has 
pointed  out,  distinctly  linear  in  character ;  and  that,  as  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the  island 
pottery  I  have  seen  (e.  g.  Melos),  does  not  .seem  to  be  the  case  in  Aegean  pottery.  If 
anything,  the  characteristics  of  the  Aegean  pottery  are  more  naturalistic  than  linear. 
Periiaps  the  most  probable  exphmation  is  that  the  Mycenaean  style  in  the  Argolid 
developed  directly  from  the  primitive  linear  ty])es,  and  that  the  influence  of  the  islands 
brouirlit  about  the  change  to  naturalistic  forms  of  ornamentation. 

The  two  great  classes  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  vases  with  dull  decoration  [Matiinalerei] 
and  with  lustrous  decoration  (  Firnis.sm(ih'rei),  are  both  represented  at  the  Heraeum,  the 
former  in  very  small  quantities.     Although  it  is  usiudly  supposed  that  "  dull "  vases  are 


'•I' 


N' 


72 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


oMei-  than  "  lustrons,"  certainty  on  this  point  is  im]M>sKi1)1('.  Tlio  cliamcter  of  the  dull 
style  is  linear  and  as  snch  more  in  keej»in«;"  with  the  prehistoric  motives ;  als<t  as  the 
inventi<tn  of  a  Instrous  olaze  is  a  distinct  innovation  in  ceramic  art,  it  is  pr<d)ahlv  an 
improvement  on  tlie  "  (hdl  "  teclwiicpie.  Hnt  that  tiie  mannfactnre  of  dnll  vases  eontinned 
almost  as  long  as  that  of  lustrons  vases,  is  proved  by  tlie  fact  that  both  dnll  and  lustrous 
fraj^nients  lay  side  by  side  in  the  same  levels. 

VASES    WITH    DILL    DKCOUATION. 

Fonr  small  vases  (to  be  described  later)  and  aijont  fiftv  frairments  of  this  style  were 
found,  none  beloiiu^iny;  to  very  lari»e  vases.  To  establish  a  classification  with  a  matt-rial 
so  scanty  and  unsatisfactory  is  impossible.  Furtwiini»ler  and  Loeschcke  divide  this  type 
into  two  classes:  (</i  vases  made  of  red  clay  ("  Kotthonij;- ")  and  ih)  vases  of  pale  clay 
("  Blassthonii^").  Such  a  classification  in  tlie  case  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  proved  ini- 
i)ossible.  since  the  clav  ran  tlirou«»h  tlie  various  shades  of  red,  vellow.  i»ray,  and  irreen. 
and  no  vital  «lifference  in  the  deconitive  forms  of  fraji^ments  of  red  or  pale  clay  could  be 
distini»uished.  ami  the  p«»lish.  accordijii*'  to  Furtwiinj^ler  and  Loeschcke,  a  characteristic 
feature  of  class  o,  was  noticeable  only  on  vases  of  pale  clay. 

It  is  true  that  the  majority  of  our  dull  fraj;;ments  show  a  decoration  decidedly  linear 
in  feelinjif.  ami  also  that  some  show  a  pictorial  or  natnralistic  decoration  very  similar  to 
vases  of  the  lustrous  style.  That  the  first  are  the  earlier  of  the  two  seems  probable.  At 
the  sjime  time  the  difference  is  n<»t  so  *yvei\t  as  to  warrant  our  assiirninu'  the  fra«'ments  to 
diiferent  classes,  since  many  fragments  beariiii»-  linear  motives  may  well  have  belonnrfd  to 
vases  which  also  showed  pictorial  ornamentation  and  ritr  rersn.  The  classiKcation  of 
fragments  alone  is  far  more  unreliable  than  that  based  upon  entire  vases.  Hence,  in  the 
case  of  ••  dull  "  frai;nients,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  se|Kirate  them  into  two  classes, 
tIu»u^•h  they  have  been  arrani^ed  with  a  view  to  the  character  of  their  ornamentation,  be 
it  linear  or  pict«>rial. 

Only  the  most  important  frairments  are  shown  in  Pi.atk  LT.  There  were  many  whidi 
bore  no  decoration.  thoui«h  clearly  belonji^inn-  to  the  same  vases  as  some  of  the  frairments 
here  reproduced  ;  many  a<;ain  bore  only  a  part  of  a  band  or  stripe  runninn^  around  the 
belly.  A  certain  ditfeience  can  be  detected  in  that  in  some  <»f  the  fra«;:ments  the  clav 
is  c(»vere<l  with  a  fine  slip  and  in  some  not.  The  majority  of  the  fragments  show  this 
feature,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  characteristic  of  the  style  from  its  bej^inninj^.  since 
even  those  vases  with  the  simplest  linear  decoration  show  it.  As  it  runs  throimh  all  the 
shades  of  clay,  it  offers  no  j^round  for  classification.  The  polishiiifr  of  the  surface  seem.s 
to  have  been  the  general  custom.  Tin-  clay  runs  through  all  varieties  and  colors,  from 
a  very  coarse  variety  with  black  stones  still  apparent  on  the  surface  to  extremely  fine 
clay,  cleaned  and  jiolished.  The  majority  of  the  vases  ami  fnigineiits  weiv  made  on  the 
wheel,  though  a  few  are  hand-made. 

FRAGMKXTS. 

PLATK    LI. 

1.  From  bowl  with  large  openinj?.  Form,  JA//.  Vus.  XLiv.  48:  heij^ht,  OACt't  in.;  width, 
O.lii.j  111.  Coarse  pale  fjret'iiisli  clay.  ]K)lis)K>d  on  outside  and  insiilc.  On  inner  part  of  rim  series 
of  tliiee  short  i)aralhl  (laslits.      I)e«'«.rati«»n  in  l»lack.  faded.      Cf.  J////.  T/iontj.  iv.  17. 

2.  From  une-handled-cup.      Foriu,    J/>/l:   Vo.h.  XLiv.  08:    width,  0.118  ni. :  height,  0.008  m. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   -  DULL  '   DECORATION 


73 


Coarse  brownish  yellow  clay  with  wliitish  yellow  slip  on  exterior.     Dashes  on  rim  similar  to  1. 
In  rim  hole  j)ieree<l  for  sus{)ension.     lilaek  decoration. 

3.  Lip  and  handle  of  bowl  similar  in  sliai>e  to  1:  width,  0.112  m. ;  height,  0.095  m. 

4.  Neck  and  shoulder  of  jug.  Form,  MyL  Vas.  XLiv.  20:  height,  0.105  m. :  width,  0.125  m. 
Coarse  reddish  yellow  clay  ;  yellowish  slip  with  decoration  in  violet  brown.  Cf.  3Ii/L  Thong. 
IV.  13. 

5.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  fairly  fine  in  texture.  Pale  slip  on  exterior  with  violet  black  decora- 
tion.   Cf.  'E</»»7ft.  'Xpx-  1800,  jilate  viii.  104  (vase  from  Syra). 

6.  Neck  and  shoulder  «)f  jug  similar  to  4.     Fine  redtlish  clay  with  greenish  yellow  slip. 

7.  Fairly  fine  pale  reddish  clay,  tluU  polished  surface.  Three  narrow  black  bands  inclosing  a 
dark  red  zigzag,  and  a  bi-oader  band  of  dark  red  ;  traces  of  another  zigzag  also  in  dark  red. 
This  fragment  is  almost  identical  with  Mijk.  ThoiKj.  v.  20. 

This  use  of  two  different  colors,  one  (in  this  case  the  red)  added  after  the  first  firing,  is 
an  extremely  common  feature  in  the  Heraeum  framnents,  and  will  be  analyzed  more 
thoroughly  in  a  later  chapter.  No.  7  was  the  only  fragment  of  the  dull  finish  which 
showed  its  employment. 

A  few  fragments  of  a  very  dark  red  clay  with  a  dark  red  slip  on  exterior  and  interior 
and  black  decoratiini  were  found.  They  are  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  vase  from 
the  Bet»-Hive  tomb  near  the  Heraeum.  Cf.  J///A-.  Thomj.  xii.  ;')2  ;  Af/ten.  MUf.  IIL 
p.  271. 

&  Neck,  shoulder,  and  base  of  handle,  proliably  from  an  amphora.  Fine  greenish  clay,  pol- 
ished, with  light  brown  deeonition. 

9.  From  large  bowl,  similar  in  form  to  Mi/k.  Vax.  XLIV.   75,  but  with  single  handles,  about 
25  <'in.  in  height  and  24  em.  in  diameter.     Coarse  reddish 
clay,  which  has  reeeived  a  very  high  |)olish  and  presents  a 
peculiar  soapy  feeling  to  the  touch.     Zigzag  band  below  riin 
in  dark  red,  very  much  faded.     (Fig.  7.) 

A  few  other  vases  and  fragments  from  the  Heraeum 
showed  this  s;ime  peculiar  surface,  which  otherwise  is 
unknown  to  me.  It  is  probably  due  to  s<mie  accident 
either  in  the  composition  of  the  clay  or  the  peculiarity  of  the  soil  in  which  it  is  found. 

10.  Coarse  brownish  elay  with  white  slip  outside.     Violet  brown  decoration. 

All  these  fragments  slmw  a  decided  '•  linear"  tendency  ;  the  rest  (10-16)  are  more  nat- 
uralistic in  character.  The  similarity  of  decoration  in  14-16  to  vases  of  the  lustrous 
finish  would  warrant  our  assigning  them  to  a  later  period.  They  evidently  do  not  behmg 
to  the  earliest  essiiys  in  dull  decoration. 

ft 

11.  ShoiUder  and  handle  of  small  three-handled  amphora  (form  J/y^.  Vas.  XLiv.  35),  with 
brown  black  decoration. 

12.  Rim  and  spout  ( broken  off)  of  a  bowl,  similar  in  shape  to  Mijl:  Van.  XLiv.  103.  Very 
coarse  brick  retl  clay,  with  a  jiale  white  slip  on  exterior  and  interior.  Decoration  in  black,  laid  on 
heavily  and  badly  worn. 

13.  Shoulder  of  small  jug.     Similar  technique  to  11  and  12. 

14.  Spiral  in  black. 

15.  Rim  of  bowl.     Fine  brick  red  clay,  with  bright  yellow  slip,  highly  polished ;  decoration  in 

violet  brown. 

This  fragment,  from  the  excellence  of  its  technique,  as  well  as  the  form  of  the  spiral,  is  clearly 
synchronous  with  vases  of  the  liest  period  of  the  lustrous  style. 

16.  From  bowl  similar  to  15.  Greenish  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  Technique  similar  to 
vases  of  the  later  (not  the  best)  lustrous  style. 


Fui.  7. 


s 


J 


I 


M 


T2 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


older  tlmii  "  lustrous,"  certainty  on  this  point  is  ini{)os8ible.  The  character  of  the  dull 
style  is  linear  and  as  such  more  in  keepinj*;  with  the  prehistoric  motives ;  also  as  the 
invention  of  a  lustrous  glaze  is  a  distinct  innovation  in  ceramic  art,  it  is  probably  an 
improvement  on  the  "  dull  "  technicpie.  But  that  the  manufacture  of  dull  vases  continued 
almost  as  long  as  that  of  lustrous  vases,  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  both  dull  and  lustrous 
fragments  lay  side  by  side  in  the  same  levels. 

VASES  WITH  DULL   DECORATION. 

Four  small  vases  (to  be  described  later)  and  about  fifty  fragments  of  this  style  were 
found,  none  belonging  to  very  large  vases.  To  establish  a  classification  with  a  materiiil 
so  scanty  and  unsatisfactory  is  impossible.  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke  divide  this  type 
into  two  classes:  (a)  vases  made  of  red  clay  ("  Rotthonig")  and  {b)  vases  of  pale  clay 
("  Blassthonig").  Such  a  classification  in  the  case  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  proved  im- 
possible, since  the  clay  ran  through  the  various  shades  of  red,  yellow,  gray,  and  green, 
and  no  vital  difference  in  the  decorative  forms  of  fragments  of  red  or  pide  clay  could  be 
distinguished,  and  the  polish,  according  to  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke,  a  characteristic 
feature  of  class  n,  was  noticeable  only  on  vases  of  jwle  clay. 

It  is  true  that  the  majority  of  our  dull  fragments  show  a  decoration  decidedly  linear 
in  feeling,  and  also  that  some  show  a  pictorial  or  naturalistic  decoration  very  similar  to 
vases  of  the  lustrous  style.  That  the  first  are  the  earlier  of  the  two  seems  probable.  At 
the  same  time  the  difference  is  not  so  great  as  to  warrant  our  assigning  the  fragments  to 
different  classes,  since  many  fragments  bearing  linear  motives  may  well  have  belonged  to 
vases  which  also  showed  pictorial  ornamentation  and  rice  versn.  The  classification  of 
fragments  alone  is  far  more  unreliable  than  that  based  upon  entire  vases.  Hence,  in  the 
case  of  ^'  dull "  fragments,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  sejjarate  them  into  two  classes, 
though  they  have  been  arranged  witli  a  view  to  the  character  of  their  ornamentation,  be 
it  linear  or  pictorial. 

Only  the  most  important  fragments  are  shown  in  Plate  LI.  There  were  many  which 
bore  no  decoration,  though  clearly  belonging  to  the  same  vases  as  some  of  the  fragments 
here  reproduced ;  many  again  bore  only  a  part  of  a  band  or  striiie  running  around  the 
belly.  A  certain  difference  can  be  detected  in  that  in  some  of  the  fragments  the  clay 
is  covered  with  a  fine  slip  and  in  some  not.  The  majority  of  the  fragments  show  this 
feature,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  characteristic  of  the  style  from  its  beginning,  since 
even  those  vases  with  the  simplest  linear  decoration  show  it.  As  it  runs  through  all  the 
shades  of  clay,  it  offers  no  ground  for  classification.  The  polishing  of  the  surface  seems 
to  have  been  the  general  custom.  The  clay  runs  through  all  varieties  and  colors,  from 
a  very  coarse  variety  with  black  stones  still  apparent  on  the  surface  to  extremely  fine 
clay,  cleaned  and  polished.  The  majority  of  the  vases  and  fragments  were  made  on  the 
wheel,  though  a  few  are  hand-made. 


FRAGMENTS. 


PLATE    LI. 


1.  From  bowl  with  large  opening.  Form,  J///Z-.  Vas.  XLiv.  48:  height,  0.165  ra. ;  width, 
0.125  m.  Coarse  pale  greenish  clay,  jwlished  on  outside  and  inside.  On  inner  part  of  rim  series 
of  three  short  parallel  tlashes.     Decoration  in  black,  faded.     Cf.  Myk.  Thong,  iv.  17. 

2.  From  one-handled-cup.      Form,    Myh.  Vas.  XLiv.  98:    width,  0.118  m. ;  height,  0.068  m. 


I 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   "  DULL  '   DECORATION 


73 


Coarse  brownish  yellow  clay  with  whitish  yellow  slip  on  exterior.     Dashes  on  rim  similar  to  1. 
In  rim  hole  i)ierce<l  for  suspension.     Black  decoration. 
a  Lip  and  handle  of  bowl  similar  in  shape  to  1:  width,  0.112  m. ;  height,  0.095  m. 

4.  Neck  and  shoulder  of  jug.  Form,  31yk.  Vas.  XLiv.  20 :  height,  0.105  m. ;  width,  0.125  m. 
Coarse  reddish  yellow  clay ;  yellowish  slip  with  decoration  in  violet  brown.  Cf.  Myk.  TJiong. 
IV.  13. 

5.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  fairly  fine  in  texture.  Pale  slip  on  exterior  with  violet  black  decora- 
tion.   Cf.  'E«^ij/*.  'Apx-  1899,  plate  viii.  104  (vase  from  Syra). 

6.  Neck  and  shoulder  of  jug  similar  to  4.     Fine  reddish  clay  with  greenish  yellow  slip. 

7.  Fairly  fine  pale  reddish  clay^  dull  polished  surface.  Three  narrow  black  bands  inclosing  a 
dark  red  zigzag,  and  a  broader  band  of  dark  red  ;  traces  of  another  zigzag  also  in  dark  red. 
This  fragment  is  almost  identical  with  Myk.  Thoiuj.  v.  20. 

This  use  of  two  different  colors,  one  (in  this  case  the  red)  added  after  the  first  firing,  is 
an  extremely  common  fejiture  in  the  Heraeum  fragments,  and  will  be  analyzed  more 
thoroughly  in  a  later  chapter.  No.  7  was  the  only  fragment  of  the  dull  finish  which 
showed  its  employment. 

A  few  fragments  of  a  very  dark  red  clay  with  a  dark  red  slip  on  exterior  and  interior 
and  black  decoration  were  found.  They  are  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  vase  from 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the  Heraeum.  Cf.  J/yA*.  Thong,  xii.  52 ;  Athen.  Mitt.  III. 
p.  271. 

&  Neck,  shoulder,  and  base  of  handle,  probably  from  an  amphora.  Fine  greenish  clay,  pol- 
ished, with  light  brown  decoration. 

9.  From  large  bowl,  similar  in  form  to  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv.  75,  but  with  single  handles,  about 
25  cm.  in  height  and  24  cm.  in  diameter.     Coarse  reddish 
clay,  which  has  received  a  very  high  polish  and  presents  a 
peculiar  soapy  feeling  to  the  touch.    Zigzag  baud  below  rim 
in  dark  red,  very  much  faded.     (Fig.  7.) 


Fig.  7. 


A  few  other  vases  and  fragments  from  the  Heraeum 
showed  this  same  peculiar  surface,  which  otherwise  is 
unknown  to  me.  It  is  probably  due  to  some  accident 
either  in  the  composition  of  the  clay  or  the  peculiarity  of  the  soil  in  which  it  is  found. 

10.  Coarse  brownish  clay  with  white  slip  outside.     Violet  brown  decoration. 

All  these  fragments  show  a  decided  "  linear  "  tendency  ;  the  rest  (10-16)  are  more  nat- 
uralistic in  character.  The  similarity  of  decoration  in  14-16  to  vases  of  the  lustrous 
finish  would  warrant  our  assigning  them  to  a  later  period.  They  evidently  do  not  belong 
to  the  earliest  essays  in  dull  decoration. 

11.  Shoulder  and  handle  of  small  three-handled  amphora  (form  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv.  35),  with 
brown  black  decoration. 

12.  Rim  and  spout  (broken  off)  of  a  bowl,  similar  in  shape  to  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv,  103.  Very 
coarse  brick  red  clay,  with  a  pale  white  slip  on  exterior  and  interior.  Decoration  in  black,  laid  on 
heavily  and  badly  worn. 

13.  Shoulder  of  small  jug.     Similar  technique  to  11  and  12. 

14.  Spiral  in  black. 

15.  Rim  of  bowl.     Fine  brick  red  clay,  with  bright  yellow  slip,  highly  polished ;  decoration  in 

violet  brown. 

This  fragment,  from  the  excellence  of  its  technique,  as  well  as  the  form  of  the  spiral,  is  clearly 
synchronous  with  vases  of  the  best  period  of  the  lustrous  style. 

16.  From  bowl  similar  to  15.  Greenish  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  Technique  similar  to 
vases  of  the  later  (not  the  best)  lustrous  style. 


!? 


Id 


'i 


H' 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


VASES. 


17. 


(Fig.  8.)  Height,  0.06  m, :  diameter,  0.07  in.     Bowl  with  high  foot,  being  a  cross  between  a 
kylix  and  a  skyphos,  one  handle  missing.     Rands  and  a  continuous  spiral. 

Another  vase  of  exactly  the  same  shape  and  dimensions,  but  in- 
tact, was  found  in  the  same  tomb.  The  surface  is  completely  cov- 
ered by  a  hard  incrustation  of  lime,  but  as  far  as  can  be  .seen  the 
decoration  is  the  same  as  17. 

la    (Fig.  9.)    Height,  0.028  ra. :  diameter,  0.066  in. 
Mi/k.  Vus.  XLiv.  87.     Bands  on  rim,  belly,  and  han- 
dle, and  row  of  dotted  semicircles. 


Slight  variation  of 


Fig.  8. 


19.  (Fig,  10.^  Height,  0.03C  ni. ;  diameter, 
0.056  m.  Three-legged  bowl,  handle  restored. 
Continuous  spiral  on  sides,  and  on  bottom  be- 
tween the  legs  a  design  like  an  S  reversed.  Clay 
shows  traces  of  burning;. 


grave 


Fig.  U. 


Fig.  10. 


These  four  vases  come  from    the 
found  April  13,  1894,  back  of  the  i>eribo- 

los  wall  above  the  South  Stoa.  The  technique  is  the  same  in  all,  a  fine  yellow  clay,  highly 
polished,  without  a  slip,  the  decoration  in  violet  black,  hiid  on  heavily.  All  are  hand- 
made.    For  photograph  of  tomb  see  vol.  I.  p.  41,  fig.  13. 

VASES  WITH  LUSTROUS  DECORATION. 

The  introduction  of  lustrous  paint  in  the  manufacture  of  Mycenaean  vases  was  revolu- 
tionary in  its  effects.  Henceforth  all  vases  exhibit  this  feature.  But  as  we  have  said, 
on  its  introduction  the  dull  finish  was  not  at  once  abandoned,  but  continued  side  bv  side 
with  the  lustrous  technique  for  a  considerable  jwriod ;  just  how  long  it  is  imi)ossible  to 
say,  but  certainly  until  after  the  best  period  of  the  lustrous  style. 

Until  lately  Fiu-twiingler  and  Loeschcke's  dii-ision  of  the  lustrous  style  has  been  univer- 
sally followed.  This  classification  has,  however,  proved  inadequate  for  our  vases,  and  for 
those  from  the  Acropolis  and  Thoricus.  A  .second  classification,'  proposed  by  Wolters, 
is  more  satisfactory,  and  has  proved  a  better  standard  for  arranging  ours.  But  in  spite 
of  its  many  advantages,  it  is  somewhat  unwieldy,  so  that  I  have  ventured  to  adopt  a 
middle  course,  in  order  to  reconcile  both  Furtwjingler  and  Loeschcke's  and  Wolters' 
arrangements.     The  three  are  here  presented  side  by  side. 


FCRTW ANGLER   AND   LOESCHCK»:.  WoLTEKS. 

I.  I. 

Wheel-made  vases  of  a  very         The  same.     Only  a  few  frag- 


HorriN. 
I. 

The  same.     This  class  is  not 
coarse  clay,  entirely  covered  with    ments  of  this  style  were  found     found  at  the  Heraeum  at  all. 
a  fairly  dull  black  slip,  on  which    on  the  Acropolis, 
the  ornamentation  is  thinly  laid 
in  white  and  dark  red. 

This  class  was  chiefly  found 
in  graves  iv.  and  v.  at  My- 
cenae, at  Tiryns,  and  at  Thera. 

*  This  classification  has  never  been  published,  so  far  as  I  know,  and  has  been  drawn  from  the  author's  lectures. 


i?l^ 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:  CLASSIFICATIONS 


76 


n. 

Vases  of  coarse  clay,  covered 
with  a  thin  slip  of  finer  clay, 
now  white  (in  the  case  of  vases 
from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the 
IIeraeuin),nowyellowish  brown, 
(v.  Mt/h.  Tliony.  vii.  42  ;  Myk. 
Vas.  p.  21,  fig.  7.)  The  de- 
coration is  painted  on  this  slip 
in^ark  brown,  with  the  occa- 
sional addition  of  white,  as  if 
an  echo  of  the  technique  of  the 
first  class. 


III. 

Fine  cleaned  clay,  with  a  \Hi\- 
ished  surface  of  warm  yellow 
color.  The  colors  in  the  deco- 
ration run  through  all  shades 
from  yellow  todark  brown.  This, 
through  action  of  fiiv,  becomes 
bright  red  in  many  cases,  which, 
especially  in  vases  of  the  finest 
technique,  is  evidently  inten- 
tional. Details  are  occasion- 
allv  added  in  white. 


n. 

No  radical  change.  The  main 
point  of  difference  lies  in  the 
close  connection  between  II. 
and  the  following  class,  which 
varies  from  it  only  in  the  qual- 
ity of  the  work.  The  style 
throughout  is  distinctly  a  natu- 
ralistic or  pictorial  one,  there 
being  no  thought  of  convention- 
ality. The  vase  from  Thorikos 
is  an  extremely  gooil  example 
of  the  class  as  a  whole. 

Cf.  *E^M.  'Apx  1895,  pi.  xi.  No.  1. 

III.  1. 
Fine  clay,  with  purely  pic- 
torial ornamentation,  precisely 
similar  to  II.,  save  that  the  exe- 
cution is  more  delicate,  which  is 
natural,  seeing  that  the  vases 
are  uniformly  smaller. 

2. 

The  pictorial  motives  have 
become  conventionalized.  In 
projwrtion,  however,  the  tech- 
nique has  also  advanced  and 
reaches  its  highest  point  in  this 
division,  and  may  easily  be  de- 
tected by  the  extreme  fineness 
of  clay  and  extraordinary  bril- 
liancy of  the  glaze.  This  class 
is  not  the  most  common  of  the 
Mycenaean  styles. 


II.  1  and  2. 

In  the  first  division  of  II. 
have  been  included  all  vases 
which  in  the  other  two  classifi- 
cations are  counted  as  II. 

In  the  second  division  are  in- 
cluded a  number  of  vases  be- 
longing to  Furtwiingler  and 
Loeschcke,  III.,  and  Wolters, 
III.  1. 


III. 


1. 

Seeing  that  vases  of  this  class 
tliffer  from  the  succeeding  one 
only  in  superiority  of  technique, 
while  the  principle  of  ornamen- 
tation remains  the  same,  there 
seems  to  be  little  gain  in  sepa- 
rating them  by  the  boundary 
line  of  a  class. 

2. 

Ill  this  division  are  included 
those  vases  which  form  the  bulk 
of  III.  of  Furtwiingler  and 
Loeschcke.  They  are  the  most 
common  at  the  Heraeum.  The 
clay  has  become  inferior  and 
the  lustre  duller,  while  the  orna- 
mentation has  become  conven- 
tionalized in  the  extreme,  and 
presents  a  certain  mechanical 
air.  It  is  only  in  its  technical 
features  that  it  differs  from  class 
III.  1. 


TIIK   VASES    AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:  CLASSIFICATIONS 


75 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  U. 


Fig.  10. 


V.\SES. 

17.    (Fig.  8.)  Height,  O.OG  m. :  diameter.  0.07  in.     Bowl  with  high  foot,  being  a  cross  lietween  a 

kylix  and  a  skyphos,  one  handle  missing,      \lu\uh  and  a  continuous  spiral. 

Another  vase  of  exiutly  the  same  shape  and  dimensions,  luit  in- 
tact, was  found  in  tlie  sjime  tomb.  Tlie  surface  is  completely  cov- 
ered ])y  a  hard  inoriistation  of  lime,  but  as  far  as  can  be  .seen  the 
decoration  is  the  siune  as  17. 

la    (Fig.  0. )    Height,  0.028  m. :  diameter,  0.0«jG  in.     Slight  variation  of 
J/y/".  V<tK.  XLIV.  87.     Iiands  on  rim,  belly,  and  han- 
dle, and  row  of  dotted  semicircles. 
19.    (Fig.   10.)     Height,   0.03G  in.;    diameter, 
0.050    ni.     Three-legged  bowl,    liandle    restored. 
Continuous  spiral  on  sides,  and  on  bottom  be- 
tween the  legs  a  design  like  an  S  reversed.    Clay 
shows  traces  of  burning. 

These  four  vases  come   from    the  irrave 
found  April  13,  1894,  back  of  the  peribo- 

los  wall  above  the  South  Stoa.  The  techni(|ue  is  the  same  in  all,  a  fine  yeUow  clay,  hijjhly 
polished,  without  a  slip,  the  decoration  in  violet  black,  hiid  on  heavily.  All  ai-e  hand- 
made.    For  photoj^raph  of  tomb  see  vol.  I.  p.  41,  fig.  13. 

VASE.S  WITH  LUSTROUS  DECORATION. 

The  introduction  of  lustrous  paint  in  the  manufacture  of  Mycenaean  va.ses  was  revolu- 
tionary in  its  effects.  Henceforth  all  vases  exhibit  this  feature.  But  as  we  have  s;iid, 
on  its  introduction  the  dull  finish  was  not  at  once  abandoned,  but  continued  side  bv  side 
with  the  lustrous  techni«|ue  for  a  considerable  i>eriod ;  just  how  long  it  is  impossible  to 
say,  but  certainly  until  after  the  best  period  of  the  lustrous  style. 

Until  lately  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke's  division  of  the  lustrous  .stvle  has  been  univer- 
sally  followed.  This  classification  has,  however,  juoved  ina<le(]uate  for  our  vases,  and  for 
those  from  the  Acropolis  and  Thoricus.  A  .second  cla.ssification,'  proposed  by  Wcdters, 
is  more  siitisfactory,  and  has  proved  a  better  standard  for  arr.niijing  oui-s.  But  in  spite 
of  its  many  advantages,  it  is  somewhat  unwieldy,  so  that  I  have  ventured  to  adopt  a 
middle  course,  in  order  to  reconcile  both  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke's  and  Wolters' 
arrangements.     The  three  are  here  presented  side  by  side. 


Fl'rtwaxglf.k  and  Loesciickk. 


WOLIKRS. 


HOITIN. 


I.  I.  I. 

Wheel-made  vases  of  a  very         The  same.     Only  a  few  frag-        The  same.     This  class  is  not 
coarse  clay,  entirely  covered  with     ments  of  this  style  were  found     found  at  the  Heraeum  at  all. 
a  fairly  dull  black  slip,  on  which    on  the  Acropolis, 
the  ornamentation  is  thinly  laid 
in  white  and  dark  red. 

This  class  was  chiefly  found 
in  graves  iv.  and  v.  at  My- 
cenae, at  Tiryns.  and  at  Tliera. 

*  This  classitication  has  never  been  published,  so  far  as  I  know,  and  has  been  drawn  from  the  author's  lectures. 


n. 

Vases  of  coarse  clay,  covered 
with  a  thin  slip  of  finer  clay, 
now  white  (in  the  case  of  vases 
from  the  liee-llive  tomb  near  the 
Heraeum),nowyellowish  brown, 
(v.  Jfi/L  Thomj,  VII.  42  :  J/y/-. 
V(i».  p.  21,  fig.  7.)  The  de- 
coration is  painted  on  this  slip 
iu^lark  brown,  with  the  occa- 
sional addition  of  white,  as  if 
an  echo  of  the  technique  of  the 
first  class. 


III. 

Fine  cleaned  day,  with  a  pol- 
ished surface  of  warm  yellow 
color.  The  coloi*s  in  the  »leco- 
ratiou  run  tin-ough  all  shades 
from  yellow  to  dark  brown.  This, 
through  action  of  fire,  becomes 
bright  red  in  many  cases,  which, 
espceially  in  vases  of  the  finest 
techniijue,  is  evidently  inten- 
tional. Details  are  occasion- 
allv  added  in  white. 


n. 

No  radical  change.  The  main 
point  of  ditt'erence  lies  in  the 
close  connection  lietween  II. 
and  the  following  class,  which 
varies  from  it  only  in  the  qual- 
ity of  the  work.  The  style 
throughout  is  di.stinctly  a  natu- 
rali.stic  or  pictorial  one,  there 
being  no  thought  of  convention- 
ality. The  vase  from  Thorikos 
is  an  extremely  goo<l  exanqile 
of  the  class  as  a  whole. 

Cf.  'L(t,rt(i.  'Apx   1805,  1>1.  xi.  Xo.  1. 
III.    1. 

Fine  clay,  with  purely  pic- 
torial ornamentation.  preci.sely 
similar  to  II.,  save  that  the  exe- 
cution is  more  delicate,  which  is 
natural,  seeing  that  the  va.ses 
are  imiformly  smaller. 

2. 

The  pictorial  motives  have 
become  conventionalized.  In 
proportion,  however,  the  tech- 
niipie  has  also  advanced  and 
reaches  its  highest  point  in  this 
division,  and  may  easily  be  de- 
tected by  the  «'xtreiiu'  fineness 
of  clay  and  extraordinary  bril- 
liancy of  the  glaze.  This  class 
is  not  the  most  common  of  the 
Mycenaean  styles. 


II.  1  and  2. 

In  the  first  division  of  II. 
have  been  included  all  vases 
which  in  the  other  two  classifi- 
cations are  counted  as  II. 

In  the  .second  division  are  in- 
cluded a  number  of  vases  be- 
longing to  Furtwiingler  and 
Loeschi'ke,  III.,  and  Wolters, 
III.  L 


III. 


Seeing  that  vases  of  this  class 
differ  from  the  succeeding  one 
only  in  superiority  of  technique, 
while  the  principle  of  ornamen- 
tation remains  the  same,  there 
.seems  to  l>e  little  gain  in  sepa- 
rating them  by  the  boundary 
line  of  a  class. 


Ill  this  division  are  included 
those  vases  which  form  the  bulk 
of  HI.  of  Furtwiingler  and 
Loesehcke.  They  are  the  most 
connnon  at  the  Heraeum.  The 
clay  has  become  inferior  and 
the  lustre  duller,  while  the  orna- 
mentation has  become  conven- 
tionalized in  the  extreme,  and 
presents  a  certain  mechanical 
air.  It  is  only  in  its  technical 
features  that  it  differs  from  class 
HI.  L 


f: 


76 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


I'     < 


Vi 


lit 


m 


1. 

'V 


.1 


IV. 


The  surface  of  the  clay  is 
greenish  or  a  somewhat  dull 
yellow,  oeeasioually  reddish  yel- 
low, but  far  duller  than  the  pre- 
ceding class.  The  decoration  is 
black  or  yellowish  brown,  occa- 
sionally burnt  red,  but  never  at- 
tains to  the  brilliancy  of  vases  of 
class  III.  In  the  case  of  vases 
with  a  wide  mouth,  the  interior 
is  always  glazed. 


IV. 

1. 

In  this  division  are  placed 
those  vases  included  by  Furt- 
wiingler  and  Loeschcke  in  III., 
and  bv  me  in  III.  2. 


IV. 


This  class  remains  undis- 
turbed as  in  Furtwiingler  and 
Loeschcke.  Only  a  few  frag- 
ments were  found  at  the  He- 
raeum. 


2. 

In  this  division  fall  all  vases 
in    IV.    of    Furtwiingler    and  * 

Loeschcke.  Vases  of  this  tyj)e 
show  a  more  florid  and  ]>erhaps 
decadent  style  of  decoi-ation. 
The  ornamentation  abounds  in 
a  wealth  of  detail  not  seen  in  the 
other  classes.  It  has  been  found 
in  fairly  large  quantities  at 
Athens,  on  the  Acrojiolis,  and 
at  Aegiua  and  Thoricus. 

It  may  he  noticed  that  in  Professor  Wolters's  classification  the  separation  of  Mycenaean 
lustrous  vases  into  two  great  periods  is  hinted  at,  if  not  expressed.  We  may  commence 
by  drawing  a  sharp  line  between  the  pictorial  and  the  conventional,  since  the  progression 
from  naturalism  to  conventionalism  is  a  gieater  one  than  from  one  plane  of  technical 
skill  to  a  higher.  We  may  therefore  keep  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke's  fiuir  classes 
and  separate  tliem  into  two  groups,  I.  and  II.,  III.  and  IV.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that 
dividing  III.  and  IV.  into  two  classes  each,  as  Woltei-s  does,  and  connecting  III.  1  with 
II.,  and  III.  2  with  IV.  is  somewhat  awkward.  Also  the  line  between  naturalism  and 
conventionalism  is  not  properly  emphasized,  since  they  occur  in  the  same  class,  which  is 
clearly  impossible  if  we  are  to  follow  a  classification  based  on  ornamental  development. 
By  separating  II.  into  two  divisions  we  adhere  to  the  close  connection  emphasized  by 
Wolters  while  confining  the  principle  of  naturalism  to  one  class. 

With  III.  we  enter  upon  the  second  or  conventional  group,  and  we  divide  this  into 
two  classes,  III.  1  and  III.  2,  which  correspond  to  Wolters's  III.  2  and  IV.  1.  Their 
connection  is  too  strong  (the  difference  between  them  being  purely  technical)  to  warrant 
their  being  separated  as  they  are  by  Wolters,  while  at  the  same  time  we  are  more  in  accord 
with  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke,  except  for  the  transferring  of  a  small  part  of  tlieir  class 
III.  to  11.  There  seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  for  separating  IV.  into  two  groups.  Cer- 
tainly the  difference  between  IV.  1  and  IV.  2  ( Wolters)  is  as  great,  both  from  a  technical 
and  ornamental  standpoint,  as  between  III.  and  IV.  (Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke). 

The  following  table  will  show  briefly  the  results  thus  obtahied  :  — 

FURTWANGLEB   AND  LOESCHCKS.  WOLTERS.  HOPPIM. 


n. 

m. 

IV. 


L 

IL 

III.  1 
111.2/ 

IV.  1  \ 
IV.  2 


Naturalistic  or  picto- 
rial style. 


I. 
j    II.  1 
I    II.  2 
^III.IJ   ^ 

i  III.  2  >  Conventional  style. 
IV.     ) 


.1 1 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:    EVIDENCE   FOR   DATE 


77 


What  the  chronological  differences  are  between  these  various  classes  it  is  difficult  to 
say.  According  to  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke,  I.  is  the  oldest ;  but  it  is  extremely  doubt- 
ful whether  any  difference  in  time  exists  between  I.  and  II.  As  I.  is  found  in  but  few 
other  places  outside  of  Mycenae,  it  is  fair  to  suppose  that  it  was  a  style  more  or  less 
local.  Judging  from  the  entire  lack  of  this  class  at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  fact  that  the 
style  of  ornamentation  of  II.  1,  which  is  the  oldest  class  of  lustrous  vases  at  the  He- 
raeum, is  practically  identical  with  that  of  I.,  there  seems  good  reason  for  sui)posing  that 
the  two  are  synchronous. 

Moreover,  the  difference  between  II.  1  and  the  dull  vases  is  so  extremely  slight  that  it 
can  be  detected  only  by  a  carefully  trained  eye,  and  even  then  cases  occur  where  the 
decision  is  doubtful.  This  would  show  that  the  lustrous  technique  at  the  beginning  did 
not  differ  materially  from  the  dull,  and  is  another  point  in  favor  of  assigning  II.  1  to 
the  beginning  of  the  lustrous  style. 

II.  2  differs  from  II.  1  mainly  in  the  technical  advance,  but  this  advance  is  sufficiently 
apiwrent  to  enable  us  to  see  in  II.  2  the  successor  of  II.  1.  The  step  between  II.  2 
and  III.  1  is  even  gi-eater,  since  the  style  of  ornamenttition  has  radically  changed,  and 
all  motives  which  II.  drew  from  the  marine  life  that  played  so  great  a  part  in  the  mari- 
time civilization  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch  have  become  conventionalized  and  are  used 
more  with  a  view  to  their  decorative  effect  than  as  an  attempt  to  reproduce  nature. 
Such  a  change  could  have  come  only  (luring  the  acme  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch. 

With  IV.  we  see  the  point  to  which  the  bad  tiiste  of  a  decadent  art  had  come.  The 
wealth  of  ornamentation,  elaborated  from  a  given  motive,  with  the  introduction  of 
foreign  motives,  illustrated  by  ''  Heraldic "  designs  and  those  taken  from  Oriental 
embroideries,  may  be  accounted  for  by  this  rampant  spirit  of  conventionalism  combined 
with  the  increased  commercial  activity  of  the  age. 

A  few  words  may  here  be  said  as  to  the  latest  results  in  dating  the  whole  Mycenaean 
period.  Through  the  numerous  excavations  recently  conducted  on  Greek  soil,  and  the 
corresponding  increase  of  Greek  pottery  brought  to  light,  the  chronology  has  been 
worked  backwards  to  the  fourteenth  century.  But  the  excavations  of  Flinders  Petrie  *  in 
Egypt,  and  the  finding,  in  the  towns  of  Illahun,  Tel-el- Aniarna,  Kahun,  and  Gurob,  of 
rubbish  heaps  containing  large  masses  of  "  Aegaean,"  i.  e.  Mycenaean  pottery,  may  be 
said  to  have  absolutely  established  the  date  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  since  the 
objects  of  Egyptian  workmanship  lying  in  these  rubbish  heaps,  along  with  the  pottery, 
can  be  dated  not  later  than  this  eighteenth  dynasty,  circa  b.  c.  1450.  Pseud-amphoras 
of  Class  III.  were  found  in  tombs  of  a  date  not  later  than  b,  c.  1300.  The  placing  of  the 
acme  of  the  Mycenaean  period  during  the  fifteenth  century  thus  accords  with  the  hypo- 
thesis advanced  by  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke  on  the  basis  of  Egyptian  wall  paintings." 
As  Class  IV.  was  not  found  by  Petrie,  we  may  assume  that  it  is  later  than  b.  c.  1300 ;  but 
tliere  is  no  reason  for  assuming  that  the  manufacture  of  Class  III.  ceased  after  that  date. 
We  must  also  allow  at  least  a  hundred  years  for  the  development  of  the  Mycenaean 
style  from  its  beginning,  so  that  to  place  the  manufacture  of  dull  vases  as  early  as  the 
sixteenth  or  seventeenth  centuries  is  j>ermissible.     We  thus  obtain  a  period  of  about  five 

*  For  a  more  detailed  account  of  Petrie's  results,  v.      hiin,  and  Gurob,  p.  10,  pis.  ZTii.-xxvi. ;  Kahun,  Gurob,  and 
Tel-el-Amanta,  pp.  10,  17,  pis.  xxvi.-xxx.  ;  Illahun,  Ka-      Haicara,  pi.  xxviii. 

2  Myk.  Va».  p.  xiii. 


I        \ 


y.l 


I 


,1! 


I 


78 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


centimes  from  the  rise  of  the  Mycenaean  style  to  its  downfall  at  the  time  of  tlie  Dorian 
invasion,  or  whatever  the  upheaval  was  which  led  to  its  decline. 

That  all  the  vases  of  the  Mycenaean  style  found  at  the  Heraeum  were  manufactured 
in  the  Ar<^olic  plain,  and  not  impi^rted  from  some  other  centre,  seems  unquestionable. 
Whether  the  Arjj^olid  was  the  chief  centre  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization  or  not  cannot 
be  absolutely  aflirmed,  though  the  evidence  seems  to  point  to  this  supposition.  At 
any  rate,  the  amount  of  vases  found  at  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Nauplia,  and  in  the  various 
tombs  throughout  the  plain,  is  so  great  that  we  can  safely  assert  them  to  be  of  lumie 
manufacture.  That  Class  I.  is  found  at  Mycenae  and  not  at  the  Heraeum  may  perhaps 
be  accounted  for  by  a  difference  of  taste  in  the  two  places.  The  Heraeum,  which  was 
one  of  the  largest  sjinctuaries  in  Greece,  must  have  kept  several  potters'  factories  busy 
to  supply  the  faithful  with  the  requisite  vases  for  ex  votos,  and  that  certiiin  styles 
should  have  been  popular  there  and  others  not  so  is  not  extraordinary. 

Several  facts  may  be  noticed  in  regard  to  our  fragments  which  are  significant. 
The  singular  uniformity  of  all  the  fragments  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  both  in  clay 
and  technique;  the  complete  absence  of  Class  I.,  and,  lastly,  the  equally  complete 
absence  of  any  foreign  variations  (e.  g.  Theran,  Melian,  Cypriote,  etc.)  of  the  regular 
Mycenaean  types.  These  facts  would  seem  to  indicate:  (1)  That  the  potteries  which 
produced  the  ware  found  at  Mycenae  were  not  the  same  as  those  which  produced 
our  fmgments ;  had  such  been  the  case  it  is  scarcely  credible  that  no  traces  of  Class 
I.  should  have  been  found.  (2)  That  all  Mycenaean  pottery  found  at  the  Heraeum 
was  the  product  of  one  or  more  particular  centres  of  activity,  situated  near  the  sjinc- 
tuary.  (3)  That  this  manufactory  reserved  its  wares  exclusively  for  home  consuni))- 
tion,  and  neither  exported  its  product  or  imported  similar  wares.  This  last  assumption 
is  based  on  the  fact  that  those  particular  varieties  which  are  hidigenous  to  some  foreign 
spots  are  hardly  represented  at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  few  excejitions  to  this  rule  are 
probably  accidental.  On  the  other  hand,  no  Mycenaean  vase  found  outside  of  the 
Argolid  can  be  proved  to  have  been  manufactured  near  the  Heraeum. 

CLASS   II.,    DIVISION   1. 

Of  this  class  only  a  few  dozen  fragments  were  found,  aiul  no  whole  vases.  Only 
a  few  fragments  clearly  belonged  to  the  same  vases,  and  the  reconstruction  of  any 
vase  proved  impossible.  The  characteristics  of  these  fragments  are  similar  to  those 
of  a  jug  in  Athens  ( J/yZ".  Vas.  p.  49,  fig.  29)  and  a  three-handled  vase  from  Thoricus 
('E<^T7/i.  'Apx-  1895,  pi.  XI.  1),  though  the  decoration  is  extremely  sinqde  and  monoto- 
nous, with  no  attempt  at  any  elaborate  design. 

Only  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  here  reproduced.  The  technical  features  are: 
very  coarse  quaUty  of  clay,  with  frequent  small  stones,  varying  through  the  different 
shades  of  red  and  brown  to  green;  a  thin  wash  of  white,  yellow,  or  red;  ornamen- 
tation in  vi«>let,  brown,  or  red. 

1.  (Plate  LI.  17.)  From  belly  of  vase,  form  uncertain.  Dark  red  clay,  with  a  darker  central 
core,  and  light  red  wash,  dark  red  decoration.  Two  fishes  advancing  towards  a  monster  of  some 
sort  whose  head  and  forelegs  alone  are  visible.  To  identify  the  character  of  the  fishes  or  the 
monster  is  impossible.  Cf.  Myk:  Vas.  x.  6.S,  xxxix.  401a  :  Schliemann,  Mycenae,  Fig.  317  ; 
Imhoof-Blumer  and  Keller,  Tier  nnd  Pfanzenhihhr,  vi.  47,  48,  vii.  3. 

2.  (Plate  LI.  18  a-d.)      Four  fragments  from  same  vase,  form  uncertain,  clay  dark  red, 


i. 


THE   MYCENAEAN  STYLE:   CLASS  XL,  DIVISION  2 


79 


white  wash,  with  fadetl  violet  brown  decoration.     The  design  cannot  be  restored,  but  that  the 

spiral  formed  part  of  it  is  certain. 

3.  (Plate  LI.,  19  a  and  b.)  Two  fragments  of  same  vase. 
Thick  brown  clay,  yellow  wash,  brown  decoration.  Flower 
pattern. 

4.  (Plate  LI.,  20.)  Greenish  clay  and  wash,  violet  black 
decoration,  with  a  greenish  tinge.     Flower  pattern. 

5.  (Plate  LI.,  21.)     Brown  clay,  with  yellow  wash. 

6.  (Fig.  11.)  Fragment  of  large  amphora:  height,  0.108 
m. ;  width,  0.12  m. ;  very  coarse  brick  red  clay,  pale  reddish 
wash,  dark  red  decoration.  (Flower  pattern.)  The  height 
of  the  amphora  cannot  be  determined,  but  the  opening  mea- 
sured certainly  13  cm.  in  diameter.    Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxi.  156. 


Fio.  11. 


CLASS  II.,  DIVISION  2. 

The  fragments  of  this  jmrticular  class  were  far  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  are  uniforndy  of  a  finer  character,  though  the  pictorial  style  of  ornamentation 
remains  the  same.  They  represent  throughout  smaller  vases.  The  clay  is  of  a  better 
(piality,  carefully  cleaned,  running  through  all  the  shades  of  red,  brown,  yellow,  and 
jMile  green,  the  decoration  genemlly  red  or  i)rown.  The  technical  method  is  the  same 
in  all.  Over  the  natural  clay  a  slip  is  laid,  of  very  fine  red  or  yellow  clay,  on  which 
the  design  is  painted  and  the  surface  polished.  In  some  cases  the  slip  is  on  the  inte- 
rior as  well.  Occasionally  the  decoration  is  laid  on  so  thickly  as  to  stand  out  from  the 
surface  of  the  clay,  and  be  easily  friable.  Cases  occur  where  a  whitish  wash  has  been 
applied,  as  in  Class  II.,  1.  Fragments  which  resemble  this  class  very  strongly  have 
been  found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the  Heraeum,  alrejidy  referred  to. 

In  only  a  few  cases  were  fragments  clearly  part  of  the  same  vase  and  no  entire 
vases  were  foiuid.  The  style  of  ornamentation  is  uniformly  naturalistic  or  pictorial, 
the  motives  being  taken  almost  exclusively  from  flowers,  while  marine  subjects  are  hardly 
used  at  all.     In  but  a  few  instances  can  the  form  of  the  vase  be  determined. 


PLATE  lii. 

1  a  and  b.  Two  frjigments  from  the  same  vase,  form  uncertain.  Reddish  clay,  yellow  slip, 
red  brown  decoration.  Flower  wreath,  a  is  perhaps  the  best  example  of  Class  II.  2  at  the 
Heraeum.  Fragments  very  similar  have  been  found  in  Crete;  v.  Haussoulier,  Rev.  Arch.  XL. 
(1880),  p.  359,  pi.  xxiii.,  and  more  recently  by  Evans  at  Cnossus.  Cf.  Arch.  Anz.  1900,  p.  149, 
fig.  6.  Cf.  also  Myk.  Vag.  p.  23,  fig.  12,  and  the  fragments  from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the 
Heraeum:  Myk.  Thonfj.  xn.  64;  cf.  also  Myk.  Vas.  xxvn.  213,  217:  A.  J.  A.  VI.  (1890), 
pi.  xxii. 

2.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  brilliant  red  brown  slip,  red  brown  decoration.  Two  other  small 
fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  found.  This  fragment  is  an  exact  duplicate  of  one  from 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb :  v.  Myk.  Thong,  xn.  57. 

3.  Similar  to  1  but  slightly  coarser  clay,  slip,  and  flaky  decoration.  Probably  part  of  shoulder 
of  a  three-liandled  vase  (form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  32).  A  similar  smaller  fragment,  but  from  a 
different  vase,  was  also  found. 

4.  Yellow  clay,  flaky  black  decoration.     Cf.  Myk.  Thong.  xiL  60. 

5.  Yellow  clay,  brilliant  black  decoration. 

6.  Double  flower.     Cf.  Myk.  Thong,  xn.  73  ;  B.  C.  //.  X.  (1886),  pi.  iii.  5. 

7.  Rim  of  small  bowl.     Flower :  similar  technique  to  2. 

8.  Black  border  to  stalks,  changing  to  red  in  the  centre. 


18 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FKAGMENTS 


THE   MVCEXAEAX   STYLE:   CLASS   IL,  DIVISION  2 


/'i 


centuries  from  the  rise  of  the  Myeeiiaeaii  style  to  its  downfall  at  the  time  of  the  Dorian 
invasion,  or  whatever  the  upheaval  was  whii-li  led  to  its  decline. 

That  all  the  vases  of  the  Mycenaean  style  found  at  the  Heraeum  were  manufactured 
in  the  Ari»-oHc  plain,  and  not  inij)orted  from  some  other  centre,  seems  unquestionahle. 
Whether  the  Ar«»<»lid  was  the  chief  centre  of  the  Mycenaean  civiliziition  or  not  cannot 
he  ahsidutely  attirmed,  thouo;h  the  evidence  seems  to  point  to  this  supposition.  At 
any  rate,  the  amount  of  vases  found  at  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Nauplia,  and  in  the  various 
tomhs  throu««h(uit  the  plain,  is  so  o^reat  that  we  can  siifely  assert  them  to  he  of  home 
manufacture.  That  Class  I.  is  found  at  Mycenae  and  not  at  the  Heraeum  mav  perhaps 
he  accounted  for  hy  a  difference  of  taste  in  the  two  places.  The  Heraeum.  wiiich  was 
one  of  the  lari»:est  s;inctuaries  in  Greece,  must  have  kept  several  potters'  factories  husy 
to  supply  the  faithful  with  the  requisite  vases  for  ex  ro^>.s,  and  that  certain  styles 
shouhl  have  heen  p<»pidar  there  and  others  not  so  is  not  extraordinary. 

Several  facts  may  he  noticed  in  rej^ard  to  our  fnijyinents  which  nrv  sij^nificant. 
The  sinoular  uniformity  of  all  the  fragments  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  hoth  in  ehiy 
and  technique  ;  the  complete  ahsence  of  Class  L,  and,  lastly,  the  e<pially  complete 
absence  of  any  foreign  variations  (e.  *r,  Theran,  Melian,  Cypriote,  etc. I  of  the  re^ndar 
Mycenaean  types.  These  facts  would  seem  to  indicate:  ( 1 )  That  the  potteries  which 
])roduced  the  ware  f(»inid  at  Mycenae  were  not  the  Siime  as  those  which  produced 
our  frai-nients  ;  had  such  heen  the  case  it  is  scarcely  credihle  that  no  traces  of  Class 
1.  should  have  been  found.  (2)  That  all  Mycenaean  pottery  found  at  the  Heraeum 
was  the  product  of  one  or  more  particular  centres  of  activity,  situated  near  the  sanc- 
tuary, {l\]  That  this  manufactory  reserved  its  wares  exclusively  for  honu*  consuni|>- 
tion.  and  neither  exported  its  product  or  imported  similar  wares.  This  last  assumption 
is  Iwsed  on  the  fact  that  those  particular  varieties  which  are  inditrenous  to  s(mie  forei^ni 
sp<>ts  are  hardly  represented  at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  few  exceptions  to  this  rule  ai-e 
prijbably  accidental.  On  the  other  hand,  no  Mycenaean  vase  found  «»utside  of  the 
Arj>;olid  can  be  proved  to  have  been  manufactured  near  the  Heraeum. 

CLASS    II.,    DIVISION   1. 

Of  this  class  only  a  few  dozen  frajipnents  were  ftuind,  and  no  whole  vases.  Only 
a  few  fragments  clearly  belonged  to  the  same  vases,  and  the  reconstruction  of  any 
yase  proved  impossible.  The  characteristics  of  these  fragments  are  simihir  to  those 
of  a  jug  in  Athens  (J////-.  I'^/.v.  p.  41),  fig.  20)  and  a  three-handled  vase  from  Thoricus 
{'E(f)r)fi.  \\px-  189;5.  pi.  \i.  1),  though  the  decoration  is  extrenudy  simple  and  monoto- 
nous, with  no  attempt  at  any  elaborate  desiirn. 

Only  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  here  reproduced.  The  te<hnical  features  are: 
very  coarse  (piahty  oH  clay,  with  fre(|uent  small  stones,  varying  through  the  different 
shades  of  red  and  brown  to  green  ;  a  thin  wash  of  white.  yelh»w.  or  red  ;  ornamen- 
tation in  violet,  brown,  or  red. 

1.  (  Pl ATK  LI.  17. )  From  lully  of  vase,  form  uncertain.  Dark  re<l  clay,  with  a  darker  central 
•  ore.  aiul  light  red  wash,  «l:uk  wil  decoration.  Two  fishes  advancing  towanls  a  monster  of  some 
sort  whose  head  and  forelegs  alone  are  visible.  To  identify  the  character  of  the  fishes  or  the 
monster  is  impossible.  Cf.  J/y/.  V„k.  x.  f.^,  xxxix.  401a  :  Schliemann,  M;,rntm',  Fig.  317  ; 
Imhoof-Hlunier  and  Keller,  Tier  iiml  Pffatnenhllihr.  \\.  47,  4H,  yii.  .']. 

2.  (Platk  LI.  18  a-tl.)      Four  fragments  from  same  vase,  form  uncertain,  clay  dark  i*ed, 


white  wash. 


with  faded  violet  brown  decoration.     The  design  cannot  be  restored,  but  that  the 

spiral  formed  part  of  it  is  certain. 

3.  ( Pi.ATK  LI.,  19  a  and  b.)  Two  fragments  of  same  vase. 
Thick  l)rown  clay,  yellow  wash,  brown  decoration.  Flower 
pattern. 

4.  (Platk  LI.,  20.)  Greenish  clay  and  wash,  violet  black 
ilecoration,  with  a  greenish  tinge.     Flower  pattern. 

5.  (Platk  LI.,  21.)     Brown  clay,  with  yellow  wash. 

6.  (Fig.  11.)  Fragment  of  large  amphora:  height,  0.108 
m. ;  width,  0.12  ni.  ;  very  coarse  brick  red  clay,  pale  reddish 
wash,  dark  red  ilecoration.  (Flower  pattern.)  The  height 
of  the  amphora  cannot  be  determined,  but  the  opening  mea- 
suretl  certainly  13  cm,  in  diameter.    Cf.  3Iijk.  ]V/.s.  xxL  lo6. 


Fn;.  11. 


CLASS   II,   DIVISION   2. 

The  fragments  of  this  particular  class  were  far  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  are  uniforndy  of  a  finer  character,  though  the  pictorial  style  of  ornamentation 
remains  the  same.  They  represent  throughout  smaller  vases.  The  clay  is  of  a  better 
quality,  carefully  cleaned,  running  thnnigh  all  the  shades  of  red,  brown,  yellow,  and 
piile  grwn,  the  decoration  generally  red  or  brown.  The  technical  method  is  the  sjime 
in  all.  Over  the  natural  <*lay  a  slip  is  lai«l.  of  very  fine  red  or  yellow  clay,  on  which 
the  design  is  painted  and  the  surface  polished.  In  some  cases  the  slip  is  on  the  inte- 
rior as  well.  Occasionally  the  decoration  is  laid  <mi  so  thickly  as  to  stand  out  from  the 
surface  of  the  clay,  and  be  easily  friable.  Cases  occur  where  a  whitish  wash  has  been 
applied,  as  in  Class  II.,  1.  Fragments  which  resendde  this  class  very  strongly  have 
been  found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the  Heraeum,  already  referred  to. 

In  only  a  few  cases  were  fragments  clearly  part  of  the  Siune  vase  and  no  entire 
vases  were  found.  The  style  of  ornamentation  is  uniformly  naturalistic  or  pictorial, 
the  motives  being  taken  almost  exclusively  from  flowers,  while  marine  subjects  are  hardly 
u.sed  at  all.     In  but  a  few  instances  can  the  form  of  the  vase  be  determined. 

PLATE    LII. 

1  a  an»l  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase,  form  uncertain.  Reddish  clay,  yellow  .slip, 
je«l  brown  decoration.  Flower  wreath,  a  is  perhaps  the  best  example  of  Class  11.  2  at  the 
Heraeum.  Fragments  very  similar  have  been  found  in  Crete;  v.  Ilaussoulier,  Rev.  Arch.  XL. 
(1880),  p.  3ol>,  pl.  xxiii.,  and  more  recently  by  Evans  at  Cnossus.  Cf.  Arch.  Attz.  1900.  p.  149, 
fig.  0.  Cf.  also  .1////'.  Van.  p.  23,  fig.  12,  and  the  fragments  from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the 
Heraeum:  J////.  h»,>fj.  xii.  «;4 ;  cf.  also  V>/L  V(fs.  xxvii.  213.  217:  A.  J.  A.  VI.  (1890), 
pl.  xxii. 

2.  Heddish  yellow  clay,  brilliant  red  brown  slip,  red  brown  decoration.  Two  other  small 
fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  found.  This  fragment  is  an  exact  duplicate  of  one  from 
the  liee-Ilive  tomb:  v.  J////-.  Thotu/.  xii.  57. 

3.  Similar  to  1  but  slightly  coarser  clay,  slij).  and  flaky  decoration.  Probably  part  of  shoulder 
of  a  three-handled  vase  (form,  Mf/l:  Va.'<.  XLIV.  32).  A  similar  smaller  fragment,  but  from  a 
different  vase,  was  also  found. 

4.  Yellow  clay,  flaky  black  decoration.     Cf.  3fyk.  TJionff.  xii.  60. 

5.  Yellow  clav.  brilliant  black  decoration. 

6.  Double  flower.     Cf.  J/y/.  Thnnri.  xii.  73  :  B.  (\  II.  X.  (1886),  pl.  iii.  5. 

7.  Rim  of  small  bowl.      Flower  :  similar  technicpie  to  2. 
&    Black  border  to  stalks,  changing  to  re»l  in  the  centre. 


i   I 


''1 


80 


THE   VASES    AM)    VASE    FHACJMENTS 


9.  Whitish  wash  on  exterior,  with  retl  brown  ghize  on  interior. 

10.  Part  of  11  ]>late,  with  branches  on  the  reverse  similar  to  12.     Clay  has  a  |)cculiar  ribbed 
surface. 

11.  Decoi-ation  ranging  front  brown  to  re«1.     Presents  same  ribbed  surface  as  10. 

12  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  vase  of  clay  and  techniijne  similar  to  8.  C'f.  Myk.  I  'uh. 
p.  o^,  ^^^.  84. 

13.  Kim  of  a  large  bowl.     Clay  rather  coarse. 

14.  Grayish  clay,  evidently  burnt.  A  few  other  fragments  of  similar  techniijue  and  decoration 
were  found.     Cf.  Myk.  Thonfj.  m.  10 :  Miil:  Vns.  xxi.  153,  xxvi.  195. 

15.  Flower  pattern  in  dark  red.     Polish  <m  exterior  and  interior. 

16.  The  same. 

17.  From  shoulder  of  three-handled  vase.  Arrangement  of  jHJtals  similar  to  1.  (7.  Mi/k. 
V<ix.  xxxvi.  370. 

1&   Dark  core  in  the  clay.      Decoration  in  red. 

19.  From  a  vase  of  form  Mtjk.  Vu».  XLiv.  59,  probably.  NVhitish  yellow  slip.  Cf.  Mifk. 
!''/>-.  xiii.  80. 

20.  Combination  of  branches  (watergrass,  jxnhaps),  similar  to  12,  and  snakes  or  eels. 

21.  Rosette. 

22.  Form  uncertain.  This  fragment,  as  well  as  several  others,  shows  a  jwculiar  technique, 
the  addition  of  a  white  streak  to  the  decoratitm  after  tiring,  but  before  glazing.  For  similar 
techni»iuc,  cf.  J///-.  T'//.«.  xxvi.  203. 

23.  Black  and  red  decorati«>n.     Uncertain  what  the  complete  ilesign  was. 

24.  From  a  plate.  Reddish  clay,  with  yellow  slip  on  obverse,  red  on  i-everse.  Flower  pattern, 
the  same  on  both  sides  in  dark  red.     Cf.  J///A-.  Thomj.  xii.  G8. 

25.  Part  of  plate,  with  pattern  similar  to  3,  in  Haky  dark  brown. 

26.  Greenish  clay.     Cf.  Mjk.  Tlionrj.  ill.  9. 

27  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase.  Reddish  clay  and  decoration.  Alternate 
buds  and  flowers.  In  spite  of  a  certain  conventi«mality  of  treatment.  an«l  indifferent  teclmi(pie, 
the  resemblance  of  these  fragments  to  those  from  Therasia  (J/y/-.  T'f/.y,  xii.  78)  justifies  their 
position  in  this  class. 

A  considerable  nuniber  «f  frajifnients  ropresentiiijjf  three-handled  vases  similar  to 
Milk.  Vox.  VII.  4."),  L\.  .■j'J,  were  f'onnd.  This  seems  to  iiave  been  one  of  the  favorite 
shapes  of  this  class.  As  a  rnle,  ornamentation  is  introduced  into  the  space  above  tlie 
scallops. 

Fig.  12  a  antl  b.  Fragments  of  large  IkiwI  which  measin*ed  45  em.  in  diameter.  Form  uncer- 
tain. Whether  it  had  a  foot  is 
doubtful,  so  that  the  height  cannot 
be  estimated.  Coarse  re<)dish  clay 
(thickness  0.012  m. ),  with  a  yellow 
sli]>,  more  reddi.sh  in  tone  on  the 
inside.  Decoration  in  light  and 
dark  red. 

On  the  outside  (b")  a  row  of  tall 
leaves,  separated  by  stalks ;  on  the 
inside,  on  rim  a  variety  of  "  tongue 
]>attern.'*  with  a  milled  border.     In 

field  two  fishes  and  an  eel. 
Fig.  IJ. 

Tills  jdate  is  ]>er]iaps  the  most 
inteiestiniif  specimen  of  Class  II..  2.  The  form  is  unknown  to  me  in  any  other  vase.  It 
varies  from  the  reiifular  phite  type  in  that  the  subject  is  different  on  the  two  sides.  The 
pattern  on  the  rim  is  clearly  a  very  early  instiince  of  the  "  ton<riie  {mttern  "  so  common 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:    CLASS    III.,    DIVISION   1 


81 


in  later  vase-iKiinting-.  Cf.  J///^-.  r</.s.  xxxiv.  344.  The  leaf  pattern  on  the  outside  is 
only  a  symmetrical  arranjrement  of  the  desi«,ni  on  Mijk.  Va)<.  xxxii.  3U.  The  species 
of  the  Hshes  (perhaps  carp)  remains  doubtful,  but  the  naturalness  of  the  drawing  is  an 
advance  of  No.  1  on  Plate  LI. 

CLAS.S    III.,    DIVISION   1. 

We  now  cross  the  jrreat  bridjre  which  divides  the  Mycenaean  style  and  find  that 
the  <dd  naturalism  has  o;iven  place  to  conventionalism.  But  this  is  not  the  only  dif- 
ference between  Classes  II.  and  III.  ;  technique  itself  has  made  j^Teat  prooress.  The 
clay  used  is  «:;enerally  red  or  yellow  in  color,  of  a  fine  clear  (piality,  carefully  cleaned 
from  impurities.  The  (puility  of  the  decoration  is  more  lustrous  and  j»lossy,  while  in 
the  best  specimens  the  j»;hi/.e  takes  on  an  intense  brilliancy.  The  style  of  ornamentation 
changes,  and  certiiin  motives  used  occasionally  in  the  previous  classes  now  become  the 
favorites,  such  as  spirals,  etc.  The  old  plant  and  marine  motives  with  a  few  exceptions 
(e.  g.  the  murex)  have  disiippeared,  and  those  which  are  now  prominent  are  paralleled 
in  other  forms  of  Mycenaean  art  in  stone  and  metal. 

Though  the  conventionalism  of  Class  III.  follows  the  naturalism  of  Class  11.,  and 
in  this  sense  is  a  later  style,  we  are  not  to  assume  that  the  manufacture  of  Class  II. 
ceased.  In  fact  there  is  j)ositive  proof  that  the  two  flourished  side  by  side,  since  in 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  which  we  excavated  (cf.  p.  91  tf)  were  found  va.ses  of  both  classes. 
Such  a  radical  change  as  that  from  naturalism  to  conventionalism  is  not  the  work 
of  a  day ;  it  must  have  extended  over  a  long  period.  But  such  a  fact  does  not  argue 
against  a  classification  ba.sed  on  ornamentation,  where  a  difference  of  time  is  not 
necessarily  demanded. 

Nor  should  the  relation  of  III.  1  to  III.  2  be  misunderstood.  We  cannot  regard 
them  as  two  absolutelv  distinct  and  unrelated  stvles.  I  do  not  for  a  moment  intend 
to  im[)ly  that  for  a  certain  period  of  years  Mycenaean  potters  continued  to  manufacture 
va.ses  of  a  certiiin  '*  hall-marked  "  excellence  and  then  suddenly  began  to  go  down 
hill.  What  we  call  III.  1  is  undoubtedly  the  best  work  of  a  certjiin  period  of  Myce- 
naean ceramic  art ;  111.  2  is  the  general  average  of  such  a  period.  As  the  best  work  of 
a  given  ))eriod  is  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole,  the  small  amount  of  III.  1  com- 
pared to  III.  2  bears  this  out.  III.  1  bears  the  sjune  relation  to  III.  2  that  the  work 
of  Euphronios,  Hiertui,  Duris,  and  Brygos  does  to  the  mass  of  red-figured  vases 
produced  in  Athens  prior  to  the   Persian  wars  ;    it  is  the  best  ceramic  art  of  the  time. 

The  fmgments  reproduced  on  Plate  LII.  are  not  all  that  were  found,  but  the 
number  was  wot  large,  and  those  represented  illustrate  the  group.  The  technicpie  of 
all  the  fragments  is  substantially  the  sjime,  the  cLiy  red  or  bright  yellow  (more  often 
the  former),  the  decoration  varying  from  red  to  brown,  with  black  occasionally  used 
and  the  irlaze  of  suri>assing  brilliancy  and  fineness.  The  favorite  ornaments  seem  to 
be  the  spiral  and  the  murex. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  are  rims  of  two-handled  bowls  or  kylixes  similar  in 
form  to  .1///^-.  Vds.  XLIV.  70,  83. 

28.  Rim  of  bowl.  Decoration  shades  from  brown  to  red.  Part  of  a  spiral  i-ow,  spirals  uncon- 
nected.    Cf.  Mijk.  Vtia.  VIII.  4(5. 

29.  Rim  of  one-handled  bowl.  Clay  extremely  delicate.  Outer  band  of  spiral  brown,  inner 
bands  nnl.  Cf.  Mi/k.  Van.  xxix.  258.  lioth  form  and  decoration  seem  to  be  the  same  as  on  the 
vase  in  Cassel.     Arch.  An%.  1890.  p.  57,  fig.  1. 


I  ■ 


J 


15' 
III 


' 


II 


80 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


9.  Whitish  wash  on  exterior,  with  red  brown  glaze  on  interior. 

10.  Part  of  a  plate,  with  branches  on  the  reverse  similar  to  12.  Clay  has  a  peculiar  ribbed 
surface. 

11.  Decoration  ranging  from  brown  to  red.     Presents  same  ribbed  surface  as  10. 

12  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  vase  of  clay  and  technique  similar  to  &  Cf .  Myh.  T  'as. 
p.  58,  fig.  34. 

13.  Kim  of  a  large  bowl.     Clay  rather  coarse. 

14.  Grayish  clay,  evidently  burnt.  A  few  other  fragments  of  similar  technique  and  decoration 
were  found.     Cf.  Myk.  Thony.  iii.  10 ;  MyJc.  Vas.  XXI.  153,  xxvi.  195. 

15.  Flower  pattern  in  dark  red.     Polish  on  exterior  and  interior. 

16.  The  same. 

17.  From  shoulder  of  three-handled  vase.  Arrangement  of  petals  similar  to  1.  Cf.  J/yife. 
V(i».  XXXVI.  376. 

18.  Dark  core  in  the  clay.     Decoration  in  red. 

19.  From  a  vase  of  form  Mijk.  Vas.  xliv.  59,  probably.  Whitish  yellow  slip.  Cf.  Myk. 
Vas.  XIII.  89. 

20.  Combination  of  branches  (watergrass,  perhaps),  similar  to  12,  and  snakes  or  eels. 
2L   Rosette. 

22.  Form  uncertain.  This  fragment,  as  well  as  several  others,  shows  a  peculiar  technique, 
the  addition  of  a  white  streak  to  the  decoration  after  firing,  but  before  glazing.  For  similar 
technique,  cf.  3Iyk.  Vas.  xxvi.  203. 

23.  Black  and  red  decoi-ation.     Uncertain  what  the  complete  design  was. 

24.  From  a  plate.  Reddish  clay,  with  yellow  slip  on  obverse,  red  on  reverse.  Flower  pattern, 
the  same  on  both  sides  in  dark  red.     Cf.  Myk.  Thong,  xii.  68. 

25.  Part  of  plate,  with  pattern  similar  to  3,  in  flaky  dark  brown. 

26.  Greenish  clay.     Cf.  Myk.  Thong,  in.  9. 

27  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase.  Reddish  clay  and  decoration.  Alternate 
buds  and  flowers.  In  spite  of  a  certain  conventionality  of  treatment,  and  lUiliflFerent  technique, 
the  resemblance  of  these  fragments  to  those  from  Therasia  {Myk.  Vas.  Xii.  78)  justifies  their 
position  in  this  class. 

A  considerable  number  of  fragments  representing  three-handled  vases  similar  to 
Milk.  Vas.  VII.  45,  IX.  52,  were  found.  This  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  favorite 
shapes  of  this  class.  As  a  rule,  ornamentiition  is  introduced  into  the  space  al)ove  the 
scallops. 

Fig.  12  a  and  b.  Fragments  of  large  bowl  which  measure<1  45  cm.  in  diameter.  Form  uncer- 
tain. Whether  it  had  a  foot  is 
doubtful,  so  that  the  height  cannot 
be  estimated.  Coarse  reddish  clay 
(thickness  0.012  m.),  with  a  yellow 
slip,  more  reildish  in  tone  on  the 
inside.  Decoration  in  light  and 
dark  red. 

On  the  outside  (b)  a  row  of  tall 
h  J^i^^fW    ^^SOtiffiif'^MIF' .  ^J^^^^      leaves,  separated  by  stalks  ;  on  the 

inside,  on  rim  a  variety  of  "  tongue 
"  pattei-n,"  with  a  milled  border.     In 

field  two  fishes  and  an  eel. 
Fig.  12. 

This  plate  is  perhaps  the  most 
interesting  specimen  of  Class  II.,  2.  The  form  is  unknown  to  me  in  any  other  vase.  It 
varies  from  the  regular  plate  type  in  that  the  subject  is  different  on  the  two  sides.  The 
pattern  on  the  rim  is  clearly  a  very  early  instance  of  the  "  tongue  imttern  "  so  common 


i 


THE   MYCENAEAN  STYLE:    CLASS   III.,   DIVISION   1 


81 


in  later  vase-painting.  Cf.  Mgk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  344.  The  leaf  pattern  on  the  outside  is 
only  a  symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  design  on  Myk.  Vas.  xxxii.  314.  The  species 
of  the  fishes  (perhaps  carp)  remains  doubtful,  but  the  naturalness  of  the  drawing  is  an 
advance  of  No.  1  on  Plate  LI. 

CL.\SS    111.,    DIVISION   1. 

We  now  cross  the  great  bridge  which  divides  the  Mycenaean  style  and  find  that 
the  old  naturalism  has  given  place  to  conventionalism.  But  this  is  not  the  only  dif- 
ference between  Chisses  II.  and  III. ;  technique  itself  has  made  great  progress.  The 
clay  used  is  generally  red  or  yellow  in  color,  of  a  fine  clear  quality,  carefully  cleaned 
from  impurities.  The  quality  of  the  decoration  is  more  lustrous  and  glossy,  while  in 
the  best  si)ecimens  the  glaze  takes  on  an  intense  brilliancy.  The  style  of  ornamentation 
changes,  and  certain  motives  used  occasionally  in  the  previous  classes  now  become  the 
favorites,  such  as  spimls,  etc.  The  old  plant  and  marine  motives  with  a  few  exceptions 
(e.  g.  the  murex)  have  disappeared,  and  those  which  are  now  prominent  are  paralleled 
in  other  foi-ms  of  Mycenaean  art  in  stone  and  metal. 

Though  the  conventionalism  of  Class  III.  follows  the  naturalism  of  Class  II.,  and 
in  this  sense  is  a  later  style,  we  are  not  to  assume  that  the  manufacture  of  Class  II. 
ceased.  In  fact  there  is  positive  proof  that  the  two  flourished  side  by  side,  since  in 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  which  we  excavated  (cf.  p.  91  ff)  were  found  vases  of  both  classes. 
Such  a  radical  change  as  that  from  naturalism  to  conventionalism  is  not  the  work 
of  a  day ;  it  must  have  extended  over  a  long  period.  But  such  a  fact  does  not  argue 
against  a  cla.ssification  based  on  ornamentation,  where  a  difference  of  time  is  not 
necessarily  demanded. 

Nor  should  the  relation  of  III.  1  to  III.  2  be  misunderstood.  We  cannot  regard 
them  as  two  absolutely  distinct  and  unrelated  styles.  I  do  not  for  a  moment  intend 
to  imply  that  for  a  certain  period  of  years  Mycenaean  potters  continued  to  manufacture 
vases  of  a  cei"tain  "  hall-marked "  excellence  and  then  suddenly  began  to  go  down 
hill.  What  we  call  III.  1  is  undoubtedly  the  best  work  of  a  certain  period  of  Myce- 
naean ceramic  art ;  III.  2  is  the  general  average  of  such  a  period.  As  the  best  work  of 
a  given  period  is  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole,  the  small  amount  of  III.  1  com- 
pared to  III.  2  bears  this  out.  III.  1  bears  the  same  relation  to  III.  2  that  the  work 
of  Euphronios,  Hieron,  Duris,  and  Brygos  does  to  the  mass  of  red-figured  vases 
produced  in  Athens  prior  to  the   Persian  wars  ;   it  is  the  best  ceramic  art  of  the  time. 

The  fragments  reproduced  on  Plate  LII.  are  not  all  that  were  found,  but  the 
number  was  not  large,  and  those  represented  illustrate  the  group.  The  technique  of 
all  the  fragments  is  substantially  the  same,  the  clay  red  or  bright  yellow  (more  often 
the  former),  the  decoration  varying  from  red  to  brown,  with  black  occasionally  used 
and  the  glaze  of  sui-passing  brilliancy  and  fineness.  The  favorite  ornaments  seem  to 
be  the  spiral  and  the  murex. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  are  rims  of  two-handled  bowls  or  kylixes  similar  in 
form  to  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  76,  83. 

28.  Rim  of  bowl.  Decoration  shades  from  brown  to  red.  Part  of  a  spiral  row,  spirals  uncon- 
nected.    Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  viii.  46. 

29.  Rim  of  one-handled  bowl.  Clay  extremely  delicate.  Outer  band  of  spiral  brown,  inner 
bands  red.  Cf.  3fyk.  Vas.  xxix.  258.  Both  form  and  decoration  seem  to  be  the  same  as  on  the 
vase  in  Cassel.     Arch.  Am.  1899,  p.  57,  fig.  1. 


•     « 


I 

I 

ft 


82  THE   VASES   AND  VASK   FRACniENTS 

30.    Rim  of  bowl.     Spiral  chain. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  of  this  class  bore  the  decoration  of  spirals,  in  chain 
or  single.     Most  of  the  fragments  were  extremely  small. 

31  a-c.  Three  fragments  from  rim  of  a  bowl.  KeiUlish  clay,  with  bright  yellow  slip  and 
red  decoration.     For  the  toothed  edge  of  c,  cf.  MyL  Vas.  xxiii.  171. 

The  murex  or  purple  fish  ornament  is  extremely  common.  It  is  curious  that  we 
cannot  trace  its  origin  to  an  earlier  cla.ss,  since  it  does  not  occur  in  Chisses  I.  and 
II.  Even  in  Class  III.  it  is  impossible  to  trace  any  preliminary  steps  unless  we  recognize 
one  of  the  early  essiiys  in  the  cup  from  lalysos ; '  that,  however,  seems  rather  too 
conventionahzed  for  a  prototype.  The  arrangement  of  the  jMittern  varies,  the  most 
common  being  a  row  of  double  murexes  as  in  Mt/k.  Vds.  xxxi.  297,  or  else  they  are 
laid  diagonally  on  their  sides. 

32.  Kim  of  bowl.  Series  of  murexes  placetl  diagonally  to  the  line  of  the  rim.  Cf.  Myl:  Vaa. 
VIII.  47.     Decoration  bright  red  and  technique  extremely  fine. 

33.  The  same. 

34.  Clay  a  trifle  coai-ser  than  is  usual  in  this  class  and  appears  burnt.  Glaze  extremely 
brilliant.     Undoubtedly  part  of  a  large  vase,  as  the  murex  is  far  larger  than  is  usual. 

VufioiLH  Desiynn. 

35.  Kim  of  bowl.  Series  of  parallel  zigzags,  decreasing  in  size  towards  the  base.  Cf.  Myk 
Van.  xxx.  273. 

36.  Greenish  clay.  The  design  cannot  be  reconstructeil.  The  nearest  similarity  lies  in  two 
fragments  of  Class  IV.  iMyl:  Von.  xxxvii.  378,  379),  and  it  is  possible  that  we  may  have  here 
as  thei-e  the  combination  of  a  spiral  and  a  ray. 

37  a  and  b.   Two  fragments  from  same  vase.     Net  ornament.     Cf.  Myk.  Van.  XX.  146. 

38.  The  same. 

39.  Rim  of  bowl.  Undoubtedly  a  suggestion  of  a  guilloche.  Cf.  Myk.  Vai<.  xxxiv.  337 ; 
XIX.  134. 

4a   Kim  of  bowl.     Probably  a  design  similar  to  Myk.  Va».  xxx.  280. 

41.  Kim  of  bowl.     Cf.  Myk.  Vus.  xxxi.  288. 

42.  Fine  red  clay,  with  whitish  slip,  red  brown  decoration.  Similar  pattern  to  37,  save  that 
a  cross  is  placed  at  each  comer  of  the  mesh. 

43.  Similar  clay  and  slip.     Half  circle  at  corner  of  each  mesh. 

CLASS   III.,   DIVISION  L'. 

Class  III.  2  foi-ms  the  bulk  of  all  Mycenaean  pottery,  no  matter  where  found. 
Though  the  hugest  class  of  all,  it  is,  as  a  whole,  uninteresting  save  in  regard  to  its 
bearing  on  contemporary  art.  There  is  little  exercise  of  skill  on  the  jwrt  of  the 
potters,  who  seem  to  have  been  contented  to  turn  out  large  numbers  of  vases  varying 
little  in  form  or  decoration. 

The  class  differs  principally  from  its  predecessor  in  that  the  cpiality  as  a  whole  is 
decidedly  inferior.  The  clay  is  coarser  and  not  so  carefully  cleaned,  varying  in  shade, 
red  and  yellow  predominating.  The  decoration  is  of  many  colors,  the  different  shades 
of  red  and  brown  being  the  favorites.  The  iwint  also  is  of  a  very  inferior  quality,  and 
on  many  vases  has  almost  entirely  faded.  The  ghize  is  generally  dull,  and  never  reaches 
that  lustrousness  so  characteristic  of  the  preceding  class. 

In   the   arrangement   of    the   fragments,    the   order   adopted    by    Furtwiingler   and 

*  (Jaz.  Arih.  1879,  pi.  xxvii.,  also  in  Myk.  Vas.  ix.  50. 


THE   MYCENAEAN  STYLE:   CLASS   III.,  DIVISION   2 


83 


Loeschcke  has  been  followed,  since  the  general  succession  of  our  fragments  differs  in 
no  great  degree  from  that  of  other  Mycenaean  fragments.  Only  a  few  of  the  Heraeum 
fragments  are  here  presented,  but  they  illustrate  all  the  principal  types  and  the  gen- 
eral development  of  the  ornamentation. 

The  condition  of  the  fragments  was  extremely  bad.  Out  of  the  whole  class  we 
succeeded  in  reconstructing  only  three  vases,  one  of  which  coming  from  a  small  tomb 
had  almost  all  the  fragments  preserved.  Another  half  dozen  had  about  half  their 
fragments  renuvining,  and  twenty  or  more  were  represented  by  perhaps  a  dozen  frag- 
ments apiece.  More  than  a  hundred  were  represented  by  from  two  to  five  fragments 
apiece.  What  the  total  number  of  vases  represented  by  the  fragments  was,  is  impos- 
sible to  say,  as  no  calculation  can  come  near  the  truth  ;  the  number  certainly  ran 
into  the  thousands.  As  a  rule  where  several  fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  forth- 
coming, only  one  or  two  are  here  given,  unless  the  scheme  of  ornamentation  was  not 
plain.  As  so  many  cases  occurred  where  fragments  of  identically  the  same  clay  and 
technique  clearly  belonged  to  different  vases,  the  relation  of  several  fragments  to  one 
vase  has  been  ignored,  unless  their  common  origin  was  clearly  shown  by  a  joining  or 
otherwise. 

The  field  in  which  our  fragments  lie  is  practically  covered  by  plates  xvii.-xxxv. 
of  the  Mf/keni.^che  Vasen.  The  fragments  corresi>onding  to  plates  xxv.  and  xxvi.  we 
have  already  assigned  to  Class  II.  2.  It  has  proved  impossible  in  all  cases  to  follow 
Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke's  arrangement  exactly,  and  such  variations  as  are  introduced 
are  justified  by  the  demand  of  the  particular  frag- 
ments under  discussion.  I  have  endeavored  to 
discuss  the  natural  sequence  of  the  ornamentation, 
i.  e.  to  treat  the  conventionaliziujj  of  naturalistic 
motives  first  and  the  linear  ones  last,  since  we 
find  the  Mycenaean  style  as  a  whole  passing  from 
linear  to  naturalistic  motives  and  through  the 
conventionalizing  of  the  latter,  receding  to  linear 
themes  again,  as  illustrated  by  Class  IV. 

Pig.  13.  Amphora,  from  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  45  ; 
height,  0.33  m. ;  diameter  of  opening,  0.105  m. 
Reddish  clay,  with  yellow  sUp  and  dull  black 
decoration.  From  a  grave  back  of  the  peribolos 
wall  above  the  South  Stoa.  Small  part  oi  vase  re- 
stored in  pLister. 

This  was  the  only  vase  which  allowed  a  fairly 
complete    reconstruction.     The  ornamentation   is 
similar   to    that  of   the    amphora  in   Myk.  Vri.<. 
XXVI.  223,  save  that  the  central  design  and  the  buds  of   the  flower  are  treated  in  a 
slightly  different  fashion. 

PLATE    LIII. 


Fig.  13. 


Flower  Budn. 

1.  Rim  and  handle  of  bowl.     The  bud  has  here  been  cut  m  half, 
this  vase  was  found. 

2.  Flower  buds  in  series.     Cf.  Myk.  Vus.  xxvi.  218,  220. 
a    Flower  bud  and  diamond.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxviii.  246. 


Another  smaller  fragment  of 


Ml 


82  TIIK    VASKS    AND    VASK    FKACJMKNTS 

30.    Rim  of  howl.     Spiral  iliain. 

The  majority  of  the  t'ragineiits  of  tliis  class  bore  tlie  iIeiM»ratioii  of  spirals,  in  cliain 
or  siiijjle.      Most  of  the  fragments  were  extremely  small. 

31  a-C.  Three  fra<»:iiuMit>  from  rim  of  a  Ik>w1.  Heddish  i-Iay,  with  bright  yellow  slii)  ami 
ri'«l  tlecoration.      For  the  tootheil  eil«je  of  c,  ef.  Myk.  Vu».  XXIII.  171. 

The  mnrex  or  })ur|)le  fish  ornament  is  extremely  connnon.  It  is  curions  tliat  we 
cannot  trace  its  orii»-in  to  an  earlier  class,  since  it  (h>es  n«it  tn-cnr  in  Classes  I.  and 
II.  Even  in  Class  III.  it  is  im{M)ssible  to  tnice  any  preliminary  .steps  nnless  we  ivco«niize 
one  of  the  early  essiys  in  the  cnp  from  lalysos ;  '  tbat,  lunvever.  si>ems  ratber  too 
conventionalized  for  a  prototype.  The  arr:in<»ement  of  the  |>attern  varies,  the  most 
connnon  l)ein«>f  a  row  of  double  murexes  as  in  Mtjl'.  Vnx.  xxxi.  297.  or  else  tbev  are 
laid  diaijonallv  on  their  sides. 

32.  \\\\\\  of  bowl.  Series  of  iimrexes  plaetnl  dia<:fonally  to  the  line  of  the  rim.  Cf.  J////.  Vas. 
MM.  47.     Decoration  bright  reil  and  techiiiqm*  extremely  tine. 

33.  The  same. 

34.  Clay  a  trifle  coarser  than  is  usual  in  this  class  and  apjiears  burnt,  (ilaze  extremely 
brilliant.     Undoubtedly  part  of  a  large  va.se.  as  the  amrex  in  far  larger  than  is  usual. 

35.  Kim  of  bowl.  Series  of  parallel  zigzags,  decreasing  in  size  towards  the  ha.se.  Cf.  J/f/H- 
V'fs.  XXX.  273. 

36.  (Jreenish  clay.  The  design  cannot  lie  recoustrm'ted.  The  nearest  similarity  lies  in  two 
fragments  of  Class  IV.  ( .l/y/.  V.is.  xxxvii.  378,  379),  and  it  is  jmssible  that  we  may  have  hero 
as  there  the  coud)inatiitn  of  a  spiral  and  a  ray. 

37  a  and  b.    Two  fragments  from  sauie  vase.     Net  ornament.     Cf.  Mi/l.  Vos.  xx.  146. 

38.  The  same. 

39.  Rim  of  Iwwl.  Undoubtedly  a  suggestion  of  a  guilloche.  Cf.  J/f/k.  \'<i>t.  xxxiv.  337: 
XIX.  134. 

40.  Rim  of  bowl.     Prohahly  a  <lesign  similar  to  J////-.  Vus.  x.xx.  280. 

41.  Kim  of  howl.     Cf.  J/i/'l  V,nt.  xxxi.  288. 

42.  Fine  red  clay,  with  whitish  slip,  red  hrown  dec«)ration.  Similar  pattern  to  37,  save  that 
a  «'ross  is  placed  at  each  corner  of  the  mesh. 

43.  Similar  clay  and  slip.     Half  circle  at  corner  of  each  mesh. 

CLASS   III..   lUVlSlOX   J. 

Class  III.  2  forms  the  bulk  of  all  Mycenaean  pottery,  no  matter  wbeii'  fiMnnl. 
Though  the  larnest  class  of  all.  it  is,  as  a  whole,  uninterestinn^  save  in  rej^ard  to  its 
bearino-  on  contemporary  art.  There  is  little  exercise  of  skill  on  the  |Kirt  of  tlie 
potters,  who  seem  to  have  been  contented  to  turn  out  larj^e  numbers  of  vases  varvinjr 
little  in  form  or  «leeoration. 

The  class  differs  principally  from  its  predecessor  in  that  the  quality  as  a  whole  is 
<lecide(lly  inferior.  The  clay  is  coarser  and  not  so  carefully  cleaned,  varyinjj  in  shade, 
red  and  veRow  predcnninatinj;:.  The  dec«uation  is  of  nuiny  cohn-s.  the  diffei-ent  shades 
of  red  and  brown  bein«»-  the  favorites.  The  iwiint  also  is  of  a  very  inferior  <piality.  and 
on  many  vases  has  almost  entirely  fadetl.  The  fr\azk^  is  jrenerally  dull,  and  never  reaches 
that  lustrousness  so  characteristic  of  the  preceding  chiss. 

In    the    arran«>ement    of    the    frajrnients,    the    order   adoi)ted    by    Furtwiin^Her    and 

*  Ciaz.  Arrh.  1S7U,  pi.  xxvii.,  also  iu  Mifk.  las.  ix.  uG. 


TIIK   MYCKXAEAN   STYLE:   CLASS    III.,  DIVISION   2 


83 


Loeschcke  has  been  followed,  since  the  general  succession  of  our  fragments  differs  in 
no  great  degree  from  that  of  other  Mycenaean  fragments.  Only  a  few  of  the  Heraeum 
fnigments  are  here  presented,  but  they  illustrate  all  the  principal  types  and  the  gen- 
end  development  of  the  ornamentation. 

The  condition  of  the  fragments  was  extremely  bad.  Out  of  the  whole  class  we 
succeeded  in  riM-onstructing  only  three  vases,  one  of  which  ccmiing  from  a  small  tomb 
had  almost  all  the  fragments  preserved.  Another  half  dozen  had  about  half  their 
fragments  remaining,  and  twenty  or  more  were  represented  by  perhaps  a  dozen  frag- 
ments apiece.  More  than  a  hundred  were  represented  by  from  two  to  five  fragments 
apiece.  What  the  total  nund>er  of  vases  represented  by  the  fragments  was,  is  impos- 
sible to  siiy,  as  no  calculation  can  come  near  the  truth  ;  the  number  certiunly  ran 
into  the  thousiinds.  As  a  rule  where  several  fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  forth- 
c<Mning,  only  one  or  two  are  here  given,  unless  the  scheme  of  ornamentation  was  not 
plain.  As  so  many  cases  (K'curred  where  fragments  of  identically  the  same  clay  and 
techni<|ue  clearly  belonged  to  different  vases,  the  relation  of  several  fragments  to  one 
vase  has  been  ignored,  unless  their  connnon  origin  was  clearly  shown  by  a  joining  or 
otherwise. 

The  field  in  which  ouv  fragments  lie  is  practically  covered  by  plates  xvii.-xxxv. 
of  the  Mfikin'isvht'  Vamn.  The  fragments  corresjjonding  to  plates  xxv.  and  xxvi.  we 
have  already  assigned  to  Class  II.  2.  It  has  proved  impossible  in  all  cases  to  follow 
Furtwiiuijler  and  Loeschcke's  arranjrement  exactlv.  and  such  variations  as  are  introduced 
are  justified  by  the  demand  of  the  particular  frag- 
ments under  discussion.  I  have  endeavored  to 
discuss  the  natural  seipience  of  the  ornamentati<Mi. 
i.  e.  to  treat  the  conventionalizinu'  of  naturalistic 
motives  first  and  the  linear  ones  last,  since  we 
find  the  Mycenaean  style  as  a  whole  passing  from 
linear  to  naturalistic  motives  and  through  the 
conventionalizing  of  the  latter,  receding  to  linear 
themes  au'ain,  as  illustrated  bv  Class  IV. 

Fig.  13.  Amphora,  from  .1////.'.  Vns.  xliv.  4;") ; 
height,  0'X\  m. ;  diameter  of  opening,  0.1();>  m. 
Reddish  clay,  with  yellow  sHp  and  dull  black 
detMuation.  From  a  grave  back  of  the  peribcdos 
wall  above  the  South  Stoa.  Small  part  of  vase  re- 
stored  in  phister. 

This  wjis  the  only  vase  which  alhjwed  a  fairly 
complete    reconstruction.     The   ornamentation   is 
siinihir    to    that   of    the    amphora   in    Mtjk.  Vox. 
XXVI.  22;},  siive  that  the  central  design  and  the  bu<ls  of    the  flower  are  treated  in  a 
slightly  different  fashion. 

PLATE    LIII. 

Floirei'  finds. 

1.    Rim  and  handle  of  bowl.     The  bud  has  here  been  cut  in  half.     Another  smaller  fragment  of 
this  vase  was  found. 

Z    Flower  bmls  iu  series.     Cf.  Mf/L  Vas.  xxvi.  218,  220. 
3.    Flower  bud  and  diamond.     Cf.  M>/L  Vas.  xxviii.  240. 


Fig.  13. 


84 


THK   VASES   AND   VASK    FRAGMENTS 


Ch'clcif^  DUimoiith,  etc. 

4.   Circle:  dotted  row  outside.     Cf.  J////-.  Va>*.  xxviii.  221). 
&   Same ;  dotted  row  inside. 

6.  Handle  of  bowl.     Same  as  4,  with  addition  of  central  dot  to  the  circle.     Cf.  J////-.  Vas. 
XXVIII.  237. 

7.  Kosette  in  simplest  form. 

8.  Lozengt'  with  ocntral  cross;  similar  to  Mi/k.  Vu».  xxvill.  240.  save  for  omission  of  outside 
lines. 

9.  Diamond  chain.     Cf.  Mfik.  Fc/.s.  iii.  18. 

10.  Diamond,  diacfonals  inside.     Cf.  Mi/k.  Vus.  XXIX.  250. 

11.  Diamond  circle  in  centre. 

Spiral  Konuif  and  their  Development. 

12.  Kim  of  bowl.     Another  bowl  of  precisely  similar  form  and  decoration  is  in  the  Louvre, 
Room  A,  left  hand  window  case  (no  number  given).     Spiral  in  its  most  elementarv  form. 

13.  Spirals  in  chain,  simplest  form.     Cf.  Myk.   Vax.  xxviii.  242. 

Fig.  14.   .lug  with  sjwut  and  one  handle.     Height,  0.135  m.     Pale  yellow  clay,  with  greenish 

slip,  faded  black  decoration.    Row  of  spirals  unconnected. 
For  form,  cf.  J////-.  Van.  XI.  66. 

This  jiijj  was  labeled  as  coniint^  from   the  sjiine 

t(mil)  as  the  four  small  vases  of  the  "  dull "  finish 

mentioned  on  p.  74.      Professor  Wahlstein  informs 

me  that  the  label  is  wrong,  a.s  a  photojjrajdi  of  the 

tomb  shows  only  the  four  vases  already  referred 

to.     It  is  ])robable  that   this  jug  comes  from  the 

.sime  tomb  as  Fig.  13. 

14.  The  same.  Introduction  of  ornament  (semicircle ) 
in  field.  Similar  to  Mtjl:  Vui<.  xxvim.  245,  save  that 
here  the  ornament  is  unc«»nnected  with  the  sj>iral. 

IS   The  same :  gi-eenish  clav,  with  faded  decoration. 

16.  The  same ;  ornament  resembling  an  E  reversed. 
Cf.  M,jh  Vn».  XXXII.  312. 

17.  Two  semicircles  in  field.     Cf.  Myk.  T'/.s.  XXXIII.  319. 

18.  Double  row  of  spirals,  alternating. 

19.  Similar  arrangement  oi  sjjirals  to  that  of  our  am]>hora  (Fig.  13).  Cf.  M'jk.  Vn».  XXIX. 
2:)«). 

20.  Cf.  Mifk.  Vas.  XXIX.  253.  Several  other  fragments  of  this  bowl  were  found.  Its  chief 
])eculiarity  lies  in  the  greenish  yellow  slip  of  the  exterior.  The  decoration  is  considerably  faded. 
Though  no  fragments  fitted  each  other,  it  is  plain  that  the  scheme  of  decoration  was  a  row  of 
spirals,  the  loops  curving  upwards  antl  unconnected. 

21.  Rim  of  bowl.     Reddish  clay  and  red  brown  decoration. 

22.  Yellowish  clay,  pale  slip.     Stri|)e  on  inside.     Cf.  Myk.  Vai<.  xxix.  255. 

23.  Shoulder  of  three-handled  vase.     Double  row  of  spirals. 

24.  From  a  cup  of  precisely  similar  form  and  decoration  to  one  from  Xanplia.  Cf.  Myl:  Vii». 
XXI.  150.  p.  146 ;  also  xxxii.  302. 

25.  Rim  of  bowl :  dull  red  glaze  on  interior.     Undoubteilly  same  shape  and  tlesign  as  Mi/k. 
r*/.s.  XV.  03. 

26.  Clay  of  a  bright  brick  red  color.  Whether  the  fiond  or  marine  influence  is  most  prominent 
here  is  hard  to  say,  as  the  movement  strongh'  suggests  the  arms  of  a  jJolyp.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
XVII.  110. 

27.  Handle  with  spirals.     Intro<luction  of  HtrastlkdH. 


Fio.  14. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:    FLOWER   PATTERNS 


85 


Fhnnr  Patterns. 

The  flower  pattern  in  Mycenaean  art  is  one  of  the  earliest  motives ;  we  have  already 
found  it  in  Cliiss  II.  2  (cf.  Plate  LII.  (J  and  7),  and  similar  though  not  identical  plants 
may  he  found  on  the  sword-blades  from  Mycenae.'  A  comparison  of  our  fragments 
witii  those  in  Mtfk.  V((.s.  xxx.  shows  many  points  of  siinihiiity,  hut  the  progression 
towards  conventionaliziition  mentioned  by  Furtwiingler  and  Loesehcke  (p.  GO)  can  hardly 
be  seen  here,  since  in  none  of  our  fragments  is  the  drawing  of  the  pistils,  seed-bags,  and 
leaves  at  all  apparent,  and  all  our  fragments  have  arrived  at  the  conventional  stage. 
The  pseud-amj)hora  is  the  commonest  form,  though  many  fragments  of  bowls  like  Mt/k. 
Vax.  xxx.  270,  were  found. 

28.  Shoulder  of  pseud-:iniphora.  Two  clays  together,  pale  red  inside,  dark  red  outside,  with  a 
bright  yellow  slip.     Cf.  M;/k.  Vas.  xviii.  124:  xxx.  266. 

29.  The  same. 

30.  From  belly  of  a  1m)w1.     Cf.  Jfi/k.  Vas.  viii.  43:  xxi.  157. 

31.  Rim  of  bowl.     Several  other  fragments  found.     Cf.  Mi/k.  Vis.  xviii.  122. 

32.  Similar  design. 

33.  Similar  <lesign.  Top  of  flower  ends  in  a  loop.  Several  other  fragments  from  the  same 
vase  were  found. 

34.  The  zigzag  corona  of  th«'  flower  now  stands  by  itself.  This  is  <me  of  the  commonest 
motives,  and  may  be  found  on  dozens  of  our  fragments.     Cf.  Mt/k.  Vas.  ix.  51. 

35.  Series  of  zigzags  used  as  bonier  lines. 

36  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase :  another  smaller  fragment  was  also  found. 
Rrick  red  clay,  probably  burnt.  The  zigz:ig  pattern  is  used  almost  exclusively,  and  suggests  a 
transition  style  to  the  geometric.  The  half  circles  as  ornaments  in  field  are  used  in  simihir  fashion 
to  the  '•  Running  Dog"  pattern.  Cf.  Flinders  Petrie,  TcM-Amanta,  xxvii.  41-43  ;  Jlyk.  T'f/.«.. 
XV.  96. 

37.    Flower  branch.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  286. 

PLATE    LIV. 

Fhnnr  Jiranrhes. 

1.  Simple  form.     Dotted  ww  above  and  below  corona. 

2.  Flower  branch  simihir  to  Plate  IV.  No.  32,  corona  of  zigzags.     In  field  toothed  wheel. 

3.  Similar  treatment  to  No.  1. 

4.  Interior  dotted  row  omitte<l. 

5.  Similar  to  No.  1.     Clay  burnt  to  a  dark  gi-ay. 

6.  Lower  part  in  form  of  two  sjjirals  curved  like  volutes. 

7.  Waving  brancli  to  each  side,  probably  as  an  imitation  of  a  palm-tree.      Cf.  Myk.    Vas. 

XXXI.  293. 

8.  Top  arranged  in  triple  fiuin,  half  ciivles  unconnected. 

9.  Part  of  large  bowl.  Triple  airangemcnt  of  corona,  in  elaborate  form,  combined  with  the 
nmrcx.  Cf.  Myk,  Vas.  xxxi.  208.  p.  61.  Whethei-  the  murex  is  jjaired  or  single  cannot  be 
told  with  certainty,  but  probably  the  former  case  is  true.  This  combination  is  a  connnon  feature 
on  vases  of  this  class. 

10.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  XI.  72.     Similar,  but  not  .is  elal)orate. 

11.  Half  a  dozen  other  fragments  of  almost  identical  clay  and  technique  were  found.  Those 
fragments,  however,  had  <liftercnt  natives,  and  it  seems  impossible  that  so  many  difterent  themes 
should  be  combined  on  one  v:jse.  Hence  no  reconstruction  was  attempted.  The  arrangement  of 
the  motive  here  is  clearly  connected  with  the  flower  branch  just  discussed. 

12.  For  the  scroll  ornament  cf.  Schliemann,  Mykenar.  ]).  291,  fig.  369,  Jahrh.  II.  (1887),  p.  55. 
>  .itkfii.  .Vi«.  VII.  (1882),  p.  :i4.".,  1)1.  viii.  ;  cf.  also  the  wall  paintings  from  Tliei-isia.     Mffk:  Van.  Xll.  l^i,  74. 


MMI 


84 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  FLOWER  PATTERNS 


85 


Circles,  Diamonds,  etc. 

4.  Circle ;  dotted  row  outside.     Cf .  Myk.  Vas.  xxviii.  229. 

5.  Same ;  dotted  row  inside. 

6.  Handle  of  bowl.     Same  as  4,  with  addition  of  central  dot  to  the  circle.     Cf.  Myl.  Vas. 
XXVIII.  237. 

7.  Rosette  in  simplest  form. 

8.  Lozenge  with  central  cross;  similar  to  Myk.Vtis.  xxvill.  240,  save  for  omission  of  outside 
lines. 

9.  Diamond  chain.     Cf.  Mi/k:  Vas.  ill.  18. 

10.  Diamond,  diagonals  inside.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  XXIX.  256. 

11.  Diamond  circle  in  centre. 

Spiral  Forms  and  their  Development. 

12.  Rim  of  bowl.     Another  bowl  of  precisely  similar  form  and  decoration  is  in  the  Louvre, 
Room  A,  left  hand  window  case  (no  number  given).     Spiral  in  its  most  elementary  form. 

13.  Spirals  in  chain,  simplest  form.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxviii.  242. 

Fig.  14.  Jug  with  spout  and  one  handle.     Height,  0.135  m.     Pale  yellow  clay,  with  greenish 

slip,  faded  black  decoration.    Row  of  spirals  unconnected. 
For  form,  cf.  3/f/k.  Vas.  xi.  66. 

This  jug  was  labeled  as  coming  from  the  same 

tomb  as  the  four  small  vases  of  the  "  dull "  finish 

mentioned  on  p.  74.     Professor  Waldstein  infoiins 

me  that  the  label  is  wrong,  as  a  photograph  of  the 

tomb  shows  only  the  four  vases  already  referi^ed 

to.     It  is  ])robable  that  this  jug  eomes  from  the 

same  tomb  as  Fig.  13. 

14.  The  same.  Introduction  of  ornament  (semicircle ) 
in  field.  Similar  to  3fyk.  Vas.  xxviiii.  245,  save  that 
here  the  ornament  is  unconnected  with  the  spiral. 

15.  The  same ;  gi-eenish  clay,  with  faded  decoration. 

16.  The  same;  ornament  resembling  an  £  reversed. 
Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxii.  312. 

Cf.  MyL  Vas.  xxxiii.  319. 


Fig.  14. 

Two  semicircles  in  field 

Double  row  of  spirals,  alternating. 

Similar  arrangement  of  s])irals  to  that  of  our  amphora  (Fig.  13).     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  XXix 


17. 

la 

19. 

256. 

20.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  253.  Several  other  fragments  of  this  bowl  were  found.  Its  chief 
peculiarity  lies  in  the  gi*eenish  yellow  slip  of  the  exterior.  The  decoration  is  considerably  faded. 
Though  no  fragments  fitted  each  other,  it  is  plain  that  the  scheme  of  decoration  was  a  i*ow  of 
spirals,  the  loops  curving  upwards  and  unconnected. 

21.  Rim  of  bowl.     Reddish  clay  and  red  brown  decoration. 

22.  Yellowish  clay,  pale  slip.     Stripe  on  inside.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  255. 

23.  Shoulder  of  three-handled  vase.     Double  row  of  spirals. 

24.  From  a  cup  of  precisely  similar  form  and  decoration  to  one  from  Nauplia.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
XXI.  150.  p.  146 ;  also  xxxii.  302. 

25.  Rim  of  bowl ;  dull  red  glaze  on  interior.  Undoubtedly  same  shape  and  design  as  Myk. 
Vas.  XV.  93. 

26.  Clay  of  a  bright  brick  red  color.  Whether  the  floral  or  marine  influence  is  most  prominent 
here  is  hard  to  say,  as  the  movement  strongly  suggests  the  arms  of  a  polyp.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas, 
XVII.  110. 

27.  Handle  with  spirals.     Introtluction  of  sicastikas. 


Flower  Patterns. 

The  flower  pattern  in  Mycenaean  art  is  one  of  the  earliest  motives ;  we  have  already 
found  it  in  Class  II.  2  (cf.  Plate  LII.  G  and  7),  and  similar  though  not  identical  plants 
may  be  found  on  the  sword-blades  from  Mycenae.'  A  comparison  of  our  fragments 
with  those  in  Myk.  Van.  xxx.  shows  many  points  of  similarity,  but  the  progression 
towards  conventionalization  mentioned  by  Furtwiingler  and  Loescheke  (p.  60)  can  hardly 
be  seen  here,  since  in  none  of  our  fragments  is  the  drawing  of  the  pistils,  seed-bags,  and 
letives  at  all  apjmrent,  and  all  our  fragments  have  arrived  at  the  conventional  stage. 
The  pseud-amphom  is  the  commonest  form,  though  many  frag^nents  of  bowls  like  3It/k. 
Fo.s.  xxx.  276,  were  found. 

28l  Shoulder  of  pseud-amphora.  Two  clays  together,  pale  red  inside,  dark  red  outside,  with  a 
bright  yellow  slip.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xviii.  124  :  xxx.  266. 

29.  The  same. 

30.  From  belly  of  a  bowl.     C^f.  Myk.  Vas.  vni.  43 ;  xxi.  157. 

31.  Rim  of  bowl.     Several  other  fragments  found.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xviii.  122. 

32.  Similar  design. 

33.  Similar  design.  Top  of  flower  ends  in  a  loop.  Several  other  fragments  from  the  same 
vase  were  found. 

34.  The  zigzag  corona  of  the  flower  now  stands  by  itself.  This  is  one  of  the  commonest 
motives,  and  may  be  found  on  dozens  of  our  fragments.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  ix.  51. 

35.  Series  of  zigzags  used  as  border  lines. 

36  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  fi-om  the  same  vase ;  another  smaller  fragment  was  also  found. 
Brick  red  clay,  probably  burnt.  The  zigzag  pattern  is  used  almost  exclusively,  and  suggests  a 
transition  style  to  the  geometric.  The  half  circles  as  ornaments  in  field  are  used  in  similar  fashion 
to  the  "  Running  Dog  "  pattern.  Cf.  Flinders  Petrie,  Tel-el-Amarna,  xxvii.  41-43  ;  Myk.  Vas. 
XV.  96. 

37.  Flower  branch.    Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  286. 

PLATE    LIV. 

Flower  Branches. 

1.  Simple  form.     Dotted  i*ow  above  and  below  corona. 

2.  Flower  branch  similar  to  Plate  IV.  No.  32,  corona  of  zigzags.     In  field  toothed  wheel. 

3.  Similar  treatment  to  No.  1. 
4  Interior  dotted  row  omitted. 

5.  Similar  to  No.  1.     Clay  burnt  to  a  dark  gray. 

6.  Lower  part  in  form  of  two  spirals  curved  like  volutes. 

7.  Waving  bi-ancli  to  each  side,  probably  as  an  imitation  of  a  palm-tree.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
XXXI.  293. 

8.  Top  arranged  in  triple  form,  half  cii-cles  unconnected. 

9.  Part  of  large  bowl.  Triple  arrangement  of  corona,  in  elaborate  form,  combiued  with  the 
murex.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  298,  p.  61.  Whether  the  murex  is  paired  or  single  cannot  be 
told  with  certainty,  but  pi-obably  the  former  case  is  true.  This  combination  is  a  common  feature 
on  vases  of  this  class. 

10.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xi.  72.     Similar,  but  not  as  elaborate. 

11.  Half  a  dozen  other  fragments  of  almost  identical  clay  and  technique  were  found.  Those 
fragments,  however,  had  different  motives,  and  it  seems  impossible  that  so  many  different  themes 
should  be  combined  on  one  vase.  Hence  no  reconstruction  was  attempted.  The  arrangement  of 
the  motive  here  is  clearly  connected  with  the  flower  branch  just  discussed. 

12.  For  the  scroll  ornament  cf.  Schliemann,  Mykenae,  p.  291,  fig.  369,  Jahrb.  II.  (1887),  p.  55. 
•  Atheu.  Mitt.  VII.  (1882),  p.  245,  pi.  viii.  ;  cf.  also  the  wall  paintings  from  Tlierasia.     Myk:  Vas.  xii.  7.3,  74. 


M  THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 

Murer,  or  Purple  FisJi  Pattrrnn. 

The  murex  pattern  is  geiier.illy  arraiijj^ecl  in  series  of  single  ones,  or  {uiirs,  the  tops 
touching  the  border  of  the  rim  of  the  vase.  Furtwiingler  and  I^iesohcke's  statement,' 
"  das  Ornament  wird  besonders  haiitig  an  Bechern  und  Napfen  verwendet,  (hnli  nur  an 
solehen  deren  Innenseite  ungetirnisst  ist,"  is  not  correct,  since  on  sevenil  of  the  Henieuni 
fragments,  with  glaze  on  the  interior,  was  this  ornament  found. 

la  Side  of  a  large  bowl,  form  Myk,  Va»,  xxxi.  297,  about  30  cm.  in  diameter.  Height 
cannot  be  determined,  but  it  was  probably  the  same  as  the  tliameter.  The  clay  is  of  a  warm  yellow, 
but  with  a  tinge  of  red  and  yellow  slip.  Decoration  changes  from  black  to  brown  and  clark  re<l. 
Murices  in  single  series.     Several  other  fragments  of  same  vase  were  found. 

14  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  kylix,  yellow  clay.  Murexes  in  single  series,  rosette  under 
handle.     Sevei-al  other  fragments  of  same  vase  were  found. 

15.  r.im  of  bowl.     Simple  murex  combined  with  another  diagonally.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  VI.  30. 

16.  Murex  laid  diagonally.     Dark  red  glaze  on  interior. 

17.  Murex  arranged  diagonally.      Cf.  M>/L  Vas.  viii.  47.     Dotted  circle  inside  head  of  murex, 
1&   Murex  laid  horizontally.     Brilliant  dark  red  glaze  on  interior. 

19.  Rim  of  large  bowl.  Dotted  ciix'Ie  outside  head  of  murex.  The  zigzag  imtteni  at  the  side 
is  curious  and  suggests  the  imitation  inscriptions  found  on  black-tigured  work.  Cf.  M^i:  Vuk. 
XV.  9«,  XX.  145,  XXI.  154. 

20.  Murices  in  pairs,  points  curving  outwards.  Dotted  circle  between  the  pairs.  This  varia- 
tion where  the  points  curve  outwards,  and  the  pair  combined  in  single  form,  is  extremely  rare. 
Cf.  Schliemann,  Tin/ns,  pi.  xxii.  b,  Mi/L  Va».  xxxi.  299. 

21.  Alternate  nuirex  ami  pistil. 

22.  Reddish  clay,  brown  aecoraticm.  This  ornament  is  probably  a  development  of  the  murex 
pattern. 

Linear  ami  Textile  Pattern.^. 

The  conventionaliziition  of  the  pictorial  ornaments  now  leads  to  a  steady  employment 
of  linear  and  textile  patterns.  Whether  the  ktter  are  really  drawn  from  those  used 
in  embroideries  is  impossible  to  say.* 

23.  From  a  bowl  of  precisely  the  same  form  and  decoration  as  M,/k:  Vait.  xxxii.  306,  save 
that  here  the  lozenges  of  the  upper  row  are  double  instead  of  triple  in  form. 

24.  Alternating  larger  and  smaller  arehes.     Cf.  Myl.  Va».  xxxii,  308. 

25.  The  arches  are  bounded  above  and  below  by  circles. 

26.  Small  arches  in  series. 

27.  From  a  large  bowl.     Suggestion  of  a  guilloche.     Cf  Mt/L  Van.  in.  21. 

2a  The  ornaments  in  field  here  consist  of  cii-cles  whose  diameter  is  broken.  Cf,  Mt/l:  Vas. 
xxxii.  313,     Perhaps  a  representation  of  a  mussel-shell  open.     Cf.  B.  C.  H.  II.  pi.  xv.  10. 

29.  Similar,  with  the  addition  of  a  smaller  circle  inside  the  larger  one. 

30.  Ornament  resembling  a  revei-sed  E  surrounded  by  semicircle.  Cf.  Plate  LV.  16 :  Myh. 
Fa.v.  XXXII.  304,  307,  312,     Perhaps  the  half  of  a  mussel-shell ;  cf,  Myh.  Vas.  p.  61,  No.  304. 

The  principle  in  the  fcdlowing  fragments  seems  to  be  the  division  of  the  vase  into 
a  series  of  metope-Hke  s«|uares  by  vertical  lines,  the  vacant  spaces  being  filled  by  natural 
ornaments  conventionalized  or  else  textile  motives. 

3L  Simplest  form  ot  design.  Series  of  semicircles  back  to  back  separated  by  a  series  of  lines, 
not  quite  vertical. 

32.  Similar  decoration.  Outer  vertical  lines  bounded  by  series  of  loops,  which  is  one  of  the 
commonest  motives  at  this  time. 


THE   MYCENAEAN  STYLE:    LINEAR  AND  TEXTILE   PATTERNS 


87 


»  Myk.  Vas.  p.  61,  No.  297. 


«  Cf.  M^k.  Vas.  p,  C2. 


33.  Semicircles  almost  contiguous.     Between  the  vertical  lines,  series  of  parallel  zigzags.     Cf. 
J/yk.  Vas.  xxxiii.  317. 

34.  Double  semicircles  in  upper  right-hand  corner  with  central  dots.     Cf.  No.  29. 

35.  Vertical  lines  interlaced  by  diagonal  lines. 

36.  Double  semicircles,  large  and  small.     Herring-bone  pattern   between  the  vertical  lines. 
Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiii.  318. 

37.  Three  double  semicircles  bounded  by  mussel  ornament  in  series. 
38l   Interior  semicircle  in  loop  form.     Cf.  Myl:  Vas.  xxxiii.  324. 

39.  Dull  brown  glaze  on  interior.     Square  divided  into  four  triangles  by  diagonals,  with  arcs. 
Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiii.  316. 

40.  The  same ;  double  semicircles  in  each  triangle. 

41.  Diamond  in  square,  divided  by  double  semicircles  into  three  sections.  Another  smaller 
fragment  from  the  same  vase  was  found.     Cf.  MyL  Vas.  i,  5,  xv,  99,  xxxiv.  345. 

PLATE    LV. 

1.  Reddish  clay  with  darke:-  core,  plastic  mouldings  on  ui)per  and  lower  edges.  Form  uncer- 
tain, but  probably  that  of  a  three-handled  pyxis  with  rounded  base,  as  in  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv.  34. 
Ornament  a  variation  of  the  *'  Running 
Dog  "  pattern  (see  below)  growing  out  of 
the  looi)s  already  mentioned.  Perhaps  the 
ornament  may  have  been  intended  for  a 
guilloche.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  347. 

2.  Similar  clay,  but  from  rim  of  a  bowl. 
Per|)endicular  loop  pattern,  the  ends  car- 
ried out  to  a  point  (as  in  No.  1)  with 
rosette  in  field. 

Pig.  15,  Bowl.  Form,  3/yk.  Vas. 
XXXIII,  328 :  height,  0.104  m, ;  diame- 
ter, 0.145  m.     Light  red  clay,  with  warm 

yellow  slip,  circular  bands  on  interior.    Sim-  p^j  jg 

ilar  decoration  on  both  sides,  three  i>er|>en- 

dicular  series  of  lines,  the  outer  inclosing  a  herring-bone  pattern,  the  central  one  zigzags  with  a 
dotted  semicircle  on  each  side.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiii.  327,  330.  Numerous  other  fragments  of 
precisely  this  scheme  of  ornamentation  were  found. 

3.  Rim  of  bowl,  reddish  yellow  clay,  continuous  zigzag  between  the  perpendiculars  and  dotted 
rosettes.     Good  technique. 

4.  The  ornament  is  probably  a  variation  of  the  palm-tree  (cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  296).  I 
have  been  unable  to  find  another  instance  exactly  similar.  Lozenge  chain  introduced  between 
the  perpendiculars.     Another  small  fragment  of  the  vase  was  also  found. 

5.  Exactly  the  same  clay  and  technique  as  Pl.vte  LIV.  11,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  belongs 
to  the  same  vase.     The  herring-bone,  as  on  Plate  LI II.  34,  is  here  introduced. 

6.  Herring-bone  between  the  verticals ;  one  of  the  commonest  Mycenaean  motives.     Cf .  Myk. 
Vas.  XXXIV.  336. 

7.  Lozenge  chain  between  the  verticals  as  on  4. 

8.  Continuous  zigzag  between  the  verticals  as  on  3. 

9.  The  zigzags  are  here  separated.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv,  340.     A  common  motive. 

10.  The  same,  broader  lines,  verticals  in  pairs. 

11.  The  same,  verticals  in  pairs,  closer  together. 

12.  The  lines  between  the  verticals  are  here  treated  as  on  2. 

13.  Interlacing  diagonal  lines  between  the  verticals.  This  form  of  decoration  is  especially 
characteristic  of  the  shoulder  decoration  on  pseud-amphoras,  or  three-handled  vases,     Cf.  Myk. 

Vas.  XXII.  159. 


86 


TlIK   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


The  iiiurex  pattern  is  jrenerallv  aiianj;;e(l  in  series  of  sino^le  ones,  or  |Kiirs.  the  tops 
touching-  the  bonier  of  tht'  rim  of  tlie  vase.  Furtwiingler  and  Loeseheke's  statement,' 
*'  das  Ornament  wird  hesonders  haiifig  an  Beehern  und  Niipfen  verwendet,  doeli  nur  an 
sokhen  deren  Innenseite  ungetirnisst  ist,"  is  not  eori-ect,  sinee  on  sevend  of  the  lleraeum 
fragments,  with  ghize  on  tlie  interior,  was  this  ornament  found. 

13.  Side  of  a  large  bowl,  form  M;/k:  Vum.  xxxi.  :il»7.  alwut  30  cm.  in  diameter.  Height 
eaiiuot  be  determined,  but  it  was  probaldy  the  same  as  the  diameter.  The  clay  is  of  a  warm  yellow, 
but  with  a  tinge  of  red  and  yellow  slip.  Decoration  changes  from  black  to  brown  and  tlark  leil. 
Murices  in  single  series.     Sevend  other  fragments  of  same  vase  were  found. 

14  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  kylix,  yellow  clay.  Murexes  in  single  series,  i-osette  under 
handle.     Several  «)ther  fragments  of  same  vase  were  found. 

15.  Rim  of  bowl.     Simple  nnuex  combined  with  another  diagonally.     Cf.  Mijl:  Vas.  VI.  30. 

16.  Murex  laid  diagonally.     Dark  reil  glaze  on  interior. 

17.  Murex  arranged  diagonally.      V{.  J/>/L  !'</.«.  viii.  47.      Dotted  circle  inside  head  of  murex. 

18.  Murex  laid  horizontally.     Ihilliant  tlark  red  glaze  on  interior. 

19.  Rim  of  large  bowl.  Dottetl  circle  outside  heail  of  murex.  The  zigzag  pattern  at  the  sitle 
is  curious  and  suggests  the  imitatitm  inscrijitions  found  on  black  Hguretl  work.  If,  M^Ji.  V,i^. 
XV,  Ol»,  XX.  145.  XXI.  154. 

20.  Muriees  in  pairs,  iK»ints  curving  outwanls.  Dottetl  cin-le  Wtween  the  pairs.  This  varia- 
tion where  the  points  curve  outwards,  and  the  pair  c«unbinetl  in  single  form,  is  extremely  rare. 
Cf.  Sehliemanu.  Tlri/ns.  pi,  xxii.  b.  M,/k:  Vtis.  xxxi.  2iW. 

21.  Alternate  nmrex  and  ))istil, 

22.  Reddish  clay,  brown  decoration.  This  tnnament  is  probably  a  development  of  the  murex 
pattern. 

Llinar  iiiul  Tcrti/f  PatternH. 

The  conventionaliaition  of  the  pictorial  ornaments  now  leads  to  a  steady  eniphiyinent 
of  linear  and  textile  patterns.  Whether  the  latter  are  really  drawn  from  tlu.st'  n.stnl 
in  embroideries  is  impossible  tt)  s;iv." 

23.  From  a  bowl  of  precisely  the  same  form  and  decoration  as  .l////-.  Van.  xxxii.  30<;,  save 
that  here  the  lozenges  of  the  upper  row  are  ihuible  instead  of  trii)le  in  form. 

24.  Alternating  larger  and  smaller  arches.     Cf.  Mi/l.  Vns.  xxxii.  308. 

25.  The  arches  are  bounded  alwve  and  Mow  by  circles. 

26.  Small  arches  in  series. 

27.  From  a  large  bowl.     Suggestion  of  a  guilloche.     Cf  J///X-.  Vas.  in.  21. 

2a  The  ornaments  in  held  here  consist  of  circles  whose  diameter  is  broken,  Cf.  ^f;/l.  Van. 
XXXII,  313.     Perhaps  a  representation  of  a  mussel-shell  o|»en.     Cf.  li,  ('.  II.  11,  pi,  xv.  10. 

29.  Siuiilar,  with  the  additi<m  of  a  smaller  circle  inside  the  larger  one. 

30.  Ornament  resembling  a  reversed  E  suri*ounde<l  by  s«'micircle.  Cf.  PlaTK  LV.  16:  Mtfi. 
Vus.  XXXII.  304.  307.  312.     Perhaps  the  half  of  a  nmssel-shell :  ef.  Mik.  Vii>^.  p.  «;i,  No.  304. 

The  jninciple  in  the  following  fragments  seems  to  l>e  the  division  of  tiie  vase  into 
a  .series  of  metope-like  s(|uares  by  vertical  lines,  the  vacant  spaces  being  tilled  by  natnral 
ornaments  conventionalized  or  else  textile  motives. 

31.  Simplest  form  ot  design.  Series  of  semicircles  back  to  back  separated  by  a  .series  of  lines, 
not  tpiite  vertical. 

32.  Similar  decoration.     Outer  vertical  lines  boun«le<l  by  series  of  looi»s.  which  is  one  of  the 

commonest  motives  at  this  time. 


»  M>jk.  Vas.  J).  «;i,  No.  297. 


«  Cf.  M^k.  Vu».  p.  02. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:    LINEAR   AND   TEXTILE    PATTERNS 


87 


33.  Semicircles  almost  contiguous.     Between  the  vertical  lines,  series  of  parallel  zigzag.s.     Cf. 
Mijk.  V<t».  XXXIII.  317. 

34.  Double  semicircles  in  upper  right-hand  corner  with  central  dots.     Cf.  No.  29. 

35.  Vertical  lines  interlaced  by  diagonal  lines. 

36.  Double  semicircles,  large  and  small.     Herring-bone  pattern   between  the  vertical  lines. 
Cf.  Myli.  Vas.  xxxiii.  318. 

37.  Three  double  semicircles  bounded  by  mussel  ornament  in  series. 

38.  Interior  semicircle  in  loop  form.     Cf.  Mijh.  V(i)i.  xxxiii.  324. 

39.  Dull  brown  glaze  on  interior.     Squarc  divided  into  four  triangles  by  diagonals,  with  arcs. 
Cf.  Mijk.  Vitt<.  XXXIII.  316. 

40.  The  same  ;  tlouble  semicircles  in  each  triangle. 

41.  Diamon<l  in  squarc,  divided  by  double  semicircles  into  three  sections.     Another  smaller 
fragment  from  the  same  vase  was  found.     Cf.  Mijk.  Va».  i.  5,  xv.  99,  xxxiv.  345. 


Fio.  1.5. 


PLATK    LV. 

1.  Retldish  clay  with  darke:  core,  plastic  moiddings  on  upper  and  lower  edges.  Form  uncer- 
t;iin,  but  probably  that  of  a  three-handled  pyxis  with  roundeil  base,  as  in  Mijh.  V(t».  XLIV.  34. 
Ornament  a   variation   of  the   "  Running 

Dog"  pattern  (see  below)  growing  out  of  ^' 

the  loops  already  mentioned.  Perhaps  the 
ornament  may  have  l>een  intended  for  a 
guilloche.     Cf.  Mijl.  I'i/.'*.  xxxiv.  347. 

2.  Similar  clay,  but  from  rim  of  a  l>owl. 
PeriH'Ujlicular  looj)  pattern,  the  en<ls  car- 
ried out  to  a  iM)int  (as  in  No.  1)  with 
rosette  in  field. 

Fig,  15.  liowl.  Form.  J////',  !'</«. 
XXXIII.  328:  height,  0,104  m. :  diame- 
ter, 0.145  m.  Light  red  chiy,  with  warm 
yellow  slip,  circular  bands  on  interior.  Sim- 
ilar decorati«)n  on  l)oth  sides,  three  i>eri>en- 

dicular  series  of  lines,  the  outer  inclosing  a  herring-bone  pattern,  the  central  one  zigzags  with  :i 
dottetl  semicircle  on  each  side.  Cf.  J////.  Tf/.s.  xxxiii.  327,  330.  Numerous  other  fragments  of 
precisely  this  scheme  of  orname'.itation  were  found. 

3  Rim  of  bowl.  itHldish  yellow  clay,  continuous  zigzag  between  the  perjKjndiculars  and  dotted 
rosettes.     GoikI  technique. 

4.  The  ornament  is  probably  a  variation  of  the  palm-tree  (cf.  Myh.  Vas.  xxxi.  296).  I 
have  been  unable  to  fin«l  another  instance  exactly  similar.  Lozenge  chain  introduced  between 
the  periHjndiculars.     Another  small  fragment  of  the  vase  was  also  foimd. 

5.  Exactly  the  same  clay  and  teclmitpie  as  Plate  LI  V.  11,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  belongs 
to  the  s:ime  va.se.     The  herring-bone,  as  on  Platk  LI  1 1.  34,  is  here  introduced. 

6.  Herring-l)one  between  the  verticals;  one  of  the  commonest  Mycenaean  motives.     Cf.  Mi/L 
Van.  XXXIV.  336. 

7.  Ivozenge  chain  between  the  verticals  as  on  4. 

a   Continuous  zigzag  between  the  verticals  as  on  3 

9.  The  zigzags  are  here  separated.     Cf.  Mt/L  Vas.  xxxiv.  340.     A  common  motive. 

10.  The  same,  broader  lines,  verticals  in  pairs. 

11.  The  s:ime,  verticals  in  pairs,  closer  together. 

12.  The  lines  between  the  verticals  are  here  treated  as  on  2. 

13.  Interlacing  diagonal  lines  lietween  the  verticals.  This  form  of  decoration  is  especially 
characteristic  of  the  shoulder  decoration  on  pseud-amphoras,  or  three-handled  vases.     Cf.  3f>/L 

Vas.  xxiL  159. 


88 


THK    VASKS    AM)   VASK    FHACrMENTS 


14.  "  Kunning  Dog"  and  scale  patterns.     Cf.  J///X.  I'as.  XIX.  13li :  xx.  H^). 

15.  Keil  glaze  on  interior.  Dotted  scale  pattern.  I'f.  JIi/^:  Vatt.  X.  62;  Sclilieniann,  J/yXe/tf/c, 
pi.  xiii.  08 :  Dunjont  and  Chaplain.  Cer.  pi.  iii.  UK 

16.  Scale  pattern  with  dotted  circles.     Similar  in  character  to  3fi/l:  Vas.  XI.  70. 

17.  The  same,  donble  lines  to  each  scale.     Cf.  Schlieniann,  Tlrf/Hn,  fig.  36. 
la    Scales  in  branch  form.     Cf.  Mt/k.  Vtts.  vi.  32;  xi.  70. 

19.  Kim  of  bowl,  another  fragment  from  the  same  vase  also  found.  Parallels  inclosing  cross 
lines  ujceting  at  an  obtuse  angle. 

20.  Lozenge  chain  laid  horizontally.     Cf.  No.  7. 

21.  The  same,  chain  bounded  by  an  •>uter  line  on  each  siile. 

22.  Similar  to  21,  the  interior  pattern  a  "  Kunning  Dog."  Another  fragment  of  the  same  vase 
also  found. 

It  is  very  probable  that  in  21  and  22  a  guilloche  was  represented.  Cf.  J/t/k.  Vas.  .\xxiv.  328 : 
Schliemann,   Tin/m*,  pi.  xxvi.  c. 

23.  "Kunning  Dog"  pattern.     Cf.  M;/l:  Vas.  xviii.  131. 

24.  Prol)ably  the  same  pattern.     The  ends,  however,  do  not  overlap.     Cf.  M»/l.  V(i».  XV.  96. 

25.  ••  Kunning  Dog  "  pattern,  simplest  form. 

26.  The  same,  double  pattern  arranged  vertically. 

27.  Probably  a  development  of  24.     Cf.  .I/y/.  Vax.  xv.  9<5 :  xxi.  1 '>4. 

It  is  well  to  consider  here  the  line  decoration,  or  linear  principle,  which  runs  all  tiirouj^h 
Mycenaean  decoration  from  the  earliest  times.  The  exanijdes  here  cited  (Pijite  LV.) 
ouoht  strictly  to  fall  in  several  of  the  classes  ali*eady  considered  ;  hut  as  this  linear  prin- 
ciple has  a  peculiar  hearinjj  on  later  periods,  especially  the  Ar«»;ive  style,  it  is  best  to 
treat  these  fraoinents  for  a  moment  in  one  special  class.  Only  those  frajj^ments  have 
been  selected  which  afford  an  exann)le  of  fine  line  decoration  ;  fra«»;ments  of  hirj^e  vases 
with  broad  lines  as  their  only  decoration  were  extremely  connnon. 

Thouoh  some  line  decoration  occurs  on  almost  every  vase  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch,  it 
is  only  duriny;  this  j)eriod,  when  Class  III.  Hourishes,  that  we  find  tiie  steady  employ- 
ment of  the  tine  as  well  as  the  heavy  line,  used  chieHy  on  vases  of  the  pseud- 
amphora  ty}>e.  The  shoulders  of  such  va.ses  are  o;enerally  filled  with  various  motives, 
hut  from  the  shoulder  to  the  base  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  a  .series  of  parallel  lines, 
heavv  and  fine.  Such  fran'ments  were  extremely  common  at  the  Heraeum.  Tlieir  rehi- 
tion  to  vases  oi  the  Aro;ive  style  will  be  moi-e  fully  discussed  in  chai)ter  iv. 

28.  Lower  part  of  funnel-slia|>ed  vase,  of  the  so-(>alled  "lalysos"  tyiH'.  Cf.  J////-.  Vtnt.  vri. 
42  :  XI.  71.  The  opening  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  vase.  Fragments  of  such  vases  were 
fairly  couunon  at  the  Heraeum,  and  as  far  u^i  cuuld  bt;  seen  the  only  form  of  decoration  on  them 
was  linear. 

29.  Belly  of  pseud-amphora. 

30.  Base  of  pseud-amphora. 

31.  From  shoxdder  of  ]>seud-amphora.  On  shoulder  traces  of  a  flower  pattern  similar  to  Pl.\TE 
LI II.  28.    The  central  lines  are  bcutlered  by  a  loop  pattern,  in  series. 

32.  The  same.  The  spirals  are  ti-eated  in  a  moiv  naturalistic  fashion,  which,  combined  with 
the  excellent  tej'hnique.  would  seem  to  denote  its  standing  between  Clas.ses  II.  2  and  III.  1. 

There  still  remain  several  kinds  of  vases  to  be  mentioned,  which,  to  jud<»e  hy  technique 
and  stvle.  are  certainlv  not  tdder  than  Class  III.  2,  and  most  iirohaldv  helonjr  to  it. 

Vases  of  a  reddish  yellow  dav.  carefully  polished,  but  witliout  ilecoration.  Frajf 
ments  of  these  vases  were  numerous  and  filled  several  baskets.  Some  s|MH'imens  were 
found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  (see  p.  01).  Only  a  few  vases  could  he  restored  fi-om  the 
fragments,  and  represent  mostly  kylixes  and  amphoras. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:    CLASS   IV 


89 


Fid.  IG. 


Fig.  17. 


Another  series,  which  seems  to  belonjr  to  a  separate  class,  was  formed  by  fraj^nients 
exactly  similar  to  the  one-handled  cups  from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb.  ( Cf .  Fig.  32. )  The 
clay  is  generally  fine,  red  or  yellow  in  color,  with  a  brilliant  glaze,  the  rims  and  feet 
being  ornamented  with  bands.  The  body  of  the  vase  is  covered  with  a  decoration  hard 
to  describe;  it  seems  as  if  the  color  had  been  sprayed  on  the  surface  of  the  vase. 
Wiiether  this  is  the  sjinie  technicjue  exhibited  by  the  vases  from  Aliki  {Mt/k.  Vas. 
XVIII.  110,  125),  1  cannot  sjiy ;  it  is  not  common,  and  thus  far  the  only  similar  speci- 
mens I  have  been  able  to  note  are  from  the  Acropolis  at  Athens  and  Aegina.  Just 
what  position  they  occupy  in  the  Mycenaean  style  is  doubtful,  but  the  several  points  of 
technique,  chiy,  glaze,  and  color  wouhl  seem  to  assign  them  to  Chuss  111.  in  the  first 
division  rather  than  the  second. 

Of  the  class  of  small,  hand-made  vases,  menti«»ned  in  Mi/k.  Vas.  p.  G3,  the  Heraeum 
furnished  one  intact  (Fig.  16)  and  numerous  fragments  of  others.  This  is  a  one-handled 
jug  (height,  0.065  m.)  of  light  reddish  clay, 
with  vellow  slip,  the  decoration  varyino;  be- 
tvveen  black  and  reel.  Cf.  J///^.  IV/.s.  xv.  101, 
102,  XVI.  108  ;  Schliemann,  A/i/cettae,  p.  GC, 
No.  27. 

Another  vase  belonging  to  Class  III.  is  Fig. 
17:  height,  0.0()  m. ;  diameter,  0.051  m.  Tw(» 
U'iis  and  handle  restored.  Greenish  clay,  with 
black  bands  on  body  and  legs,  dots  ou  rim. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  identical  with  .I////-.  Vas.  xuv.  102,  save  that  the  legs  do 
not  turn  up  at  the  bott<mi.     Cf.  Jiihrh.  I.  ( 1880),  p.  IIU,  fig.  :300(). 

CLA.SS   IV. 

The  number  of  fragments  belonj»in<»-  to  Class  IV.  is  very  small.  In  only  a  few  cases 
were  more  than  three  fragments  of  the  same  vase  found,  and  even  then  the  design  could 
not  always  be  reconstructed.  The  peculiar  fact  is  that  the  fragments  of  this  class  which 
we  possess  do  not  show  the  wealth  of  ornamentation  we  should  have  expected.  A  very 
sliiiht  study  of  vases  belonoino-  to  this  class  from  other  localities  shows  that  it  is  thor- 
oughly  decadent,  with  a  wealth  of  ornamentation  linear  rather  than  pictorial  in  charac- 
ter. The  Heraeum  fragments  show  this  linear  feature,  and  even  though  the  wealth  of 
ornamentation  be  lacking,  the  similarity  between  them  and  other  vases  of  the  class,  in 
decoration,  clay,  techni(iue,  etc.,  is  strong  enough  to  warrant  our  plachig  them  in  Class 
IV.  without  (|uestion. 

The  clay  of  all  our  fragments  of  this  class  is  much  coarser  than  in  the  previous  class, 
and  is  «»-enerally  greenish  in  tone.  The  color  has  lost  the  lu.stre  which  was  prominent 
before,  while  the  irlaze  is  {renerallv  dull  and  never  rises  to  the  level  of  that  of  Class  III. 
in  point  of  brilliancy.  Though  the  forms  of  the  vases  cannot  always  be  determhied,  it  is 
.sife  to  say  that  bowls  were  the  most  common.  It  may  also  be  stilted  that  fragments 
of  this  class  which  belong  to  vases  with  large  openings  do  not  always  have  the  interior 
glazed  (J////.-.  IV/."*.  p.  03),  or,  to  put  it  differently,  the  absence  of  glaze  on  the  backs  of 
Iar«a»  fra«»-ments  of  bowls  is  no  proof  that  they  are  not  connected  with  Class  IV.  In  fact, 
amon«'-  the  Heraeum  fragments  of  this  cla.ss.  glaze  on  the  back  was  the  exception  rather 

than  the  rule. 

As  the  number  of  fragments  is  so  few,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  arrange  them  in 


IW 


THK  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


14.  •'  Running  Dog"  and  scale  pattenis.     C'f.  Myk:  Vatt.  XIX.  136 :  XX.  146. 

15.  Red  glaze  on  interior.  Dotted  scale  pattern.  Cf.  Myk.  Va».  x.  62 ;  Schliemauii,  Mykeuac^ 
pi.  xiii.  63 ;  Dumont  and  Chaplain,  Cer.  pi.  iii.  19. 

16.  Scale  pattern  with  dotted  circles.     Similar  in  character  to  Myk.  Vas.  xi.  70. 

17.  The  same,  double  lines  to  each  scale.     Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  fig.  36. 
la   Scales  in  branch  form.     Cf.  Myk.  Va».  vi.  32 ;  xi.  70. 

19.  Rim  of  bowl,  another  fragment  from  the  same  vase  also  found.  Parallels  inclosing  cross 
lines  meeting  at  an  obtuse  angle. 

20.  Lozenge  chain  laid  horizontally.     Cf.  No.  7. 

21.  The  same,  chain  bounded  by  an  outer  line  on  each  side. 

22.  Similar  to  21,  the  interior  pattern  a  "  Running  Dog."  Another  fragment  of  the  same  vase 
also  found. 

It  is  very  probable  that  in  21  and  22  a  guilloche  was  i-epresented.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  XXXIV.  328 : 
Schliemann,  Tirynn,  pi.  xxvi.  c. 

23.  '•Running  Dog"  pattern.     Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xviii.  131. 

24.  Probably  the  same  pattern.     The  ends,  however,  do  not  overlap.     Cf.  Myk.  Vus.  xv.  96. 

25.  "  Running  Dog  '  j)attern.  simplest  form. 

26.  The  same,  double  pattern  arranged  vertically. 

27.  Probably  a  development  of  24.     Cf.  Myk.  Va».  xv.  96 :  xxi.  154. 

It  is  well  to  consider  here  the  line  deeoration,  or  linear  j)rineiple,  which  runs  all  through 
^Mycenaean  decoration  from  the  earliest  times.  The  examples  here  cited  (Plate  LV.) 
oujjht  strictly  to  fall  in  several  of  the  classes  already  considered ;  but  as  this  linear  prin- 
ciple has  a  peculiar  bearing  on  later  periods,  especially  the  Argive  style,  it  is  l)est  to 
treat  these  fragments  for  a  moment  in  one  si>ecial  class.  Only  those  fmgnients  have 
been  selected  which  afford  an  example  of  fine  line  decoration  ;  fragments  of  hirge  vases 
with  broad  lines  as  their  oidv  decoration  were  extremelv  common. 

Though  some  line  decoration  occurs  on  almost  every  vase  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch,  it 
is  only  during  this  period,  when  Class  III.  flourishes,  that  we  find  the  steady  employ- 
ment of  the  fine  as  well  as  the  heavy  line,  used  chiefly  on  vases  of  the  pseud- 
amphora  type.  The  shoulders  of  such  vases  are  generally  filled  with  various  nuitives, 
but  from  the  shoulder  to  the  base  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  a  series  of  |Kirallel  lines, 
heavy  and  fine.  Such  fragments  were  extremely  common  at  the  Heraeum.  Their  rela- 
tion to  vases  of  the  Argive  style  will  be  more  fidly  discussed  in  chapter  iv. 

2&  Lower  part  of  funnel-shaped  vase,  of  the  so-called  "  lalysos "  tyix?.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  vii. 
42  ;  XI.  71.  The  opening  nuis  the  whole  length  of  the  vase.  Fragments  of  such  vases  were 
fairly  conunou  at  the  Heraeum,  and  as  far  as  could  be  seen  the  only  form  of  decoration  on  them 
was  linear. 

29.  Belly  of  pseud-amphora. 

30.  Base  of  pseud-amphora. 

31.  From  shoidder  of  pseud-amphora.  On  shoulder  traces  of  a  flower  pattern  similar  to  Plate 
LIII.  28.    The  central  lines  are  bordered  by  a  loop  jiattern,  in  series. 

32.  The  same.  The  spirals  are  treated  in  a  more  naturalistic  fashion,  which,  combined  with 
the  excellent  technique,  would  seem  to  denote  its  standing  between  Classes  II.  2  and  III.  1. 

There  still  remain  several  kinds  of  vases  to  be  mentioned,  which,  to  judge  by  technique 
and  style,  are  certainly  not  older  than  Class  III.  2,  and  most  probably  belong  to  it. 

Vases  of  a  reddish  yellow  clay,  carefully  })olished,  but  without  decoration.  Frag- 
ments of  these  vases  were  numerous  and  filled  several  baskets.  Some  specimens  were 
found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  (see  p.  91).  Only  a  few  vases  could  be  restored  from  the 
fragments,  and  represent  mostly  kylixes  and  amphoras. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:    CLASS   IV 


89 


Fiu.  16. 


Fig.  17. 


Another  series,  which  seems  to  belong  to  a  separate  class,  was  formed  by  fragments 
exactly  similar  to  the  one-handled  cups  from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb.  (Cf.  Fig.  32.)  The 
clay  is  generally  fine,  red  or  yellow  in  color,  with  a  brilliant  glaze,  the  rims  and  feet 
being  ornamented  with  bands.  The  body  of  the  vase  is  covered  with  a  decoration  hard 
to  describe;  it  seems  as  if  the  color  had  been  sprayed  on  the  surface  of  the  vase. 
Whether  this  is  the  same  technique  exhibited  by  the  vases  from  Aliki  {Myk.  Vas. 
xvni.  110,  125),  I  cannot  say;  it  is  not  common,  and  thus  far  the  only  similar  speci- 
mens I  have  been  able  to  note  are  from  the  AcropoUs  at  Athens  and  Aegina.  Just 
what  position  they  occupy  in  the  Mycenaean  style  is  doubtful,  but  the  several  points  of 
technique,  clay,  glaze,  and  color  would  seem  to  assign  them  to  Class  III.  in  the  first 
division  rather  than  the  second. 

Of  the  class  of  small,  hand-made  vases,  mentioned  in  Myk.  Vas.  p.  63,  the  Heraeum 
furnished  one  intact  (Fig.  16)  and  numerous  fragments  of  others.  This  is  a  one-handled 
jug  (height,  0.065  ni.)  of  light  reddish  clay, 
with  yellow  slip,  the  decoration  varying  be- 
tween black  and  red.  Ct.  Myk.  Vus.  xv.  101, 
102,  XVI.  108 ;  Schliemann,  Mycenae,  p.  66, 
No.  27. 

Another  vase  belonging  to  Class  III.  is  Fig. 
17  ;  height,  0.06  m. ;  diameter,  0.051  m.  Two 
legs  and  handle  restored.  Greenish  clay,  with 
black  bands  on  body  and  legs,  dots  on  rim. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  identiciil  with  Myk.  V((s.  xliv.  192,  save  that  the  legs  do 
not  turn  up  at  the  bottom.     Cf.  Jahrh.  I.  (1886),  p.  134,  fig.  3006. 

CLASS  IV. 

The  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  Class  IV.  is  very  small.  In  only  a  few  cases 
were  more  than  three  fragments  of  the  same  vase  found,  and  even  then  the  design  could 
not  always  be  reconstructed.  The  peculiar  fact  is  that  the  fragments  of  this  class  which 
we  possess  do  not  show  the  wealth  of  ornamentation  we  should  have  expected.  A  very 
slight  study  of  vases  belonging  to  this  class  from  other  localities  shows  that  it  is  thor- 
oughly decadent,  with  a  wealth  of  ornamentation  linear  rather  than  pictorial  in  charac- 
ter. The  Heraeum  fragments  show  this  linear  feature,  and  even  though  the  wealth  of 
ornamentation  be  lacking,  the  similarity  between  them  and  other  vases  of  the  class,  in 
decoration,  clay,  technique,  etc.,  is  strong  enough  to  warrant  our  placing  them  in  Class 
IV.  without  question. 

The  clav  of  all  our  fragments  of  this  class  is  much  coarser  than  in  the  previous  class, 
and  is  generally  gieenish  in  tone.  The  color  has  lost  the  lustre  which  was  prominent 
before,  while  the  glaze  is  generally  dull  and  never  rises  to  the  level  of  that  of  Class  III. 
in  point  of  brilliancy.  Though  the  forms  of  the  vases  cannot  always  be  determined,  it  is 
sjife  to  say  that  bowls  were  the  most  common.  It  may  also  be  stated  that  fragments 
of  this  class  which  belong  to  va.ses  with  large  openings  do  not  always  have  the  interior 
glazed  {Myk.  Vas.^.  63),  or,  to  put  it  differently,  the  absence  of  glaze  on  the  backs  of 
liirge  fragments  of  bowls  is  no  proof  that  they  are  not  connected  with  Class  IV.  In  fact, 
among  the  Heraeum  fragments  of  this  class,  glaze  on  the  back  was  the  exception  rather 

than  the  rule. 

As  the  number  of  fragments  is  so  few,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  arrange  them  in 


00 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   THE   BEE-HIVE  TOMBS 


91 


F«..  18. 


chronolugieal  order,  nor,  indeed,  could  any  siitisfactory  classification  of  ornamentation  be 
found,  since  in  an  over-elaborate  style  like  Class  IV.  it  is  a  dilKcult  task,  when  dealing 
with  a  few  scattered  fragments,  to  evolve  any  definite  scheme.  In  the  main  the  order  is 
based  upon  plates  xxxv.  and  xxxvi.  of  the  Myktnisvhe  Vastn, 

33.  Pattern  similar  to  Plate  LIV.  38.  Alternate  diamonds  in  the  interspaces  of  the  arches. 
Cf.  Mijk.  Vas.  xxxv.  351.     Two  other  fragments  of  the  same  vase  were  found. 

3^    From  side  of  bowl,    (ireenish  clay.   Cf.  Myk. 
Van.  xxxv.  357. 

Fig.  la  Half  of  bowl.  Form,  Myk.  Vas. 
xxxiii.  318;  height  of  fragment,  0.0(J9  m. ;  clay 
light  red,  with  warm  yellow  slip,  red  decoration 
fairly  brilliant.  Though  half  of  the  design  is  miss- 
ing, there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  somewhat 
similar  to  Myk.  Vas.  XXXI.  29G,  with  a  lozenge  of 
interlaced  lines  uii  either  side. 

Throughout  Class  IV.   the  '•  Heraldic "  scheme 
or  "  Wappenstil "  plays  a  ]iromineiit  part  and  is  illustrated  by  several  of  our  fragments. 

3Si  Similar  "  Heraldic  "  scheme.  Band  on  interior  just  below  the  rim.  Cf.  Myk,  Va».  XLI. 
424. 

36.  Similar  arrangement.     Continuation  of  design  to  a  circle  of  interlacing  lines. 

37.  Decoration  much  faded.  Evidently  a  development  of  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  256  :  cf.  Myk. 
T'i/.s.  xxxv.  357. 

38.  Possibly  a  development  of  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  296.  Though  dots  are  frequently  employed 
as  the  groundwork  of  a  design,  their  use  in  plare  of  the  line  is  very  curious.  A  somewhat 
analogous  use  occurs  in  fragments  from  Tiryns.  {iZi.  below  No.  4&)  The  "  Heraldic  "  scheme 
suggests  Myk.  Vas.  xxxv.  356. 

39.  Shoulder  of  pseud-amphoi'a.     Ellipse  inclosing  series  of  zigzags. 

40.  Perhaps  similar  arrangement  to  Myk.  Vas.  xxxvi.  376. 

41.  From  a  bowl.     Band  below  rim  on  inside.     Similar  '*  Heraldic  "  scheme  to  Pig.  18. 

42.  From  a  large  vessel. 

43.  Reddish  clay,  fine  technique.     Elliptical  lines  inclosing  series  of  zigzags  curving  to  a  point. 

44  a-d.  Four  fragments  from  same  bowl.  Greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  arrange- 
ment of  tlie  design  is  extremely  difficult  to  restore.  That  a  bird  was  intended  seems  fairly 
evident  if  a  (the  head)  be  compared  with  Mifk.  Vas.  xxxvi.  364,  and  c  (the  wing)  with 
XXXVIII.  383.     Perhaps  like  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  pi.  x.  45. 

BIRDS,  ANIMALS,   AND  HUMAN   FIGURES. 

Though  the  use  of  figures,  animal  or  human,  is  one  of  the  later  innovations  of  the 
Mycenaean  style  and  a  characteristic  feature  of  Class  IV.,  all  vases  which  show  this  use 
do  not  necessarily  belong  to  that  class.  Such  figures  seem  to  have  been  introduced 
during  the  latter  period  of  Class  III.  Only  half  a  dozen  of  such  fragments  were  found 
at  the  Heraeum,  but  no  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  lack  of  such  fragments  is  forth- 


coming. 


All  except  the  last  (No.  47)  belong  to  Class  III. 


45  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase.  Brick  red  clay,  with  dark  red  decoration. 
Two  birds,  somewhat  resembling  a  wild  duck,  are  represented.  Both  fragments  show  an  ex- 
tremely advanced  style  of  technique  and  belong  to  Class  III. 

46.  Rear  part  of  base  of  the  well-known  '•  Tiryns  "  tj'pe.  The  legs  and  body  of  the  horse  are 
filled  in  by  dots  as  in  No.  38.  An  identical  use  may  be  found  in  a  fragment  from  Tiryns  (Schlie- 
mann, Tiryns.,  pi.  xxi.  a). 

Pig.  19.    Fragment    of    a    large    bowl    of    34    cm.    in    diameter.      Height    of    fragment, 


0.125  m. ;  length,  0.22  m. ;  thickness  of  clay,  0.006  m.     Reddish  clay,  with  lighter  core  and  pale 

reddish  slip,  dull  I'ed  decoration.     Upper  part  of  two  fishes 
represented.     Class  III. 

The  arrangement  of  fishes  in  a  symmetrical  series  with  a 
flower  branch  between  them  is  a  natural  characteristic  of  the 
third  class.  The  use  of  crosses  instead  of  dots  as  decoration 
for  the  body  is  quite  akin  to  that  on  plate  xi.  48  of  Schlie- 
mann's  Mycenae.  A  similar  arrangement  may  be  noted  on  a 
lebes  from  Cyprus  in  the  British  Museum.  (^Excavations  in 
Fig.  19  Cyprus^  p.  35,  fig.  66,  No.  1038.)     Cf.  also  Petrie,  Kahun., 

Gurob^  and  Hawara,  pi.  xxviii.  9. 
47    Base  of  a  bowl.     Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.     Lower  part  of  human  figure 
with  a  tree  or  branch. 

This  is  the  only  Mycenaean  fragment  from  the  Heraeum  on  which  the  human  figure 
occurred.  Its  treatment  is  somewhat  curious,  and  savors  more  of  those  figures  on  Geo- 
metric vases.  However,  it  seems  doubtful  whether  any  Geometric  influence  can  be  here 
recognized. 

Fig.  20  (Form,  Myk.  Va9.  XLiv.  63  ;  drawing  on  Plate  LXIV.  1.)  One-handled  jug ;  height, 
0.054  m.  Found  at  the  southeast  of  the  Second  Temple.  Yellow 
clay  and  slip  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  On  base 
rays,  and  figure  zone  on  the  body ;  another  figure  zone  on  the 
shoulder,  and  stripes  on  the  neck  and  rim.  Vertical  zigzag  on  the 
handle  between  two  ]>eri)endicular  lines.     Intact. 

This  vase  is  of  special  interest,  since  it  shows  the  transi- 
tion between  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles.  Clay  and 
technique  are  unmistakably  Mycenaean,  but  the  general 
scheme  of  decoration  savors  more  of  the  Argive  stj^le, 
since  we  have  an  animal  zone  and  a  verj'  primitive  example 
of  a  ray  pattern  around  the  base. 

On  the  shoulder  are  represented  three  animals,  but  so 
rudely  drawn  that  it  is  impossible  to  identify  them.     They  pjo.  20. 

have  large  open  mouths,  three  projections  above,  which  may 

represent  ears  and  horns,  and  a  tail  almost  like  an  extra  leg.  Each  leg  ends  in  a  triple 
division.  Three  animals  precisely  similar  are  represented  on  the  main  zone,  inverted. 
This  inversion  gives  an  extremely  curious  effect,  as  the  animals  thus  resemble  boats  with 
their  sailors,  the  ray  pattern  serving  as  waves ;  but  it  is  plain  that  such  an  effect  is  acci- 
dental. This  inversion  of  the  figures  is  paralleled  by  two  skyphoi  from  the  Heraeum 
(v.  p.  151),  and  does  not,  as  far  as  I  know,  occur  on  any  Mycenaean  vase. 

This  vase  has  been  assigned  to  the  Mycenaean  class  purely  on  technical  grounds,  for 
it  shows  so  perfectly  the  characteristics  of  both  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles  that 
it  is  difficult  to  decide  to  which  class  it  really  belongs.  It  must  be  admitted  that  no 
animal  on  any  Mycenaean  vase  resembles  these  figmes  in  any  way ;  but,  for  that  matter, 
no  similar  animal  can  be  found  on  any  Argive  vase. 

THE  BEE-HIVE  TOMBS  NEAR  THE  HERAEUM. 
Two  tombs  were  discovered  on  the  20th  and  23d  of  April,  1894.     Both  have  been 
described  in  the  previous  volume  of  this  publication,  and  consequently  there  is  no  need 
of  devoting  any  time  to  the  consideration  of  their  architectural  features.     The  contents 
of  these  tombs  was  as  follows  :  — 


00 


THK    VASKS    AND   VASK    FRAGMENTS 


F«j.  18. 


chroiioloiiical  order,  ii«>r,  indeed,  coidd  aiiv  sjitisfactorv  elussitication  of  oriiaineiitation  he 
t'ound,  since  in  an  over-elaborate  style  like  Class  IV.  it  is  a  diftieult  task,  when  dealing 
with  a  few  scattered  frasrnients,  to  evolve  anv  definite  scheme.  In  the  main  the  order  is 
based  upon  plates  xxxv.  and  xxxvi.  of  the  Mt/kenisc/ie  Vui<tn. 

33.  Pattern  similar  to  Platk  LIV.  38.  Alternate  diamonds  in  the  intersiiaces  of  the  arches. 
Cf.  Mi/k.  Viis.  XXXV.  351.      Two  other  fragments  of  the  same  vase  were  found. 

34.    From  side  of  l)OwI.    (ircenish  elay.    Cf.  Mt/k. 
I 'lis.  XXXV.  357. 

Fig.  18.  Half  of  bowl.  Fornu  .1////.  Vai*. 
xxxiii.  318  :  height  of  fragment,  0.0«>9  m. :  clay 
light  ivd,  with  warm  yellow  slip,  red  decoration 
fairlv  brilliant.  Though  half  of  the  desijjn  is  miss- 
ing,  there  can  he  no  doubt  that  it  was  somewhat 
similar  to  Mi/k.  I'utt.  xxxi.  -t>«j,  with  a  lozenge  of 
interlaced  lines  on  either  side. 

Throughout  Class   IV.    the   "Heraldic'*   scheme 
or  ••  Wappenstil ""  plays  a  prominent  part  and  is  illustrated  by  several  of  <mr  fragments. 

35i  Similar  "Heraldic"  scheme.  Band  <»n  interior  just  below  the  rim.  Cf.  J/yX.  Vas.  XU. 
424. 

36.  Similar  aiTangement.     Continuation  of  design  to  a  circle  of  interlacing  lines. 

37.  Decoration  much  faileil.  Evidently  a  development  of  Mf/l.  ]'<!>*.  xxix.  256  :  cf.  Mf/k. 
Vits.  XXXV.  357. 

38.  Possibly  a  development  of  J/y/.  T'/.v.  xxxi.  29«>.  Though  dots  are  frcijuently  employed 
as  the  groundwork  of  a  <lesign.  their  use  in  phice  of  the  line  is  very  curious.  A  somewhat 
analogous  use  occms  in  fragments  from  Tiryns.  (Cf.  below  No.  46.)  The  "Heraldic  "  scheme 
suggests  Myk.  Vutt.  XXX v.  35G. 

39l   Shouhler  of  pseutl-amphora.      Ellipse  inclosing  series  of  zigzags. 

40.  Perhaps  similar  arrangement  to  J////.  Vas.  xxxvi.  370. 

41.  From  a  bowl.     Band  below  rim  on  insiile.     Similar  "  Heraldic  "  scheme  to  Fig.  18. 

42.  From  a  large  vessel. 

43.  Keildish  clay,  fine  technique.      Elli)>tical  lines  inclosing  series  of  zigzags  curving  to  a  |>oint. 

44  a-d.  Four  fragments  from  same  bowl.  (Jreenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  arrange- 
ment of  the  design  is  extremely  difficult  to  restore.  That  a  bird  was  intended  seems  fairly 
evident  if  a  (the  head)  l)e  compared  with  Mi/k.  T'(/.s.  XXXVI.  364,  and  C  (the  wing)  with 
XXXVIII.  383.     Perhaps  like  Schliemann,  Tlrtjtm,  pi.  x.  45. 


IJIUDS.  .VNIMAL.S.   AND   IIIMAX   FIf;URES. 

Thoujj^h  the  use  of  finures,  animal  or  human,  is  one  of  the  Liter  inn(»vations  of  the 
Mvcenaean  stvle  and  a  characteristic  feature  of  Class  IV.,  all  vases  which  show  this  use 
do  not  necessarily  belono;  to  that  class.  Such  fioures  seem  to  have  been  introduced 
durin«^  the  latter  period  of  C'lass  III.  Only  half  a  dozen  of  such  fraj;:ments  were  found 
at  the  Heraeum,  but  no  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  lack  of  such  fragments  is  forth- 
comin<j.     All  except  the  last  (No.  47)  belong  to  Class  111. 

45  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase.  Brick  red  clay,  with  dark  red  decoration. 
Two  birds,  somewhat  resembling  a  wiltl  duck,  are  represented.  Both  fragments  sliow  an  ex- 
tremely advanced  style  of  technique  and  belong  to  Class  III. 

46.  Hear  part  of  base  of  the  well-known  '■  Tiryns  "  tyjie.  The  legs  and  botly  of  the  horse  are 
tilled  in  by  dots  as  in  Nt).  38.  An  identical  use  may  be  found  in  a  fragment  from  Tiryns  ( Schlie- 
mann. 71  n/ns,  pi.  xxi.  a ). 

Fig.  19.    Fragment    of    a    large    bowl    of    34    cm.    in    diameter.      Height    of    fragment, 


THE   MYCF:NAEAN   STYLE:   THE   BEE-HIVE   TOMBS 


91 


0.125  m. ;  length,  0.22  m. ;  thickness  of  clay,  0.006  m.     Reddish  clay,  with  lighter  core  and  pale 

reddish  slip,  tlull   red  decoration.     Upper  part  of  two  fishes 
represented.     Class  III. 

The  arrangement  of  fishes  in  a  symmetrical  series  with  a 
flower  branch  between  them  is  a  natural  characteristic  of  the 
third  class.  The  use  of  crosses  instead  of  dots  as  decoration 
for  the  boily  is  (juite  akin  to  that  on  plate  xi.  48  of  Schlie- 
mann's  J/i/cenur.  A  similar  arrangement  may  be  noted  on  a 
lebcs  from  Cyprus  in  the  British  Museum.  {LWavations  in 
Fi«;.  1!)  Ci/jn-uft,  p.  35,  fig.  66,  No.  1038.)     Cf.  also  Petrie,  Kahun. 

Gui-ob^  and  J/awara,  jd.  xxviii.  9. 
47    Base  of  a  bowl.      Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.     Lower  part  of  human  figure 
with  a  tree  or  branch. 

This  is  the  only  Mycenaean  fragment  from  the  Heraeum  on  which  the  human  figure 
occurred.  Its  treatment  is  s<nnewhat  curious,  and  savors  more  of  those  figures  on  Geo- 
metric vases.  However,  it  seems  doubtful  whether  any  Geometric  influence  can  be  here 
recognized 

Fig.  20    ( Fi»rm,  Mi/L\  Vos.  xliv.  63  :  drawing  on  Pl.vte  LXIV.  1.)    One-handled  jug :  height, 

0.054  m.     Found  at  the  southeast  of  the  Second  Temple.     YeUow  _^ 

clay  and  slip  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  On  base 
rays,  and  figure  zone  on  the  botly:  another  figure  zone  on  the 
shoulder,  and  striiws  on  the  neck  and  rim.  Vertical  zigzag  on  the 
handle  between  two  perjwndicular  lines.     Intact. 

This  vase  is  of  special  interest,  since  it  shows  the  transi- 
tion between  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles.  Clay  and 
techniciue  are  unmistakably  Mycenaean,  but  the  general 
scheme  of  decoration  .savors  more  of  the  Argive  style, 
since  we  have  an  animal  zone  and  a  very  primitive  example 
of  a  ray  pattern  around  the  base. 

On  the  shoulder  are  represented  three  animals,  but  so 
rudely  drawn  that  it  is  impossible  to  identify  them.  They 
have  large  open  mouths,  three  projections  above,  which  may 
represent  ears  and  horn.s,  and  a  tail  almost  like  an  extra  leg. 
division.  Three  animals  preci.sely  similar  are  represented  on  the  main  zone,  inverted. 
This  inversion  "ives  an  extremelv  curious  effect,  as  the  animals  thus  resemble  boats  with 
their  sailors,  the  ray  pattern  serving  as  waves ;  but  it  is  plain  that  such  an  effect  is  acci- 
dental. This  inversion  of  the  figures  is  paralleled  by  two  skyphoi  from  the  Heraeum 
(V.  p.  151),  and  does  not,  as  far  as  I  know,  occur  on  any  Mycenaean  vase. 

This  vase  has  been  assigned  to  the  Mycenaean  class  purely  on  technical  grounds,  for 
it  shows  so  perfectly  the  characteristics  of  both  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles  that 
it  is  ditticult  to  decide  to  which  class  it  really  belongs.  It  must  be  admitted  that  no 
animal  on  any  Mycenaean  vase  resembles  these  figures  in  any  way  ;  but,  for  that  matter, 
no  similar  animal  can  be  found  on  any  Argive  vase. 


Kif;.  'JO. 


Each  leg  ends  in  a  triple 


THK   BKK-IIIVK  TOMBS  NEAR  THE   HERAEUM. 
Two  tombs  were  discovered  on  the  20th  and  23d  of  April,  1894.     Both  have  been 
described  in  the  previous  volume  of  this  publication,  and  consequently  there  is  no  need 
of  devotiii"-  anv  time  t<>  the  consideration  (d'  their  architectural  features.     The  contents 
of  these  tombs  was  as  follows  :  — 


1>*2 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


TOMB    I,  TOMB    II. 

49  vases,  32  entirely  or  nearly  whole,  ami  17  Fraguieuta  of  vases, 

in  fray:ment.s.  4  steatite  whorls. 

3  terra-cotta  figurines.  1  red  agate  l)eatl. 
1  terra-eotta  chair.  1  bronze  rinir. 

I  island  stone. 

4  steatite  whorls. 
1  ivory  needle. 
Glass  beads. 

The  few  vase  fragments  from  the  sei'ond  tomh  were  mostly  iiiicleconited,  and  pei- 
mitted  no  reconstruction.  A  few  fragments  of  bones  were  also  found  ;  but  in  tlie  main 
the  contents  of  the  tomh  are  not  worth  a  detailed  consi<leration. 

In  the  first  t<nnh  the  results  were  more  gratifying.  Three  layers  were  found,  the 
upper  containing  bones  and  four  vases  (mostly  cups),  at  a  deptli  of  '2.V.i  m. ;  the  second, 
wliieh  contained  a  skull,  some  calcined  bones,  and  the  maioritv  of  the  vases  and  fra«»-- 
ments,  at  a  depth  of  3.28  m.  Ten  cm.  helow  the  second  came  the  last  hiyer,  which, 
hesides  a  few  fragments  of  hones  and  a  cuj)  (No.  18),  contained  a  small  seiKirate  grave 
near  the  entrance  of  the  (h-mnos  (length,  1.2()  m. ;  width,  0.4.")  m. ;  «lepth,  OM  m.). 
Through  some  accident  during  the  transportation  to  Athens,  several  of  the  hihels  were 
lost,  and  it  is  now  impossible,  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  vases  or  fragments,  to  decide 
from  which  layer  they  came. 

The  classes  represented  were  11.  2  and  III.  2.  No  specimens  which  showed  the 
advanced  technicpie  of  III.  1  were  found,  nor  were  there  anv  rondi  pieces  which  could 
belong  to  II.  1.  At  the  same  time  there  a[>pears  to  have  heen  no  distinction  in  the 
matter  of  layers,  since  vases  of  both  classes  were  scattered  ahout  in  each  layer.  Certain 
it  is,  however,  that  all  these  vases  are  products  of  tlie  siinie  period. 

The  shapes  represented  were  as  follows :  — 

II  jugs  with  handle.  9  cups  with  handle. 
2  jugs  with  handle  and  sjHjut.                                      4  kylixes. 
9  three-handled  vases.                                                    1  pseud-aniphora. 

4  vases.  rei)resente<l  by  fragments.  l)ut  not 
{Hn-niitting  a  complete  restoration. 


0  aniphoras. 
3  cups. 


Jug»  with  Handle. 

1.  Height.  0.207  ni.  Form,  J////.  Vaft.  XLlv.  «;3.  Coarse 
reddish  clay,  without  any  <lec<>ration.  Hase  of  liamlle  pierceil 
by  a  hole.     Intact :  Hrst  layer. 

Two  more  jugs  (height.  0.23') 
ni.  and  0.22  ni.)  were  found  in 
the  second  laver,  of  preeiselv  sinii- 
lar  form  and  t«>«-hnii|ne.  Il<>tli  had 
a  small  li<)l«>  at  the  base  of  the 
handle. 

2.  Height.  0.1').')  m.  Similar 
sha)>e  to  1,  but  with  handh'  a  lit- 
tle more  tlaring.  Keddish  day, 
with  a  highly  ]>olished  yellow  slip, 
without  any  decoration. 
Half  of  another  vase  of  same  form  and  techniipie  was  found. 

3.  (  Fig.  21.)    Heiglit.  0.103  m.     Sam.-  f«)rni  as  1.      Red  clay,  with  herring-bone  i)attern  in  a 
series  of  f«>iu-  on  the  shoulder  in  red  brown. 


Fig.  21. 


Fuj.  :i-_'. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   THE   BEE-HIVE  TOMB 


93 


One-handled  vase  with 


Another  jug  precisely  similar,  but  with  s])irals  on  the  shoulder  and  plastic  boss  under  the  handle 
was  also  found. 

4.  (Fig.  29.)  Height,  0.078  m.  Handle  missing.  Form  similar  to  1,  but  rather  more  rounded 
and  squat  in  appearance.  Keddish  clay,  with  black  decoration  laid  on  very  thickly  and  cracked  in 
places.     Bands  and  continuous  spiral  chain  on  the  shoulder,  with  dots  in  the  field. 

Another  similar  jug  with  leaf  pattern  on  shoulder  was  found. 

5.  (Fig.  23  (f  and  b.)  Height,  0.074  m. :  diameter  of  cover,  0.075  m. 
cover.  Form  similar  to  J/f/k.  V(i><. 
XLiv.  115,  excei)t  that  here  the 
foot  is  lacking.  Coarse  red  clay, 
with  dark  core  pierced  by  two  rows 
of  holes,  with  a  single  row  in  the 
cover.  The  use  of  this  peculiar  ves- 
sel has  never  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained :  similar  examples  have  been 
found  at  Troy  in  the  foju-th  city 
(Schliemann,  Jftos,  p.  557.  fig.  11, 

96).  and  at  lalysos.  (.I////-.  Vax.  n.  15.)  According  to  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke  these  ves- 
sels  were  used  to  burn  incense  or  some  sweet-smelling  powder  for  sanitary  reasons,  and  this  expla- 
nation seems  very  plausible,  es|>ecially  as  we  find  the  cover  also  pierced  with  holes. 

Amphoras. 

Form,  3fi/l:  Vas.  XLiv.  44,  except  for  a  slight  variation  in  the 
foot.  Coarse  brick  red  clay  without  decoration.  The  exterior 
has  been  entirely  covered  with  a  white  wash,  almost  entirely 
worn  away. 

The  principal  feature  of  this  amphora  lies  in  the  white  wash. 
This,  as  is  shown  by  many  of  our  fragments,  was  a  very  common 
feature,  and  half  a  dozen  baskets  are  filled  with  fragments 
showing  it.  Generally  it  seems  to  be  employed  on  vases  of 
coarse  clay,  large  pithoi  or  small  wheel-made  saucers.  While 
this  techniipie  is  employed  very  often  on  Mycenaean  terra-cotta 
figurines  and  later  vases  (e.  g.  the  white  lekythoi),  it  is  ex- 
tremely rare  on  archaic  vases  (two  in  Berlin.  1309,  1G29),  and 
I  know  of  no  other  instance  in  the  Mycenaean  style.  From  its 
frequency  in  our  fragments,  it  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  a 
local  fashion. 

Another  small  amphora  (height,  0.09  m.)  similar  in  shape,  of 
yellowish  clay  with  a  reddish  tinge,  but  without  the  white  wash,  was  found  in  the  second  layer. 

7.  (Fig.  25.)  Height.  0.105  m.  Light  red  clay,  with 
yellow  slip.  Fadeil  black  glaze  over  all,  inside  and  out- 
side (except  base). 

This  vase  differs  from  the  onlinary  Mycenaean  am- 
phora in  that  the  handles  have  no  connection  with  the 
mouth  of  the  vase.  The  absence  of  all  decoration  antl 
the  presence  of  the  glaze  proves  that  a  large  part  of  the 
glazed  fragnu'uts  which  the  Heraeum  furnished  nnist 
l)e  placed  in  the  Mycenaean  j»eriod. 

a  Height,  0.07  m. ;  form,  J/yA.  ^ ''•'*•  ^^^^-  '^^• 
Yellow  clay,  with  red  decoration  very  nmch  faded. 
Second  layer. 

This  vase  was  identical  with  M>/k:  Vd.t.  x.  G4.  xv. 
99,  except  that  around  the  shoulder  ran  a  series  of 
ornaments  similar  to   Platk  LV.  24. 


Fiu.  '2A. 


Fig.  *25. 


92 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Fragments  of  vases. 
4  steatite  whurls. 
1  red  agate  bead. 
1  bronze  ring. 


TOMB    I.  TOMB    II. 

49  vases,  32  entirely  or  nearly  whole,  and  17 
in  fragments. 

3  terra-cotta  figurines, 
1  terra-cotta  chair. 

1  island  stone. 

4  steatite  whorls. 
1  ivory  needle. 
Glass  beads. 

The  few  vase  fragments  from  the  second  tomb  were  mostly  undet'orated,  and  per- 
mitted no  reconstruction.  A  few  fragments  of  bones  were  also  found  ;  but  in  the  main 
the  contents  of  the  tomb  are  not  worth  a  detailed  consideration. 

In  the  first  tomb  the  residts  were  more  gratifying.  Three  layers  were  found,  the 
upper  containing  bones  and  four  vases  (mostly  cups),  at  a  depth  of  2.71)  m. ;  the  second, 
which  contained  a  skull,  some  calcined  bones,  and  the  majority  of  the  vases  and  frag- 
ments, at  a  depth  of  3.28  m.  Ten  cm.  below  the  second  came  the  last  layer,  which, 
besides  a  few  fragments  of  bones  and  a  cup  (No.  18 ),  contjiined  a  small  sepiirate  grave 
near  the  entrance  of  the  dromon  (length,  1.2G  m. ;  width,  0.45  m. ;  depth,  0.60  m.). 
Through  some  accident  during  the  transportation  to  Athens,  several  of  the  lahels  were 
lost,  and  it  is  now  impossible,  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  vases  or  fr.igments,  to  decide 
from  which  layer  they  came. 

The  classes  represented  were  II.  2  and  III.  2.  No  specimens  which  showed  the 
advanced  technique  of  III.  1  were  found,  nor  were  there  any  rough  pieces  whicli  could 
belong  to  II.  1.  At  the  same  time  there  appears  to  have  been  no  distinction  in  the 
matter  of  layers,  since  vases  of  both  classes  were  scattered  about  in  each  layer.  Ceitain 
it  is,  however,  that  all  these  vases  are  products  of  the  siime  period. 

The  shapes  represented  were  as  follows :  — 

11  jwgs  with  handle.  9  cups  with  handle. 

2  jugs  with  handle  and  spout.  4  kvlixes. 


9  thi-ee-handled  vases. 
6  amphoras. 
3  cups. 


1  pseud-amphora. 

4  vases,  i-ej)resente<l  by  fragments,  but  not 
permitting  a  complete  restoration. 


Jug»  with  Handle. 

1.  Height,  0.207  m.  Form,  3fyl:  Va9.  xliv.  63.  Coarse 
reddish  clay,  without  any  decoration.  Base  of  handle  piercetl 
by  a  hole.     Intact ;  first  layer. 

Two  more  jugs  (height.  0.235 
m.  and  0.22  m.)  were  found  in 
the  second  layer,  of  precisely  simi- 
lar form  and  tei-hni<iue.  Both  had 
a  small  Iiole  at  the  base  of  the 
handle. 

Z.  Height,  0.155  m.  Similar 
sliaiH?  to  1,  but  with  handle  a  lit- 
tle more  fiaring.  Keddish  clay, 
with  a  highly  i>oHshed  yellow  slip, 
without  any  decoration. 
Half  of  another  vase  of  same  form  and  technique  was  found. 

3.  (Fig.  21.)    Heiglit,  0.103  m.     Same  form  as  1.     Heil  clay,  with  herring-bone  patteni  in  a 
series  of  four  on  the  shoulder  in  red  brown. 


Fig.  21. 


Fig.  22. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   THE   BEE-HIVE  TOMB 


93 


^^■'i 


Fig.  23. 


Another  jug  precisely  similar,  but  with  spirals  on  the  shoulder  and  plastic  boss  under  the  handle 
was  also  found. 

4.  (Fig.  29.)  Height,  0.078  m.  Handle  missing.  Form  similar  to  1,  but  rather  more  rounded 
and  squat  in  api>earanee.  Keddish  clay,  with  black  decoration  laid  on  very  thickly  and  cracked  in 
places.     Bands  and  continuous  spiral  chain  on  the  shoulder,  with  dots  in  the  field. 

Another  similar  jug  with  leaf  pattern  on  shoulder  was  found. 

5.  (Fig.  23  a  and  6.)  Height,  0.074  m. ;  diameter  of  cover,  0.075  m.  One-handled  vase  with 
cover.  Form  similar  to  Myk.  Vas. 
XLiv.  115,  except  that  here  the 
foot  is  lacking.  Coarse  red  clay, 
with  dark  core  pierced  by  two  rows 
of  holes,  with  a  single  row  in  the 
cover.  The  use  of  this  peculiar  ves- 
sel has  never  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plaincil ;  similar  examples  have  been 
found  at  Troy  in  the  fourth  city 
(Schliemann,  Jiios^  p.  557,  fig.  11, 

96),  and  at  lalysos.  (^Mt/L  Vas.  ii.  15.)  According  to  Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke  these  ves- 
sels  were  used  to  burn  incense  or  some  sweet-smeUing  powder  for  sanitary  reasons,  and  this  expla- 
nation seems  very  plausible,  especially  as  we  find  the  cover  also  pierced  with  holes. 

Amphoras. 

6w  (Fig.  24.)  Height,  0.17  m.     Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xuv.  44,  except  for  a  slight  variation  in  the 

foot.  Coar.se  brick  red  clay  without  decoration.  The  exterior 
has  been  entirely  covered  with  a  white  wash,  almost  entirely 
worn  away. 

The  principal  feature  of  this  amphora  lies  in  the  white  wash. 
This,  as  is  shown  by  many  of  our  fragments,  was  a  very  common 
feature,  and  half  a  dozen  baskets  are  filled  with  fragments 
showing  it.  Generally  it  seems  to  be  employed  on  vases  of 
coarse  clay,  large  pithoi  or  small  wheel-made  saucers.  While 
this  technique  is  employed  very  often  on  Mycenaean  terra-cotta 
figurines  and  later  vases  (e.  g.  the  white  lekythoi),  it  is  ex- 
tremely rare  on  archaic  vases  (two  in  Berlin,  1309,  1629),  and 
I  know  of  no  other  instance  in  the  Mycenaean  style.  From  its 
frequency  in  our  fragments,  it  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  a 
local  fashion. 

Another  small  amphora  (height,  0.09  m.)  similar  in  shape,  of 
yellowish  clay  with  a  reddish  tinge,  but  without  the  white  wash,  was  found  in  the  second  layer. 

7.  (Fig.  25. )  Height,  0.105  in.  Light  red  clay,  with 
yellow  slip.  Failed  black  glaze  over  all,  inside  and  out- 
side (except  base). 

This  vase  differs  from  the  ordinary  Mycenaean  am- 
phora in  that  the  handles  have  no  connection  with  the 
mouth  of  the  vase.  The  absence  of  all  decoration  and 
the  presence  of  the  glaze  proves  that  a  large  part  of  the 
glazed  fragments  which  the  Heraeum  furnished  must 
be  placed  in  the  Mycenaean  period. 

a  Height,  0.07  m. ;  form,  3ft/k.  Vas.  xliv.  73. 
Yellow  clay,  with  red  decoration  very  much  faded. 
Second  layer. 

This  vase  was  identical  with  Jfr/k:  Vas.  x.  64,  xv. 
99,  except  that  around  the  shoulder  ran  a  series  of 
ornaments  similar  to  Plate  LV.  24. 


Fig.  24. 


Fig.  25. 


94 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Three-handled  Vases. 

Three  varieties  were  found :  (a)  form,  J/yA'.  Vas.  xliv.  25,  tall  with  wide  opening; 
(b)  form,  Myk.  Van.  xuv.  32  j  (c)  form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  33. 


9.   (Fig.  26.)     Height,  0.213  m.     Reddish  clay,  with  hlack  decoration  tnmiug  to  dark  retl. 
Que  handle  missing.     Three  ))airs  of  spirals  on  shoulder,  separated  by  the  handles  and  bands, 

heavy  and  fine.     Second  layer. 

The  form  of  this   vase  does  not  quite  cori-espond  to  Myk. 
Vas.  XLIV.  25,   as  the  mouth    is  a  little  wider   and  the  foot 
less  pronounced ;  it  lies  between  forms  25  and  27.     When  found 
it  was  completely  full  of  ashes,  which  are  probably  human. 

The  upper  part  of  a 
similar  vase,  but  much 
smaller,  was  also  found. 
Shoulder  decoration, 
interlaced  lines. 


10.  (Fig. 27.)  Height, 
0.098  m.  ;  diameter, 
0.172  m. ;  diameter  of 
Fig.  26.  Fio.  'SI.  ojiening,  0.098  m.    On 

shoulder    flower    pat- 
tern  similar  to  Plate  LH.   6,  with  dotted  rosettes  in  field.     Bands  on  base,  the  upper  joined 
with  a  wave  pattern  and  series  of  radiating  lines  on  base.     The 
ilecoration  varies  from  black  to  red  brown.  %^'.  "    \^^ 

U.  (Fig.  28.)  Height,  0.05  m. :  diameter,  0.185  m. ;  diam- 
eter of  opening,  0.085  m.  On  shoulder  three  fishes.  Usual 
decoration  of  bands  in  dark  brown.     First  layer. 

Four  more  vases  of  this  type  were  found  varying  in  height 
from  38  to  84  em.  The  decoration  was  the  same  in  all,  a 
wave  pattern  on  the  shoulder  similar  to  Myk.  Vas.  viii.  45. 


Fio.  28. 


12.   Height,  0.06  m. :  diameter,  0.109  m. :  diameter  of  opening,  0.07  m.     Dark  and  light  red 

decoration,    identical  with  Myk.  Vas.  xxn.  159,   save  that 
«i|P«e  -  the   stripes   on   the   bo<ly   run    horizonUilly,  not  vertically. 

t,*  si=2Jf*'  jfc         Interlaced  lines  on  shoulder. 

?^  n*?*^^^*£iL'^  IqM  ^-   (Fig-  29.)     Height,  0.065  m. :  diameter,   0.10  m. ; 

diameter  of  o]>ening,  0.07  m.  Brilliant  black  decoration. 
On  shoulder  double  line  loop  ))attem,  bands  on  body  in  retl 
and  on  base  spirals  in  light  brown. 

The   form   of   13  is   a   cross   between  Myk.  Vas.    xliv. 
32  and  33,  being  higher  in  the  bo<ly  than  32,  but   lower 
Fig.  29.  than  33. 

Teapot-shaped  Jugs. 

14.  Height,  0.13  m.     Form.  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv.  68.     Bands  on  body  and  handle  and  series  of 
spirals  on  shoulder  precisely  similar  to  Myk.  Vas.  ix.  54. 

15.  Height,  0.12  m.    Form,  practically  the  same  as  Myk.  Vas.  XLlv.  15,  except  that  the  foot 
is  flat.     Entire  vase  covered  with  a  dark  red  glaze  except  under  handle  and  on  the  bottom. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   THE   BEE-HIVE   TOMB 


95 


Pseud-amphora. 

16.  Height,  0.115  m.  Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  50.  Ordinary  decoration  of  heavy  and  fine 
bands  similar  to  Plate  LV.  29,  in  retl  and  brown.     First  layer. 

Kylixes. 

Four  of  these  were  found,  of  red  or  yellow  clay,  without  any  decoration.  Two  were  of  the  same 
form  as  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  83  ;  one,  the  same  as  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv.  82 ;  while  the  fourth  probably 
corresponded  to  form  85,  but  as  one  side  was  completely  broken  away,  it  cannot  be  told  whether 
the  vase  possessed  one  or  two  handles.  They  were  all  from  10  to  12  cm.  in  height  and  from  11  to 
15  cm.  in  tliameter.  One  (form  82)  was  elliptical  in  shape,  having  a  diameter  across  the  handles 
of  13  cm. ;  at  right  angles  to  the  handles,  14.]  cm. 

Cups. 
Two  varieties  of  cups  were  noted  (a)  without  handle  ;  (b)  with  handle. 


Fio.  30. 


17.  (Fig.  30.)  Height,  0.027  m. ;  diameter,  0.07  m.  Brilliant  red 
striiMiS  around  body,  with  another  stripe  on  the  rim  inside. 

Two  others  of  similar  shai>e  were  found,  one  a  little  more  rounded  at  the 
base,  measuring  43  and  44  mm.  in  height,  9  and  11  cm.  in  diameter,  with 
no  decoration  whatever. 


Two  varieties  of  b  were  noted  :  (1)  Those  with  a  handle  curving  upwards,  above  the  rim,  and 
(2)  those  with  a  handle  curving  downwards,  below  the  rim. 


18.  Height,  0.06  m.  :  with  handle,  0.14  m.  ;  diameter. 
0.153  m.  Form,  Myk.  Vas.  XLiv.  102.  Entire  vase,  ex- 
cept base  and  under  the  handle,  is  covered  with  a  brilliant 
red  glaze. 

19.  (Fig.  31.)  Height,  0.06  m. :  diameter.  0.104  m.  Red 
clay,  retl  glaze  on  interior,  outside  plain. 

Three  other  cups  of  similar  sha{)e  but  with  the  rim  less 
emphasized,  were  found,  two  undecorated,  one  ornamented 
with  stripes.  It  is  probable  that  18  and  19  are  tlirect 
imitations  of  metal  work.' 


Fig.  31. 


aO.  (Fig.  32.)  Height,  0.045  m. ;  diameter.  0.113  m. 
Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  87.  Reil  clay,  with  light  red 
stippling. 

This  cup  is  a  good  instance  of  the  technitjue  men- 
tioned on  p.  89.  Three  more  cups  were  found,  all  of 
the  same  shape,  one  showing  the  same  technit]ue,  one 
with  a  row  of  ornaments  on  the  side  similar  to  those  on 
No.  8,  and  the  thirtl  plain. 

The  terrd-ootta  figurines  and  the  chair  are  described  in  the  chapter  on  Terra-Cotta 
Figurines  (p.  42). 

>  Cf.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  ffwf.  VL  p.  965,  fig.  533. 


Fig.  32. 


94 


TIIK   VASES   AND   VASP:   FRACiMENTS 


Tfi  tee-handle  J  Vases. 


Three  varieties  were  found :  (a)  form,  J////'.  Vas.  xliv.  25,  tall  with  wide  oi>eiiing; 
(h)  form,  Mt/k.  Vas.  xliv.  '.^2  ;  (C)  form,  Mt/k.  Vas.  xliv.  33. 


9.    ( Fiii;.  20.)     Height,  0.213  m.     Reddish  clay,  with  bhick  decoration  turning  to  dark  red. 
One  handle  missing.     Three  pairs  of  spirals  on  shoulder,  separated  by  the  handles  and  bandH, 

heavy  and  fine.     Second  layer. 

The  form  of  this   vase  does  not  quite  correspond  to  J/yJi: 
Vas.  XLIV.  25,   as  the  mouth    is  a  little  wider   and  the  foot 
less  i)ronounced :  it  lies  between  forms  25  and  27.     When  found 
it  was  eompletely  fidl  of  ashes,  which  are  probably  human. 

The  upper  part  of  a 
similar  vase,  but  much 
smaller,  was  also  found. 
Shoulder  decoration, 
interlat^d  lines. 


10.  (Fig.27.)  Height. 
0.0t>8  m. :  diameter, 
0.172  m. :  diameter  of 
Fm.  2G.  Ki<;.  JT.  oiMiuing.  0.098  m.    On 

shoulder     flower    pat- 
biise,  the  upj)er  joined 


tern  similar  to  Pl.VTK   LII.   0,  with  dotted  rosettes  in  field, 
with  a  wave  pattern  and  series  of  radiating  lines  on  base.     The 
«lecoration  varies  from  black  to  red  brown. 

U.  (  Fig.  28. )  Height,  0.05  m. :  diameter,  0.185  m. :  diam- 
eter of  ojHjning.  0.085  m.  On  shoulder  three  fishes.  Usual 
decoration  of  bands  in  dark  brown.     First  layer. 

Four  more  vases  of  this  tyjje  were  found  varying  in  height 
from  38  to  84  em.  The  decoration  was  the  same  in  all,  a 
wave  pattern  on  the  shoulder  similar  to  Mi/k.  Vas.  viii.  45. 


Band 


s  on 


Fig.  I'K. 


12. 


Height,  0.0«)  m. 


Fig.  29. 


diameter,  0.109  m. :  diameter  of  opening,  0.07  m.  Dark  and  light  re<l 
decoration,  identical  with  Mt/l:  Vas.  xxn.  159,  save  that 
the  stri|H'S  on  the  bo<ly  run  horizontally,  not  vertically. 
Interlaced  lines  on  shoulder. 

13.  (Fig.  29.)  Height.  0.065  m. :  diameter,  0.10  ni. ; 
diameter  of  oj)ening,  0.07  m.  Brilliant  black  decoration. 
( )n  shoulder  double  line  loop  ])attem,  bands  on  botly  in  retl 
and  on  base  spirals  in  light  brown. 

The  form  of  13  is  a  cross  between  J/y/.  Vas.  XLIV. 
32  and  33,  being  higher  in  the  Ixxly  than  32,  but  lower 
than  33. 


14. 

spirals 
15. 
is  fiat. 


Tettjtot-sfiaped  Jiiqs. 
Height,  0.13  m.     Form.   M>il:  Vas.  XLiv.  68.     Bands  on  body  and  handle  and  series  of 
on  shoulder  precisely  similar  to  Mi/k-.  Vas.  IX.  54. 

Height,  0.12  m.    Form,  practically  the  same  as  Mi/k.  Vas.  xliv.  15,  except  that  the  foot 
Entire  vase  covered  with  a  dark  red  glaze  except  under  handle  and  on  the  bottom. 


THE    MYCENAEAN   STYLE:   THE    BEE-HIVE   TOMB 


95 


Pse\td-amphora. 

16.  Height,  0.115  m.  Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  50.  Ordinary  decoration  of  heavy  and  fine 
bands  similar  to  Plate  LV.  29,  in  red  and  brown.     First  layer. 

Kylixes. 

Four  of  these  were  found,  of  red  or  yellow  clay,  without  any  decoration.  Two  were  of  the  same 
form  as  Mijk.  Vas.  XLiv.  83:  one,  the  same  as  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  82;  while  the  fourth  probably 
correspondetl  to  form  85,  but  as  one  side  was  completely  broken  away,  it  cannot  be  told  whether 
the  vase  jwssessed  one  or  t\v«)  handles.  They  were  all  from  10  to  12  cm.  in  height  and  from  11  to 
15  cm.  in  diameter.  One  ( form  82)  was  elliptical  in  shape,  having  a  diameter  across  the  handles 
of  13  cm. ;  at  right  angles  to  the  handles.  14.1  cm. 

Ciijis. 
Two  varieties  of  eups  were  noted  (a)  without  handle  ;  (b)  with  handle. 


Fig.  m 


17.  (Fig.  30.)  Height,  0.027  m. :  diameter,  0.07  m.  Brilliant  red 
stripes  around  body,  with  another  stripe  on  the  rim  inside. 

Two  others  of  similar  shape  were  found,  one  a  little  more  rounded  at  the 
basis  measuring  43  :ind  44  mm.  in  height,  9  and  11  cm.  in  diameter,  with 
no  decoration  whatever. 


Two  varieties  of  b  were  noted  :  (1)  Those  with  a  handle  curving  upwards,  above  the  rim,  and 
(2)  those  with  a  handle  curving  downwards,  below  the  rim. 


IS.  Height,  0.00  m.  :  with  handle,  0.14  m.  :  diameter. 
0.153  m.  Form,  Afyk.  Vas.  xliv.  102.  Entire  vase,  ex- 
cept base  antl  under  the  handle,  is  covered  with  a  brilliant 


red  glaze. 


19.  (Fig.  31.)  Height.  0.00  m. :  diameter.  0.104  m.  Red 
clay,  red  glaze  on  interior,  outside  plain. 

Three  other  cups  of  similar  shape  but  with  the  rim  less 
emphasized,  were  found,  two  undecorated,  one  ornamented 
with  stripes.  It  is  prob:ible  that  18  and  19  are  direct 
imitations  of  metal  work.' 


Vui.  :5l. 


20.  (Fig.  32.)  Height,  0.045  m. :  diameter.  0.113  m. 
Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  87.  Red  clay,  with  light  red 
.stippling. 

This  cup  is  a  goml  instance  of  the  technique  men- 
tioned on  p.  89.  Three  more  cups  were  found,  all  of 
the  same  shape,  one  showing  the  .same  techniciue,  one 
with  a  row  of  ornaments  on  the  side  similar  to  those  on 
No.  8,  and  the  third  plain. 

The  terra-fotta  fio^uriiies  and  the  chair  are  described  in  the  chapter  on  Terra-Cotta 
Figurines  (p.  42). 

>  Cf.  I'errot  and  Chipiez,  Hist.  VI.  p.  IM>5,  fig.  o33. 


Fig.  32. 


96 


TIIK    VASKS    AND   VASK    KRACiMKNTS 


MISCELLAXKOrs    VASES. 

Of  the  vases  foiiiul  intact,  or  partially  so,  iiieiitioiied  iji  the  Intr(»(liU'tioii,  hv  far  the 
greater  part  t-onsistetl  of  small,  hastily  made  vases,  with  or  without  deeoration.  the  exact 
date  of  which  is  extremely  doubtful.  The  ipiality  of  the  cLiy  is  distinctly  inferior  to 
that  of  the  Mycenaean  vases,  and  in  many  respects  corresponds  to  that  used  in  vases  of 
the  Ge(nnetric  style,  so  that  the  majority  of  them  may  well  l)elonji^  to  that  ])eriod. 

A  comparison  of  the  vases  without  decoration  with  the  decorated  vases  is  the  onlv 
means  for  estahlishinj;  a  date  for  the  former,  and  in  the  case  of  the  latter  the  followino- 
data  are  available:  (1)  The  most  primitive  examples  (the  saucers)  show  a  use  of 
"  dull "  color,  which,  toj^ether  with  their  rather  hasty  technique,  may  perhaps  assign 
them  to  the  earlier  j>eriods  of  the  Mycenaean  style.  (2)  One  small  three-handled  jug, 
which,  from  its  polished  surface,  belongs  more  ju-operly  to  the  class  discussed  on  p.  IK), 
had  a  linear  band  of  "  dull  "  color.  (3)  Practically  all  the  jugs,  amphorae,  and  bowls 
were  made  of  a  coarse  clay,  more  resend)ling  that  used  in  the  Geometric  vases,  and  if 
they  are  to  be  included  in  the  Mycenaean  style  at  all,  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  very 
latest  period.  These,  I  shall  endeavor  to  show  later,  constitute  the  real  link  between  the 
Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles.  At  the  sjime  time,  1  do  not  regard  their  se(|uence  from 
primitive  times  as  existing  without  a  break,  and  for  that  reason  I  do  not  consider  them 
as  examples  of  the  ''  Argive  Linear "  style  which  Professor  Waldstein  would  consider 
them  to  be.  It  cannot,  however,  be  assumed  that  their  influence  on  anv  i)articular  stvle 
was  marked ;  they  are  simply  the  examples  of  the  low  level  to  which  the  potter's  trade 
could  sink,  and  from  their  large  number  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  thev  were  the 
cheapest  vases  which  the  devotee  at  the  shrine  could  buy.  Being  rough  and  small,  thev 
were  not  so  easily  broken,  and  were  thus  in  far  better  preservation  than  larger  vases  of 
better  teclini(iue.  To  assign  an  exact  date  to  them  is  im]>ossii>le,  nor  can  thev  be 
arranged  in  any  exact  chronological  order,  except  where  the  development  of  the  shape 
can  be  readily  seen. 

Three  general  types  may  be  distinguished  :  — 

Saucers. 

Bowls  (with  or  without  handles). 

Jugs  (with  one,  two.  or  three  handles). 

Stntrerg. 

Three  distinct  varieties  may  be  noted :  — 

a.  Plain,  hand  or  wheel  made. 

b.  \Vith  central  boss. 

c.  With  handles. 


Fig.  :V2  a. 

Diameter.  O.iCi  m. 


1.  The  most  primitive  examples  seem  to  he  a  series  of  small 
hand-made  saucers,  of  grayish  or  reddish  clay,  pierced  by  a 
hole  near  the  rim,  and  varying  from  ')  to  7  cm.  in  diameter, 
and  2  to  3  cm.  in  height.  Several  hundred  were  found  in- 
tact or  in  fragments.  The  ornamentation  is  of  the  simplest 
character,  consisting  of  two  lines  crossinjj  each  <»ther  at  ri'i-ht 
angles.  Whether  thev  belong  to  the  dull  or  lustrous  Mycenaean 
vases  is  difficult  to  decide,  as  the  decoration  is  extremely  poor, 
but  they  are  more  probably  examples  of  the  '•  dull "  technique. 
Variety  is  obtained  by   increasing  the   number  of  cros.s-Hnes, 


TIIK   MYCKXAKAN   STYLK:  SAITKKS 


97 


which  vary  from  two  to  eight.  As  a  rule  the  ornamentiition  is  confined  to  the  interior, 
but  cases  occur  with  the  Scime  design  on  the  exterior  as  well.  The  earliest  of  the  series 
is  a  siiucer  of  i"ed  clay  5  cm.  in  diameter,  with  ribbed  edges  and  two  incised  cross-lines 
on  the  interior.     This  probably  falls  in  the  primitive  i)eriod. 

Similar  sjiucers  were  found  in  large  numbers  at  Hissiirlik,  Mycenae,  and  Tiryns.  In 
some  respects  they  resemble  saucers  from  Bos-iijiik  (Koerte,  Athtn.  Mitt.  1899,  pi.  iii. 
7)  and  Syra  CE(f>r)fi.  '.Vpx-  1^^99,  pi.  ix.  25). 

2.    As  a  development   of  these   we   have  a   series  of  wheel-made  saucers,  of  reddish 
clay  (e.  g.   Pig.  32  b);  from  4  to  7  cm.  in  diameter,  of  which  about  fifty  were  found. 
The  inner  edge  of  the  rim  is  either  sharply  defined  or  rounded,  and  none  have  any 
decoration.     The  clay  is  of  a 
slightly  coarser  variety   than 
that   used    in    the    preceding 
examples. 

b.  / 

1.  The  earliest  examples  are 
hand-made,  of  a  reddish  clay, 
without  decoration,  having 
a  small  boss  in  the  middle ; 
they  resemble  the  earliest  ex- 
amples «)f  class  a,  save  for 
their  lack  of  decoration  and 
the  addition  of  the  boss. 

2.  The  wheel-made  type  (Fig.  32  c)  corresponds  in  character  of  clay  (wheel-made) 
and  lack  of  decoration  to  a.  2.  The  })rincipal  variaticnis  lie  in  the  height  of  the  boss, 
which  in  some  cases  ri.ses  above  the  edge  of  the  saucer.  As  in  a,  2,  the  edges  of  the 
saucer  are  either  rounded  or  sharp.  A  few  exan«ples  were  found  with  a  series  of  parallel 
dashes  of  paint  (dull)  on  the  rim. 


Ki«j.  32  b. 

Diameter,  <>.<N)'_'  m. 
ileiKlit,  *).<ii:tm. 


Fi<;.  3-.'  c. 

Diameter.  (Uk;1  ni. 

Height,  O.Olti  HI. 

Heijjht  of  buss,  o.trjCi  ni. 


Two  varieties  may  be  noted  with  one  handle,  and  one  with  two  handles. 
The  simplest   form  of  the  one-handled  saucer  is  hand-made,  the  edges   rolled  over 
so  as  to  form  a  curve  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  vase,  and  the  handle,  of  the  simplest 
form,  parallel  with  the  sides.    (Fig.  32  d.)      This  type  was  extremely  common.     A  varia- 
tion is  introduced  occasionally,  where  a  plas- 
tic dab  of  clay  is  placed  on  each  side  of  the 
handle  alono-  the  rim.  similar  to  those  on  the 
shoulders  of  our  terra-cotta    figurines  (Fig. 
32    e)  ;     this    saucer    was    entirely    covered 
with  a  brown  glaze,  worn  away  in  places.     A 
few  specimens  were  noted  with  one  handle, 
and  three  i)lastic  dabs  of  clay,  arranged  so  as 
to  form  a  symmetrical  scheme  on  the  four 
sides  of  the  vessel.     While  the  majority  of 
these  saucers  are  undecorated,  some  few  are 
covered  with  a  dull  dark  glaze,  badly  worn. 

All  the  siiucers  with  two  handles  show  these  pliistic  projections  on  each  side  of  the 


Kir..  32  fl. 

Diameter,  o.lVl  m. 
MeiRht.  0.012  m. 


Fig.  32  c. 

Diameter.  0.(q4  m. 
Height.  0.01.-*  m. 


96 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE: SAUCERS 


97 


MISCELLANEOUS   VASES. 

Of  the  vases  found  intact,  or  jKirtially  so,  mentioned  in  the  Introduction,  hy  far  the 
greater  \mrt  consisted  of  small,  hastily  niiide  vases,  with  or  without  decoration,  the  exact 
date  of  which  is  extremely  doubtful.  The  quality  of  the  clay  is  distinctly  inferior  to 
that  of  the  Mycenaean  vases,  and  in  many  respects  corresponds  to  that  used  in  vases  of 
the  Geometric  style,  so  that  the  majority  of  them  may  well  belong  to  that  j)eriod. 

A  comparison  of  the  vases  without  decoration  >>'ith  the  decorated  vases  is  the  only 
means  for  estiibUshing  a  date  for  the  former,  and  in  the  case  of  the  latter  the  following 
data  are  available:  (1)  The  most  primitive  examples  (the  saucers)  show  a  use  of 
"  dull "  color,  which,  together  with  their  rather  hasty  technique,  may  i)erhaps  assign 
them  to  the  earlier  periods  of  the  Mycenaean  style.  (2)  One  small  three-handled  jug, 
which,  from  its  polished  surface,  belongs  more  properly  to  the  class  discussed  on  p.  99, 
had  a  linear  band  of  '•  dull "  color.  (3)  Practically  all  the  jugs,  amphonie,  and  bowls 
were  made  of  a  coarse  clay,  more  resembling  that  used  in  the  Geometric  vases,  and  if 
they  are  to  be  included  in  the  Mycenaean  style  at  all,  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  very 
latest  period.  These,  I  shall  endeavor  to  show  later,  constitute  the  real  link  Iwtween  the 
Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles.  At  the  same  time,  I  do  not  regard  their  seipience  from 
primitive  times  as  existing  without  a  break,  and  for  that  reason  I  do  not  consider  them 
as  examples  of  the  "Argive  Linear"  style  which  Professor  Waldstein  would  consider 
them  to  be.  It  cannot,  however,  be  assumed  that  their  influence  on  any  particular  style 
was  marked ;  they  are  simply  the  examples  of  the  low  level  to  which  the  potter's  trade 
could  sink,  and  from  their  large  number  it  is  reasonable  to  supjKwe  they  were  the 
cheapest  vases  which  the  devotee  at  the  shrine  could  buy.  Being  rough  and  small,  they 
were  not  st>  easily  broken,  and  were  thus  in  far  better  })reservation  than  larger  vases  of 
better  technique.  To  assign  an  exact  date  to  them  is  im]K)ssible,  nor  can  they  be 
arranged  in  any  exact  chronological  order,  except  where  the  development  of  the  shape 
can  be  readily  seen. 

Three  general  types  may  be  distinguished  :  — 

Saucers. 

Bowls  (with  or  without  handles). 

Jugs  (with  one,  two,  or  three  bandies). 

Saucers. 

Three  distinct  varieties  may  be  noted  :  — 

a.  Plain,  hand  or  wheel  made. 

b.  With  central  boss. 

c.  With  handles. 


1.  The  most  primitive  examples  seem  to  be  a  series  of  small 
hand-made  saucers,  of  grayish  or  reddish  clay,  pierced  bv  a 
hole  near  the  rim,  and  varying  from  5  to  7  cm.  in  diameter, 
and  2  to  3  cm.  in  height.  Several  hundred  were  found  in- 
tact or  in  fragments.  The  ornamentation  is  of  the  sim])lest 
character,  consisting  of  two  lines  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  Whether  they  belong  to  the  dull  or  lustrous  Mycenaean 
vases  is  difficult  to  decide,  as  the  decoration  is  extremely  poor, 
but  they  are  more  probably  examples  of  the  "  dull "  technique. 
Variety  is  obtained  by  increasing  the   number  of  cross-lines, 


which  vary  from  two  to  eight.  As  a  rule  the  ornamentation  is  confined  to  the  interior, 
but  cases  occur  with  the  same  design  on  the  exterior  as  well.  The  earliest  of  the  series 
is  a  saucer  of  red  clay  5  cm.  in  diameter,  with  ribbed  edges  and  two  incised  cross-lines 
on  the  interior.     This  probably  falls  in  the  primitive  period. 

Similar  saucers  were  found  in  large  numbers  at  Hissarlik,  Mycenae,  and  Tiryns.  In 
some  respects  they  resemble  saucers  from  Bos-iijiik  (Koerte,  Athen.  Mitt.  1899,  pi.  iii. 
7)  and  Syra  (*E<^r;/t.  'Apx-  1899,  pi.  ix.  25). 

2.   As  a  development  of  these  we  have  a  series  of  wheel-made  saucers,  of  reddish 
clay  (e.  g.  Pig.  32  b),  from  4  to  7  cm.  in  diameter,  of  which  about  fifty  were  found. 
The  inner  edge  of  the  rim  is  either  sharply  defined  or  rounded,  and  none  have  any 
decoration.     The  clay  is  of  a 
slightly  coarser  variety  than 
that   used   in    the   preceding 
examples. 

b. 

1.  The  earliest  examples  are 
hand-made,  of  a  reddish  clay, 
without  decoration,  having 
a  small  boss  in  the  middle ; 
they  resemble  the  earliest  ex- 
amples of  ckss  a,  save  for 
their  lack  of  decoration  and 
the  addition  of  the  boss. 

2.  The  wheel-made  type  (Pig.  32 
and  lack  of  decoration  to  a,  2.     The 
which  in  some  cases  rises  above  the 
saucer  are  either  rounded  or  sharp, 
dashes  of  paint  (dull)  on  the  rim. 


Fig.  32  b. 

IHaiueter,  O.Oli'i  m. 
Height,  O.Ui:t  m. 


Fig.  3->  c. 

Diameter,  0.(K>1  ni. 

Height,  O.OIC.  m. 

Height  of  boss,  O.OlSi  m. 


c)  corresponds  in  character  of  clay  (wheel-made) 
principal  variations  lie  in  the  height  of  the  boss, 
edge  of  the  saucer.  As  in  a,  2,  the  edges  of  the 
A  few  examples  were  found  with  a  series  of  parallel 


Fig.  32  a. 
Diameter,  0.05  m. 


Two  varieties  may  be  noted  with  one  handle,  and  one  with  two  handles. 
The  simplest  form  of  the  one-handled  saucer  is  hand-made,  the  edges   rolled  over 
so  as  to  form  a  curve  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  vase,  and  the  handle,  of  the  simplest 
form,  parallel  with  the  sides.    (Fig.  32  d.)     This  type  was  extremely  common.    A  varia- 
tion is  introduced  occasionally,  where  a  plas- 
tic dab  of  clay  is  placed  on  each  side  of  the 
handle  along  the  rim,  similar  to  those  on  the 
shoulders  of  our  terra-cotta   figurines  (Fig. 
32    e) ;     this   saucer    was    entirely   covered 
with  a  brown  glaze,  worn  away  in  places.     A 
few  specimens  were  noted  with  one  handle, 
and  three  plastic  dabs  of  clay,  arranged  so  as 
to  form  a  symmetrical  scheme  on  the  four 
sides  of  the  vessel.     While  the  majority  of 
these  saucers  are  undecorated,  some  few  are 
covered  with  a  didl  dark  glaze,  badly  worn. 

All  the  saucers  with  two  handles  show  these  plastic  projections  on  each  side  of  the 


Fig.  .32  d. 

Diameter,  0.04  m. 
Height,  0.012  m. 


Fig.  .32  e. 

IKameter,  0.0*4  m. 
Height,  0.015  m. 


^ 


98 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


kaiulle.  The  earliest  example  is  hand-made,  of  pret-isely  similar  clay  and  technique  to 
those  lii*st  mentioned  under  a,  with  four  cross-lines  on  the  interior.  The  wheel-made 
types  show  a  decided  advance  in  execution.  They  are  almost  flat  (a  trifle  over  a  centi- 
metre in  height,  and  from  six  to  seven  centimetres  in  diameter),  the  edges  well  defined,  and 
they  are  made  of  a  dark  red  cliiy  without  decoration.  About  a  dozen  specimens  were  found. 
As  the  (piality  of  the  clay  resembles  more  closely  the  Geometric  cLiy,  and  as  they  are 
exactly  jNiralleled  in  shape  by  several  of  our  bronze  saucers,  it  is  certain  that  they  must 
fall  in  a  rather  later  period,  perhaps  about  the  eighth  century. 

Boiph. 

The  earliest  examples  of  bowls  seem  to  be  contempomry  with  the  most  primitive 
siiucers  mentioned  above ;  they  are  hand-made,  of  very  rude  technique,  the  sides  raised 
a  trifle.  In  some  cases  a  small  dab  of  clay  is  added  to  the  rim  to  represent  a  handle. 
None  have  any  decoration. 

The  total  number  of  bowls  found  was  between  one  and  two  hundred ;  of  these  a  few 
are  hand-made,  but  the  greater  part  are  wheel-made.  Slight  variations  in  the  forms  may 
be  detected,  but  hardly  enough  to  warrant  a  regular  classification. 

The  hand-made  bowls  are  either  plain  or  decorated,  rounded  at  the  base  or  else 
provided  with  a  flat  bise.  None  have  handles.  The  decoration  invariably  consists 
of  one,  two,  or  three  narrow  bands  encircling  the  bowl  just  below  the  shoulder.  A  dozen 
examples  Avere  found  where  the  vase  had  been  covered  with  a  white  paint  (as  in  No.  G  of 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  :  Fig.  24 ).  On  one  example  a  straight  or  a  wavy  band  had  been  ])ainted 
in  red  ;  this  was  added  after  the  final  firing  as  in  the  case  of  terra-cottiis,  and  is  easily 
friable.     None  of  these  bowls  exceeded  3  cm.  in  height  or  />  cm.  in  diameter. 

Something  over  a  hundred  wheel-made  bowls  were  found,  the  majority  of  a  coarse 
reddish  clay,  similar  to  that  of  the  wheel-made  saucers.  Only  a  few  exanq)les  bore  any 
decoration.  The  form  is  generally  the  same  with  the  following  variations.  The  rim  is 
either  flat,  slightly  curved,  or  sharply  emphasized  as  in  the  saucers  ;  the  profile  sometimes 
flares  sharply  outward  and  downward  so  that  the  diameter  is  greater  at  the  base  than  at 
the  opening.  As  a  rule  the  j)rofile  curves  inward  towards  the  base,  which  is  flat.  The 
usual  form  of  decoration  consists  of  one  or  two  broad  or  fine  wavy  bands  on  the  shoulder. 
The  following  is  the  best  example  :  — 

Pig.  33.  Height,  0.024  m. ;  diameter,  0.047  m.  Dark  clay,  seemingly  burnt. 
On  shoulder  dark  brown  wavy  ban<l  with  yellow  dots.  Similar  dotted  hand  on 
rim. 

This  is  probably  one  of  the  late<(t  of  the  series,  as  the  clay  is  more  like  that 
of  the  Geometric  vases  in  texture  and  the  technique  more  advanced.  It  is 
))robably  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  the  Geometric  snake.  The  use  of  yellow  dots  seems  to  be 
a  peculiarity  of  the  Argolid  and  will  be  disousse<l  later. 

A  few  bowls  were  found,  the  rims  ornamented  by  three  plastic  heads  of  animals, 
probably  calves. 

Fig.  34.     Height,  0.026  m. :  diameter,  0.043  m.     Red  clay. 

Further  another  class  may  be  mentioned  of  a  technique  slightly 
more  advanced,  where  the  bowl  is  provided  with  a  foot  and  two  large 
handles  rising  above  the  rim,  similar  in  form  to  Mt/k.  Vax.  XLiv.  16, 
Fig.  34.  but  without  any  decoration. 


Fig.  33. 


THE   MYCENAEAN   STYLE:    JUGS 


99 


Jltf/S. 

These  numbered  over  five  hundred  and  formed  the  majority  of  all  the  Heraeum  vases 
intact  or  partially  so.  The  greater  part  of  them  are  wheel-made.  As  usual  two  classes 
of  these  were  observed,  those  with  decoration  and  those  without.  The  greater  part  of 
the  undecorated  vases  were  exactly  similar  in  size,  form,  and  technique  to  the  decorated 
vases,  but  a  sjjecial  class  of  hand-made  undecorated  vases  existed  which  demands  a  more 

careful  discussion. 

I. 

Without  Decoration. 

These  vases  all  show  the  same  i)eculiarities.  The  clay  is  of  a  dark  red  or  yellow,  the 
outside  of  which  has  undergone  a  very  brilliant  polish,  and  in  some  cases  through  the 
action  of  the  fire  has  become  bright  red  in  places.  Two  shapes  are  represented.  One- 
handled  jugs  or  oinochoai  and  three-handled  jugs.  All  are  small,  the  largest  not  more 
than  12  cm.  in  height. 

We  are  able  to  date  with  a  fair  degree  of  certiiinty  the  period  in  which  these  vases 
fall.  Fii-st,  one  specimen  of  the  handled  jugs  had  on  the  shoulder  a  wavy  band  which  is 
decidedly  dull,  not  lustrous  in  character ;  secondly,  other  specimens  have  been  found  in  a 
grave  at  Syracuse  along  with  vases  of  the  Argive  style  (second  period).^  Thus  we  obtain 
two  termini,  which  show  tliat  these  vases  were  manufactured  as  early  as  the  Mycenaean 
dull  i>eriod  (fifteenth  century)  and  as  late  as  the  Middle  Argive  period  (eighth  century). 

Most  of  the  shapes  are  simihir  to  those  used  in  the  Argive  style,  only  slightly  more 
primitive  in  character,  and  naturally  so,  seeing  that  they  are  hand-made.  A  very  few,  which 
show  the  most  developed  form,  are  wheel-made  and  are  probably  the  latest.  At  the  same 
time  the  exanq)le  from  the  Syracusan  grave  is  certainly  hand-made,  showing  that  the  use 
of  the  wheel  was  not  universiil  even  in  that  period  of  advanced  archaism. 

One-fuindled  J>ifj». 
Two  distinct  forms  may  be  noted,  those  with  a  circular  and  those  with  a  trefoil  rim 
(oinochoe).  The  latter  show  a  technique  more  advanced,  which  fact,  together  with  the 
form,  assigns  them  to  a  later  date  than  the  first  essays.  At  the  same  time  it  is  certain 
that  the  oinochoe  with  trefoil  lip  is  a  form  known  to  the  Mycenaean  epoch.'  Further  we 
find  that  the  body  is  either  round  with  a  handle  rising  above  the  rim,  or  cylindrical  with 
the  top  of  the  handle  level  with  the  rim. 

Fig.  35.  Height,  0.035  m.  Handle  restored.  On  either  side  is  a  small  boss,  perhaps  i-epre- 
senting  a  handle.     On  shoulder  two   straight  lines  and   a   wavy  band  in  dull       ^^ 

technique.  mm^    ^k 

Several  other  examples  of  this  same  shape  were  found,  but  this  jug  alone  pos-     l^^f^^^    .M 

sessed  any  decoration. 

A  few  examples  were  found  where  the  neck  is  slightly  longer  in  proportion  to 
the  body  and  the  handle  dropi)ed  lower  than  the  rim.     Cf.  Hioa,  Fig.  1140. 

>  Tomb  305.     Tomb  Cj  from  Megara  Hyblaea  also  by  Wide  at  Aphidiia  (^Athen.  Mitt.  p.  385  ff.  pi.  xiv.) 

contained  a  similar  vase.     The  same  polish  was  observed  seem  to  show  a  similar  technique,  but  are  not  so  ad- 

on  a  lekythos  from  the  Ileraeum  (height,  0.a"»  m.),  of  dark  vanced  in  form.    It  would  seem  fairly  safe  to  assign  both 

gray  clay,  the  shape  rather  advanced,  being  that  of  the  our  vase  and  that  from  Syracuse  to  the  period  succeeding 

lekythos  on  p.  127.  fig.  'A.     At  Syracuse  (tomb  428),  a  the  Mycenaean  style. 

H|>ecimen  exa.-tly  identical  was  found  along  with  lekythoi  »   Vide  Furtwiiugler,  Arch.  Am.  1893,  p.  9. 

belonging  to  the  oriental  Argive  period.    The  vases  found 


Fio.  35. 


08 


TIIK    VASKS    AND   VASE    FKACiMKXTS 


handle.  Tlie  earliest  exanij>le  is  haud-niade,  of  preeisely  similar  olay  ami  teehnique  to 
those  first  mentioned  under  a,  with  t'(mr  eross-lines  on  the  interior.  The  wheel-made 
tvt»es  show  a  decided  advance  in  execution.  Thev  are  almost  tlat  (a  triHe  over  a  eenti- 
metre  in  height,  and  from  six  to  seven  centimetres  in  diameter),  the  edges  well  defined,  and 
they  are  made  oi  a  dark  red  clay  without  deeomtion.  Ahout  a  dozen  specimens  were  found. 
As  the  (lualitv  of  the  clav  resenddes  more  closelv  the  Geometric  elav,  and  as  thev  are 
exactly  paralleled  in  sha]>e  hy  several  of  our  hronze  siiucers,  it  is  certain  that  they  must 
fall  in  a  rather  later  period,  perhaps  about  the  eighth  century. 

Jiotrltf. 

The  earliest  examples  of  howls  seem  to  be  contempor.iry  with  the  nu)st  primitive 
siuicers  mentioned  above;  they  are  hand-made,  of  very  rude  technitiue,  the  sides  raised 
a  triHe.  In  some  cases  a  small  dab  of  chiy  is  added  to  the  rim  to  represent  a  handle. 
None  have  any  decoration. 

The  total  number  of  bowls  found  was  between  one  and  two  hundred ;  of  these  a  few 
are  hand-made,  but  the  greater  })art  are  wheel-made.  Slight  variations  in  the  forms  may 
be  detected,  but  hardly  enough  to  warrant  a  regular  classification. 

The  hand-made  bowls  are  either  plain  or  decorated,  rounded  at  the  base  or  else 
provided  with  a  ffat  b  ise.  None  have  handles.  The  decoration  invariably  consists 
of  one,  two,  or  three  narrow  bands  encircling  the  bowl  just  beh>w  the  shoulder.  A  dozen 
examples  were  found  where  the  vase  had  been  covered  with  a  white  paint  (as  in  No.  (>  of 
the  Bee-IIive  tond) :  Fig.  24).  On  one  example  a  straight  or  a  wavy  band  had  been  painted 
in  red  ;  this  was  added  after  the  final  firing  as  in  the  case  of  terra-cottas,  and  is  easily 
friable.     None  of  these  bowls  exceeded  3  cm.  in  height  or  .")  cm.  in  diameter. 

Somethinii"  over  a  hundred  wheel-made  bowls  were  found,  the  maioritv  of  a  coarse 
reddish  chiv,  similar  to  that  of  the  wheel-made  saucers.  Only  a  few  examples  bore  any 
decoration.  The  form  is  generally  the  sjime  with  the  followinj*;  variations.  The  rim  is 
either  Hat,  slightly  curved,  or  sharply  emphasized  as  in  the  saucers  ;  the  profile  sometimes 
Hares  sharply  outward  and  downward  so  that  the  diameter  is  greater  at  the  base  than  at 
the  opening.  As  a  rule  the  profile  curves  inward  towards  the  base,  which  is  Hat.  The 
usual  form  of  decoration  consists  of  one  or  two  broad  or  fine  wavy  bands  on  the  shoulder. 
The  foUowing  is  the  best  example  :  — 

Fig.  33.  Heiy;ht.  0.024  iii. :  diameter.  0.047  iii.  Dark  clay,  seeminjj:ly  hnrnt. 
On  shoulder  dark  hrowu  wavy  hand  with  yellow  dots.  JSiiiiilar  dotted  Umd  on 
rim. 

This  is  prohahly  one  of  the  latest  of  the  series,  as  the  clay  is  more  like  that 
of  the  Geometric  vases  in  texture  and  the  technique  more  advanced.  It  is 
j)robably  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  the  Geometric  snake.  The  use  of  yellow  dots  seems  to  be 
a  peculiarit}'  of  the  Argolid  and  will  be  discussed  later. 

A  few  bowls  were  found,  the  rims  ornamented  by  thi-ee  plastic  heads  of  animals, 
j)robably  calves. 

^  Fig.  34.     Heiirht.  0.020  m. :  diameter,  0.04.'?  m.     Red  clay. 

Further  another  chiss  may  be  mentioned  of  a  techni(pie   slightly 
more  advanced,  where  the  bowl  is  provided  with  a  foot  and  two  h«rge 

r handles  rising  above  the  rim,  .similar  in  form  to  il/yX".  Vas.  xi.iv.  If), 

Fio.  34.  but  without  any  decoration. 


Fig.  33. 


TIIK    MYCKNAKAN    STYLK:    .IldS 


99 


These  numbered  over  five  hundred  and  formed  the  majority  of  all  the  Heraeum  vases 

intact  or  partially  so.     The  greater  jiart  of  them  are  wheel-made.     As  usual  two  classes 

of  these  were  observed,  those  with  decoration  an<l  those  without.     The  greater  ])art  of 

the  undecorated  vases  were  exactly  similar  in  size,  form,  and  technitpie  to  the  decorated 

vases,  but  a  special  class  of  hand-made  undecorated  vases  existed  which  demands  a  more 

careful  discussion. 

I. 

"WithinU  Ihcorntion. 

These  vases  all  show  the  same  peculiarities.  The  clay  is  of  a  dark  red  or  yeUow,  the 
outside  of  which  has  undergone  a  very  brilliant  polish,  and  in  some  cases  through  the 
action  of  the  fire  has  become  bright  red  in  places.  Two  shapes  are  represented.  One- 
handled  jugs  or  oinochoai  and  three-handled  jugs.  All  are  small,  the  largest  not  more 
than  12  cm.  in  height. 

We  are  able  to  date  with  a  fair  degree  of  certainty  the  period  in  which  these  vases 
fall.  Fii-st,  one  specimen  of  the  handled  jugs  had  on  the  shoulder  a  wavy  band  which  is 
decidedly  didl,  not  lustrous  in  character ;  secondly,  other  si)ecimens  have  been  found  in  a 
grave  at  Syracuse  along  with  vases  of  the  Argive  style  (second  period).'  Thus  we  obtain 
two  ter)iiini,  which  show  that  these  vases  were  manufactured  as  early  as  the  Mycenaean 
didl  period  (fifteenth  century)  and  as  late  as  the  Middle  Argive  period  (eighth  century). 

Most  of  the  shapes  are  simihir  to  those  used  in  the  Argive  style,  only  slightly  more 
primitive  in  character,  and  naturally  .so,  seeing  that  they  are  hand-made.  A  very  few,  which 
show  the  nM)st  develoi)ed  form,  are  wheel-made  and  are  probably  the  latest.  At  the  same 
time  the  example  from  the  Syracusan  grave  is  cerfciinly  hand-made,  showing  that  the  use 
of  the  wheel  was  not  universid  even  in  that  jieriod  of  advanced  archaism. 

()m-hon(Vcff  Jiifitt. 
Two  distinct  forms  may  be  noted,  those  with  a  circular  and  those  with  a  trefoil  rim 
(oinochoe).  The  latter  show  a  techni([ue  more  advanced,  which  fact,  together  with  the 
form,  assigns  them  to  a  later  date  than  the  first  essays.  At  the  same  time  it  is  certain 
that  the  oinochoe  with  trefoil  lip  is  a  fonn  known  to  the  Mycenaean  ei)och.-  Further  we 
find  that  the  body  is  either  round  with  a  handle  rising  above  the  rim,  or  cylindrical  with 
the  top  of  the  handle  level  with  the  rim. 

Fig.  35.  Height,  0.08')  m.  Handle  restored.  On  either  side  is  a  small  boss,  imhaps  repre- 
senting a  handle.     On  shoulder  two   straight  lines  and   a   wavy  band  in  dull       ^^ 

teehnitpie.  JKt.       ^V 

Several  other  examples  of  this  same  shai>e  were  found,  but  this  jug  alone  pos-     jjK^        r 

sessetl  any  decoration.  ^^^^v  " 

A  few  examples  were  found  where  the  neck  is  slightly  longer  in  proi>ortion  to      ^^fc«» 
the  IkmIv  and  the  handle  dropiH'd  lower  than  the  rim.     Cf.  lUos^  Fig.  1140. 


Ki«i.  3."». 


»    Tomb  305.     T.niil*  Chi  from  Megaiii   Hyhliicii  also  by  Wide   at   Apbidna  {Athen.  Mitt.  p.  .'W.">  ff.  pi.  xiv.) 

containcil  a  similar  vase.     Tbe  same  ptilish  w.is  observed  .seem  to  show  a  similar  teehiii«iue,  but  are  not  so  ad- 

oii  a  lekytlios  f mm  tbo  I lenioiim  (lioi^lit,  O.a")  m.),  of  dark  vanced  in  form.    It  would  seem  fairly  safe  to  assign  both 

jiray  clay,  the  sh:.|»o  nitber  advanced,  being  that  of  the  our  vase  ami  that  from  Syracuse  to  the  periotl  succeeding 

lekythos  on  p.  1*27.  «g.  r»4.     At  Syracuse  (tomb  4*_'8).  a  the  Mycenaean  style. 

s|K'cimen  exactly  i.b'iitical  was  found  along  with  lekythoi  "^    I'/'/f-  Furtwiingler,  Arch.  Aiiz.  1893,  p.  9. 

belonging  to  the  oriental  -Vrgive  |>eri«Ml.    The  vases  found 


100 


TIIK   VASKS   AM)   VASK    FKA(JMKNTS 


Fig.  36.  Height,  0.112  in.  Fouiitl  east  of  the  North- 
west Hnihling.  The  base  is  thicker  in  lu'ojmrtion  to  the 
opening  than  in  most  of  onr  vases  of  this  ty|H'. 

Fig.  37.    lleiglit,    0.044  in.     This  wonhl   seem   to   Xte   a 
piototvpe  of  the  oinoehoe  form  whieh  is  .so 
common  <hn-ing  the  Argive  |>eri<Nl  (p.  128).  T 

^^^^^  It   is   the   commonest   ty|H'   of    these   small  ' 

jf  .  ^^^A         vases,  and  at  least   forty  other  s)K>cimens 

I  3^^|  were    foniul.     I    have   noted    several   other    ^^ 

examples,  two  in  Synicust;  (Syracuse,  tomh  p,,,  .p 

30"),  and   Megara  llyblaea.  tomb  (i/i)  and 
three  in  the  Louvre  (  KtMun  A,  ca.se  \,  496,  497,  498)  from 
Attica.     Those  from  Syracuse  and 
Fijj.  36.  Megara  Hvblaea  were  found  with 

vases  of  the  second  Argive  i)eritHl. 
Fig.  38.    Height,  0.74  m.    Oinoehoe.     Burnt  in  parts  to  a  brilliant 
red.     The  base  i.s  slightly  Hatter  than  most  of  the  oiumhoai  of  this  type, 
but  «)therwise  shows  ii«)  important  variation. 

About  a  dozen  oinochoai  were  found.  One  example,  wheel- 
made,  was  remarkable  for  the  handle  risin<»;  above  the  rim  and 
having  two  small  breast-like  protuberances  on  the  .shoulder,  a 
somewhat  unusual  feature  on  va.ses  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch.  Fig.  ;«. 

77lt't  I  -fmmlh «/  •finis. 

Twenty  or  thirty  of  these  were  found.  \mi  sjive  for  the  addition  of  a  small  handle  on 
each  side  of  the  bodv  thev  differed  in  no  wav  from  the  one-handled  juirs  already  de- 
scribed.  The  trefoil  lip  does  not  occur.  They  are  all  smaller  than  the  one-handled  juy, 
the  hi<»;hest  not  measurino-  more  than  ()-7  cm. 


tho.se  with  one  handle;  (b) 


n. 

with   Ihrin'utJnu. 

Two  types  may  be  noted,  as  in  the  undecorated  jujijs.     (a| 
those  with  three  handles. 

Of  the  one-handle«l  jugs,  almost  all  followed  the  sjime  type  with  but  .slight  variations, 
the  openino-  being  circular  and  the  neck  broad  or  narrow.     The  trefoil  lip  was  seen  only 

in  a  few  examples.  The  decoration  on  all  is  practically 
the  same,  lines  around  the  body  with  a  ziirziisr  or  waw 
band  on  the  neck  in  some  cases. 

Fig.  39.  Height,  0.10')  m. :  diameter  of  opening,  0.009  m. 
(form,  M;ik.  Van.  xi.iv.  05);  grayish  clay  with  a  greenish 
tinge,  black  decoration.  On  neck  zigzag  band,  with  parallel 
stripes  on  neck,  body,  foot,  and  inside  rim.  On  shoulder  o)>po- 
site  the  handle  dotted  rosette. 

This  is  by  far  the  Ix'st  si^ciinen  of  the  ty|>e  and  the  most 

advanced.    The  clay  is  not  (piite  so  characteristically  Mycenaean 

as  in  some  other  cases,  but  it  cannot  very  well  be  included  iu 

the  Geometric  or  Argive  classes. 
Fir.,  .m 

The   three-handled  jugs  were  the  most  numerous,  as 
seyeral  hundred  were  found,  and  seem  to  belong  to  a  later  period.     The  form  does  not 


TIIK   (JEOMETRIC   STYLE 


101 


seem  to  be  Mycenaean,  while  the  quality  of  the  clay  is  decidedly  inferior.  But  as  this 
principle  of  decoration  is  practically  the  sjime  as  that  already  considered,  these  vases  are 
properly  to  be  di.scussed  here.  The  shapes  are  fairly  uniform,  though  slight  variations 
may  be  detected  in  the  height  of  the  neck,  .size  of  the  handles,  fullness  of  the  body, 
se|Kiration  of  the  foot  fnmi  the  body,  etc. 

The  decoration  follows  a  consistent  scheme,  in  that  the  body  is  reserved  for  parallel 
stripes  or  bands  and  the  shoulder  for  other  motives,  as  rays,  vertical  lines,  wavy  bands, 
zigziigs,  rosettes,  etc.     The  neck  is  occasionally  ornamented  in  simihir  fashion. 

Fig.  40.   Height,  0.09  m.     Coarse  reddish  clay,  with  red  decoration.     Parallel  stripes  on  body, 

with  rays  on  shoulder.     Stri})es  inside  rim  and  on  handle.     The  foot 
is  separated  from  the  botly. 

Fig.  40  is  a  typical  example  of  the  class.    About  half  of  these  va.ses 
have  a  flat  base,  without  a  foot. 


Tiro-h<in<lJiil    Vtl^i'. 

Fig.  41.  Height,  O.OA  m.  Yellowish  clay,  with 
dull  brown  dcc(uation.  Two  handles  (restored), 
with  a  hole  running  through  the  sides;  no  open- 
ing iu  the  top. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  example  similar 
to  this  vase.  It  must  be  regarded  as  a  mere  freak 
of  the  pottei-s'  art,  with  no  definite  nnaou  d'ett'e. 


f 


Fig.  40. 


Fig.  41. 


CHAPTER   III. 
THE   (iEOMKTRIC   STYLE. 

It  w<udd  seem  at  first  sight  as  if  vases  of  the  Geometric  style  were  the  most  nu- 
merous at  the  Ileraeum,  since  their  fragments  filled  about  twice  as  many  ba.sketsas  either 
those  of  the  Mycenaean  or  Argive  styles.  But  as  Geometric  fragments  are  generally  fairly 
lar^e  in  size,  since  thev  belong  to  huge  vases,  and  the  Argive  fragments  extremely 
small,  it  was  found  that  the  actual  number  of  vases  represented  by  Argive  fragments 
was  coi;siderably  larger  than  those  rei>resented  by  the  Geometric. 

For  many  reasons  an  intelligent  presentation  of  the  Geometric  fragments  has  proved 
extremely  diftictdt.  Owing  to  the  larger  size  of  the  vases,  hardly  a  single  one  was  found 
intiict,  and  in  lui  case  could  more  than  a  third  of  any  va.se  be  reconstructed,  though 
some  vases  were  represented  by  several  hundred  fragments  apiece.  Although  the  num- 
ber of  shai)es  represented  is  extremely  huge,  many  are  so  ch>sely  allied  to  each  other  — 
the  chief  variations  being  in  the  number  of  handles,  the  shape  of  the  neck,  etc.  —  that, 
without  the  whole,  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  a  vase,  a  systematic  classification  based 
upon  shai)es  becomes  difficult,  if  not  imj)ossible.  Then,  too,  almost  the  entire  surface  of 
the  vase  is  covered  with  a  decoration  combining  many  different  motives,  and  in  such 
a  case  it  was  difticidt  to  decide  which  fragments  should  be  presented  and  which  not, 
since  there  was  danger,  in  a  classification  based  on  ornamentation  alone,  of  treating  .se[)- 
arately  motives  which  belonged  to  the  same  vase.  Finally,  hardly  a  single  new  type  of 
this  style  was  found  at  the  Heraeum ;  the  decoration  on  almost  every  fragment  repre- 
sentedniay  be  paralleled  by  dozens  of  vases  scattered  through  the  museums  of  Europe. 

The  style  also  presents  this  peculiarity,  tliat  it  is  far  more  conservative  than  any  other 


100 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


> 


Flu.  .17. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig.  3&  Height,  0.112  in.  Found  east  of  the  North- 
west  Building.  The  base  is  thicker  in  proportion  to  the 
oj)ening  than  in  most  of  our  vases  of  this  ty|)e. 

Fig.  37.  Height,  0.044  m.  This  wouUl  seem  to  be  a 
prototype  uf  the  oinochoe  form  which  is  so 
common  during  the  Argive  |>erio<1  (p.  128). 
It  is  the  commonest  type  of  these  small 
vases,  and  at  least  forty  other  s|)ecimeus 
were  found.  I  have  noted  several  other 
examples,  two  in  Syracuse  (Symcuse,  tomb 
30o,  and  Megara  llyblaea,  tomb  65)  and 
thi-ee  in  the  Louvre  (Koom  A,  case  N,  496,  497,  498)  from 
Attica.  Those  from  Syracuse  and 
Megam  Hyblaeu  were  found  with 
vases  of  the  second  Argive  period. 
Pig.  38.    Height,  0.74  m.    Oinuchoe.     Burnt  in  parts  to  a  brilliant 

red.     The  base  is  slightly  flatter  than  most  of  the  oinochoai  of  this  type, 

but  otherwise  shows  no  important  variation. 

About  a  dozen  oinochoai  were  found.  One  example,  wheel- 
made,  was  remarkable  for  the  handle  rising  above  the  rim  and 
having  two  small  breast-like  protuberances  on  the  shoulder,  a 
somewhat  unusual  feature  on  vases  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch.  Fio.  38. 

Thru  -fnitttlhtl  ,fmjt(. 

Twenty  or  thirty  of  these  were  found,  but  sjive  for  the  addition  of  a  small  handle  on 
each  side  of  the  body  they  differed  in  no  way  from  the  one-handle<l  jugs  already  de- 
scribed. The  trefoil  lip  does  not  occur.  They  are  all  smaller  than  the  one-handled  jug, 
the  highest  not  measuring  more  than  0-7  cm. 


n. 

With  Decoration. 

Two  types  may  be  noted,  as  in  the  undeeorateil  jugs,     (a)  those  with  one  handle;  (b) 
those  with  three  handles. 

Of  the  one-handled  jugs,  almost  all  followed  the  same  type  with  but  slight  variations, 
the  opening  being  circular  and  the  neck  broad  or  narrow.     The  trefoil  lip  was  seen  only 

in  a  few  examples.  The  decoration  on  all  is  practically 
the  same,  lines  around  the  body  with  a  zigzag  or  wavy 
band  on  the  neck  in  some  crises. 

rig.  39.  Height,  0.105  m. ;  diameter  of  opening,  0.069  m. 
(form,  Myk.  Van.  XLlv.  65);  grayish  clay  with  a  greenish 
tinge,  black  decoration.  On  neck  zigzag  band,  with  parallel 
stripes  on  neck,  body,  foot,  and  inside  rim.  On  shoulder  oppo- 
site the  handle  dotted  rosette. 

This  is  by  far  the  best  specimen  of  the  type  and  the  roost 

advanced.    The  clay  is  not  quite  so  characteristically  Mycenaean 

as  in  some  other  cases,  but  it  cannot  very  well  be  included  in 

the  Geometric  or  Arerive  classes. 
Fio.  .19. 

The  three-handled  jugs  were  the  most  numerous,  as 
several  hundred  were  found,  and  seem  to  belong  to  a  later  period.     The  fonn  does  not 


THE   GEOMETRIC   STYLE 


101 


seem  to  be  Mycenaean,  while  the  quality  of  the  clay  is  decidedly  inferior.  But  as  this 
principle  of  decoration  is  practically  the  same  as  that  already  considered,  these  vases  are 
properly  to  be  discussed  here.  The  shapes  are  fairly  uniform,  though  slight  variations 
may  be  detected  in  the  height  of  the  neck,  size  of  the  handles,  fullness  of  the  body, 
8e|Kinition  of  the  foot  from  the  body,  etc. 

The  decoration  follows  a  consistent  scheme,  in  that  the  body  is  reserved  for  parallel 
strii)es  or  bands  and  the  shoulder  for  other  motives,  as  rays,  vertical  lines,  wavy  bands, 
zigzcigs,  rosettes,  etc.     The  neck  is  occasionally  ornamented  in  similar  fashion. 

Pig.  40.  I  leight,  0.09  m.     Coarse  reddish  clay,  with  red  decoration.     Parallel  stripes  on  body, 

with  rays  on  shoulder.     Stripes  inside  rim  and  on  handle.     The  foot 
is  separated  from  the  boily. 

Fig.  40  is  a  typical  example  of  the  class.    About  half  of  these  va-ses 
have  a  flat  base,  without  a  foot. 


Ttro-Juntdled  Va«e. 

Pig.  tt.  Height,  0.05  m.  Yellowish  clay,  with 
dull  brown  decoration.  Two  handles  (restored), 
with  a  hole  running  through  the  sides;  no  open- 
ing in  the  top. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  example  similar 
to  this  vase.  It  must  be  regarded  as  a  mere  freak 
of  the  letters*  art,  with  no  definite  ruiaon  d'etre. 


Fig.  4U. 


Fig.  41. 


CHAPTER  III. 
THE   GEOMETRIC   STYLE. 

It  would  seem  at  first  sight  as  if  vases  of  the  Geometric  style  were  the  most  nu- 
merous at  the  Heraeum,  since  their  fragments  filled  about  twice  as  many  baskets  as  either 
tliose  of  the  Mycenaean  or  Argive  styles.  But  as  Geometric  fragments  are  generally  fairly 
large  in  size,  since  they  belong  to  large  vases,  and  the  Argive  fragments  extremely 
small,  it  was  found  that  the  actmil  number  of  vases  rei)resented  by  Argive  fragments 
was  considenibly  larger  tlian  those  represented  by  the  Geometric. 

For  many  reasons  an  intelligent  presentation  of  the  Geometric  fragments  has  proved 
extremely  difficult.  Owing  to  the  larger  size  of  the  vases,  hardly  a  single  one  was  found 
intact,  and  in  no  case  could  more  tlian  a  third  of  any  vase  be  reconstructed,  though 
some  vases  were  represented  by  several  hundred  fragments  apiece.  Although  the  num- 
ber of  shapes  represented  is  extremely  large,  many  are  so  closely  allied  to  each  other  — 
the  chief  variations  being  in  the  number  of  handles,  the  shape  of  the  neck,  etc.  —  that, 
without  the  whole,  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  a  vase,  a  systematic  classification  based 
upon  shajies  becomes  difficult,  if  not  impossible.  Then,  too,  almost  the  entire  surface  of 
the  vase  is  covered  with  a  decoration  combining  many  different  motives,  and  in  such 
a  case  it  was  difficult  to  decide  which  fragments  should  be  presented  and  which  not, 
since  there  was  danger,  in  a  classification  based  on  ornamentation  alone,  of  treating  sep- 
arately motives  which  belonged  to  the  same  vase.  Finally,  hardly  a  single  new  type  of 
this  style  was  found  at  the  Heraeum ;  the  decoration  on  almost  every  fragment  repre- 
sented may  be  paralleled  by  dozens  of  vases  scattered  through  the  museums  of  Europe. 

The  style  also  presents  this  peculiarity,  tliat  it  is  far  more  conservative  than  any  other 


102 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FKAGMENTS 


style,  and  seems  less  susceptible  to  progressive  ideas.  The  Heraeum  fragnieuts,  which 
probably  cover  a  period  of  two  centuries,  are  marked  by  their  monotony  and  consistent 
adherence  to  a  gener.d  scheme.  Types  are  to  be  distinguished,  of  coui-se,  but  such  a 
classification  as  proved  practicable  with  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles  becomes  hnj)os- 
sible  here.' 

The  fragments  here  presented  illustrate  the  tlevelopment  of  the  various  motives  so 
extensively  employed.  At  the  same  time  this  classification  has  been  adopted  solely  as  a 
working  hypotliesis,  since  the  nature  of  the  material  forbids  even  an  approach  to  finality ; 
that  can  only  be  secured  by  a  cLissification  based  upon  material  larger,  more  comprehen- 
sive, and  in  better  condition  than  tliat  furnished  by  the  Heraeum. 

As  the  character  of  the  decoration  on  our  fragments  is  practically  identical  with  that  of 
Dipylon  ware,  the  question  immediately  arises  whether  our  fragments  were  made  in  the 
Argolid  or  imported  from  Attica,  since  no  other  districts  can  well  chiim  their  manufacture. 
Though  certainty  on  this  point  is  impossible,  the  evidence  seems  to  point  to  the  former 
hypothesis.  Fragments  of  this  style  have  been  found  at  both  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  in 
kirge  quantities,  showing  that  the  style  was  a  common  one  in  the  Argolid.  As  the 
amount  of  Mycenaean  ware  found  there  is  so  large  as  to  point  to  a  very  flourishing 
vase  industry,  there  seems  no  valid  reason  why  Geometric  ware  should  not  have  been 
manufactured  there  also.  Ljistly,  the  clay  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  is  heavy,  carelessly 
cleaned,  and  of  a  yellowish  or  greenish  tinge,  while  that  of  the  Dipylon  vases  is  lighter, 
cleaner,  and  of  a  reddish  shade ;  the  decoration  also  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  is  in 
general  of  a  duller  lustre  and  less  decided  in  its  character  than  the  Attic. 

One  of  the  radical  points  of  difference  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  styles 
lies  hi  the  clay,  and  the  difference  is  especially  apjmreut  to  the  touch.  The  quality 
of  the  grain  in  the  Geometric  is  far  coarser  than  in  the  Mycenaean  vases,  and  never,  even 
in  the  best  examples,  does  it  attiiin  to  the  lightness  and  smoothness  of  the  latter. 
Whether  this  difference  results  from  the  employment  of  clay  from  a  different  bed  or  from 
different  technical  methods  in  its  preparation,  I  am  unable  to  say.  But  as  the  differ- 
ence between  the  clay  of  Mycenaean  vases  foiuid  in  Attica  and  the  Dipylon  vases  is  just 
as  great  as  in  the  case  of  our  fragments,'  it  does  not  necessiirily  argue  that  none  of  our 
Geometric  vases  were  manufactured  in  the  Argolid;  it  would  nither  be  a  cause  for 
wonder  if  they  were  not  made  there. 

It  can  hardly  be  said  that  the  Geometric  fragments  from  the  Heraeum  throw  much 
light  on  the  vexed  question  of  the  origin  of  the  Geometric  style  in  Greece.  Up  to  the 
present  moment  three  widely  different  views  have  been  pro])osed :  ( 1 )  the  old  view, 
which 'has  now,  I  think,  been  generally  abandoned,  that  it  was  the  result  of  some  Eastern 
influence  (Egyptian,  Carian.  or  Ionian);  (2)  the  view  expressed  by  Furtwjingler  and 
Loeschcke,  that  the  style  was  the  result  of  the  Dorian  invasion;  (3)  the  hist  and  most 
radical  view,  advocated  bv  Wide  and  Wolters,  that  the  Geometric  stvle  is  an  autocli- 
thonous  growth,  a  "  Bauernstil,"  as  opposed  to  the  "  Herrenstil "  of  the  Mycenaean 
civilization,  and  the  direct  result  of  the  primitive  forms  of  decoration,  but  subject  to 
some  external  influence  which  may  have  been  supplied  by  some  such  movement  as  the 
Dorian  invasion. 

^  Since  the  above  was  written,  Dr.  Wide's  analysis  of  same  time  an  effort  will  be  made  to  mention  all  the  types 

the  Geometric  style  has  appeared  in  the   Jahrbuch   for  cited  by  Wide  which  could  be  identified  among  the  He- 

1899  (pp.  2G  ff.,  78  ff.,  and  188  ff.)  and  1900  (p.  49  ff.).  raeum  fragmenta. 

It  may  be  readily  seen  that  such  an  arrano^ement  as  that  -  See  p.  (Jo.  note,  on  the  results  of  Dr.  Washington's 

adopted  by  Wide  is  out  of  the  question  with  the  material  investigations  touching  this  point, 
from  tlie  Heraeum,  for  the  reasons  given  above.     At  the 


ORIGIN   OF   THE   GEOMETRIC   STYLE 


103 


From  Wide's  investigations  at  Aphidna,  his  contention  that  the  primitive  elements  for 
the  Geometric  style  are  to  be  found  in  Greece  seems  to  be  satisfactorily  established ; 
also,  from  his  analysis  of  the  survival  of  Mycenaean  motives  in  the  Geometric  style 
{Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (181)7),  p.  233  tt*.),  it  may  be  easily  seen  how  close  is  the  connec- 
tion between  the  two  styles.  But  neither  theory  is  sufficient  to  account  for  the  true 
Geometric  style,  which,  as  he  admits  himself,  does  not  show  the  transitional  stages  of 
development  which  were  to  have  been  expected  if  the  style  were  derived  directly  from 
the  Mycenaean. 

For  the  Heraeum  fragments  it  must  be  said  that  only  a  few  scattered  specimens  (e.  g. 
Plate  L.  15,  16,  and  17)  show  the  existence  of  Wide's  pre-Dorian  elements;  such  speci- 
mens, however,  are  more  in  hne  with  Professor  Waldstein's  linear  theory,  and  are  not 
good  examples  of  the  "  Bauernstil."  That  a  small  number  of  fragments,  which,  though 
Geometric  as  far  as  clay  and  technique  were  concerned,  also  show  distinctly  the  sur- 
vival of  Mycenaean  motives,  points  to  a  close  connection  between  the  two  styles.  At 
the  same  time,  the  difference  between  such  fragments  and  those  of  the  pure  Geometric 
style  is  so  great  that  it  is  diflicidt  to  believe  that  the  Geometric  style  could  possibly  have 
originated  as  the  natural  sequence  of  such  prototypes. 

The  need  for  some  decided  infusion  of  fresh  ideas  is  the  chief  obstacle  against  the 
entire  acceptance  of  Wide's  theory.  As  we  can  hardly  assume  that  the  finished  Geo- 
metric style  is  the  natural  outcome  of  i)revious  conditions,  subject  to  no  outside  influence, 
we  must  seek  some  reason  for  such  a  phenomenon,  and  of  all  the  solutions  offered,  the 
theory  of  the  Dorian  invasion  seems  to  my  mind  the  most  satisfactory. 

While  the  actual  occurrence  of  such  a  migration  has  never  been  conclusively  estab- 
lished, it  is  generally  agreed  that  some  gi-eat  upheaval  took  place  in  Greece  during  the 
eleventh  centurv  b.  c.  Certainlv  all  the  i)liases  of  the  civilization  which  succeeded  the 
Mycenaean  period  show  a  radical  change  of  style,  which  can  hardly  be  accounted  for  by 
a  pui-ely  natural  and  unaided  development.  It  is  too  much  to  assume  that  the  people 
who  brought  about  such  a  change  were  necessarily  identical  with  the  people  of  the 
"  Hallstiitt "  period,  though  the  similarity  between  objects  of  that  period  and  the  Geo- 
metric style  is  extremely  striking.  As  the  Geometric  style  is  found  at  the  Heraeum 
practically  full-grown  (as  is  also  the  case  in  Atticii),  it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  some 
external  movement  can  account  for  its  growth. 

Now,  granting  for  the  moment  that  the  Geometric  style  could  have  developed  in 
Attica  along  the  lines  laid  down  by  Wide,  the  same  can  hardly  be  true  at  Argos ;  were 
such  the  case  we  should  certainly  expect  to  find  a  steady  and  continuous  development 
from  primitive  or  Mycenaean  times.  The  linear  theory  for  the  origin  of  the  Argive 
style  can  hardly  apply  hei-e.  Since  an  autochthonous  gro>\i:h  can  scarcely  account  for 
the  style  at  the  Heraeum,  some  external  influence  is  absolutely  necessary.  It  would 
seem  that  at  a  time  when  the  Mycenaean  civilization  in  the  Argolid  was  on  its  decline 
there  apj)eared  a  new  influence,  which  effectually  finished  the  Mycenaean  civilization, 
and  brought  in  with  it  no  new  elements  (since  almost  all  of  them  had  been  in  use 
before),  but  a  new  and  radical  cond)ination  of  those  elements.  Seeing  that  these  ele- 
ments are  linear,  and  thus  characteristic  of  aff  peoples  during  the  primitive  stages  of 
their  civilization,  it  matters  little  who  these  people  were,  though  they  may  well  have  been 
the  Dorians ;  the  main  point  is  that  they  brought  with  them  a  new  style,  or  new  arrange- 
ment of  motives  already  in  use.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  any  other  exphmation  can  account 
for  the  rise  of  the  Geometric  style  in  the  Argolid ;  with  Attica  the  case  is  not  so  e^^dent. 


104 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


GEOMETRIC   STYLE:  EARLIEST    EXAMPLES 


105 


We  have  already  pointed  out  that,  except  for  a  few  slight  teehnical  ditfei-enees,  the 
Geometric  style  in  the  Ai-golid  is  practically  identical  with  that  of  Attica.  If  we  assume 
that  Wide's  theory  of  an  autochthonous  development  for  the  style  in  Attica  is  true, 
and  that  some  external  influence  created  the  style  in  the  Argolid,  we  are  confronted  hy 
a  most  surprising  contradiction  of  facts,  —  that  two  different  influences  at  work  in  two 
different  places  should  produce  substantially  the  s;ime  results.  Theoretically  such  a  case 
might  be  possible,  but  not  practically  ;  one  influence  must  be  responsible  for  both  styles. 

Therefore  it  does  not  seem  difficult  to  assume  that  this  external  influence  (if  Dorian  it 
be)  was  felt  in  Attica  as  well  as  Argos.  Such  a  theory  would  supply  the  Licuna,  which  Wide 
admits,  in  the  complete  development  of  the  style,  and  does  not  preclude  the  existence  of 
an  earlier,  primitive  Geometric  style  in  Attica.  Although  the  Attic  historians  always 
claimed  that  Attica  had  never  been  overrun  by  the  Dorians,  the  legend  of  Codrus  shows 
that  she  was  not  untouched  by  their  movement,  and  there  seems  no  reason  why  the  legend 
of  the  movement  of  some  tribe  agiiinst  the  Attic  frontier  should  not  be  symbolical  of  a 
steady  movement  from  the  Peloponnesus  along  the  shores  of  the  Saruuic  gulf  to  tlie  very 
confines  of  Attica. 

To  assign  a  chronology  to  these  events  is  impossible.  They  cannot  have  taken  place 
at  once,  but  were  probably  spread  out  over  half  a  century.  But  while  by  this  reasoning 
the  Dipylon  style  is  shown  to  be  slightly  younger  than  the  Argive  Geometric,  it  is  not 
implied  that  the  foraier  is  the  result  of  the  latter,  but  that  it  is  the  result  of  the  same 
lirinciple  as  the  latter  which  first  made  itself  felt  in  Argos,  and  finding  the  conditi<»n8  in 
Attica  practically  the  same,  naturally  accomplished  there  the  same  results. 

The  relation  of  the  Geometric  style  to  the  Argive,  with  which  it  is  closely  connected, 
will  be  discussed  in  chapter  IV. 

In  the  Argive  Geometric  fragments  three  distinct  types  may  be  detected  :  — 
I.   The  earliest  or  transitional  stage  from  the  Myeenaeau. 
II.    Purely  Cieoraetrical  style. 

III.   The  introduction  of  animal  and  human  figures,  genre  scenes,  and  development  of  bands  of 


figures. 


CLASS  I. 
TRANSITIONAL  STAGE. 

Fragments  of  this  class  were  not  very  numerous,  and,  as  no  vases  were  preserved  entire, 
they  do  not  lend  themselves  to  a  satisfactory  arrangement.  Two  variations  of  this  class 
were  noted,  —  fragments  of  distinctly  Geometric  clay  with  Mycenaean  ornament^ition, 
and  fragments  of  Mycenaean  cLay  \s\t\\  Geometric  ornamentation.  At  the  same  time  the 
scheme  of  decoration  is  treated  rather  from  a  Mycenaean  than  a  Geometrical  standpoint, 
and  it  cannot  be  assumed  that  these  fragments  are  the  result  of  the  new  influence;  it  is 
most  probable  that  they  mark  the  low  ebb  to  which  the  Mycenaean  style  was  sinking,  as 
the  fourth  class  lustrous  finish  declined.  The  difference  in  the  chiv  would  seem  to  show, 
either  that  at  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period  some  change  had  been  made  in  the  pre- 
paration of  the  clay,  or  that  for  some  reason  it  was  taken  from  different  beds.  How- 
ever, in  view  of  the  similarity  in  clay  of  all  Geometric  vases,  wherever  found,  it  seems 
more  likely  that  the  difference  between  it  and  Mycenaean  clay  lies  solely  in  the  manner 
of  preparation. 

If,  therefore,  this  change  in  the  preparation  of  the  clay  took  place  before  the  Dorian 
invasion,  the  Geometric  style  is  simply  the  supplanting  of  the  Mycenaean  motives  by 
purely  Geometrical  ones. 


Wide  has  endeavored  in  his  article  on  the  survival  of  Mycenaean  motives  in  the  Geo- 
metric style  {Afheu.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  j).  233)  to  trace  the  development  of  the  vari- 
ous motives  which  had  their  origin  in  the  Mycenaean  style  during  the  later  period.  I 
cannot,  however,  agree  with  his  assertion  that  the  centre  of  the  Mycenaean  activity  lay 
in  the  islands.  Wide  bases  this  claim  on  the  supposition  that  the  vases  which  show  this 
connecting  link  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  styles  have  been  found  only  on 
the  islands.  Such  a  supposition  cannot  now  be  entertained,  since  not  only  are  many  of 
these  ty})es  to  be  seen  on  our  fragments,  but  also  on  vases  recently  found  in  Attica.  Of 
the  motives  mentioned  in  Wide's  article,  the  following  occur  at  the  Heraeum  on  various 
fragments  mentioned  below.     (The  page  references  are  from  Wide's  article.) 

Toothed  wheel  and  star  (p.  235,  fig.  3). 

One-haudled-jug  (p.  237,  fig.  5).  Numei-ous  fragments  of  jugs  with  precisely  similar  decora- 
tions were  found.     Also  several  handles  with  u  plastic  snake. 

Amphora  (p.  238,  fig.  6).  Fragments  of  similar  amphoras  were  extremely  numerous  at  the 
Heraeum.  Dozens  of  fragments  belonging  to  rims  showed  a  lozenge  chain,  with  or  without  a  cen- 
tral dot.  E(pially  numerous  were  the  lozenge  chains  formed  by  interlacing  lines,  the  rhomboids 
(single)  anti  "  Running  Dog  "  patterns. 

( P.  238,  fig.  7. )  Sevei'al  fragments  fix>m  the  shoulder  of  a  vase  showing  similar  decoration  were 
found.  The  form  is  uncertain,  but  as  the  base  of  a  spout  was  apparent,  it  is  probably  a  jug  similar 
to  the  Mycenaean  ones  with  one  handle.  The  clay  is  coarse  and  of  a  dark  red  color.  The  decora- 
tion on  both  shoulder  and  belly  consists  of  a  net  pattern  (not  a  meander,  as  in  the  ^^lunich  vase), 
the  spaces  fille<l  by  rosettes  or  dotted  lozenges.     Under  the  base  of  the  spout  is  a  leaf  pattern. 

(P.  240,  fig.  8.)  Circles  with  cross  in  the  centre,  arranged  singly  in  pairs  or  in  series,  were 
among  the  commonest  types  on  the  Heraeum  fragments. 

(P.  244,  fig.  14  a.)     Several  fragments  with  this  motive  were  found. 

(P.  246,  fig.  17.)  At  least  a  hundred  fragments  from  the  rims  of  large  bowls  showed  this  com- 
bination of  a  wave  pattern  and  dotted  cirt-les. 

The  preceding  enumeration  of  the  various  types  is  valuable  as  showing  the  occurrence 
of  Wide's  types  at  the  Heraeum.  The  following  fragments  are  here  introduced  to  show 
the  use  of  Mycenaean  motives  on  a  Geometric  clay.  It  must  be  remembered,  however, 
that  the  difference  in  cLiy  is  hardly  j^erceptible  in  the  plate ;  in  all  these  fragments  it  is 
generally  greenish  or  yellowish  in  tone  (sometimes  reddish),  coarse  in  quality,  and  not 
very  carefully  cleaned,  never  possessing,  except  in  a  few  cases,  the  smooth  surface  so 
characteristic  of  Mycenaean  clay. 

PLATE    LVI. 

1.  Fragment  of  a  large  vessel,  probably  an  amphora.  Coarse  yellow  clay ;  decoration  varying 
fi-om  dark  to  light  brown.     Checkerboard  and  circles. 

The  quality  of  the  decoration  resembles  the  Mycenaean  more  closely  than  does  that  of  any  other 
fragment.  We  have  here  the  circles  (as  in  Wide,  Iw.  cit.  p.  244,  fig.  14  a)  with  the  Geometric 
cheoker1>oard.  Both  are  treated  in  a  slightly  freer  fashion  than  we  shall  find  usual.  Several  other 
similar  fragments  were  found. 

2.  From  a  bowl.     Reddish  clay,  with  a  yellow  slip.     Spirals  in  dark  red. 

3.  The  same.     Red  glaze  on  interior,  bright  red  decoration. 

4.  The  same :  coarse  yellow  clay.     Red  decoration. 

2-4  show  the  employment  of  purely  Mycenaean  motives  on  Geometric  clay. 

5.  From  rim  of  large  bowl.  Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  bands  on  interior  below  rim ;  brown 
decoration  very  faded. 

The  Mycenaean  spiral  is  hei*e  preserved  intact. 

6.  Greenish  clay,  with  light  brown  decoration.  Combination  of  zigzags  and  Mycenaean  flower 
branch  (cf.  Wide,  loc.  cit.  p.  242,  fig.  12  a).    Fragments  with  this  combination  were  very  numerous. 


106 


TIIK   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


THE   GEOMETRIC   STYLE:     HUMAN   FIGURES 


107 


7.    Light  brown  clay,  with  polished  surface.     Lustrous  brown  glaze  on  interior. 

This  fragment  is  extremely  curious,  since  beside  the  zigzags  it  has  the  eye,  nose,  and  hair  of  a 
human  face  with  a  rosette  beneath.     A  similar  instance  is  unknown  to  me. 

a  From  large  vase,  probably  an  amphora.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  decoration  varying  from 
greenish  brown  to  black. 

9.  From  rim  of  amphor.i.     Greenish  clay. 

10.  From  a  large  bowl.  Brick  red  clay,  with  red  glaze  on  interior.  Retl  decoration  faded. 
Rosette  and  zigzags. 

Fragments  similar  to  8  and  10  were  very  numerous  (certainly  a  basket  full)  and  seem  to  con- 
stitute the  earliest  essays  in  the  Geometric  style  proper.  While  the  clay  is  coarse,  it  has  been  covered 
with  a  whitish  slip  (as  in  Mycenaean  vases)  and  the  decoration  applied  rather  thinly  without  any 
lustre.  Some  of  the  fragments  had  a  dark  brown  glaze  on  the  interior,  which,  together  with  their 
size,  seems  to  show  that  they  belong  to  amphoras  or  bowls.  Outside  of  the  Heraeum  this  ware  is 
not  common :  the  neai*est  approach  seems  to  be  a  variety  found  at  Syracuse.  On  none  of  these 
fragments  was  any  decoration  foimd  which  included  the  human  or  animal  figure,  the  established 
scheme  being  straight  lines  and  zigzags.  In  fact,  on  Argive  Geometric  vases  the  use  of  the  zigzag 
seems  to  be  carried  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  in  Attic  work. 

Besides  the  motives  already  mentioned,  we  find  wavy  lines  (for  rim  and  shoulder),  rays, 
rosettes,  lozenges  (entirely  black),  and  a  single  zigzag  line  used  exclusively  on  the  rims 
of  bowls. 

Further,  we  may  mention  a  number  of  fragments  (chiefly  handles  and  necks)  which 
seemed  to  belong  to  aniphoms  similar  to  those  in  Jahrburh,  XV.  (1900),  p.  />!,  fig.  107, 
the  only  decoration  being  a  wavy  biind  on  the  neck  and  strii)es  on  the  body  and  handles. 
These  fragments  evidently  belong  to  Class  I. 

CLA.SS  IL 

PURELY  CiEOMETRICAL  TYPES. 

Fragments  with  purely  Geometrical  ornamentation  formed  the  bulk  of  this  style  at  the 
Heraeum.  The  vases  are  almost  entirely  covered  with  a  brown  glaze  (in  the  case  of 
bowls  the  glaze  is  also  used  on  the  interior),  with  a  series  of  parallel  bands  running 
round  the  body,  which  in  many  cases  formed  the  sole  decoration.  The  principal  mo- 
tives are  placed  on  the  shoulder,  neck,  or  rim,  and  consist  generally  of  a  meander  pattern 
arranged  singly  or  in  series.  These  meanders  are  formed  by  single  lines,  or  by  double 
lines  with  a  series  of  short  parallel  cross-lines,  straight  or  diagonal,  between  them,  which 
ffive  the  effect  of  shadinsf-  In  some  cases  the  cross-lines  are  omitted.  Other  motives 
are  :  — 

Zigzags,  singly  or  in  series.  These  are  either  drawn  in  a  single  line  or  else  double,  with  a 
shading  of  cross-lines  as  in  the  meander  patterns. 

Checkerboard ».  These  are  treated  in  a  variety  of  ways.  The  simplest  form  is  a  series  of 
squares,  alternately  black  and  plain  (i.  e.  the  natural  color  of  the  day).  Variety  is  secured  by  the 
insertion  of  a  lozenge  into  the  plain  squares,  or  else  shading  the  black  squares  by  a  network  of 
lines. 

Rays.  Generally  in  series  around  the  base  or  rim.  These  are  either  in  outline,  black,  or  of 
interlaced  lines.  In  some  cases  the  rays  are  drawn  in  double  outline,  with  a  row  of  dots  between 
the  lines. 

Wave  pattern.  Generally  a  single  broad  line,  sometimes  with  the  addition  of  a  dotted  row  on 
each  edge.     This,  an  original  Mycenaean  motive,  eventually  develops  into  the  Geometric  snake. 

Lozenges.  In  their  most  elementary  form  as  a  rhomboid,  such  as  is  found  on  Mycenaean  vases 
of  the  fourth  class.     Generally  in  the  Geometric  style  we  find  them  in  chain,  with  or  without  a 


central  dot.  Owing  to  carelessness  or  hasty  technique  the  chain  often  resembles  a  series  of 
ovals. 

Net  pattern.  In  many  cases  this  is  nothing  but  a  lozenge  chain  in  parallel  lines,  the  whole 
giving  the  motive  its  net-like  appearance. 

Circles.  Generally  two  or  more  concentric  circles,  with  a  central  dot,  singly  or  in  series,  some- 
times connected,  sometimes  not. 

Jiosettes  or  stars.  Generally  treated  in  series,  either  as  an  independent  band  or  else  as  a  border 
to  the  wave  pattern.  Cases  occur,  esjiecially  in  plates,  where  the  rim  is  surrounded  by  a  border 
of  leaf  or  flower  petals,  with  a  shading  of  lines. 

Pot-ho*>ks.    As  in  early  Attic  work. 

*'  Jiunning  Dog^^    Generally  used  on  the  rims  of  bowls. 

GuiUoch.es.   Generally  on  the  base  of  a  vessel  with  a  tall  foot. 

Swastikas.    As  ornaments  in  field. 

Dotted  lines.    Usetl  as  a  variation  of  the  plain  circular  band. 

Since  none  of  these  motives  are  new  in  the  Geometric  style,  and  as  no  peculiar  combi- 
nations of  them  occur  on  our  fragments,  none  are  given  in  our  plates.  All  these  motives 
may  be  found  on  vases  where  "  animal  "  motives  are  introduced ;  at  the  same  time  a 
large  number  of  fragments  show  clearly  that  this  animal  decoration  does  not  occur  on  a 
great  part  of  the  vases. 

As  practically  none  of  the  vases  are  preserved  intact,  any  list  of  the  various  forms 
found  niiLst  be  incomplete.  Roughly  speaking,  the  following  shapes  were  represented  by 
fragments :  — 

Amphoras.  One-handled  jugs  (^oinochoai). 

Bowls  (^skyphot).  Plates. 

Bowls  with  a  tall  foot.  Cups  with  one  handle. 

The  rarer  forms  will  be  discussed  later  when  dealing  with  their  fragments. 

CLASS  III. 
THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  HUM.\N  AND  ANIMAL  MOTIVES. 

The  third  class  of  the  Geometric  style  is  by  far  the  largest,  not  only  at  the  Heraeum, 
but  in  almost  all  the  other  places  in  Greece  where  the  style  is  found.  The  introduction 
of  the  human  or  animal  figure  must  have  taken  place  at  an  early  period,  though  hardly 
at  the  very  beginning  of  the  style.  It  is  true  that  we  find  these  figures  in  the  fourth 
class  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  but  their  treatment  differs  materially  from  that  usual  in 
the  Geometric  period.  Moreover,  the  Geometric  types  which  are  certainly  the  oldest, 
such  as  the  transitional  types  found  on  the  islands  (cf.  Wide,  loc.  cit.)  and  those  more 
recently  discovered  in  Attica  and  Corinth,  exhibit  pure  Geometric  decoration,  with  no 
traces  of  a  human  or  animal  motive.  At  the  same  time,  no  great  chronological  distinc- 
tion can  be  demanded  between  Classes  II.  and  III.  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  since  the 
scheme  of  ornamentation,  except  for  the  introduction  of  human  or  animal  figures,  is 
practically  the  same  in  both. 

The  variations  of  the  different  motives  in  Class  III.  are  numerous,  but  their  develop- 
ment seems  fairly  clear.     We  find  two  distinct  groups. 

1.  Where  the  motive  is  treated  simply  with  few,  if  any,  ornaments  in  the  field. 

2.  Elaborate  treatment  of  the  motive  and  wealth  of  ornaments  in  the  field. 

By  all  general  laws  of  art,  fragments  in  the  second  division  are  younger  than  those  in 
the  first,  since  the  horror  vacul,  as  exemplified  by  other  styles,  is  the  result  of  a  realiza- 


108 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:   BIRDS   AND  HORSES 


109 


tioii  of  the  fundamentiil  principles  of  art,  without  the  ability  to  attain  the  end  desired. 
Exceptions  may  be  found,  since  some  fragments  show  a  decided  lack  of  ornaments  in  the 
Held  combined  with  a  technique  extremely  advanced,  but  such  fragments  are  not  so  com- 
mon as  to  warrant  the  reversjil  of  our  order.     We  must  either  <issume  that  thev  are 

» 

exceptions  to  the  rule  or  else  that  they  are  merely  advanced  sj)ecimens  of  the  first 
division,  contemporaneous  with  the  second,  but  still,  through  conventionality  of  taste, 
adhering  to  the  earlier  principles. 

The  choice  of  subjects  in  both  divisions  is  the  same.  While  the  greater  part  of  the 
vase  is  occupied  by  purely  Geometrical  decoration,  the  key-note  of  the  ornamentation  con- 
sists of  one  of  the  following  types  :  — 

A.    Birds. 

a.  In  friezes  (water  birds). 

b.  As  the  principal  subject,  singly  or  in  groups. 

B.   Horse*. 

a.    Singly  or  in  frieze. 

h.   "  Hei'aldic  "  scheme. 

C   Men. 
a.  In  frieze. 

h.   "  I  leraldic  "  scheme. 

(-.    '*  Genre  "  scenes  (^hunting,  rowing,  Hghting,  etc.}. 

J).    Women. 
</.   In  frieze. 

E.   Jfiscellaneous. 
Deer,  dogs,  and  other  animals,  usually  in  frieze,  but  often  introduced  as  ornaments  in  field. 

A.    Birdn. 

The  bird  as  a  motive  of  decoration  is  not  only  the  most  common  one  in  the  Geometric 
style,  but  there  is  good  reason  for  assuming  it  to  be  the  earliest  of  the  motives  included 
in  Class  III.  It  is  found  on  many  fragments  which  through  their  primitive  technique 
appear  to  belong  to  the  earlier  period  of  the  style,  where  the  other  animal  motives  are 
wanting.  We  find  it  as  a  common  feature  on  Mycenaean  vases  of  Class  IV.,  though 
treated  in  a  different  fashion,  showing  that  the  motive  is  not  original  in  the  Geometric 
style.  But  as  the  sunilarity  between  the  earliest  type  of  the  water  bird  frieze  in  the  Geo- 
metric style  and  the  band  of  vertical  zigziigs  common  on  the  rims  of  Mycenaean  bowls 
is  so  marked,  there  is  reason  for  8upi>osing  that  while  the  bird  itself  was  borrowed 
directly  from  the  Mycenaean  fourth  class,  its  arrangement  in  a  frieze  was  suggested  by 
the  use  of  the  zigzag  band. 

Fragments  having  this  water  bird  motive  were  extremely  numei-ous,  belonging  to  the 
rims  of  small  bowls  around  which  ran  a  frieze  of  birds.'  The  earliest  examples  are  mere 
zigzag  lines,  the  later  more  elaborate,  the  figure  of  the  bird  being  shaded  by  cross-lines, 
and  the  head  and  beak  more  sharply  defined.  Ornaments  in  field  are  then  introduced, 
principally  dots,  rosettes,  and  zigzags.  Soon  after  the  introducdon  of  the  frieze  the  bird 
itself  becomes  the  real  subject  of  decoration,  but  rapidly  passes  to  the  position  of  au 
ornament  in  field  itself. 

Some  slight  differences  may  be  detected  in  the  various  biids,  but  it  is  of  little  use  to 

•  As  on  a  skyphos  said  to  come  from  Mycenae  (Jahrh.      the  Geometric  vases  from  the  llernetim,  there  can  be  no 
XVI.  [1899],  p.  85,  fig.  43).    From  the  close  similarity  to      doubt  that  the  vase  referred  to  comes  from  the  Argolid. 


try  and  identify  them  with  any  particular  species.     As  some  have  a  tuft  of  feathers  at 
the  back  of  the  head,  they  may  perhaps  represent  cranes  or  herons. 

PLATE    LVI. 

11,  Rim  of  bowl ;  black  glaze  on  interior. 

This  is  the  conunonest  tyi)e  of  the  frieze,  and  was  found  in  very  large  quantities  at  the  Heraeum. 
The  tyjMi  is  too  common  to  cite  any  further  examples. 

12.  Rim  of  bowl ;  dark  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Treatment  of  bird  more  elaborate,  the  body 
being  shadeil  by  cross-lines,  zigzags  in  field. 

la  From  large  bowl  with  dark  brown  decoration  on  interior.  Brown  decoration  rather  faded. 
Stars  in  field ;  above  zigzag  band  and  meander. 

The  birds  are  shaded  as  in  12,  the  tails  sharply  dedned.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  birds  are 
alternately  large  and  small,»  a  feature  I  have  not  observe<l  elsewhere.  The  use  of  the  star  as  an 
ornament  in  field  is  by  no  means  usual. 

14.    Birds  treated  rather  freely.     Checker  square  in  field. 

1&  The  biiils  are  here  represented  with  heads  down,  feeding;  this  type,  though  by  no  means 
rare,  is  not  as  conunon  as  tiie  type  that  is  represente<l  by  11-13. 

b. 

In  Group  b  the  water  bird  becomes  the  chief  feature  and  is  generally  treated  in  a 
simple  fashion,  the  bird  standing  alone  in  the  centre  of  a  panel  formed  by  vertical  and 
horizontal  lines.  A  transiticmal  type  from  a  was  observed  in  the  case  of  several  frag- 
ments from  the  neck  of  a  large  vase  (probably  an  amphora)  where  a  row  of  birds  was 
represented,  each  one  separated  from  the  other  by  two  patterns,  one  consisting  of  two 
upright  lines  with  horizontal  lines  between  and  the  other  a  vertical  guiUoche  treated  as  a 
silho'Iiette.  The  techniiiue  was  poor  and  the  bhds  drawn  as  silliouettes  without  any 
shading.  Other  cases  were  observed  where  the  panel  was  bounded  by  rows  of  horizontal 
ziirziisrs  one  above  the  other. 

16.  From  a  howl  about  17  cm.  in  diameter;  height  cannot  be  determined.  Dark  red  clay. 
BiiUiaut  black  glaze  on  interior,  black  decoration.     Several  other  fragments  found. 

The  bowl  .seems  to  have  been  divide<l  into  four  panels,  the  intervening  spaces  being  filled  by  a 
meander  pattern  (not  visible  on  16).  The  birds  are  treated  as  silhouettes.  The  ornament  m 
field  is  a  common  ono  in  this  style. 

17  From  a  large  vase.  Brick  red  clav.  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  brown.  Ihe 
birds  are  more  elaborately  treated  with  stars  as  ornaments  in  field  (cf.  No.  14).  From  several 
other  fragments  belonging  to  the  same  vase  it  seems  probable  that  the  birds  were  the  prmeipal 
theme,  the  rest  of  the  vase  being  oniamented  with  purely  Geometrical  motives. 

The  ornaments  in  the  field  on  most  of  the  fragments  of  type  b  are  lozenges,  zigzags, 
concentric  circles,  stars,  etc.     The  treatment  of  the  water  bird  as  an  ornament  ni  the 

field  will  l>e  discussed  kter. 

B.   HorMH. 

One  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  the  Geometric  style  is  the  fondness  for 
representing  horses,  either  singly,  in  pairs  ("Heraldic"  scheme),  or  attached  to  a  wagon. 
The  horse  in  Greek  art  was  a  well  known  feature  before  this  period ;  one  recalls  the 
crrave  stelae,  and  the  sword  bkde  from  Mycenae.  Also  on  Mycenaean  vases  of  the 
fourth  class  the  hoi-se  may  be  found,  although  not  so  often  as  to  assume  that  the  animal 

>  A  b<.wl  from  Boeotia  {Jahrh.  XIV.  [1899],  p.  83,  fig.  40)  shows  two  Urge  and  two  small  water  birds,  which  are 
arranged  in  u  panel,  and  not,  as  here,  in  a  frieze. 


110 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


was  a  great  favorite  with  the  Mycenaean  potters.  To  account  for  its  ])o{)ularity  during 
the  Geometric  period  is  difficult.  From  the  Homeric  poems  we  know  what  a  part  was 
played  by  it  in  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  so  that  we  cannot  assume  a  sudden  increase  of 
popularity  for  it  during  the  later  period.  The  chief  point  of  difference  lies  in  the  fact 
that  during  the  Mycenaean  period  the  horse  is  always  used  as  a  yoke-animal,  never  as  a 
beast  of  burden.  In  the  Geometric  period  we  find  frequent  i-epresentations  of  the  horse 
as  a  mount  as  well  as  a  beast  of  burden.  A  very  superficial  study  of  the  Mycenaean  vases 
shows  that  the  drawing  of  animals  was  more  or  less  tentative,  with  rather  unsiitisfactory 
results.  Of  couree  the  Vaphio  cups  show  that  it  was  possible  for  the  Mycenaean  artists  to 
reproduce  animals  with  wonderful  accuracy,  but  then  the  toreutic  art  of  the  Mycenaean 
period  is  far  in  advance  of  that  of  the  vase  painter.  Hence  we  can  only  assume  that  an 
increase  of  skill  in  drawing  on  the  p<ii-t  of  the  vase  painters  was  responsible  for  so  many 
representations  of  horses  on  Geometric  vases.  Being  a  common  factor  in  the  life  of  the 
period,  it  could  not  be  ignored.  But  it  is  certtiin  that  the  horse  did  not  become  popular 
until  the  Geometric  style  was  firmly  estabhshed,  since  it  is  not  found  on  the  earliest  vases 
of  the  style. 

«. 

1&  From  rim  of  large  bowl.  Dark  red  clay,  with  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Head  and  rear  part 
of  two  horses.  On  the  inside,  below  the  rim,  a  band  of  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.     Xo  ornaments  in  field. 

Numerous  other  fragments  having  a  single  hoi-se,  or  a  band  of  them,  were  found,  but 
all  in  bad  condition,  showing  in  most  cases  only  the  head  or  hind-iiuarters  of  the  animal. 

19.  Part  of  the  foot  of  a  large  bowl.  Ke<l  clay,  with  darker  core,  lustrous  black  an<l  brown 
decoration.  Frieze  of  horses,  with  rays,  stars,  ftwastikatf,  etc.,  as  ornaments  in  field.  lielow,  two 
zigzag  bands  (shaded).     Separated  by  a  moulding  ai>pear8  what  may  be  another  similar  frieze. 

Though  the  shape  of  the  base  cannot  be  determine<l,  it  is  probably  a  large  bowl  mounted  on  a 
tall  foot,  somewhat  similar  in  character  to  one  in  Athens  i^Jahrh.  XIV.  [1899],  p.  81.  fig.  37),  hut 
with  a  taller  foot. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  with  a  frieze  of  horses  had  a  wealth  of  ornaments  in 
the  field.  The  t>-pe  of  horse  was  generally  the  same  in  all,  the  only  difference  lying  in 
the  quality  of  tlie  execution.  One  fragment  (without  ornaments  in  the  field)  showed  a 
frieze  of  horses  srrazinjr. 

20.  Greenish  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  Horse  in  panel.  Duck,  meander,  Hica»tik(m, 
and  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.     Above,  zigzag  band  (shaded). 

The  treatment  of  the  horse  by  itself  in  a  panel  is  not  as  common  as  in  the  case  of  the 
birds.  Only  a  few  other  simibir  fragments  were  found.  The  bird  is  here  used  as  an 
ornament  in  the  field.  Whether  the  zigzag  which  falls  from  the  bird's  beak  is  intended 
to  represent  a  worm  is  uncertain.  It  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  not  only  on  the  Heraeum 
fragments  but  on  Geometrical  vases  found  elsewhere. 


The  representation  of  two  horses  facing  each  other  in  the  so-called  "  Heraldic "  * 
scheme  is  of  common  occurrence  on  vases  of  this  style.  The  symmetrical  arrangement 
of  motives  in  this  same  scheme  was  a  characteristic  of  the  Mycenaean  fourth  class.  The 
usual  arrangement  called  for  the  figure  of  a  man  between  the  two  horses ;  however,  it  is 

•  For  a  discussion  of  the  "  Heraldic "  scheme,  see  Curtius,  •  Wappengebrauch  uud  Wappeustil  iui  Alterthiim,' 
Gesammelte  Ahhandlungen,  II,  pp.  110  ff. 


THE   GEOMETRIC   STYLE:   HORSES   AND   MEN 


111 


eertiiin  from  other  fragments  belonging  to  the  same  vases  as  21  and  22  that  the  space 
between  the  hoi-ses  was  occupied  by  ornaments  in  the  field,  and  fragments  from  other 
vases  show  this  same  peculiarity. 

As  the  treatment  of  the  horse  is  that  peculiar  to  the  style,  no  f  uillier  comment  is  neces- 
sary. Only  a  very  few  fragments  showed  a  lack  of  ornaments  in  the  field  ;  the  greater 
part  have  a  very  elaborate  series  of  ornaments,  with  many  variations.  In  each  panel 
(the  group  is  almost  invariably  in  panel  form)  five  spaces  may  be  found,  two  above  and 
two  below  the  bodies  of  the  hoi*ses,  and  one  between  them.  The  filling  of  the  latter 
si)ace  by  a  human  figure  will  be  discussed  later.  The  most  usual  ornament  in  the  spaces 
above  tlie  bodies  is  a  simple  meander  or  zigzag,  sometimes  combined.  Besides  these  we 
find  rosettes,  lozenges,  squares,  crosses,  circles,  etc.,  in  fact,  all  the  common  Geometric 
themes.     Water  birds  are  occasionally  introduced,  singly  or  in  a  row. 

The  space  beneath  each  body  is  usually  occupied  by  a  fish  or  a  water  bird ;  the  other 
Geometric  motives  are  often  used,  but  by  no  means  with  the  same  frequency.  In  case 
the  space  to  be  filled  is  a  very  large  one,  half  meanders,  crosses,  rosettes,  etc.,  are  em- 
ployed as  filling  around  the  body  of  the  fish  or  bird. 

yi  Reddish  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration.  Noticeable  is  the  object  beneath  the  horse's  belly, 
a  Hhaded  half  circle  with  lozenge  chain.     Several  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

22.  Coarse  greenish  clay,  with  greenish  brown  glaze  on  interior,  and  brown  decoration.  Row  of 
water  birds  above  on  a  dotted  meander.  Between  the  hind  legs  a  water  bird,  between  the  fore 
legs  a  vertical  "  Running  Dog "'  pattern.  Beneath  the  belly  a  square  containing  a  rosette.  Sev- 
eral other  fragments  of  this  vase  wei-e  found. 

C.  Men. 

Although  the  human  figure  is  inti-oduced  into  Mycenaean  vase-painting,  its  use  there 
is  not  very  common.  As  the  earliest  examples  of  Geometric  vases  do  not  employ  it,  there 
is  good  reason  to  believe  that  not  until  the  later  i)eriod  of  the  style  was  its  use  at  all 
universal.  Once  introduced,  however,  its  development  was  rapid,  and  in  the  latest 
examples  of  Ge<imetric  ware  we  find  the  human  figure  as  the  chief  motive  of  decoration. 

Among  the  Heraeum  fragments  this  motive  plays  a  large  part.  At  the  time  of  its 
introduction  the  use  of  ornaments  in  the  field  seems  to  be  firmly  established,  and  frag- 
ments with  human  figures,  but  without  ornaments  in  the  field,  are  rather  scarce.  Such 
cases  as  do  occur  are  marked  by  an  advanced  technique,  which  forbids  their  belonging  to 

the  earlier  period  of  the  style. 

a. 

Whether  the  introduction  of  the  human  figure  in  the  "  Heraldic  "  scheme  between  two 
horses  is  earlier  than  in  the  frieze  cannot  be  told.  The  former  is  by  far  the  more  com- 
mon, and  on  the  Heraeum  fragments  is  the  most  usual  motive.  The  general  type  is 
always  the  same :  a  nude  male  figure,  in  profile,  holding  a  horse  ^vith  each  hand,^  either 
by  a  halter,  or  else  grasping  the  horse's  nose.  Such  variations  as  occur  lie  in  the  dif- 
ferent ornaments  in  the  field  and  in  the  treatment  of  the  man  and  horse  —  either  less 
or  more  advanced. 

PLATE    LVII. 

1.  Light  retldish  clay,  with  decoration  in  light  brown.  This  is  probably  one  of  the  earliest 
instances  of  the  tyi»e.  the  figures  being  hardly  more  than  a  series  of  straight  lines  such  as  a  child 

might  draw. 

2.  From  a  large  vase.     Dark  red  clay,  with  brilliant  dark  red  decoration.     Here  the  hips  and 

1  Ann.  delV  Ingt.  1872,  tav.  dagg.  I.  1;  Jdkrb.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  34,  fig,  12. 


\  ! 


W 


I 


II 


i 


Mip 


1^' 


112 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


legs  of  the  man  are  treated  more  naturally,  and  the  distinction  between  the  nose  and  chin  sliarply 
emphasized. 

3.  Clay  and  technique  similar  to  Plate  LVI.  19,  but  rather  more  advanced  in  style.  The  legs 
are  here  extended  beyond  their  natural  length,  and  the  calf  is  sharply  marked.  Meanders  as 
ornaments  in  field. 

4.  From  a  very  large  vase,  perhaps  an  ami)hora.  Reddish  clay,  with  dark  red  decoration.  At 
least  a  dozen  other  fragments  belonging  to  this  vase  were  found,  showing  that  the  horse  and  man 
were  treated  in  panels,  and  the  rest  of  the  vase  ornamented  in  the  usual  Geometric  fashion.  The 
head  of  the  man  has  a  very  curious  headdress,  and  the  neck  ridiculously  lengthened.  Such  exag- 
geration is  not  common.     Fish  as  ornament  in  field. 

It  sometimes  occurs  that  a  man  and  one  horse  are  represented  in  a  panel,  the  man 
leading  the  animal.  As  such  cases  generally  have  a  corresponding  group  on  the  other 
side  of  the  lines  bounding  the  {)anel,  it  cannot  well  be  called  a  genre  scene,  although 
the  "  Heraldic  "  idea  does  not  appear  so  prominently. 

5.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  Here  a  distinct  profile  is  given  to  the 
man.  For  the  object  in  his  left  hand,  which  may  be  a  staff,  I  know  of  no  parallel  instance  on 
Geometric  vases. 

6.  From  a  bowl ;  reddish  clay,  with  dark  red  glaze  on  interior,  red  decoration,  fairly  lustrous. 
Rim  sharply  separated  from  the  shoulder.     Wave  pattern  on  rim. 

In  spite  of  tlie  extremely  archaic  appearance  of  this  fragment  we  cannot  but  assign  it  to  the 
later  period.  The  eye  of  the  figure  is  clearly  defined,  and  an  attempt  is  also  made  to  show  the 
fingers.     It  is  uncertain  whether  the  object  in  the  figure's  left  hand  is  a  whip  or  a  halter. 


The  use  of  the  male  figure  treated  singly  or  in  a  frieze  is  not  as  common  on  the 
Heraeum  fragments  as  on  the  Dipylon  vases. 

7.  Rim  of  bowl.  Dark  red  clay,  with  lustrous  dark  red  glaze  on  interior.  Clay  shows  traces  of 
burning.     Frieze  of  men  to  right ;  the  right-hand  figure  holds  a  kithara  in  his  hands. 

That  the  object  in  question  is  really  a  kithara  ^  would  seem  certain.  That  held  by  the  terra- 
cotta  figurines  from  Keros  (^Athen.  Mitt.  IX.  p.  156,  pi.  vi.),  which  is  thought  by  Koehler  to  1)6 
the  sambuka,  is  probably  the  earliest  instance  of  a  lyre  in  Greek  art.  This  fragment,  however, 
would  seem  to  show  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  a  lyre  in  vase  painting. 

Friezes  of  men,  especially  on  the  rims  of  bowls,  were  quite  common  at  the  Heraeum, 
and  were  found  on  numerous  other  fraarments. 

Another  type,  though  found  on  but  a  few  fragments,  in  bad  preservation,  is  a  frieze 
of  warriors,  the  shield  -  covering  the  entire  body,  and  the  two  spears  projecting  diagonally 
upwards  from  the  shield  on  each  side  of  the  head. 

8.  Rim  of  bowl :  greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  figure  undoubtedly  formed  part  of 
a  frieze. 

This  fragment  is  probably  one  of  the  later  essays ;  the  nose  and  chin  are  sharply  defined,  and 
the  eye  is  incised.     The  body  seems  to  be  covered  with  a  cloak. 

9.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  lustrous  brown  red  decoration.  Bodies  of  two  men  joined  together ; 
double  axe  and  stars  in  field. 

At  first  sight  it  would  appear  that  the  artist  had  tried  to  represent  some  monster  of  the  Geryon 


'  Cf.  the  fragment  from  Amyklae  (Jahrb.  XVI.  [1899], 
p.  84,  fig.  42),  and  an  early  Attic  vase,  Baum.  Deiikmaler, 
p.  1948.  fig.  2078. 

'  One  or  two  of  our  fragments  showed  round  shields, 
as  on  a  vase  in  Athens  (Jahrhuch,  XIV.  [1899],  p.  197. 
fig.  61).     Several  had  only  the  upper  part  of  the  shiehl 


preserved,  which  had  a  |>attem  of  dots  below  the  rim. 
•ludging  by  the  skyphos  from  Eleusis  ('E^/u.  'A/»x  1898, 
pi.  v.  1),  it  seems  most  probable  that  the  shield  was  of  the 
Boeotian  type,  which  is  fairly  common  on  Geometric 
vases.     Cf.  Jahrh.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  85,  fig.  44. 


THE   GEOMETRIC   STYLE:   GENRE   SCENES 


113 


type.  The  most  probable  explanation  is  that  two  figures,  one  behind  the  other,  were  represented, 
and  that  the  artist,  having  no  knowledge  of  persjiective,  got  decidedly  mixed  in  his  drawing.  The 
double  axe  is  quite  a  common  ornament  in  field,  but  whether  there  is  any  connection  between  this 
ornament  and  the  Labyrinth  in  Cnossus  (the  house  of  the  Double-axe,  according  to  Evans)  is 
decidedly  problematical. 

c. 

Fragments  representing  genre  scenes  at  the  Heraeum  were  comparatively  scarce.  As 
a  rule  the  technique  of  such  fragments  is  slightly  better  than  the  average.  That  such 
should  be  the  case  is  not  surprising,  since  in  a  style  like  the  Geometric  the  introduction 
of  (jenre  scenes  would  come  only  after  the  treatment  of  the  ordinary  motives  had  been 
thoroughly  developed  and  some  new  treatment  was  demanded. 

10.  From  a  large  bowl ;  reddish  clav,  with  lustrous  dark  brown  decoration  on  interior ;  decora- 
tion a  brilliant  brown. 

A  battle  scene  is  evidently  represented.  The  central  warrior  is  preparing  to  shoot  an  arrow, 
and  it  may  be  presumed  that  the  other  two  figures  are  about  to  do  the  same.  At  the  right  of  the 
fragment  is  the  foot  of  a  fourth  warrior.     On  the  left  an  arrow  as  an  ornament  in  field. 

The  treatment  of  the  bow  is  precisely  identical  with  that  on  the  fragment  of  the  silver 
vase  from  Grave  IV.  at  Mycenae  (Tsountas,  'E<f)r)fji.  'ApX'  1891,  p.  19,  pi.  ii.  2),  and 
the  Mycenaean  sword  blade  from  the  same  grave  (JJ.  C.  II.  1886,  pi.  ii.  3,  4).  This 
would  show  that  during  the  Geometric  period  the  same  bows  were  employed  as  in  the 
Mycenaean  epoch.  A  comparison  of  the  figures  on  the  large  Dipylon  vase  in  Athens 
{Mon.  (fell'  In>it.  IX.  pis.  39,  40)  sliows  that  the  arrow  which  seems  to  pierce  the  figure 
with  the  bow  is  supi)osed  to  be  girded  to  the  side  '  in  lieu  of  a  quiver. 

11.  Reddish  clay,  with  lustrous  red  brown  glaze  on  interior.     Lustrous  black  decoration. 

That  a  boxing  match  over  a  tripod  as  the  prize  of  the  contest  is  represented  is  the  most  prob- 
able explanation.  At  first  sight  it  would  appear  that  the  left-hand  figure  is  holding  out  some 
object  to  the  other,  but  a  closer  examination  shows  that  the  object  in  question  is  really  the  figure's 
arm  (since  the  fingers  are  denoted)  very  badly  drawn.  Similar  contests  are  rare  on  Geometric 
vases.  Cf.  the  bowl  in  Copenhagen  (^Arch.  Zeit.  1885,  pi.  8,  2),  where  a  similar  contest  without 
the  triiKHl  is  represented.  (This  fragment  has  already  been  published  by  Laurent,  B.  C.  //.  1901, 
p.  150,  fig.  3.) 

12.  Reddish  clay  with  red  brown  decoration.  Man  in  chariot  driving.  As  three  tails  are  vis- 
ible, it  seems  probable  that  a  quadriga  was  repi-esented.  Two  other  fragments  showed  the  same 
scene,  but  not  enough  of  the  chariot  to  draw  any  conclusion  as  to  its  form. 

13.  Brick  red  clay,  with  brilliant  black  glaze  on  interior,  black  decoration.  On  the  right  the 
upper  part  of  some  animal ;  in  centre,  a  man  about  to  shoot  an  arrow  (as  in  10)  ;  and  on  the  left 
the  prow  of  a  boat,  with  the  back  of  one  of  the  rowers.    Fishes  as  ornaments  in  field  near  the  boat. 

This  fragment,  as  far  as  technique  is  concerned,  belongs  to  a  class  which  will  be  considered 
later.  It  is  the  only  fragment  found  at  the  Heraeum  on  which  a  ship  ^  was  represented.  The 
treatment  of  the  boat,  however,  differs  materially  from  the  usual  boats  found  on  vases  of  this 
period.  Only  a  portion  of  the  bow  is  preserved,  but  it  is  plain  that  the  stem  of  the  vessel  did  not 
end  in  a  sharp  point,  as  in  the  modem  ram,  but  was  shorter  and  blunter.  Also,  the  line  of  the 
bulwark  curves  backward  instead  of  directly  towards  the  bow.  (Cf.  Rayet  et  Coll.  Hiit.  p.  29, 
fig.  20 ;  Baumeister's  Denkm.  p.  1597,  fig.  1658.) 

No  other  fragments  which  could  properly  be  included  under  the  head  of  genre  scenes 

were  found. 


1  1] 


>  Whether  this  is  a  sword  is  extremely  doubtful. 
Cf.  Atken.  Mitt.  XVII.  (1892),  p.  219,  fig.  7.  On  a  skyphos 
from  Eleusis  ('E^m-  'Afx-  1898.  pl-  "■  1  «)  *•»«  warrior 
seems  to  be  armed  with  both  sword  and  quiver. 

*  For  discussion  of  this  motive,  cf.  Pernice,  Athen.  Mitt. 


XVII.  (1892),  p.  285  ff.  The  prow  of  the  galley  on  one 
fragment  seems  to  be  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the 
galley  on  a  skyphos  from  Eleusis  (*E0nM-  'Apx  1898, 
pi.  V.  1). 


Ill 


114 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


D.    Women. 

The  female  figure  is  treated  in  but  one  way  on  the  Heraeuni  fragments  —  as  part  of  a 
row  of  similar  figures  in  a  frieze.  Though  numerous  fragments  were  found  containing  each 
a  single  figure,  it  is  probable  that  such  figures  are  only  part  of  the  regular  row.  All  the 
figures  followed  the  same  type,  and  varied  only  in  a  few  minor  details.  They  are  drai)ed 
(no  instance  of  an  undraped  figure,  as  on  the  Dipylon  vase  in  Athens,  already  referred 
to,  was  found),  and  held  a  branch  in  their  hands.  From  the  waist  to  the  feet  outside  of 
the  garment  are  drawn  one,  two,  or  three  parallel  lines.  No  satisfactory  explanation  of 
these  lines  is  forthcoming ;  they  are  not  always  used  on  Attic  work,  but  on  the  Heraeum 
fragments  no  female  figure  is  represented  without  them. 

14.  From  a  small  jug.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  The  surface  of  the  clay 
has  been  dented  in  a  rather  curious  way,  perhaps  intentionally. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  two  figures  here  are  inclo8e<l  in  separate  panels,  or  whether  the  ver- 
tical lines  separate  two  friezes ;  the  latter  is  more  probable.  This  is  one  of  the  earliest  fragments 
on  which  the  female  figure  occurs. 

15.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  heads  are  here  seen  en  face,  the  hair  forming 
a  larffe  bunch  on  either  side  of  the  face. 

16.  Similar  clay  and  decoration.  Heads  are  in  profile,  the  nose  and  chin  sharply  defined.  Cf. 
fragment  in  museum  at  Argos  (Jahrb.  XIV.  [1899],  p.  86,  fig.  45). 

In  14-16  the  figures  are  treateil  entirely  as  silhouettes.  We  now  find  a  series  of  fragments  in 
which  a  pattern  of  squares  or  lozenges  is  marked  on  the  skirt  of  the  dress. 

17.  From  a  large  bowl  about  31  cm.  in  diameter.  Dark  red  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decora- 
tion, burnt  dark  red  in  places.  Inside  the  rim,  series  of  four  narrow  and  two  broad  parallel  bands, 
the  upper  bands  separated  at  intervals  by  vertical  lines. 

On  rim,  in  centre  a  male  figure  jumping,  behind  him  a  water  bird  and  lower  part  of  a  male  and 
female  figure;  to  right,  five  female  figures  carrying  branches,  and  traces  of  a  sixth.  Below, 
meander  pattern.     Lozenges,  swastikas,  and  rays  as  ornaments  in  field. 

That  a  dance  is  represented  here  seems  probable.  It  is  certain  that  two  rows  of  women  were 
represented,  that  on  the  left  led  by  a  man.  The  ancient  form  of  dancing  is  paralleled  by  the  dances 
in  modem  Greece,  where  a  row  of  women  join  hands  with  a  man  at  the  heatl.  The  jumping  figure 
(cf.  similar  figure  on  the  Copenhagen  vase)  and  the  water  bird  are  probably  used  as  ornaments  in 
field  to  divide  the  two  groups.  The  women  have  the  usual  series  of  tails,  with  a  lozenge  pattern 
on  the  skirt.  Tlie  row  ends  at  the  side  in  a  symmetrical  fashion,  as  the  left-hand  figure  of  the  row 
holds  in  her  right  hand  an  inverted  branch  :  and  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  fragment  the  lower  part 
of  a  similar  branch  may  be  detected.  It  is  probable  that  the  man  leading  the  left-hand  group  also 
held  a  branch  in  his  hand,  as  in  19.  The  treatment  of  the  water  bird  is  curious,  a  circular  space 
in  the  body  being  filled  by  a  noastika. 

la  Dark  gray  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  Double  lozenge  pattern  on  the  skirt.  The  eyes  of 
the  figure  are  denoted.  The  right-hand  figure  is  probably  the  end  of  the  group,  as  she  does  not 
hold  a  branch  in  her  left  hand. 

19.  Dark  gray  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Inside,  lustrous  black  band.  Checkerboard  pat- 
tern on  skirt.  As  in  17  the  row  of  women  is  led  by  a  man  who,  together  with  the  woman,  holds 
the  usual  upright  branch,  with  the  addition  of  the  inverted  branch  in  the  woman's  hand. 

20.  Dark  gray  clay,  showing  traces  of  fire.  Black  decoration  and  black  glaze  on  interior. 
Dotted  square  pattern  on  skirt.  It  is  doubtful  if  any  tail  is  indicated.  The  object  to  the  right 
seems  to  be  the  fore  legs  of  a  horse. 

21.  Red  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  skirt  is  very  thin  at  the  waist,  and  flares  sharply 
outwards  like  a  bell.     Two  tails  are  indicated. 


THE   (JrEOMETRIC   STYLE:   MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES 


115 


E.    Miscellaneous. 
Besides  the  animals  already  mentioned,  we  find  others  (generally  deer)  which  are  in- 
variably trejited  in  two  ways  —  either  as  ornaments  in  the  field,  or  else  as  a  subordinate 
frieze.     In  many  of  the  friezes,  horses,  birds,  deer,  etc.,  are  combined. 

22.  From  a  large  vase.  Dark  red  clay,  with  lustrous  red  brown  decoration ;  on  interior,  lustrous 
dark  brown  glaze.     Frieze  of  deer  to  right,  with  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.     Above,  meander 

pattern. 

As  hoi-ses  in  the  Geometric  style  invariably  have  long  tails,  it  is  certain  that  these  are  not 
horses.  To  represent  the  animals  looking  over  their  shoulder  is  the  usual  type.  Variations  occur 
where  the  four  legs  of  the  animals  are  bent  sliarply  under  the  belly.     (Cf.  Copenhagen  vase.) 

23.  Dark  red  cUy,  with  brilliant  red  gkze  on  interior,  decoration  in  dark  brown.     Horse  and 

doer.  , 

The  deer  is  treated  here  as  an  ornament  in  field.     It  might  be  considered  to  be  a  foal,  but  the 

short  tail  is  rather  against  such  an  assumption. 

24.  Light  i-eildish  chiy,  with  black  decoration.  Lizard  i  or  scorpion  as  ornament  in  field.  What 
the  other  object  represents  is  doubtful. 

25.  Light  gray  clay,  with  black  glaze  inside.  Fishes  and  water  bird.  Whether  this  fragment 
belongs  to  a  plate  or  the  bottom  of  a  shallow  bowl  is  doubtful. 

The  animal  on  Plate  LVII.  13  may  be  a  panther.  No  case  of  a  dog  occurs  on  any 
of  the  Heraeum  Geometric  fragments. 

OTHER  MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES. 
The  common  origin  of  all  the  fragments  previously  considered  seems  fairly  certain. 
A  small  number  of  fragments  were  found  which  seem  to  form  a  class  by  themselves,  and 
are  much  more  closely  related  to  pure  Dipylon  ware,  being  of  a  finer,  cleaner  clay,  and 
with  a  decoration  more  lustrous  and  careful  than  the  preceding  fragments.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  they  nmy  be  simply  examples  of  the  best  Geometric  technique  at  the  Heraeum 
rather  than  Attic  importations.  But  beyond  emphasizing  the  difference  which  exists 
between  them  and  the  other  Geometric  ware  at  the  Heraeum,  I  do  not  venture  actually 
to  attribute  to  them  an  Attic  origin. 

All  these  fragments  show  a  use  of  purely  Geometric  motives,  the  human  or  animal 
figure  occurring  but  seldom.  What  i)eriod  to  assign  them  to  is  hard  to  say ;  on  techni- 
cal grounds  they  seem  of  later  manufacture,  but  from  their  style  and  a  comparison  of 
ware  recently  found  in  Attica  they  seem  to  belong  to  the  earlier  period.  To  this  class 
belongs  the  fragment  with  the  boat,  Plate  LVII.  13. 

PLATE    LVIII. 

1,  From  rim  of  bowl.  Reddish  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decoration,  briUiant  black  glaze  on 
interior.  Rim  ends  in  a  moulding,  and  the  line  between  rim  and  shoulder  is  sharply  defined.  Me- 
ander pattern.     On  each  corner  a  .lotted  cirele.     Several  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

2.  Brick  red  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration  ;  glaze  on  interior  varying  from  black  to  red. 
Usual  Geometric  decoration.     Several  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

a  Cover.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  briUiant  black  decoration.  Probably  belonged  to  a  vase 
similar  to  one  in  Herakleion  in  Crete  iJahrh.  XIV.  [1809],  p.  37,  fig.  15). 

4.   Dark  red  clay,  with  very  brilliant  black  decoration,  burnt  red  in  places.    Lower  part  of  water 

birtl  frieze.  *       j     t>i 

Several  other  fragments  from  different  vases  of  exactly  similar  technique  were  found.  Ihe  con- 
trast between  the  red  and  black  is  so  conspicuous  as  to  appear  intentional. 

»  Cf.  Jahrb.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  84,  fig.  42. 


It 


■« 


116 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


It 


5.  From  rim  of  small  bowl.     Yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration,  and  black  glaze  on  interior. 
Technically  this  fragment  was  one  of  the  finest  of  this  style  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

6.  Base  of  a  pithos-sha))ed  vase  of  light  red  clay.  The  shape  is  unusual.  One  exactly  similar 
has  recently  been  found  in  Attica. 

The  fragments  and  vases  whicli  now  follow,  wliich  belong  to  the  regular  Geometric  types  already 
discussed,  present  certain  })eculiarities  which  demand  a  separate  consideftttion  of  them. 

7.  From  the  support  of  a  large  vessel.  Dark  red  clay,  with  reil  brown  decoration.  Horse  and 
double  axe. 

This  fragment  seems  rather  more  Boeotian  in  treatment,  though  the  cluy  lacks  the  white  stones 
characteristic  of  I^otian  ware.'  The  hoi'se  varies  from  the  usual  type,  as  the  mane  is  com])OHed 
of  wavy  streaks  which  are  drawn  down  to  meet  the  neck  and  occasionally  do  not  touch  the  neck 
at  all.  As  several  other  fragments  exactly  similar  in  technique  were  found,  it  is  clear  that  7 
formed  the  support  of  some  vessel,  probably  divided  into  legs,  as  on  several  of  the  fragments 
the  edge  of  the  leg  was  sharply  defined.  Two  other  fragments  which  may  belong  to  the  same 
support  were  legs,  with  two  broad  diagonal  lines  drawn  from  each  corner  crossing  each  other  in 
the  centre. 

8  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  cover  ;  diameter,  0.376  m. :  height,  0.038  m.  Dark  gray  clay, 
with  black  decoration.  In  the  centre  a  large  wheel  with  a  deer ;  in  the  vacant  spaces,  the  whole 
bounded  by  lines,  lozenge  chain  and  zigzags.  On  the  side  an  adaptation  of  the  "  Running  Dog  " 
pattern,  the  ends  connected  together,  and  triangles  as  ornaments  in  field.  As  no  decoration  or 
glaze  exists  on  the  interior,  it  seems  certain  that  it  was  a  cover.  Covei-s  as  large  as  this  in  the 
Geometric  style  are  unknown  to  me. 

9.  Tray.  Length,  0.18  m. :  width,  0.11  m.  Brownish  clay,  with  the  inside  entirely  covered 
with  a  reddish  brown  glaze.  The  decoration  is  placed  on  the  outside,  and  consists  of  zigzags  on  the 
sides  and  water  bird  friezes  on  the  bottom,  sei>arateil  by  zigzag  sand  lozenge  chains.  Missing  por- 
tions restored  in  plaster. 

10.  From  similar  plate :  handle. 

11.  From  similar  jdate  :  corner. 

9-11  are  the  most  ini})ortaiit  examples  of  about  twenty  fragments  which  belonged  to 
trays  or  plates  of  precisely  the  same  form  and  design.  They  are  slightly  narrower  at 
one  end  (the  restoration  of  9  is  not  quite  exact)  and  are  provided  with  a  handle  at  each 
end.     Several  fragments  showed  a  meander  pattern  at  the  base. 

Their  principal  interest  lies  in  the  fact  that  very  similar  trays  have  been  found 
at  Aegina  and  nowhere  else.-  At  Aegina,  however,  all  the  trays  found  were  rectiingular, 
and  did  not  show  a  different  diameter  at  either  end.  As  the  microscopical  analysis  of 
these  trays  (cf.  p.  Go,  note)  made  by  Dr.  Washington  shows  the  presence  of  augite, 
which  was  found  in  the  trays  from  Aegina,  and  is  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  ishind,  it 
would  seem  fairly  certain  that  these  jmrticular  trays  were  imported  from  Aegina.  If 
this  be  true,  in  these  trays  we  have  the  only  authentic  instance  of  an  importation  from 
Aegina  into  Argos,  since,  according  to  Dr.  Washington,  all  the  Geometric  fragments 
from  Aegina  which  were  examined  by  him  are  identical  witii  those  from  the  Heraeum, 
and  show  none  of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  island.  Moreover,  they  would  seem  to 
be  the  only  instance  of  a  local  fabric  in  Aegina,  which  until  now  has  not  been  demon- 
strated. (Cf.  Loeschcke,  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  pp.  2o9-264.)  They  furnish,  at  any 
rate,  a  conclusive  proof  as  to  the  relation  between  the  two  states,  which  we  have  already 
assumed  to  exist  (cf.  p.  64).  I  do  not,  however,  agree  with  Stiiis  in  assigning  them  to 
the  end  of  the  seventh  or  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  century ;  from  a  comparison  with 
the  other  fragments  of  the  Argive  and  Geometric  styles  found  at  the  Heraeum,  they 
seem  to  my  mind  at  least  a  century  earlier. 

1  Jahrb.  III.  (1888),  p.  :W7.  «  'E^^m  "A^x   1895,  p.  262  ff.,  pi.  xii. 


H( 


THE   (iEOMETRIC   STYLE:    AMPHORA 


117 


12  a  and  b.   Two  fragments  of  a  pinax.     Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  brown  decoration  faded. 

a.  Length,  0.10  m. ;  width,  0.085  m. 

b.  Length,  0.62  m. ;  width,  0.10  m. 
The  design,  as  far  as  it  can  be  restored,  consists  of  two  female  figures  bounded  by  four  elliptical 

bands,  and  the  usual  Geometric  ornaments  in  field ;  outside  of  the  ellipse  a  row  of  water  birds. 
The  dimensions  of  the  pinax  cannot  be  estimated. 

13.   Similar  clay  and  technique.     Undoubtedly  belonged  to  a  pinax  whose  ends  were  slightly 
curved.     Water   birds  in  panels.     Edges  are 
toothed  like  a  saw. 

(As  12  and  13  were  taken  from  a  photo- 
graphic plate  with  a  slightly  different  scale, 
they  are  slightly  smaller  than  they  api)ear. 
The  difference  between  this  scale  and  that  of 
the  other  fragments  on  Plate  LVIII.  is  6  to  5.) 

There  still  remain  to  be  considered  a 
few  vases  which  are  either  intact  or  else  in 
such  condition  as  to  make  their  form  cei- 
tain. 

rig.  42.  Amphoi-a.  Height,  0.495  m. ;  di- 
ameter of  oi>ening,  0.235  m.  Part  of  neck,  one 
handle,  and  various  parts  of  the  body  supplied 
in  plaster. 

On  edge  of  rim,  zigzag  band  :  on  neck,  verti- 
cal and  horizontal  series  of  zigzags  bounding  a 
panel  of  interlacing  lozenges  with  a  black  cen- 
tre. Below,  narrow  band  of  vertical  zigzags  and 
double  crosses.  Handles  in  fine  plastic  bands. 
Below  each  handle  a  lozenge. 

A.  Horse  and  rider  to  right.  The  rider 
(bearded,  with  three  strokes  to  denote  his  hair) 
clad  in  a  short  chiton,  which  seems  to  be 
tucked  up  around  his  waist,  holds  in  his  left 
hand  the  leading  rein  and  in  his  right  hand  a 
whip:  chiton  ornamented  with  vertical  lines. 
The  horse  is  more  carefully  drawn  than  usual,  with  the  eye  clearly  defined.  No  signs  of  a  mane 
can  be  detected.     On  either  side  of  the  horse,  a  fish  with  a  single  vertical  meander  along  the  body. 

B.  Exactly  the  same,  save  that  the  horse  has  no  rider. 
On  base,  single  meander  pattern. 

This  amphora  was  the  only  large  Geometric  vase  the  Heraeum  yielded  which  could  be 
restored  almost  entire.  That  it  is  one  of  the  latest  examples  of  the  style  seems  proba- 
ble, since  the  body  is  not  entirely  covered  with  decoration  and  the  horse  is  represented 
as  a  beast  of  burden,  not  as  in  the  earlier  types  attached  to  a  chariot  or  in  the  usual  '^  Hei- 

aldic  "  scheme. 

A  jug  was  also  found  intact,  10  cm.  in  height,  of  precisely  the  same  shape  as  Jahrb. 
II.  (1887),  p.  50,  fig.  9,  with  simikr  decoration  to  Ann.  (feW  Inst.  1872,  tav.  d'  agg.  K. 

Several  small  skyphoi  with  vertical  and  horizontal  handles,  their  sides  ornamented  with 
meanders  and  zigztigs,  were  found. 

Pig.  43.    Height,  0.18  m. ;  diameter  at  base,  0.28  m. ;  at  top,  0.21  m.     Red  clay,  with  red 


Fig.  42. 


P, 


110 


TIIK   VASKS   AM)   VASK   FRAGMENTS 


5.  From  rim  of  small  bowl.     Yellow  day,  with  Mack  decomtion,  and  black  glaze  on  interior. 
Tcchuically  this  fiiiunient  was  one  of  the  finest  of  this  style  found  at  the  lleraeum. 

6.  Base  of  a  pithos-shaped  vase  of  light  re«l  clay.  The  shape  is  unusual.  One  exactly  similar 
has  recently  been  found  in  Attica. 

The  fragments  and  vases  wliicli  now  follow,  which  belong  to  the  regular  (ieometric  ty|ie8  already 
discussed,  present  certain  j)eculiarities  which  demand  a  separate  consideration  of  theni. 

7.  From  the  supj>ort  of  a  large  vessel.  Dark  red  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration.  Horse  and 
double  axe. 

This  fragment  seems  rather  more  IWotian  in  treatment,  though  the  clay  lacks  the  white  stones 
characteristic  «)f  IJoeotian  ware.'  The  horse  varies  from  the  usual  type,  as  the  mane  is  composed 
of  wavy  streaks  which  are  drawn  down  to  meet  the  neck  and  occasionally  do  not  touch  the  neck 
at  all.  As  several  other  fragments  exactly  similar  in  technique  were  found,  it  is  clear  that  7 
formed  the  sujijwrt  of  some  vessel,  jirobably  divided  into  legs,  as  on  several  of  the  fragments 
the  edge  of  the  leg  was  sharply  defined.  Two  other  fnigments  which  may  belong  to  the  same 
supi)ort  were  legs,  with  two  broad  diagon:d  lines  drawn  from  each  corner  ci-ossing  each  other  in 
the  centre. 

8  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  cover  :  diametei-,  0.376  m. :  height,  0.038  m.  Dark  gray  clay, 
with  black  decoration.  In  the  centre  a  large  wheel  w  ith  a  deer :  in  the  vacant  spaces,  the  w  hole 
bounded  by  Hues,  lozenge  chain  and  zigzags.  On  the  si»le  an  adaptation  of  the  *•  Running  Dog" 
pattern,  the  ends  connected  together,  and  triangles  as  ornaments  in  field.  As  no  decoration  or 
glaze  exists  on  the  interior,  it  seems  certain  that  it  was  a  cover.  Covers  as  large  as  this  in  the 
Geometric  style  are  unknown  to  uie. 

9.  Tray.  Length.  0.18  m.  :  width,  0.11  m.  Brownish  clay,  with  the  inside  entirely  covered 
with  a  reddish  brown  glaze.  The  «lecoration  is  placed  on  the  outside,  ami  consists  of  zigzags  on  the 
sides  and  water  bird  friezes  on  the  bottom,  separatetl  by  zigzag  sand  lozenge  chains.  Missing  |>or- 
tions  restoretl  in  plaster. 

10.  From  similar  plate  :  handle. 

11.  From  siuiilar  jdate  :  corner. 

9-11  are  the  most  important  exaini)les  of  about  twenty  frauinents  ^vllit•ll  belonired  to 
travs  or  plates  of  i)reeiselv  the  siinie  form  and  desion.  Thev  are  sliirhtlv  narrower  at 
one  end  (the  restoration  of  9  is  not  tjuite  exact)  and  are  provided  with  a  handle  at  each 
end.     Several  fraufuients  showed  a  meander  pattern  at  the  base. 

Their  principal  interest  lies  in  the  fact  that  very  similar  travs  have  been  found 
at  Aegina  and  no\yhere  else.-'  At  Aegina,  lio\yeyer,  all  the  trays  found  were  rectangular, 
and  did  not  show  a  different  diameter  at  either  end.  As  the  microscopical  analysis  of 
these  trays  (cf.  p.  (>.").  note)  nmde  by  Dr.  Washington  shows  the  presence  of  augite, 
which  was  found  in  the  trays  from  Aegina.  and  is  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  island,  it 
w«)ul(l  seem  fairly  certain  that  these  particular  travs  were  imported  from  Aeirina.  If 
tins  be  true,  in  these  travs  we  have  the  only  authentic  instance  of  an  importation  from 
Aegina  into  Argos,  since,  according  to  Dr.  Washington,  all  the  Geometric  fragnuMits 
from  Aegina  which  were  examined  by  him  are  identical  with  those  from  the  Heraeuni, 
and  show  none  of  tiie  distinctive  features  of  the  island.  .Moreover,  they  would  seem  to 
i)e  the  only  instance  of  a  local  fal)ric  in  Aegina,  which  until  now  has  not  I>een  demon- 
strated. (Cf.  Loeschcke.  Af/ir,t.  Miff.  XXII.  [1897],  i)p.  2.",9-2(U.)  They  furnish,  at  any 
rate,  a  conclusive  proof  as  to  the  rehition  between  the  two  stjites,  which  we  have  already 
assume<l  to  exist  (cf.  p.  VA).  I  do  not,  however,  agree  with  Stais  in  assigning  tliem  to 
the  end  of  the  seventh  or  the  beginning  of  the  sixtli  century ;  from  a  comparison  with 
the  other  fragments  of  the  Argive  and  Geometric  styles  found  at  the  Heraeum,  they 
seem  to  my  mind  at  least  a  century  earlier. 

»  Juhrb.  III.  (1S8S),  J,.  :$J7.  «  -E^nM  'Apx-  18U5,  p.  202  ff.,  pi.  xii. 


1 1 


TIIK   GKOMKTKIC   STYLE:    AMPHORA 


117 


12  a  and  b.   Two  fragments  of  a  pinax.     Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  brown  decoration  faded. 

a.  I^'ugth,  0.10  m. :  width,  0.085  m. 

b.  Length,  0.02  m. :  width,  0.10  m. 
The  design,  as  far  as  it  can  be  restored,  consists  of  two  female  figures  bounded  by  four  elliptical 

bands,  and^the  usual  Geometric  ornaments  in  field :  outside  .)f  the  ellipse  a  row  of  water  birds. 
The  dimensions  of  the  jnuax  cannot  be  estimated. 

13.    Similar  clay  and  techniiiue.     Undoubtedly  belonged  to  a  pinax  whose  ends  were  slightly 
curved.     Water   birds  in   panels.     Eilges  are 
toothed  like  a  saw. 

(As  12  and  13  were  taken  from  a  photo- 
gi-aphic  plate  with  a  slightly  different  scale, 
they  are  slightly  smaller  than  they  appear. 
The  difference  between  this  scale  and  that  of 
the  other  fragments  on  Pi.atk  LVIII.  is  0  to  5.) 

There  still  remain  to  be  considered  a 
few  vases  whicii  are  either  intact  or  else  in 
such  condition  as  to  make  their  form  cei- 
tain. 

rig.  42.  Amphom.  Height,  0.49')  m. ;  di- 
ameter of  opening,  0.235  m.  Part  of  neck,  one 
handle,  and  various  parts  of  the  botly  supplied 
in  plaster. 

On  eilge  of  rim,  zigzag  band  :  on  neck,  verti- 
cal and  horizontal  series  of  zigzags  bounding  a 
panel  of  interlacing  lozenges  with  a  black  cen- 
tre. Below,  narrow  band  of  vertical  zigzags  and 
double  crosses.  Handles  in  fine  plastic  bands, 
lielow  each  handle  a  lozenge. 

A.  Horse  and  rider  to  right.  The  rider 
(beanled,  with  three  strokes  to  denote  his  hair) 
clad  in  a  short  chiton,  which  seems  to  be 
tucked  up  around  his  waist,  holds  in  his  left 
hand  the  leading  rein  an<l  in  his  right  hand  a 
whip:   chiton  ornamented  with  vertical   lines. 

The  horse  is  moiv  carefully  drawn  than  usual,  with  the  eye  clearly  defined.     No  signs  of  a  mane 
can  be  detected.     On  either  si<le  of  the  horse,  a  fish  with  a  single  vertical  meander  almig  the  botly. 

B.  Exactly  the  same,  save  that  the  horse  has  no  rider. 
On  base,  single  meander  pattern. 

This  amphora  was  the  only  large  Geometric  vase  the  Heraeum  yielded  whicli  could  be 
restored  almost  entire.  That  it  is  one  of  the  late.st  examples  of  the  style  seems  proba- 
ble, since  the  body  is  not  entirely  covered  with  decoration  and  the  horse  is  represented 
as  a  beast  (d'  burden,  not  as  in  tlie  earlier  types  attached  t<»  a  chariot  or  in  the  usual "  Her- 

ahlic  "  scheme.  r  i   i 

A  jug  was  also  found  intact,  10  cm.  in  height,  of  precisely  the  same  shape  as  Ja/irh. 
IL  (1887),  p.  r>0,  fig.  1),  with  similar  decoration  to  Ann.  drir  Lisf.  1872,  tav.  tl' agg-  K. 

No.  3.  ,1     vi 

Several  small  skyphoi  with  vertical  and  horizontal  handles,  their  sides  ornamented  witli 

meanders  and  zigzjigs,  were  found. 

Fig.  43.    Height,  0.18  m. ;  diameter  at  base,  0.28  m. ;  at  top,  0.21  n..     Red  clay,  with  red 


Fig.  42. 


(( 


118 


THK    VASKS    AND   VASE    FKAGMEXTS 


«leooration.    Lozenge  bainl  at  toj*,  usual  Guouietric  motives  on  bmly  anil  water  bird  frieze  on  base. 

Several  other  frajjments  t'onn<l.  one  of  wliieli  showeil  that  the  sides  were  arrangetl  in  jianels  «-on- 

taining  two  horses  and  man  in  the  "Heraldic"  schenie. 
Handle  in  centiv,  mouldings  with  dots  half  way  between 
handles  anil  edi^es. 

To  assign  this  vase  to  its  proiter  place  is  not  easy.  It  is 
almost  identical  in  shape  with  A/iit.  ihlF  ln»t.  1881,  tav. 
d'  agg.  K.  1  and  2,  except  for  the  lack  of  handles.  Thes*' 
ai-e  said  to  have  been  found  on  a  similar  vase  fi-oni  Chiusi 
(V.  Bidl.  (It/r  /«.s^  1884,  p.  178,  17l».  But  no  trace 
whatsoever  of  a  partition  dividing  the  vase  inside  into  two 
cups  can  be  found,  so  that  it  is  impossible  that  it  should 
have  been  usetl  in  the  same  fashion  as  the  Italian  vases. 
(For  discussion  of  their  use,  see  Helbig,  Das  Ilomvrlxrhv 
Epofi-,  p.  361.)  Nor  is  there  any  reason  to  supi)ose  that 
wouhl  be  needed  on  any  support  handles  of  a  vase. 

Fragments  repi-esenting  such  supjwrts  (cf.  Platk  LVIII. 
^^^-  *^  7  )  were  found. 

About  two  hundred  or  more  fni«»iMents  i»elongin«r  to  one  vase  were  found.  This  was 
evidently  an  amphora  similar  in  sliai)e  to  the  huore  Dipylon  vases  in  Atliens,'  of  a  light 
reddish  elay,  burnt  in  |>laces.  an«l  must  have  measured  nearly  one  and  a  half  meter  in 
height.  No  reconstruction  of  the  vase  was  possible,  and  the  foot  could  not  be  found. 
The  vase  was  entirely  covered  with  ornamentation,  that  on  the  bodv  consistiuff  of  a  series 
of  large  wheels,-  arranged  vertically  and  horizontally,  separated  by  panels  containing  the 
usual  ••  Heraldic  "  motives.  Panels  again  were  arranged  on  the  shoulder,  anil  the  neck 
covered  for  the  most  part  with  zigzag  and  meander  patterns.  All  fragments  showed  the 
usual  Geometric  types. 

In  conclusion  it  remains  to  enumerate  i)rieHy  some  of  the  forms  of  vases  not  mentioned 
l»efore.  which  from  the  evidence  of  various  fragments  must  have  existed  at  the  Heraeum. 
The  forms  are  taken  from  Wide's  articles  in  the  'hihrhtich  for  1899  and  UKX). 

•fnhrh.  18!>9,  p.  29,  tig.  1.  This  form  was  represented  by  numerous  fragments  of  feet, 
handles,  and  rims. 

IhhK  p.  .'U,  tig.  11.    Several  similar  handles  were  found. 

Ih'uL  p.  :38,  tig.  20.    Ivepresented  by  handles. 

Ihnl.  p.  80,  iig.  34.    Many  fragments,  especially  of  feet,  belonged  to  a  similar  vase. 

fhiil.  p.  8*2,  fig.  37.  A  sintilar  arrangement  of  double  handles  was  shown  by  at 
least  a  dozen  fragments. 

IhuL  p.  20."),  tigs.  71,  72,  and  the  foHowing  pages.  Liirge  numbers  of  fragments  be- 
longing to  similar  jugs,  and  handles  with  a  cross-piece  were  found.  At  the  siime  time 
it  is  impossible  to  state  whether  all  the  combinations  illustrated  in  Wide's  article  were 
found. 

Ihtd.  pp.  214  and  21.11.  A  large  number  of  fragments  belonuinir  to  similar  shallow 
skyphoi  were  found,  mostly  of  the  tvpe  of  tig.  100.  Some  seemed  t<.  have  a  high  foot, 
as  tig.  102. 

Jnhrb.  liXK),  p.  53,  fig.  11.3.  Most  of  the  fragments  representing  sky]dioi  were  of  this 
type  or  that  of  fig.  121  on  page  ."i;^. 

Ibifl.  I).  'A,  fig.  110  and  117.  Numerous  fragments  of  handles  were  found  which 
probably  belonged  to  similar  skyphoi. 

»  Cf.  Jahrh.  XIV.  (18!»«>),  !>•  -'01,  fijj.  (il).  -  Cf.  ihui.  p.  IIHJ,  figs.  Go  uml  UO,  p.  -JOO,  figs.  CI  and  08. 


THK   AK(J1VK   STYLE 


119 


CHAPTER   IV. 

THE   ARGIVE   STYLE. 

The  Arcrive  (so-called  Proto-Corinthian)  style  is  not  only  the  most  characteristic  vase 
fahric  at  the  Heraeum,  hut  the  one  best  represented  by  entire  vases  as  well  as  frag- 
ments, and  seems  to  have  been  the  most  popular  style  in  the  Argolid  from  this  end  of 
the  Mycenaean  epoch  down  to  the  beginning  of  the  Corinthian  style,  a  period  of  perhaps 
from  three  to  four  <'enturies. 

The  term  "  Proto-Corinthian," '  as  is  well  known,  was  invented  by  Furtwiingler  and 
applied  by  hiin  t.)  certain  vases,  of  which  the  small  lekythoi  with  human  and  animal 
figures  as  the  chief  scheme  of  decoration  are  the  best  examples.  Furtwiingler  never 
intended  this  name  as  an  exact  designation,  but  used  it  to  show  that  this  class  bore  a 
close  relation  to  the  C<ninthian  style  which  it  preceded. 

Since  the  inventi<ni  of  this  term  twenty  yeiirs  have  elapsed,  and  in  that  time  the  num- 
ber of  these  vases  has  increased.  Originally  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  examples  from 
Thebes,  Tanagra,  or  Corinth  were  known,  but  we  now  have  numerous  examples  from 
Attica,  Aegina,  Eleusis,  Tiryns,  Argos,  Syracuse,  Megara  Hyblaea,  Southern  and  North- 
ern Italy.  To  the  class  ideiitified  by  Furtwiingler  has  been  added  a  series  of  vases  the 
decoration  of  which  consists  entirely  oi  fine  parallel  lines  encircling  the  body  of  the  vase 
and  Geiunetric  motives.  At  the  s;ime  time  the  term  "  Proto-Corinthian,"  though  univer- 
sally adopted,  has  never  been  considered  thoroughly  sjitisfactory,  and  numerous  attempts 
have  been  made  to  discover  the  real  provenience  of  the  style ;  none  of  the  sites  proposed 
as  the  original  home  of  the  style  (Chalcis,' C<»rinth,  Sicily,  etc.)  has  yet  been  univer- 
sally accepU'd.  It  has  been  generally  believed  that  the  style  was  the  outcome  of  the 
Geometric  ware  '  and  originatnl  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth  century. 

It  appears  to  me  that  the  Argolid  is  the  original  h(mie  of  this  style,  and  I  venture  to 
ad<»pt  a  new  system  of  classification  and  chromdogy,  which  differs  materially  from  that 
heretofore  offered.'  The  conclusions  about  to  be  stated  have  been  forced  upon  me  after 
a  careful  study  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  and  while  I  am  far  from  claiming  them  to  ])e 
the  onlv  possible  ones,  they  form  the  basis  for  the  wlude  of  this  chapter.  Briefly,  the 
so-called  Proto-Corinthian  style  is  Argive  in  its  origin,  and  a  direct  offshoot  of  the  Myce- 
naean style,  being  contemporaneous  with  the  Geometric. 

From  the  very  beginning  of  the  excsivations,  when  it  was  seen  how  large  a  proporti<.n 
of  the  vase  fragments  was  formed  by  this  ware,  in   1892  Professor  Waldstein  asserted 
that  it  was  really  Argive.    Shice  then  Professors  Furtwiingler  '  and  Loeschcke '  have  also 
come  to  the  sjune  conclusion.     The  arguments  in  favor  of  its  Argive  origin  are  :  — 
{(i)   The  qiuility  of  this  ware  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

{b)   The  steady  development  from  the  earlier  periods,  especially  the  Mycenaean. 
(a)   The  style  "is  found  in  greatest  ipiantities  outside  of  the  Argolid,  in  the  Necropde 
del  Fuseo  at  Syracuse,^  and  at  Megara  Hyblaea,**  and  Orchomenos."     The  amount  fur- 

I  Hronzefu,„le  von  OI;,m,,!a,  pp.  47,  51.  ffiveu  by  me  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology, 

-  The  Chalciaian  i»rigiii  was  proptJsed  by  Helbig  (Die  1900.  p.  441  fF. 

Itnliker  in  der  Po-Ehene,  p.  84).     Stuart  .Tones  follows  »  Berl.  PhihI.  Worhen,.  1895,  p.  202. 

the  same  view  (./.  //.  S.  XVI.  [1896],  p.  333).  «  Atheu.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897)   rK2r.-J. 

3  R.  C.  H.  XIX.  (189.-.),  p.  182.  '  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scan,  lb93  and  Ibft*. 

«  A  brief  outUne  of  the  following  has  alrcacly  been  "^  .Uon.  ^'"- J"';!; 

»  li.  C.  H.  XIX.  (189.),  pp.  182-188. 


II 


118 


THE    VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Fig.  43. 


decoration.    Lozenge  band  at  top,  usual  Geometric  motives  on  body  and  water  bird  frieze  on  base. 

Several  other  fragments  found,  one  of  which  showed  that  the  sides  were  arranged  in  panels  con- 
taining two  horses  and  man  in  the  "  Ileraldic  "  scheme. 
Handle  in  centre,  mouldings  with  dots  half  way  between 
handles  and  edges. 

To  assign  this  vase  to  its  proper  place  is  not  easy.  It  it 
almost  identical  in  shape  with  Ann.  delV  Inst.  1881,  tav. 
d'  agg.  K.  1  and  2,  except  for  the  lack  of  handles.  These 
are  said  to  have  been  found  on  a  similar  vase  from  Chiusi 
(v.  Bull,  deir  In»t.  1884,  p.  178,  179).  But  no  trace 
whatsoever  of  a  partition  dividing  the  vase  inside  into  two 
cups  can  be  found,  so  that  it  is  impossible  that  it  should 
have  been  used  in  the  same  fashion  as  the  Italian  vases. 
(For  discussion  of  their  use,  see  Helbig,  Das  Ilomerisvhe 
Epox^,  p.  361.)  Nor  is  there  any  reason  to  supi)ose  that 
would  be  needed  on  any  supjrart  handles  of  a  vase. 

Fragments  representing  such  supports  (cf.  Plate  LVIII. 
7)  were  found. 

About  two  hundred  or  more  fragments  belonging  to  one  vase  were  found.  This  was 
evidently  an  amphora  similar  in  shape  to  the  large  Dipylon  vases  in  Athens,'  of  a  light 
reddish  clay,  burnt  in  places,  and  must  have  measured  nearly  one  and  a  half  meter  in 
height.  No  reconstruction  of  the  vase  was  possible,  and  the  foot  could  not  be  found. 
The  vase  was  entirely  covered  with  ornamentation,  that  on  the  bo<ly  consisting  of  a  series 
of  large  wheels,'  arranged  vertically  and  horizontiilly,  separated  by  panels  containing  the 
usual  '•  Heraldic  "  motives.  Panels  again  were  arranged  on  the  .shoulder,  and  the  neck 
covered  for  the  most  iiart  with  zigzag  and  meander  patterns.  All  fragments  showed  the 
usual  Geometric  types. 

In  conclusion  it  remains  to  enumerate  briefly  some  of  the  forms  of  vases  not  mentioned 
before,  which  from  the  evidence  of  various  fragments  must  have  existed  at  the  Heraeum. 
The  forms  are  taken  from  Wide's  articles  in  the  Jahrhttch  for  1899  and  1900. 

Jahi'h.  1899,  p.  29,  fig.  1.  Tiiis  form  was  represented  by  numerous  fragments  of  feet, 
handles,  and  rims. 

Ibid.  p.  134,  fig.  11.    Several  similar  handles  were  found. 

Ibid.  p.  38,  fig.  20.    Represented  by  handles. 

Ibid.  p.  80,  fig.  34.    Many  fragments,  especially  of  feet,  belonged  to  a  similar  vase. 

Ibid.  p.  82,  fig.  37.  A  similar  arrangement  of  double  handles  was  sliown  by  at 
least  a  dozen  fragments. 

Ibid.  p.  205,  figs.  71,  72,  and  the  following  jMiges.  Large  numbers  of  fragments  be- 
longing to  similar  jugs,  and  handles  with  a  cross-piece  were  found.  At  the  same  tune 
it  is  impossible  to  state  whether  all  the  combinations  illustrated  hi  Wide's  article  were 
found. 

Ibid.  pp.  214  and  215.  A  large  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  similar  shallow 
skvphoi  were  found,  mostlv  of  the  tvpe  of  fig.  100.  Some  seemed  to  have  a  high  foot, 
as  fig.  102. 

Jahrb.  1900,  p.  53,  fig.  113.  Most  of  the  fragments  representing  skyphoi  were  of  this 
type  or  that  of  fig.  121  on  page  55. 

Ibid.  p.  54,  fig.  116  and  117.  Numerous  fragments  of  handles  were  found  which 
probably  belonged  to  similar  skyphoi. 

»  Cf.  Jahrb.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  201,  fig.  69.  ^  Cf.  ihid.  p.  199,  figs.  65  iind  66,  p.  'MO,  figs.  67  and  68. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE 


119 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  ARGIVE  STYLE. 

Thb  Argive  (so-called  Proto-Coriuthian )  style  is  not  only  the  most  characteristic  vase 
fabric  at  the  Heraeum,  but  the  one  best  represented  by  entire  vases  as  well  as  frag- 
ments, and  seems  to  have  been  the  most  popular  style  in  the  ArgoUd  from  this  end  of 
the  Mycenaean  epoch  down  to  the  beginning  of  the  Coruithian  style,  a  period  of  perhaps 
from  three  to  four  centuries. 

The  tenn  "  Proto-Corinthian," '  as  is  well  known,  was  invented  by  Furtwiingler  and 
appHed  by  him  to  certain  vases,  of  which  the  small  lekythoi  with  human  and  animal 
figures  as  the  chief  scheme  of  decoration  are  the  best  examples.  Furtwiingler  never 
intended  this  name  as  an  exact  designation,  but  used  it  to  show  that  this  class  bore  a 
close  relation  to  the  Corinthian  style  which  it  preceded. 

Since  the  invention  of  this  term  twenty  years  have  elapsed,  and  in  that  time  the  num- 
ber of  these  vases  has  increased.  Originally  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  examples  from 
Thebes,  Tanagra,  or  Corinth  were  known,  but  we  now  have  numerous  examples  from 
Attica,  AeginI,  Eleusis,  Tiryns,  Argos,  Syracuse,  Megara  Hyblaea,  Southern  and  North- 
ern Italy.  To  the  class  identified  by  Furtwiingler  has  been  added  a  series  of  vases  the 
decoration  of  which  consists  entirely  of  fine  parallel  lines  encircling  the  body  of  the  vase 
and  Geometric  motives.  At  the  sjime  time  the  term  "  Proto-Corinthian,"  though  univer- 
sally adopte<l,  has  never  been  considered  thoroughly  satisfactory,  and  numerous  attempts 
iiave  been  made  to  discover  the  real  provenience  of  the  style ;  none  of  the  sites  proposed 
as  the  original  home  of  the  style  (Chalcis,^  Corinth,  Sicily,  etc.)  has  yet  been  univei- 
sally  accepted.  It  has  been  generally  believed  that  the  style  was  the  outcome  of  the 
Geometric  wai-e  '  and  originated  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth  century. 

It  appears  to  me  that  the  Argolid  is  the  original  home  of  this  style,  and  I  venture  to 
adopt  a  new  system  of  classification  and  chronology,  which  differs  materially  from  that 
heretofore  offered.*  The  conclusions  about  to  be  stated  have  been  forced  upon  me  after 
a  careful  study  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  and  while  I  am  far  from  claiming  them  to  be 
the  only  i>ossible  ones,  they  form  the  basis  for  the  whole  of  this  chapter.  Briefly,  the 
so-caUed  Proto-Corinthiiin  style  is  Argive  in  its  origin,  and  a  direct  offshoot  of  the  Myce- 
naean  style,  being  contemporaneous  with  the  Geometric. 

From  the  very  beginning  of  the  excavations,  when  it  was  seen  how  large  a  proportion 
of  the  vase  fragments  was  formed  by  this  ware,  in  1892  Professor  Waldstein  asserted 
that  it  was  i-eally  Argive.    Since  tlien  Professors  Furtwiingler^  and  Loeschcke "  have  also 
come  to  the  same  conclusion.     The  arguments  in  favor  of  its  Argive  origin  are  :  — 
(a)   The  quality  of  this  ware  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

(6)   The  steady  development  from  the  earlier  periods,  especially  the  Mycenaean. 
(a)   The  style  is  found  in  greatest  quantities  outside  of  the  Argolid,  in  the  Necropole 
del  Fusco  at  Syracuse,^  and  at  Megara  Hyblaea,^  and  Orchomenos.^^     The  amount  fur- 


»  Kronzefunde  wm  Olympia,  pp.  47,  51. 

2  The  Chalcidian  origin  was  proposed  by  Helbig  {Die 
Itallker  in  der  Po-Ebene,  p.  84).  Stuart  Jones  follows 
the  same  view  (/.  H.  S.  XVI.  [1896],  p.  333). 

«  B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (1895),  p.  182. 

*  A  brief  outline  of  the  following  has  already  been 


given  by  me  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology, 
1900,  p.  441  flF. 

«  Berl.  Philol.  Wochens.  1895,  p.  202. 

•  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  262. 

'  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1893  and  1895, 

8  Afon.  Ant.  vol.  I. 

»  B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (1895),  pp.  182-188. 


11 


H' 


120 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


iiislied  by  tlie  three  most  important  excavations  in  the  ArgoHd,  the  Heraeum,  Mycenae, 
and  Tiryns,  more  than  equals  that  of  the  rest  of  the  Greek  world,  including  the  Sicilian 
excavations.  With  such  a  vast  amount  found  in  the  Argohd  alone,  it  is  extremely 
improbable  that  any  other  state  should  have  been  the  inventor,  or  that  the  impoitation 
of  the  style  should  have  taken  place  into  a  state  which  during  the  Mycenaean  period 
had  a  flourishing  vase  industry  of  its  own.  Furthermore,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out, 
so  few  types  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  which  were  clearly  made  outside  of  the  Argolid, 
that  we  must  hesitate  before  calling  any  doubtful  style  a  foreign  importation.  And  as 
the  largest  jKirt  of  the  ware  found  in  the  Argohd  is  furnished  by  the  Heraeum,  it  is  there 
rather  than  at  Mycenae  that  the  origin  of  the  style  must  be  sought.  In  Aegina  the 
style  shows  the  stime  development  as  at  the  Heraeum,  but  as  no  attempt  has  ever  been 
made  to  show  that  Aegina  had  a  vase  industry  of  her  own,'  and  as  we  know  that  histori- 
cal evidence  points  to  a  close  connection  between  Argos  and  Aegina  during  the  eighth 
and  seventh  centuries,  the  vases  of  this  style  found  at  Aegina  may  well  have  been 
imported  from  Argos. 

( b)  As  far  back  as  1887,  Diimmler  -  had  pointed  out  the  fact  that  fragments  of  this 
style  had  been  found  at  Aegina  in  the  lowest  levels  along  with  Mycenaean  fragments, 
and  the  same  is  true  at  the  Heraeum,  though,  as  we  have  seen,  the  presence  of  definite 
chronological  levels  was  not  observed.  This  would  show  clearlv  that  some  vases  of  the 
style  are  as  old  as  the  Mycenaean  period.  Many  fragments  of  this  ware  are  found  at 
Aegina  as  well  as  at  the  Heraeum,  which  bear  the  strongest  resemblance  to  the  Myce- 
naean style.  Moreover,  the  steady  development  of  the  style  from  its  beginning  can  be 
better  traced  in  the  Argolid  than  in  any  other  site,  where  the  earliest  examples  are  not  to 
be  found.  Therefore,  as  Aegina  cannot  really  claim  the  origin  of  the  style,^  the  enoi- 
mous  tjuautity  of  it  found  at  the  Heraeum,  as  well  as  the  steady  and  complete  develoj)- 
ment,  would  make  it  reasonably  probable  that  the  style  originated  in  the  Argolid. 

As  stated  in  the  Introduction,  the  all-pervading  characteristic  of  the  Argive  style  is, 
as  Professor  Waldstein  maintains,  ''  Linear,"  pure  and  simple.  We  have  already  seen  that 
the  Primitive  and  Mycenaean  styles  were  Linear  in  their  origin,  and  that  the  latter, 
after  passing  through  the  pictorial  stage  when  naturalism  prevailed,  returned  in  Ckss  IV. 
to  the  Linear  principle  again,  which,  as  we  know  from  the  j)re8ence  of  the  broad  and 
fine  bands  on  the  bodies  of  Mycenaean  vases,  was  never  entirely  lost. 

Practically,  therefore,  the  earliest  specimens  of  the  Argive  style  iire  small  vases,  akin 
in  clay  and  technique  to  the  Mycenaean  style.  The  question  here  arises,  whether  such 
vases  fonn  a  step  beyond  the  Mycenaean  style,  or  whether  they  are  only  the  best  illus- 
trations of  a  continuous  principle  which  originated  in  primitive  times,  and  arrived  at  its ' 
perfection  at  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period.  Professor  Waldstein  maintains  *  "  that 
the  Proto-Corinthian  development  of  the  Argive-Linear  is  but  the  natural  devehipment 
out  of  the  linear  decoration  as  found  in  Argive  vases  at  the  Heraeum  from  the  earliest 
Primitive  vases  through  the  dull-colored  vases  and  the  Mycenaean  periods.  In  the  two 
first  periods  (Primitive  and  Dull-colored)  this  linear  decoration  is  in  free-hand  drawing, 
sometimes  with  rudest  implements  and  in  awkward  and  grotesque  uncertainty  of  touch. 
This  uncertainty  corresponds  to  the  ruder  hand-nuide  technique  of  the  ceramist.     The 


>  The  plates  mentioned  on  p.  IIG  and  a  few  fntgnients 
of  Mycenaean  vases  are  the  only  vases  known  which 
were  surely  manufactured  in  the  island  ;  v.  Introduction, 
p.  65,  note. 


2  Jahrb.  II.  (1887),  p.  19. 
'  Cf.  p.  GTt,  note. 

*  The  wordsi  in  quotation  marks  are  Professor  Wald- 
stein's. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:   ORIGIN 


121 


greater  accuracy  and  skill  in  this  linear  decoration  naturally  comes  in  when  the  ceramist 
himself  makes  skillful  use  of  the  wheel,  and  produces  such  fine  specimens  of  the  potter's 
craft  as  are  to  be  found  with  the  rise  of  the  Mycenaean  lustrous  vases.     The  parallel 
lines  ornamenting  the  lower  portions  of  these  are  thus  firm  and  accurate.     At  the  same 
time  the  feeling  for  '  fi-ee-hand '  drawing  has  not  died  out,  and  in  its  tmn  advances 
with  the  progress  of  ceramic  art  during  the  Mycenaean  period,  so  that  when  the  feeling 
and  desii-e  for  naturalism  grows,  the  decoration  above  the  hues  reaches  a  stage  of  pei- 
fection  comparatively  as  high  in  technique  in  these  lustrous  vases  as  is  the  linear  decora- 
tion and  the  ceramic  art  in  the  shape  and  manufacture  of  the  vase  itself.     In  the  larger 
vases  of  the  Mycenaean  jwriod  the  linear  decoration  is  thus  never  entirely  superseded ; 
while  in  the  smaller  vases  it  still  maintjiins  its  predominance  through  this  and  all  early 
periods.     At  the   Heraeum,  and  we  may   say  in   the  Argolid,  the  Linear  principle  of 
decoration,  which  finds  its  highest  and  purest  expression  in  the  later  Argive  (Proto- 
Corinthian)  vases,  had  therefore  never  died  out." 

This  theory  of  Profes.sor  Waldstein's  I  accept  in  part,  and  I  agree  with  him  that  the 
Linear  principle  was  never  quite  discarded  even  in  the  best  period  of  the  Mycenaean  style. 
If  it  could  be  proved,  as  Professor  Waldstein  thinks,  that  from  the  Primitive  times  to 
the  close  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization  a  distinct  class  of  vases  exists,  which,  though  show- 
ing elements  of  Mycenaean  decoration,  have  as  their  chief  characteristic  this  same  Linear 
l)rinciple,  I  should  see  no  objection  to  accepting  his  theory  entirely.     This  class  I  have 
not  succeeded  in  finding,  and  I  do  not  regard  the  various  examples  already  quoted  by 
Professor  Waldstein  as  establishing  the  existence  of  such  a  class  beyond  question.     It  is 
true  that  there  exists  a  large  class  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum,  the  date  of  which  is  not 
absolutely  fixed,  which  show  only  the  Linear  principle ;  but  whatever  their  date  may  be, 
I  do  not  consider  them  as  earlier  than  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period,  nor  do  the  few 
scattered  fragments  with  incised  hnear  ornamentation,  which  may  possibly  belong  to  the 
acme  of  that  period  (though  that  point  is  extremely  doubtful),  constitute  to  my  mind  a 
distinct  and   unmistakable  link  between  the  Primitive  times  and  the  rise  of  the  Argive 
style.     It  is  i)ossible  to  regard  these  siime  small  vases  as  the  beginnings  of  the  Argive 
style,  but  only  as  the  p<MU-est  examples  of  it.    They  show  at  least  that  they  are  the  result 
of  a  principle  which  filtered  through  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  just  as  a  river  flows 
through  a  lake,  but  which  I,  for  my  part,  do  not  regard  as  a  separate  entity  from  Primi- 
tive times.     Hence  the  earliest  class  of  the  Argive  ware  is  probably  an  ofiPshoot  of  the 
Mycenaean  style.     This  class  I  shall  call  "  Karly  Argive." 

We  liiive  seen  that  some  great  movement  (perhaps  the  Dorian  invasion)  in  Greece 
caused  a  revival  of  the  various  Geometric  or  primitive  motives  at  a  time  when  the  My- 
cenaean civiHzation  was  dead  or  dving,  but  when  the  Argive  style  had  begun.  Under 
the  new  influence  the  Argive  style  is  quick  to  respond.  Accordingly  we  find  that  as 
the  Geometric  style  flourishes,  the  Argive  style  borrows  freely  the  Geometric  motives,  but 
keeps  them  subordinate  to  its  cliaracteristic  Linear  principle  of  jmrallel  bands  as  the  mam 
decoration.  This  is  the  ckss  "  Linear  Argive,"  which  forms  the  bulk  of  the  style  at  the 
Heraeum  and  is  Avidely  represented  in  Sicily  and  Italy.  The  ordinary  Geometric  motives, 
zigzags,  meanders,  squares,  lozenges,  etc.,  are  the  ones  most  commonly  used,  and  as  the 
vases  are  generally  of  a  small  size,  these  motives  are  confined  to  the  rims  or  shoulders, 
seldom  if  ever  used  on  the  body  of  the  vase. 

That  the  spread  of  Oriental  influence  in  Greece  caused  the  decUne  of  the  Geometric 
style  is  universally  admitted.     In  the  Argolid  we  find  the  Geometric  style  ceasing  almost 


H 


122 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


II 


abruptly,  wliiJe  tlie  Argive  style  becomes,  us  it  were,  emancipated.  The  reasuii  is  simply 
that  as  this  style  was  cunfined  to  smaller  vases  on  which  the  Geometric  motives  played 
a  subordinate  part,  the  introduction  of  orientalized  animals  and  human  figures,  together 
with  the  fuller  development  of  ornaments  in  the  field,  did  not  necessarily  interfere  with  its 
Linear  principle  of  encircling  bands:  Again,  as  it  was  the  distinctive  style  of  the  Argolid, 
and  more  popular  than  the  Geometric,  it  was  more  easily  iuHuenced  by  the  new  ideas 
from  the  east.  On  the  other  hand,  it  would  seem  as  if  no  attempt  was  made  by  the 
Argive  potters  to  adapt  the  Geometric  style  to  the  new  conditions,  and  hence  it  died 
out.  In  Attica,  however,  as  the  Geometric  style  a£Pords  the  chief  and  oidy  ware,  some 
attempt  had  to  be  made  to  remodel  the  style  to  suit  the  new  influence,  or  else  to  evolve  a 
completely  different  fabric ;  accordingly  we  find  the  Dipylon  style  developing  into  the 
Early  Attic.  It  would  seem  probable  that  the  Phaleron  jugs  which  illustrate  this  devel- 
opment were  influenced  in  some  way  by  the  Argive  style;  such  a  theory,  however, 
lacks  actual  confirmation. 

We  therefore  find  a  third  class  of  the  Argive  ware  (Oriental  Argive).  It  is  to  this 
class  that  the  lekythoi  in  Berlin,  London,  and  the  other  museums  belong,  which  caused 
the  invention  of  the  term,  "  Proto-Corinthian."  The  period  of  its  production  probably 
lies  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventh  century,  and  it  cannot  have  lasted  beyond  the  end  of 
that  century,  since  the  rise  of  the  Corinthian  and  Early  Attic  styles  probably  supplanted 
it ;  also,  no  fragments  of  the  style  have  been  found  at  Naucratis.  Cf.  Cecil  Smith, 
./.  //.  S.  1890,  p.  17G. 

A  difficult  question  is  presented  by  the  relation  of  Class  III.  to  the  Corinthian  style. 
That  the  latter  is  directly  developed  from  Class  III.  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt.  Couve  ' 
has  recently  denied  such  a  connection  absolutely,  but  as  his  arguments  do  not  take  the 
Heraeum  fragments  into  consideration,  they  carry  less  Aveight. 

Previous  to  the  excavations  at  the  Heraeum  and  at  Aegina,  Class  III.  was  mainly 
represented  by  the  small  lekythoi  already  mentionetl,  but  with  the  material  from  Aegina 
and  the  Heraeum  the  class  is  seen  to  include  numerous  larger  vases  of  various  sha])es, 
the  lekythoi  being  in  the  minority,  so  that  any  argument  which  bases  the  relation  of  the 
Argive  style  to  the  Corinthian  on  the  lekythoi  alone  possesses  little  value.  It  is  true 
that  the  lekythoi  belonging  to  Class  III.,  which  show  the  most  advanced  technique,  are 
not  found  in  the  Argolid,  but  in  Thebes  and  Corinth.  The  shape,  however,  is  fairly 
well  represented  at  the  Heraeum. 

Now  all  these  lekythoi  found  outside  of  the  Argolid  seem  to  be  a  finished  product ; 
they  are  similar  to  the  Corinthian  vases,  but  vases  which  show  the  transitional  stages 
between  Class  III.  and  the  Corinthian  are  wanting.  Such  connecting  links,  as  far  as  I 
know,  are  found  only  at  Argos  and  Aegina,  but  the  qiumtity  of  true  Corhithian  ware 
found  at  both  those  sites  is  small  compared  to  that  found  at  Corinth  or  in  other  parts 
of  Greece.  As  Corinth  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  originator  of  the  Corinthian 
style,  that  point  may  be  regarded  as  settled. 

A  survey  of  comparative  history  will  help  us  here.  We  have  seen  that  during  the 
Mycenaean  epoch  the  Argolid  was  the  great  source  for  the  bulk  of  Mycenaean  pottery 
found  in  Greece,  just  as  Athens  became  the  great  producer  of  the  Black  and  Reil-Figure 
styles  in  after  years.  At  the  time  we  are  considering  (the  seventh  century),  Argos  had 
behind  her  centuries  of  skill  in  ceramic  arts,  with  (presumably)  a  correspondingly  large 
commerce.     Athens  did  not  begin   her  commercial  activity   until  the  eighth   century, 

»  Rev.  Arch.  1898,  p.  213. 


THE   ARGIVE  STYLE:   ORIGIN. 


123 


and  Corinth,  although  beginning  at  this  time  to  figure  as  a  commercial  factor,  had  not 
the  previous  years  of  industrial  activity.  If,  then,  the  question  arises  as  to  which  soil 
the  sjiread  of  Oriental  influence  in  Greece  found  most  receptive,  antecedent  probabiUties 
would  certainly  i)oint  to  Argos.  It  would  be  most  extraordinary  to  find  such  a  finished 
product  as  Class  III.  originating  in  Corinth ;  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  real  difference 
between  Class  III.  and  the  Corinthian  style  is  simply  this  —  a  new  influence  at  work 
upon  skilled,  as  opposed  to  unskilled  labor. 

Argos,  then,  originates  Class  III.  Its  wide  range  does  not  militate  against  such  an 
assumption ;  while  not  all  the  vases  of  this  class  so  common  outside  of  Argos  are 
probably  of  Ai-give  manufacture,  still  the  bulk  of  them  were  most  probably  exported 
from'  Argos.  That  they  do  not  exist  in  very  large  quantities  at  Argos  itself  is  no 
proof  to  the  contrary ;  it  may  perfectly  well  have  been  the  case  that  local  taste  preferred 
the  larger,  finer  vases,  while  the  bulk  of  the  smaller  was  exported.  We  know  that 
during  the  sixth  and  fifth  centuries  the  bulk  of  Attic  work  was  exported  to  Italy,  and 
were  it  not  for  the  cemeteries  of  Chiusi,  Ruvo,  Nola,  etc.,  etc.,  our  knowledge  of  Attic 
pottery  would  be  small  indeed.  At  the  same  time  it  would  have  been  perfectly  pos- 
sible for  potters  in  Corinth,  Thebes,  Syracuse,  and  elsewhere  to  make  copies  of  originals 
imported  from  Argos. 

Hence  it  is  probable  that  the  importation  into  Corinth  of  Argive  vases  gave  the 
inspiration  to  the  Corinthian  style.  The  ware  evolved  by  Corinth  was  really  a  poor  imi- 
tation of  the  Argive,  and,  owing  to  a  lack  of  technical  experience,  the  former  started 
on  a  much  lower  plane  than  the  latter.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  as  Class  III.  develops 
at  Argos  it  becomes  more  like  the  Corinthian,  only  much  finer  in  technique.  This  is  not 
surprising,  seeing  that  the  external  influence  in  both  places  was  the  same.  The  actual 
points  of  similarity  between  fragments  of  Class  III.  and  the  Corinthian  style  will  be  dis- 
cussed Later. 

The  question  of  clay  is  important,  but  difficult  to  define  in  default  of  microscopic 
investigation.  In  Class  I.  the  clay  is  almost  Mycenaean ;  practically  the  only  difference 
is  that  the  clay  of  Argive  vases  is  lighter.  The  general  treatment  of  glaze  and  decora- 
tion varies  somewhat  from  the  Mycenaean,  in  that  the  surface  is  seldom  polished,  and 
the  paint  less  lustrous  and  applied  less  thickly.  This  is  especially  apparent  in  Class  II. 
Here,  however,  the  general  scheme  of  decoration  has  advanced  beyond  all  similarity  with 
the  Mycenaean.  But  though  in  the  earlier  classes  the  clay  seems  to  be  similar  to  that 
of  the  Mycenaean  vases,  the  greatest  difference  exists  between  it  and  that  of  the  Geome- 
tric vases,  the  Argive  being  of  a  different  color  (generally  reddish),  finer,  cleaner,  and 
lighter.  In  fact,  during  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style,  the  art  of  makmg  light 
vessels  reaches  its  highest  point ;  in  some  cases  the  clay  is  almost  as  thin  as  a  sheet  of 
very  fine  cardboard. 

Owing  to  the  smaller  size  of  the  vases  the  material  is  in  much  better  preservation, 
and  in  almost  every  case  the  exact  form  of  the  vase  coidd  be  detei-mined.  Hence  it  has 
been  possible  to  evolve  a  classification  based  on  the  various  fonns.  All  through  the 
style  three  shapes  are  most  prominent  —  lekythos  (oinochoe),  skyphos,  and  pyxis ;  each 
exhibits  many  variations,  which  will  be  discussed  later. 

The  use  of  some  color,  red,  white,  yellow,  etc.,  applied  to  the  vase  after  the  first  firing, 
is  especially  characteristic  of  the  Argive  style.  As  it  is  found  in  the  Mycenaean  and 
Geometric  styles  as  well,  its  use  will  be  discussed  more  thoroughly  at  the  end  of  this 
chapter. 


i^ 


1 ',  I 


124 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


CLASS  I. 


EARLY    ARGIVE. 


ill 


Fig.  44. 


We  may  include  in  tliis  class  many  of  the  small  jugs  mentioned  on  pp.  99-101.  Their 
only  decoration  is  encircling  hands  with  the  occasional  introduction  of  a  Mycenaean 
motive,  and  as  they  belong  to  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period  they  represent  virtually 
the  tirst  stages  of  the  Argive  style.  The  forms  used  in  this  class  are  not  very  numerous ; 
besides  the  jugs  already  mentioned  we  have  examples  of  lekythoi,  kalathoi,  and  small 
saucers,  all  three  akin  to  various  Mycenaean  forms.  That  so  few  shajH^s  are  to  be  found 
is  not  surprising ;  the  new  style  being  still  an  experiment,  potters  would  be  likely  to 
begin  with  familiar  shapes. 

Lekythoi. 

Only  one  form  of  the  lekythos  was  uoticetl ;  it  is  a  one-handled  jug  of  about  the  same  form  as 

Myk.  Vui.  XLiv.  63.  It  is,  however,  all  through  the  Argive  style  one  of 
the  most  popular  shapes,  and  one  which  was  clearly  taken  from  a  Mycenaean 
prototyiHJ. 

Fig.  44.    Height,  0.07  m.     Southeast  of  Second  Temple.     Intact. 

This  lekythos  is  the  most  i)erfect  specimen  of  Class  I.  found  at  the  He- 
raeuui.  The  clay  is  of  a  yellow  tinge,  and  tlie  decoration  a  lustrous  black. 
In  point  of  technique  it  possesses  the  greatest  affinity  with  Mycenaean  vases. 
The  quality  of  the  clay  is  of  a  slightly  lighter  antl  thinner  texture,  and  the 
scheme  of  decoration  distinctly  linear.  At  any  rate,  its  connection  with  the 
Mycenaean  style  is  so  strong  as  to  show  that  it  is  (Nirtaiuly  coutemiwraneous 
with  the  later  period  of  that  style. 

Half  a  dozen  similar  vases  were  found  in  good  condition,  and  as  many  more  in  frag- 
ments. The  scheme  of  decoration  was  the  sjime  in  all,  some,  however,  having  a  series  of 
tine  lines  be  ween  the  broad  bands.  Several  other  vases,  in  shai)e  more  like  the  jugs  on 
p.  100,  were  found,  on  which  the  linear  decoration  was  apparent,  but  of  extremely  careless 
execution. 

Kitlathoi. 

These  small  vessels  form  a  distinct  series  in  the  Argive  style.  Those  which  show  the 
most  advanced  technicjue  undoubtedly  fall  into  Class  II.  To  avoid  confusion,  they  have 
been  placed  together.  They  seem  to  have  been  a  common  shai)e,  since  about  fifty  were 
found,  most  of  them  intact. 

The  earliest  examples  are  hand-made,  very  small  (not  more  than  .15  mm.  in  height  or 
5.)  mm.  in  diameter),  with  one  or  two  broad  bands  very  carelessly  applied.  Next,  a  series 
of  wheel-made  specimens,  some  without  any  decoration,  more  commonly  with  several  broad 
stripes.  Finally  a  number  of  kalathoi,  carefully  made  with  a  decoration  of  stripes  in 
series  of  two  or  three.     These  last  probably  belong  to  Class  II.      In  some  cases  the  rim  is 

formed  of  a  series  of  plastic  mouldings  with  dots  on  them,  but  with- 
out any  other  decoration  on  the  vase  except  a  glaze  on  the  interior. 

Fig.  45.     Height,  0.04  ra. :  diameter,  0.07  m.     Reddish  yellow  clay, 
with  (lark  brown  bands  on  interior  as  well  as  exterior.     Cf.  Ann.  delV 
Ini^t.  1877,  tav.  d'agg.  A.  B.  14.» 
Fio.  4.-,.  '^^^**  kalathos  belongs  to  the  second  series.     Judging  from  its  simi- 

larity to  the  bowl  found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  (p.  95,  Fig.  30)  and 
the  style  of  decoration,  we  cannot  date  it  as  any  later  than  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  periotl. 

»  A  kalathos  of  similar  shape  but  with  purely  Geometric  decoration  has  beeu  found  at  EUuiu  :  cf.  'E^-.  'Apv-  1898 
pi.  ii.  17.  TA  . 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  KALATHOI  AND  SAUCERS 


125 


Fig.  46. 


Fig.  47. 


Fig.  48. 


The  hand-made  vases  were  exactly  similar  save  for  a  rougher  style  of  execution.     Slight  but  unim- 
portant variations  in  the  curve 
of  the  sides  were  found. 

Fig.  46.  Height,  0.068  m. ; 
diauieter,  0.10  ui.  Reddish 
yellow  clay,  burnt  red  at  base, 
with  red  bands  and  dots  on  rim. 
Two  bands  inside.  Found 
above  the  burnt  layer  on  the 
west  end  of  Old  Temple  Ter- 

Fig.  47.     Height,  0.053  m. ;  diameter,  0.093  m.     Red  clay,  burnt  bright  red  at  base,  with 

dark  brown  bands  above,  red  below.     Dark  red    glaze  inside.     This 
change  from  brown  to  red  in  the  decoration  is  evidently  intentional. 

Fi^.  4a  Height,  0.045  ni. ;  diameter,  0.078  m.  Red,  clay  with 
yellow  slip  burnt  red  at  base.  Upper  bands  black,  lower  red,  evi- 
dently intentional.  Dots  on  rim,  and  live  bauds  inside.  A  dozen  other 
vases  of  this  type  were  found. 

The  last  three  belong  to  the  later  series  of  the  kalathoi, 
though  the  interval  between  them  and  the  earlier  ones  is  not 
great.  The  techniciue  is  far  superior  and  the  clay  finer.  They  illustrate  the  three  varie- 
ties of  the  form.     Fig.  48  has  a  certain  resemblance  to  the  bowls  already  mentioned. 

Saucen. 

Just  at  this  point  we  place  a  series  of  small  saucers,  of  which  quite  a  number  were 

found.     They  vary  from  3  to  .5  cm.  in  diameter  and  10  to  15  mm.  in  height,  and  would 

seem  to  be  developed  from  the  Mycenaean  saucers  (p.  96)  with  the  addition  of  Argive 

decoration  of  concentric  bands.     Extra  color  (generally  red)  is  added  to  some  of  the 

bands. 

Two  types  may  be  detected. 

a.  Flat  ba.se,  straight  or  sloping  sides,  with  a  sharply  defined  rim,  flange  curving  outwards. 
A  small  boss  is   occasionally  found  on  the 
interior,    and    small    projections    are    often 
added  to  the  rim  as  if  for  handles. 

b.  The  base  is  either  flat  or  curved,  with 
curved  sides,  no  flange  to  the  rim. 


Fig.   ^.     Height,    0.01    m.  :    diameter 
0.051  u>.     Light  i-etl  clay,  with  black  bands 
alternating  with  applied  red  bands  on  inte- 
rior.    No  decoration  on  exterior. 


Fig.  49. 


Fig.  50. 


Fig  50  Hei-ht,  0.014  m. ;  diameter,  0.028  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration 
burnt  red  in  parti  Bauds  inside  with  dots  on  rim.  On  exterior,  below  rim,  broad  band  of  apphed 
red.     Boss  in  centre. 

Numerous  otber  similar  saucers  were  found  and  fragments  of  others  of  larger  size. 
One,  of  which  about  half  was  preserved,  measured  12  cm.  in  diameter  and  o  in  height. 
Clay  and  decoration  were  identical. 


124 


THE    VASKS   AXn   VASK    FHArfMEXTS 


Fn:.  44. 


CLASS   I. 

KAHLY    ARGIVE. 

We  may  inchule  in  this  class  many  of  tlie  small  jujjfs  mentioned  on  pp.  00-101.  Their 
only  det-oiation  is  eneiirlinj^  hands  with  the  occasional  introduction  of  a  Mycenaean 
motive,  and  as  they  helong-  to  tiie  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period  they  represent  virtually 
the  first  stages  of  the  Arrive  stvle.  The  forms  used  in  this  class  are  not  very  numerous : 
besides  the  juy;s  already  mentioned  we  have  examples  of  lekythoi,  kalathoi,  and  small 
siiucers,  all  three  akin  to  various  Mycenaean  forms.  That  so  few  shapes  are  to  oe  found 
is  not  surprisino- ;  the  new  style  beinjj  still  an  experiment,  potters  would  be  likely  to 
begin  with  familiar  shapes. 

Lekythoi. 

Only  one  form  of  the  lekythos  was  noticed :  it  is  a  one-liandled  jnj;  of  alx)ut  the  same  form  an 

Myk.   V<t».  WAX.  03.     It  is,  however,  all  tliiougli  the   Argive  style  one  of 
-'•BBp*^  the  most  i)opular  sliaiKs,  and  one  which  was  clearly  taken  from  a  Mycenaean 

*  r^       I  prototyiH?. 

Fig.  44.  Height,  0.07  m.  Southeast  of  Second  Temple.  Intact. 
This  lekythos  is  the  most  iwrfect  8i)eeimen  of  Class  I.  found  at  the  He- 
raenm.  The  clay  is  of  a  yellow  tinge,  and  the  «lecorati»)n  a  lustrous  black. 
In  point  of  teehnicpie  it  ^wssesses  the  greatest  athnity  with  Myeenaean  vasen. 
The  ((uality  .>f  the  clay  is  of  a  slightly  lighter  and  thinner  texture,  and  the 
seheme  of  decoration  distinctly  linear.  At  any  rate,  its  connection  with  the 
Myeenaean  style  is  so  strong  as  to  show  that  it  is  certainly  contemiwraucous 
with  the  later  jHjriod  of  that  style. 

Half  a  dozen  simihir  vases  were  found  in  jrood  condition,  and  as  many  more  in  fra"*- 
ments.  The  scheme  of  decoration  was  the  siime  in  all,  .some,  however,  having  a  series  of 
tine  lines  beween  the  broad  bands.  Several  other  vases,  in  shaiK*  more  like  the  iuo-s  on 
p.  lOO.  were  tound,  on  which  the  Hnear  decoration  was  apparent,  but  of  extremely  careless 
execution. 

Knhithoi. 

These  small  vessels  form  a  distinct  series  in  the  Argive  style.  Those  which  .show  the 
nu)st  advanced  techniipie  undoubtedly  fall  into  Class  II.  To  avoid  confusion,  they  have 
been  phiced  together.  They  seem  to  have  been  a  connuon  shai)e.  sime  about  fifty  were 
found,  most  of  them  intact. 

The  earliest  examples  are  hand-made,  very  small  (not  more  than  :V)  nun.  in  heio-ht  or 
o.>  unu.  \\\  duimeter),  with  one  or  two  broad  bands  very  carelessly  applied.  Next,  a  scries 
of  wheel-made  specimens,  some  without  any  decoration,  nu)re  commonly  with  several  broad 
stripes.  Finally  a  number  of  kahithoi,  carefully  made  with  a  decoration  of  stripes  in 
series  of  two  or  three.     These  last  })robably  belong  to  Class  II.      In  some  cases  the  rim  is 

formed  of  a  series  of  plastic  mouldings  with  dots  on  them,  but  with- 
out any  other  decoration  on  the  vase  except  a  glaze  on  the  interior. 

Fig.  45.     Height.  0.04  m.  :  diameter,  0.07  m.      Heddish  yellow  clay, 
witli  dark  brown  hands  on  interior  as  well  as  exterior.     Cf.  Ann.  ihJF 
Ittst.  1877,  tav.  d'agg.  A.  R  14.i 
Ki,j.  4.-,.  This  kalathos  Ix'longs  to  the  second  series.     Judging  from  its  simi- 

larity to  the  bowl  found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  (p.  0').  Fig.  30)  and 
the  style  of  decoration,  we  cannot  date  it  as  any  later  than  the  end  of  the  My.vuaean  i)erio«l. 

•  A  k.ilathus  of  similar  shape  but  with  purely  (ieometric  decoration  has  beeu  found  at  Kleusis  ;  cf.  'E0n^.  'Aov.  1898, 
pi.  ii.  17. 


THE    ARGIVE   STYLE:    KALATHOI    AND   SALTERS 


125 


Yui.  40. 


Fig.  47. 


Fig.  48. 


The  hand-made  va-ses  were  exactly  similar  save  for  a  rougher  style  of  execution.     Slight  but  unim- 
portant variations  in  the  curve 
of  the  sides  were  found. 

Fig.  46.  1  leight,  0.0G8  m. : 
diameter,  0.10  m.  Reddish 
yellow  clay,  burnt  red  at  base, 
with  red  bands  and  dots  on  rim. 
Two  bands  inside.  Found 
above  the  burnt  layer  on  the 
west  enil  of  Old  Temple  Ter- 

Fig.  47.     Height.  0.053  ra.;   diameter.  0.093  m.     Red  clay,  burnt  bright   red  at   base,  with 

dark  brown  bands  above,  red  below.     Dark  red    glaze  inside.     This 
change  from  brown  to  red  in  the  decoration  is  evidently  intentional. 

Fig.  4a  Height.  0.04;")  m. :  diameter,  0.078  m.  Red,  clay  with 
yellow  slip  burnt  red  at  base.  Upper  bands  black,  lower  red,  evi- 
dently intentional.  Dots  on  rim,  and  live  bands  inside.  A  dozen  other 
vases  of  this  type  were  found. 

The  last  three  belong  to  the  later  series  of  the  kalathoi, 
though  the  interval  between  them  and  the  earlier  ones  is  not 
great.  The  techniipie  is  far  superior  and  the  clay  finer.  They  illustrate  the  three  varie- 
ties of  the  form.     Fig.  48  has  a  certtiin  resend)lance  to  the  bowls  already  mentioned. 

Just  at  this  i>oint  we  place  a  series  of  small  saucers,  of  which  (luite  a  number  were 
found.  They  vary  from  \\  to  ')  cm.  in  diameter  and  10  to  15  mm.  in  height,  and  would 
seem  to  be  devel<»ped  from  the  Mycenaean  saucers  (p.  iK))  with  the  addition  of  Argive 
decoration  of  concentric  bands.  Extra  color  (generally  red)  is  added  to  some  of  the 
bands. 

Two  tyi)es  nuiy  be  detected. 

a.  Flat  base,  stmight  or  sloping  sides,  with  a  sharply  defined  rim,  flange  curving  outwards. 
A  small  boss  is   occasionally  found  on  the 
interior,    and    small    projections    are    often 
added  to  the  rim  as  if  for  handles. 

b.  The  base  is  either  flat  or  curved,  with 
curved  sides,  no  flange  to  the  rim. 


Pig.   49.     Height,    0.01    m.  :    diameter 
0.0')1  m.     Light  red  clay,  with  black  bands 
alternating  with  applied  red  bands  on  inte- 
rior.    No  decoration  on  exterior. 


Fig.  49. 


Fig.  50. 


Fig  50  Hei-ht,  0.014  m. :  diameter,  0.028  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration 
burnt  red  in  parti  Rands  inside  with  dots  on  rim.  On  exterior,  below  rim.  broad  band  of  applied 
red.     Boss  in  centre. 

NumeroiLs  other  similar  saucers  were  found  and  fragments  of  others  of  larger  size. 
One,  of  which  about  half  was  preserved,  measured  12  cm.  in  diameter  and  o  in  height. 
Clay  and  decoration  were  identical. 


II 


120 


TIIK    VASES   AND   VASK    FRAGMP:XTS 


Fia»»;ments  of  a  few  others  were  found,  of  a  very  fine  thin  clav,  with  a  l)riniant  "laze 
and  arrangement  of  lines  exactly  similar  to  the  lekythoi  below.  These  eleiirly  belonged 
to  CLiss  II. 

CLASS  II. 

LINK  A  K   ARGIVK. 

We  now  come  to  the  class  which  includes  almost  all  the  Argive  style,  from  its  hegin- 
ning  in  the  Mycenaean  times  down  to  the  rise  of  the  Oriental  influence,  a  period  of 
perhaps  nearly  two  centuries.  Three  j)eriods  may  be  noted,  though  as  the  transitional 
stages  between  them  are  so  gradual,  they  will  not  be  used  as  a  basis  for  classification. 

1.  The  survival  of  certain  Mycenaean  motives,  still  retiiined  from  the  older  style. 

2.  Pure  linear  treatment. 

3.  The  introduction  of  the  animal  figure  and  the  development  of  the  Oriental  influ- 
ence. We  also  find  three  distinct  technical  methods,  a.  The  ordinary  tt'chni(|ue,  similar 
to  that  already  discussed,  b-  The  application  of  extra  color,  c.  The  contrast  obtained  by 
the  action  of  fire,  when  half  the  vase  is  burnt  bright  red  and  half  left  in  its  natural 
decoration  in  black  or  brown. 

The  i)rincipal  shapes  are  :  — 

Lekythos. 

Oinoflior. 

Skvphos. 

IVxis, 

Aryballos. 

Al:il)astron. 

Plate. 

Several  other  shapes  will  be  met  with,  but  such  are  comparatively  rare  and  will  be 
discussed  as  they  appear. 

Leki/thoi. 

Two  varieties  of  the  lekythos  may  be  found,  one  rather  globular  in  shape  (cf.  Nut.  (/. 
Siaci,  1895,  J).  138,  fig.  !.">)  and  the  other  {litrf.  Vnt.  pi.  v.  102)  slightly  more  devel- 
oped. The  latter  shape  is  a  modification  of  the  former,  and  becomes  very  common 
during  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style. 


Typ 


rx. 


Mi/k.  Va«.  XLiv.  03). 


Fig.  51.    Height.  O.OOo  lu.    Rands  on  neck,  handle,  and  Ixnly,  with  pot-hooks  on  shoulder,  and 
below  a  broken  wave  pattern. 

The  sha)>e  of  this  lekythos  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  Mycenaean  form  ( v, 

In  the  wave  j>attern  we  still  see  a  survival  of  Myee- 
naean  motives.  A  similar  lekythos  is  at  Syracuse 
(V.  Xot.  d.  S<-avi  1803.  p.  473).  Fron»  the  fonn 
and  ornamentation  this  lekythos  may  be  consi<lered 
as  one  of  the  earliest  of  Class  II.  Frasrnients  of 
seveial  other  similar  lekythoi  were  found. 

Fig.  52.  Height,  0.085  m.  Part  of  rim  hroken 
away.  Bands  on  neck,  handle,  and  bo<ly.  Geometric 
snake  on  shoulder.  Deeoration  in  dark  and  light 
brown.  Cf.  Xot.  d.  Scaci.  1895,  p.  138,  fig.  15  :  Brit. 
M>is.  A.  1001. 

This  seems  to  be  slightly  more  advanced  in  form  than  the  preee<ling.  and  Fio.  .V2. 


Fig.  51. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:   LEKYTHOI,   CLASS   II 


127 


is  a  eomnmn  tyi>e  at  the  1  leraeum.     1  lalf  a  dozen  more  examples  were  found,  more  or  less  intact, 
and  fragments  representing  i)erhaps  a  luuidred. 

Fig.  53.  1  leight,  0.075  m.  On  shoulder,  two  birds  with 
a  scroll  between  them.     Incised  lines. 

Identically  the  same  form  as  the  preceding.  As  in  the 
Geometric  style,  the  birds  are  the  first  living  subjects  in- 
troducetl  on  a  vase.  The  heraldic  scheme  of  the  birds 
suggests  the  fourth  class  of  the  Mycenaean  style.  Cf. 
Mi/k.  Va«.  XX XVI.  304.  This  seems  to  be  one  of  the  ear- 
liest instances  of  the  incised  line. 

The  chief  variation  in  these  lekythoi  lies  in  the 
ornamentation  on  the  shoulder.  The  following  types 
were  noted  in  the  fragments :  — 

Jiat/it.  These  include  several  varieties.  They  are  either 
.single,  radiating  from  the  centre,  or  else  double,  one  set  Fio.  M. 

radiating  directly  from  the  neck,  alternating  with  a  second 

set  which  radiate  from  a  band  drawn  just  aroimtl  the  neck ;  rays  drawn  in  outline ;  rays  composed 
of  interlacing  lines.     All  have  their  points  (mtwards. 

In  some  cases  a  second  bantl  of  zigzags  is  a<lded  on  the  body  just  below  the  rays. 

Checkvrtniard.     This  is  generally  used  as  a  band  on  the  body.     The  plain  squares  are  occasion- 
ally dotted. 

Lozcngef^.     As  an  ornament  in  field  on  the  shoulder,  combined  with  a  ray  or  |>ot-hook. 

Fig.  54.    1  leight.  0.00  m.     Neck  and  handle  restored  ;  on  shoulder  ray  pattern. 

This  is  an  example  of  the  simplest  form  of  this  second  type,  of 
which  about  twenty-five  more  were  found.  The  majority  had  a  ray 
j)attern  around  the  base,  and  the  jdace  of  one  of  the  broad  bands 
taken  by  a  checkerboanl  band.  Pot-hooks  were  occasionally  found 
on  the  shoidder  instead  of  rays. 

Fig.  55.  Height,  0.002  m.  Yellowish  clay,  burnt  red  on  one 
side.  Circle  of  dots  on  rim.  Sign  like  the  letter  H  on  handle, 
vertical  zio-zaf's  on  rim.  On  bodv,  frieze  of  three  animals,  lielow, 
rays.  Above  and  helow  animal  frieze,  two  lines  of  dark  red  pamt 
applied.     The  vase  is  intact. 

This  lekythos  represcMits  the  most  advanced  stage  of  the  second  i\\w,  and  can  eciually 
well  be  considered  as  the  first  stage  of  Class  III.,  or  the  last  of  Class  II.  In  fact,  it 
forms  a  link  between  the  two,  since  the  animal  figure  is  now  introduced,  through  the 
Oriental  influence.  A  dozen  more  of  this  type  were  found  intact,  and  at  least  a  basket- 
ful of  fragments  belonging  to  similar  vases. 

The  application  of  the  extra  dark  red  lines  now  becomes  ipiite  a  feature  in  the  style, 
and  few  vases  belonging  to  Class  III.  are  without  it.  Several  lekythoi  of  this  shape, 
without  any  animal  <lecoration,  showed  this  siime  feature.  One  was  adorned  with  two 
broad  bands  of  brown,  on  which  six  alternating  thin  stripes  of  purple  and  yellow  had 
been  applied.     A  similar  instance  is  at  Syracuse  (Case  VII.  No.  2893). 

Also  several  lekytlun  were  found  with  checkerboards  (m  the  body  (with  apjdied  bands 
of  dark  red  between),  and  a  leaf  rosette  on  the  neck,  similar  to  those  in  the  Louvre, 
V.  Pottier,  Vusi'H  dv  Lonrr^u  pi.  xxxix.  E,  30<);  cf.  also  ^foH.  Aot.l.  p.  824  (fnmi 
Me<rara  Ilvblaea).  Several  examples  are  in  Rome  (Museo  Papa-Giulio)  and  Florence. 
The  type  seems  to  be  very  common. 


Fig.  i>i. 


Fig.  55. 


II 


126 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Fragments  of  a  few  others  were  found,  of  a  very  fine  thin  clay,  with  a  brilUant  glaze 
and  arrangement  of  lines  exactly  similar  to  the  lekythoi  below.  These  clearly  belonged 
to  Class  II. 

CLASS  II. 

LINEAR  ARGIVE. 

We  now  come  to  the  class  which  includes  almost  all  the  Argive  style,  from  its  begin- 
ning in  the  Mycenaean  times  down  to  the  rise  of  the  Oriental  influence,  a  period  of 
perhaps  nearly  two  centuries.  Three  periods  may  be  noted,  though  as  the  transitional 
stages  betAveen  them  are  so  gradual,  they  will  not  be  used  as  a  basis  for  classification. 

1.  The  survival  of  certain  Mycenaean  motives,  still  retained  from  the  older  style. 

2.  Pure  linear  treatment. 

3.  The  introduction  of  the  animal  figure  and  the  development  of  the  Orientil  influ- 
ence. We  also  find  three  distinct  technical  methods,  a.  The  ordinary  technique,  similar 
to  that  already  discussed,  b.  The  application  of  extra  color,  c.  The  contrast  obtained  by 
the  action  of  fire,  when  half  the  vase  is  burnt  bright  red  and  half  left  in  its  natural 
decoration  in  black  or  brown. 

The  principal  shapes  are  :  — 

Lekythos, 

Oinochoe, 

Skyphos, 

Pyxis,  "^ 

Ary  hallos. 

Alabastron. 

Plate. 

Several  other  shapes  will  be  met  with,  but  such  are  comparatively  rare  and  will  be 
discussed  as  they  appear. 

LekytJioi. 

Two  varieties  of  the  lekythos  may  be  found,  one  rather  globular  in  shape  (ef.  Nat.  d. 
Scai't,  1895,  p.  138,  fig.  15)  and  the  other  {Berf.  Cat.  pi.  v.  102)  sUghtly  more  devel- 
oped. The  latter  shape  is  a  modification  of  the  former,  and  becomes  very  common 
during  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style. 

Ti/pes. 

Pig.  51.  Height,  0.065  m.  Bands  on  neck,  handle,  and  body,  with  pot-hooks  on  shoulder,  and 
below  a  broken  wave  pattern. 

The  shape  of  this  lekythos  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  Mycenaean  form  (v.  Mj/k.  Vas.  xuv.  63). 

In  the  wave  pattern  we  still  see  a  survival  of  Myce- 
naean motives.  A  similar  lekythos  is  at  Syracuse 
(v.  Not.  d.  Scavu  1893,  j).  473).  From  the  form 
and  ornamentation  this  lekythos  may  be  considere<l 
as  one  of  the  earliest  of  Class  II.  Fragments  of 
several  other  similar  lekythoi  were  found. 

Fig.  52.    Height,  0.085  m.    Part  of  rim  broken     i 
away.    Bands  on  neck,  handle,  and  body.  Geometric 
snake  on  shoulder.     Decoration  in  dark  and  light 
Fig.  51.  brown.    Cf.  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1895,  p.  138,  fig.  15  ;  Brit. 

Mis.  a.  1061. 

This  seems  to  be  slightly  more  advanced  in  form  than  the  preceding,  and  Fio.  52. 


THE   ARGIVE  STYLE:   LEKYTHOI,  CLASS   II 


127 


is  a  connnon  type  at  the  Heraeum.     Half  a  dozen  more  examples  were  found,  more  or  less  intact, 
and  fragments  representing  perhaps  a  hundred. 

Pig.  53.  Height,  0.075  m.  On  shoulder,  two  birds  with 
a  scroll  between  them.     Incised  lines. 

Identically  the  same  form  as  the  preceding.  As  in  the 
Geometric  style,  the  birds  are  the  first  living  subjects  in- 
troduced on  a  vase.  The  heraldic  scheme  of  the  birds 
suggests  the  fourth  class  of  the  Mycenaean  style.  Cf. 
Myk.  Vas.  xxxvi.  364.  This  seems  to  be  one  of  the  ear- 
liest instances  of  the  incised  line. 

The  chief  variation  in  these  lekythoi  lies  in  the 
ornamentation  on  the  shoulder.  The  following  types 
were  noted  in  the  fragments :  — 

Bays.  These  include  several  varieties.  They  are  either 
single,  radiating  from  the  centre,  or  else  double,  one  set  Fig.  53. 

radiating  directly  from  the  neck,  alternating  with  a  second 

set  which  radiate  fi-oni  a  band  drawn  just  aroimd  the  neck ;  rays  drawn  in  outline ;  rays  composed 
of  interlacing  lines.     All  have  their  points  outwards. 

In  some  cases  a  second  band  of  zigzags  is  added  on  the  hotly  just  below  the  rays. 

Checkerboard.     This  is  generally  used  as  a  band  on  the  body.     The  plain  squares  are  occasion- 
ally dotted. 

Lozenges.     As  an  ornament  in  field  on  the  shoulder,  combined  with  a  ray  or  pot-hook. 

Fig.  54.   Height,  0.06  m.     Neck  and  handle  restored  ;  on  shoulder  ray  pattern. 

This  is  an  example  of  the  simplest  form  of  this  second  type,  of 
which  about  twenty-five  more  were  found.  The  majority  had  a  ray 
pattern  around  the  base,  and  the  place  of  one  of  the  broad  bands 
taken  by  a  checkerboard  band.  Pot-hooks  were  occasionally  found 
on  the  shoulder  instead  of  rays. 

Fig.  55.  Height,  0.062  m.  Yellowish  clay,  burnt  red  on  one 
side.  Circle  of  dots  on  rim.  Sign  like  the  letter  H  on  handle, 
vertical  zigzags  on  rim.  On  body,  frieze  of  three  animals.  Ifelow, 
rays.  Above  and  below  animal  frieze,  two  lines  of  dark  red  paint 
applied.     The  vase  is  intact. 

This  lekythos  represents  the  most  advanced  stage  of  the  second  tyi^e,  and  can  equally 
well  be  considered  as  the  first  stage  of  Class  III.,  or  the  last  of  Class  II.  In  fact,  it 
forms  a  link  between  the  two,  since  the  animal  figure  is  now  introduced,  through  the 
Oriental  influence.  A  dozen  more  of  this  type  were  found  uitact,  and  at  least  a  basket- 
ful of  fragments  belonging  to  similar  vases. 

The  application  of  the  extra  dark  red  lines  now  becomes  quite  a  feature  in  the  style, 
and  few  vases  belonging  to  Class  III.  are  without  it.  Several  lekythoi  of  this  shape, 
without  any  animal  decoration,  showed  this  same  feature.  One  was  adorned  with  two 
broad  bands  of  brown,  on  which  six  alternating  thin  stripes  of  purple  and  yellow  had 
been  applied.     A  similar  instance  is  at  Syracuse  (Case  VII.  No.  2893). 

Also  several  lekythoi  were  found  with  checkerboards  on  the  body  (with  applied  bands 
of  dark  red  betw^n),  and  a  leaf  rosette  on  the  neck,  similar  to  those  in  the  Louvre, 
v.  Pottier,  V(ims  de  Louvre,  pi.  xxxix.  E,  309;  cf.  also  Mou.  Ant.  I.  p.  824  (from 
Megara  Hyblaea).  Several  examples  are  in  Rome  (Museo  Papa-Giulio)  and  Florence. 
The  type  seems  to  be  very  common. 


Fig.  54 


ol 


i 


128 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Ohiorhoai. 

Three  distinct  tyi>es  of  oinochoai  are  to  be  noted. 

L   Short  neck,  body  slightly  curved. 

2.  Long  neck,  cone-shaped  Inxly. 

3.  Short  neck,  S(j[uare  shoulder. 

Each  type  is  subject  to  occasional  variations. 


Pig.  56.   Height,  0.124  m. 


Fui.  56. 


Type  1. 

diameter  at  base,  0.115  ni.  Missing  )K)rtions  restored  in  plaster. 
Retldish  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  Three  bands  of  ver- 
tical zigzags  on  shoulder. 

This  was  the  only  example  of  the  type  which  was  preserved 
entire.  As  few  other  fragments  of  similar  vases  were  found, 
the  form  does  not  appear  very  common  at  the  Heraeum. 

1  a  and  b  (Plate  LIX.).  Two  fragments  from  a  large 
oincHjhoe.  whose  height  cannot  be  determined.  Reddish  clay, 
with  dark  brown  decoration.  On  the  neck,  an  elaborate  flower 
pattern  between  vertical  "  Running  Dogs."  On  shoulder,  alter- 
nating rays  of  interlaeeil  lines  whose  tops  end  in  two  hooks 
with  a  border  of  fine  vertical  lines ;  below,  dotted  lozenge  chain. 
Several  other  fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  found. 

The  pattern  on  the  neck  is  similar  to  that  on  an  oinochoe  in 

Athens  {Jahrh.  II.  (1887),  p.  52.  fig.  14)  as  well  as  the  Analy- 

tos  jug  {Jahrh.  II.  (1887),  jd.  iii.),  and  seems  to  be  drawn  from 

a  Mycenaean  prototyi>e.     I  am  unable  to  find  any  similar  treatment  of  the  ray  pattern  on  the 

shoulder. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  a  slight  mwlification  of  Pig.  56,  as  the  diameter  of  the  body  is  not 
so  large  in  proportion  to  the  neck.  Only  one  other  va.se  of  exactly  this  form  was  found  with  a 
decoration  on  the  bo<ly  of  rays,  bands,  and  checkerlward.  The  form,  however,  is  quite  common 
at  Syracuse.  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scav.  1893,  p.  468 ;  1895,  p.  153,  fig.  38.  In  the  Corinthian  |)erio<l  it 
becomes  a  favorite  shape. 

The  few  fragments  of  oinochoai  of  this  form  (Pig.  56  and  Plate  LIX.  1)  did  not 
show  any  great  variety  in  their  scheme  of  ornamentation.  Zigzags,  checkerboards,  and 
rays  (especially  on  the  base)  were  the  usual  motives. 

Tifpe  2. 
This  type  seems  to  be  the  most  favorite  form  of  oinochoe  at  the  Heraeum,  judging  by 
the  number  of  the  vases.  Thirty  or  so  were  pre.served  more  or  less  complete,  varying 
between  10  and  15  cm.  in  height.  An  equal  number  had  the  necks  and  handles  broken 
away,  but  the  bodies  intact,  while  the  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  vases  of  this 
form  filled  several  baskets.  Something  like  a  hundred  necks  were  found,  but  in  only  a 
few  instances  did  they  fit  any  of  the  bodies.  The  total  number  of  vases  represented 
must  have  numbered  several  hundred. 

Pig.  57.  Height,  0.165  m. ;  diameter.  0.135  m.  Handle  restored.  On  neck,  two  bands,  the 
upper  containing  a  zigzag  figure  like  an  N,  and  the  lower  a  lozenge  chain.  Both  bands  are  broken 
by  a  figure  resembling  two  triangles  with  contiguous  points.  On  shoulder,  Geometric  snake  with 
m'astikas.,  dots,  and  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field. 

This  vase  is  still  somewhat  allied  to  the  preceding  type,  save  for  the  lengthening  of  the  neck, 
and  seems  identical  in  form  with  an  oinochoe  from  Eleu8is('E<^T//i.  'Apx-  1898,  p.  106,  fig.  26). 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    OINOCHOAI,   CLASS  II 


129 


Fig.  57. 


Fig.  r>8. 


Pig.  58.  Height,  0.17  m. ;  diameter,  0.12  m.  Rim  and  handle  restored.  On  neck,  four  bands 
of  lozenge  chains,  separated  by  a  broad 
band  of  horizontal  zigzags.  On  shoulder, 
rays  (interlaced  lines),  with  swa$tika8  as 
ornaments  in  field.  Below,  checkered  band ; 
on  base,  rays.  Decoration  in  bright  red 
and  black. 

This  is  the  best  specimen  of  the  type  that 
was  found.  The  form  is  seen  here  in  its 
complete  development,  the  body  cone- 
shaped,  and  the  neck  very  long  (about 
once  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the 
body). 

The  technique  of  all  these  vases  and 
fragments  is  very  similar,  the  cLay  red- 
dish or  greenish  in  tone,  with  a  yellow  slip,  and  the  decoration  (often  very  lustrous)  in 
black  or  brown,  changing  to  red,  in  many  cases  intentionally  so.  As  no  two  vases  have 
exactly  the  same  ornamentiition,  it  will  be  well  to  consider  that  more  in  detail. 

As  in  almost  every  case,  the  main  body  of  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  fine  parallel 
bands ;  the  variation  occurs  in  the  fidlowing  places :  neck,  handle,  shoulder,  base,  and 

bottom  of  the  vase. 

Neck  and  rim.  The  rim  as  a  rule  is  never  ornamented,  but  is  entirely  covered  on  the 
outside  with  a  dark  glaze.  A  few  fragments  were  found  which  showed  that  the  orna- 
mentation (lozenge  chain)  had  been  carried  on  to  the  rim  itself.  The  neck,  however, 
offers  the  greatest  variety  of  ornamentation.  From  over  a  hundred  necks,  forty-five  dis- 
tinct systems  of  designs  were  counted,  which  fall  into  several  classes.  The  design  never 
completely  encircles  the  vase,  but  leaves  a  vacant  space  from  rim  to  shoulder,  just  back  of 

the  handle. 

In  a  few  cases  the  neck  is  covered  with  parallel  horizontal  lines  the  whole  length. 
This,  however,  is  not  common,  and  was  observed  on  only  a  few  fragments.  The  usual 
tvpe  is  a  series  of  broad  friezes  containuig  the  various  motives,  separated  by  the  parallel 
line  system.  These  figures  are  either  arranged  in  series  of  equal  width,  or  else  broad 
and  narrow  friezes  together.  The  ornaments  in  them  are  always  zigzags  (vertical  or 
horizontal),  lozenge  chains,  meanders,  rays,  or  water  birds.  A  few  examples  showed  a 
water  bird  in  a  panel. 

The  following  represent  the  most  striking  examples  (Plate  LIX.) :  — 

2.  Length,  0.107  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Brilliant  red  decoration.  Meander 
frieze  bounded  above  and  below  by  friezes  of  lozenge  chain  (interlaced  lines).  Below,  part  of  a 
frieze  of  N  ornament  similar  to  fig.  57. 

3.  Length,  0.054  m. ;  width,  0.045  m.  Brick  red  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Brilliant  decoration 
in  light  and  dark  i-ed.     Guilloche. 

Reckoning  the  diameter  of  the  neck  as  one  fourth  of  the  length,  we  obtain  an  oinochoe  of  about 
25  cm.  in  length  (the  neck  being  about  once  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the  body).  Several 
fragments  of  necks  of  an  even  larger  size  were  found,  which,  together  with  the  size  of  some  of  the 
fragments  from  the  bodies,  shows  that  oinochoai  of  a  very  large  size  (25  to  35  cm.  in  height)  existed 
at  the  Heraeum.  Oinochoai  of  such  a  large  size  are  rather  rare :  the  largest  existing  siiecimen 
with  which  I  am  familiar  was  fonuerly  at  Callaly  Castle,'  in  Northumberland  (Forman  collection), 
and  measures  22.',  cm.  in  height,  and  21  cm.  in  width  at  the  base. 
>  What  has  become  of  this  vase  I  am  not  able  to  say.     No  mention  of  it  oecurs  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Forman  Sale. 


<iii 


J 


12H 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FUACJMENTS 


THE   AKGTVE   STYLE:    OINOCIIOAI,  CLASS  II 


129 


Kn;.  .Ki. 


OiniH-hoitt. 

Three  distinct  types  of  oinochoai  are  to  be  noted. 

1.  Short  neck,  hotly  sliglitly  I'urvetl. 

2.  Long  neck.  cone-shaj)ed  body. 

3.  Short  neck,  stjuare  shonklcr. 

Eiieh  type  is  subject  to  occasional  variations. 

Tl/pr  1. 

Fig.  56.    Height,  0.124  m. ;  diameter  at  base,  0.11")  ni.     Missing  jwrtions  restored  in  plaster. 

Hodilish  ihiy,  with  tlark  brown  decoration.    Three  hands  of  ver- 
tical zigzags  on  shoulder. 

Thi.s  was  the  only  example  of  the  tyjM?  which  was  preserved 
entire.  As  few  other  fragments  of  similar  vases  were  found, 
the  fonn  does  not  ap|)ear  very  common  at  the  Heraeiun. 

1  a  and  b  (1*Latk  LIX.  ).  Two  fragments  from  a  large 
oinochoe,  whose  height  cannot  he  determined.  Heildish  i-lay, 
with  dark  hrown  decoration.  On  the  neck,  an  elalM>rate  flower 
pattern  between  vertical  "  Kunning  l)»)gs."'  On  shoulder,  alter- 
nating rays  of  interlace*!  lines  whose  tops  entl  in  two  liooks 
with  a  border  of  fine  vertical  lines  :  Udow,  ilottcd  lozenge  chain. 
Several  otlier  fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  found. 

The  j)attern  on  the  neck  is  similar  to  that  on  an  oinoch<>e  in 
Athens  (Jahrh.  H.  (1887).  p.  52.  fig.  14)  as  well  as  the  Analy- 
tos  jug  (Jiihrh.  II.  (1887).  pi.  iii.).  and  seems  to  be  drawn  from 
a  Mycenaean  prototype.  I  am  unal)le  to  find  any  similar  treatment  of  the  ray  i)attern  on  the 
shoulder. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  a  slight  modification  of  Fig.  56,  as  the  diameter  of  the  bmly  is  U(»t 
so  larg«'  in  i>roi)ortion  to  the  neck.  Only  one  other  vase  oi  exactly  this  f(»rm  was  found  with  a 
decoration  on  the  bo«ly  ..f  rays,  bands,  and  checkerboard.  The  form,  howtver,  is  «piite  common 
at  Syracuse.  Cf.  Xot.  d.  Smv.  1898,  p.  4G8:  1895,  p.  153,  fig.  38.  In  the  Corinthian  in-riod  it 
becomes  a  favorite  sliape. 

The  few  fraoinents  of  oinochoai  of  this  form  (Fig.  56  and  Platk  MX.  1)  did  not 
show  any  i,neat  variety  in  their  scheme  of  ornamentation.  Zigzag's,  checkerboards,  and 
rays  (esi)ecially  on  the  base)  were  the  usual  motives. 

Tupe  2. 
This  type  seems  to  be  the  most  favorite  form  of  oinochoe  at  the  Heraeum.  judjpno-  bv 
the  number  of  the  vases.  Thirty  or  so  were  preserved  more  or  less  complete,  varvin*' 
between  10  and  !.">  cm.  in  heio^ht.  An  equal  number  had  the  nwks  and  handles  broken 
away,  but  the  boilies  intact,  while  the  number  of  fnij,nnents  belonging  to  vases  of  this 
form  fille<l  several  i»askets.  Something  like  a  hundred  necks  were  found,  but  in  <udv  a 
few  instances  did  they  fit  any  of  the  bodies.  The  total  ninnber  of  vases  represented 
must  have  numbered  several  hundred. 

Fig.  57.  Height.  <».1G5  m. :  diameter.  0.135  m.  Handh'  restore*!.  On  neck,  two  bands,  tlie 
upper  containing  a  zigzag  figure  like  an  X,  and  the  lower  a  lozenge  diaiu.  Iloth  bands  ai-e  broken 
by  a  figure  reseml)!ing  two  triangles  with  contiguous  jwints.  On  shoulder,  Cieometric  snake  with 
»irn$tika»,  dots,  and  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field. 

This  vase  is  still  sonuwhat  allied  to  the  pre<'»ding  tyjie,  save  for  the  lengthening  of  tlie  neck, 
and  seems  identical  in  form  with  an  oinochoe  from  E!eusis('E«^,/M.  'A,,;^.  1898,  p.  106rfi<'.  26). 


Fig.  Tu. 


Fi<;.  .->8. 


Fig.  58.  Heiglit,  0.17  m. :  diameter,  0.12  m.  Kim  am!  handle  restored.  On  neck,  four  bauds 
of  lozenge  chains,  separated  by  a  l)road 
band  of  horizontal  zigzags.  On  slioulder, 
rays  (interlaced  lines),  with  ntvasiikas  as 
ornaments  in  field.  lielow,  checkered  band  : 
on  base,  rays.  Decoration  in  bright  red 
and  black. 

This  is  the  best  sj)ecimcn  of  the  tyi>e  that 
was  found.  The  form  is  seen  here  in  its 
complete  development,  tlie  Iwdy  cone- 
shaped,  and  the  neck  very  long  (about 
once  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the 
hotly). 

The  techni(pie  of  all  these  vases  and 
fragments  is  very  similar,  the  chiy  red- 
dish or  «-reeuish  in  tone,  with  a  yellow  slip,  and  the  decoration  (often  very  lustrous)  in 
black  or  brown,  changing  to  red,  in  many  cases  intentionally  so.  As  no  two  vases  have 
exactly  the  same  ornamentation,  it  will  be  well  to  consider  that  more  in  detail. 

As  in  almost  every  case,  the  main  body  of  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  fine  pjuallel 
bands;  the  variati«ui  occurs  in  the  fcdlowing  phices :  neck,  handle,  shoulder,  base,  and 

!)ott(mi  of  the  vase. 

^\(k  tiinl  rim.  The  rim  as  a  ride  is  never  ornamented,  but  is  entirely  covered  on  the 
outside  with  a  dark  glaze.  A  few  fragments  were  found  which  showed  that  the  orna- 
mentation (lozenge  chain)  had  been  carried  on  to  the  rim  itself.  The  neck,  however, 
offers  the  greatest  variety  of  ornamentation.  From  over  a  hundred  necks,  forty-five  dis- 
tinct systems  of  designs  were  <ounted,  which  fall  into  several  classes.  The  design  never 
ctmipletely  encircles  the  vase,  but  leaves  a  vacant  s[)ace  from  rim  to  shoulder,  just  back  of 

the  handle. 

In  a  few  cases  the  neck  is  covered  with  parallel  liorizontal  lines  the  whole  length. 
This,  however,  is  not  conunon,  and  was  observed  on  only  a  few  fragments.  The  usual 
type  is  a  scries  of  broad  friezes  containing  the  various  motives,  separated  by  the  parallel 
line  system.  These  figiues  are  either  arranged  in  series  of  e(|ual  width,  or  else  broad 
and  narrow  friezes  together.  The  ornaments  in  them  are  always  zigzags  (vertical  or 
horiztmtal),  lozenge  chains,  meanders,  rays,  or  water  birds.  A  few  examples  showed  a 
water  bird  in  a  panel. 

The  following  represent  the  most  striking  examples  (Platk  LIX.) :  — 

2.  Length.  0.107  m.  Kedtlish  yellow  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Brilliant  red  decoration.  Meander 
frieze  bounde«l  above  and  below  by  friezes  of  lozenge  chain  (interlaced  lines).  Below,  part  of  a 
frieze  of  N  ornament  similar  to  fig.  57. 

3.  Length,  0.054  m. :  width,  0.045  m.  Brick  red  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Brilliant  decoration 
in  light  and  dark  red.     (Juilloche. 

l{eckoning  the  diameter  of  the  neck  as  one  fourth  of  the  length,  we  obtain  an  oinochoe  of  about 
25  cm.  in  length  (the  neck  Iwing  about  once  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the  body).  Several 
fragments  of  necks  of  an  even  larger  size  were  found,  which,  together  with  the  size  of  some  of  the 
fragments  from  the  IkmHcs,  sliows  that  oinochoai  of  a  very  large  size  (25  to  35  cm.  in  height)  existed 
at  tlie  Heraeum.  Oinoihoai  of  such  a  large  size  are  ratlier  rare:  the  largest  existing  specimen 
with  which  I  am  familiar  was  formerly  at  Callaly  Castle,^  in  Xorthumberland  (Forman  collection), 
and  measures  22.1  cm.  in  heiglit.  and  21  cm.  in  width  at  the  base. 
»  >Vhat  lias  »)cc(.nie  of  tliis  vase  1  am  lu.t  able  to  say.     Xo  mention  of  it  occurs  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Forman  Sale. 


i| 


130 


THE   VASES   AXD   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Shotdder.  Less  variety  was  exhibited  in  the  deeoratioii  of  the  shoiihler.  The  usual 
motives  are,  rays  (in  silliouette,  or  formed  by  interlaced  lines),  radi.iting  outwards 
from  the  neck.  A  few  fragments  showed  rays  pointing  inwards ;  zigzjigs,  vertical  and 
horizontal,  singly  or  in  series ;  checkerboard.  The  shoulder  has  occasionally  a  double 
frieze,  as  in  Figs.  57  and  58. 

Fig.  59.    Fragment  of  oinochoe.     Height,  0.057  m.    Brick  red  clay,  with  bright  red  decoration. 

On  shoulder,  frieze  of  birds  (^lozenges  and  pot-hooks  as  ornaments  in 
Held),  and  a  narrow  bonier  of  vertical  zigzags.  Usual  arrangement 
of  bands  on  boily.     Incised  lines  freely  used. 

This  fragment  represents  the  latest  stage  of  the  oinochoai  belong- 
ing to  Class  II.,  and  corresiwnds  to  the  lekythos  on  p.  lol',  fig.  55. 
As  in  the  Geometric  style,  binls  seem  to  be  the  earliest  animate 
motives  used. 


Fig.  .59. 


Handle.  Out   of  over  fifty  handles,  twenty-three  distinct 
designs  were  counted.     The  decoration  is  almost  invariably  on 

the  outside  of  the  handle,  the  inside  being  left  plain.     One 

fragment  showed  glaze  on  the  inside.  The  usual  types  are,  — 

Horizontal  lines,  Meander, 

Vertical  lines,  Geometric  snake. 

Both  combined,  Guilloche. 

Zigzags,  vertical  or  horizontal,  Kosettes. 
Herring-bone, 

The  following  are  the  most  striking  examples  :  — 


PLATK    UX. 

4.  Length.  0.087  m.  Yellow  clay,  dark  brown  decoration,  rather  thin.  A  similar  meander 
exists  on  the  handle  of  an  oinochoe  at  Syracuse,  tomb  344.     C'f.  Xot.  d.  Satvi,  1895,  p.  15'2.  fig.  38. 

5.  Length,  0.095  m.  Light  red  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Dark  red  glaze  on  inside.  Guilloche 
alternately  in  outline  and  silhouette.  The  same  j>eculiarity  may  he  found  on  a  Mycenaean  frag- 
ment (Mt/k.  Vds.  XXXIV.  339).  Another  instance  occurs  on  the  rim  of  an  amphora  found  at 
Cynosarges  by  the  British  School  at  Athens  (,/.  //.  S.  XXII.  [1902J.  pi.  ii.). 

6.  Length,  0.0»J9  m.  Light  yellow  clay.  Snake  and  rosettes  in  black  (cf.  ./.  //.  S.  XI.  [1800], 
p.  175:  Jidn'b.  I.  [1880],  p.  135),  very  much  faded.     Incised  lines  are  here  used. 

7.  Length.  0.135  m.  Reddish  clay.  Decoration  originally  red,  but  burnt  quite  black.  The 
arrangement  of  a  half  rosette  at  the  bas«'  of  the  handle  is  extremely  curious. 

JJ((s('.  The  decoration  on  the  base  is  usually  confined  to  a  ray  pattern.  Little 
variety  is  introduced,  except  in  the  height  of  the  rays  which  on  the  larger  fragments 
measure  as  much  as  tliree  centimetres.  A  frieze  is  occasionally  added  above  the  r.iys  of 
zigzags  or  some  other  design.  One  fragment  showed  a  Mycenaean  .s]>iral  chain.  In 
some  cases  the  line  system  is  continued  clear  to  the  base,  or  a  frieze  of  zigziigs  may  be 
introduced  in  place  of  the  rays. 

Boffintf.  The  decoration  of  the  flat  surface  on  the  bottom  with  a  desijrn  is  a  curious 
feature  among  Argive  vases  of  this  type,  and  may  be  also  seen  on  an  oinochoe  from 
Aegina  (Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  21)4,  fig.  19).  The  Aegina  oinochoe  follows 
the  usual  scheme,  which  is  a  .series  of  parallel  lines  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  other  scheme  is  simply  a  series  of  parallel  lines  across  the  diameter  of  the  base. 
Other  fragments  showed  the  fore  feet  of  a  horse,  scroll  and  lozenge  patterns.     On  the 


THE  ARGIVE   STYLE:    CLASS   II.,   OINOCHOAI 


131 


bottom  of  one  fragment  of  the  base,  the  upper  part  of  a  human  face,  similar  in  character 
to  the  face  on  Plate  LVI.  7,  appeared.  A  similar  face  occurs  on  a  Ionic  hydria  in  the 
Louvre  (Pottier,  Vas.  Ant.  de  Louvre,  pi.  lii,  E  (396). 

To  this  type  of  oinochoe  belong  a  number  of  vases,  which  through  their  decoration 
seem  to  form  a  class  by  themselves.  About  a  dozen  were  found  more  or  less  intact,  and 
perhaps  fifty  more  represented  by  fragments.  These  vases  were  not  more  than  10  cm. 
in  hei"-ht,  and  are  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  except  on  the  base,  where  a  natu- 
ral band  of  the  clay  is  left  on  which  is  a  ray  pattern.  Around  the  body  of  these  vases 
run  thin  lines  of  red  or  yefiow,  applied  after  firing,  and  on  the  shoulder  an  incised  tongue 
pattern,  the  divisions  of  which  are  alternately  red  and  yellow. 

The  clay  of  all  these  vases  is  of  a  light  yellowish  tone,  and  the  glaze  varies  between 
black  and  brown.  The  only  variety  lies  in  the  arrangement  of  the  apphed  red  and 
vellow  lines,  which  are  arranged  in  many  different  ways.  The  three  fragments  on  col- 
ored Plate  LXIV.  G  to  8,  illustrate  clearly  the  characteristics  of  this  type. 

a  (Plate  LIX.)  Neck  of  oinochoe.  Length,  0.115  m.  Light  reddish  clay,  entirely  covered 
with  a  lustrous  black  glaze,  on  which  arc  added  three  rosettes  in  yellow. 

No  other  fra-nnents  of  this  vase  were  found,  but  it  seems  certain  that  it  belonged  to  a  large 
oinochoe,  entirely  glazed,  with  the  usual '  tongue '  pattern  on  the  shoulder.  The  presence  ot  an  orna- 
ment on  the  neck  of  oinochoai  of  this  tyi)e  seems  unicp.e:  I  know  of  no  smular  instance. 

In  Greece  itself  vases  of  this  type  do  not  seem  common.     A  few  similar  fragments 
were  found  at  Aegina  (  At/...  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  126).    Outside  of  Greece,  especia  ly 
in  Italy,  the  type  appears  frequently  (cf.  Not.  d.  Scar.  189.1,  p.  139,  fig.  18).     Similar 
examples  may  be  found  in  the  British  Museum  and  the  Louvre. 
As  a  rule  the  va.ses  were  small;  but  one  exception  (No.  8)  occurs. 

T;/pc  3. 

This  type  differs  principally  from  the  preceding,  in  that  the  shoulder  is  set  more 
sciuarely  *to  the  body,  the  line  between  being  furnished,  in  some  cases,  with  a  shglit 
mouldin.r.  The  shape  is  not  common  ;  one  may  be  found  at  Syracuse  (from  Megara 
Hyblaea"  tomb  898),  and  another  in  Naples  (Heydemann,  Cat.  pi.  ni.  130).  Few  vases 
of  this  tyi>e  were  found  at  the  Heraeum ;  not  more  than  five  intact 
or  iwrtly  so,  and  as  many  more  in  fragments.  The  scheme  of 
decoration  did  not  differ  materially  from  what  we  have  already 
discussed  ;  two  of  the  vases  were  entirely  covered  with  a  dark 
brown  ghize  on  which  were  applied  lines  of  dark  red  and  white. 
Others  again  showed  a  shoulder  pattern  of  rays  or  leaves,  and  on 
one  fragment  the  body  was  ornamented  with  a  "  Running  Dog  " 
pattern. 

Fig.  60.    Height,  0.080  m.    Rim  .and  handle  restored  (rim  falsely  so, 
as  it  should  ha>*e  had  a  trefoil  opening).     Light  red  clay,  with  red  deco-  ,      ,      ,^  , 

ration.     Leaf  pattern  on  shoulder  and  body,  and  applied  dark  red  bands  on  neck,  shoulder,  and 
body.     The  oinochoe  in  Naples,  mentioned  above,  has  similar  ornamentation. 

Miscellaneous  Types. 
Under  this  head  may  be  mentioned  a  few  oinochoai  which  show  some  slight  variations 
from  the  types  already  discussed.     One  small  jug  of  greenish  clay  was  found,  o  cm.  in 
hei-ht,  which  though  in  shape  similar  to  lekythoi  of  Type  1,  had  a  trefoil  lip  ;  except 


Fiu.  CO. 


li 


130 


THE  VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


I 


II 


Shoulder.  Less  variety  was  exhibited  in  the  decoration  of  the  shoulder.  The  usual 
motives  are,  rays  (in  silhouette,  or  formed  by  interlaced  lines),  radiating  outwards 
from  the  neck.  A  few  fragments  showed  rays  pointing  inwards ;  zigzags,  vertical  and 
horizontal,  singly  or  in  series ;  checkerboard.  The  shoulder  has  occasionally  a  double 
frieze,  as  in  Figs.  57  and  58. 

Pig.  50.    Fi-agmeut  of  oinochoe.     Height,  0,057  m.    Brick  red  clay,  with  bright  red  decoration. 

On  shoulder,  frieze  of  birds  (lozenges  and  pot-hooks  as  ornaments  in 
field),  and  a  narrow  border  of  vertical  zigzags.  Usual  arrangement 
of  bands  on  body.     Incised  lines  freely  used. 

This  fragment  represents  the  latest  stage  of  the  oinochoai  belong- 
ing to  Class  n.,  and  corresponds  to  the  lekythos  on  p.  159,  fig.  55. 
As  in  the  Geometric  style,  birds  seem  to  be  the  earliest  animate 
motives  used. 

Handle.     Out  of  over  fifty  handles,  twenty-three  distinct 
designs  were  counted.     The  deconation  is  almost  invariably  on 
the  outside  of  the  handle,  the  inside  being  left  plain.     One 
fragment  showed  glaze  on  the  inside.     The  usual  types  are,  — 

Horizontal  lines.  Meander, 

Vertical  lines.  Geometric  snake. 

Both  combined,  Guilloche, 

Zigzags,  vertical  or  horizontal.  Rosettes. 
Herring-bone, 

The  following  are  the  most  striking  examples  :  — 


Fig.  59. 


PLATE    UX. 

4.  Length,  0.087  m.  Yellow  clay,  dark  brown  decoration,  rather  thin.  A  similar  meander 
exists  on  the  handle  of  an  oinochoe  at  Syracuse,  tomb  344.     Cf.  Not.  d.  Scavi^  1895,  p.  152,  fig.  38. 

5.  Length,  0.095  m.  Light  red  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Dark  red  glaze  on  inside.  Guilloche 
alternately  in  outline  and  silhouette.  The  same  peculiarity  may  be  found  on  a  Mycenaean  frag- 
ment (^Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  339).  Another  instance  occurs  on  the  rim  of  an  amphora  found  at 
Cynosarges  by  the  British  School  at  Athens  («/.  H.  S.  XXII.  [1902 J,  pi.  ii.). 

6.  Length,  0.069  m.  Light  yellow  clay.  Snake  and  rosettes  in  black  (cf.  J.  II.  S.  XI.  [1890], 
p.  175 ;  Jahrh.  I.  [1886],  p.  135),  very  much  faded.     Incised  lines  are  here  used. 

7.  Length,  0.135  ra.  Reddish  clay.  Decoration  originally  red,  but  burnt  quite  black.  The 
arrangement  of  a  half  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  handle  is  extremely  curious. 

Base.  The  decoration  on  the  base  is  usually  confined  to  a  ray  pattern.  Little 
variety  is  introduced,  except  in  the  height  of  the  rays  which  on  the  larger  fragments 
measure  as  much  as  three  centimetres.  A  frieze  is  occasionally  added  above  the  rays  of 
zigzags  or  some  other  design.  One  fragment  showed  a  Mycenaean  spiral  chain.  In 
some  cases  the  line  system  is  continued  clear  to  the  base,  or  a  frieze  of  zigzags  may  be 
introduced  in  place  of  the  rays. 

Bottom.  The  decoration  of  the  flat  surface  on  the  bottom  with  a  design  is  a  curious 
featiu-e  among  Argive  vases  of  this  type,  and  may  be  also  seen  on  an  oinochoe  from 
Aegina  (Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  294,  fig.  19).  The  Aegina  oinochoe  follows 
the  usual  scheme,  which  is  a  series  of  parallel  lines  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  other  scheme  is  simply  a  series  of  parallel  lines  across  the  diameter  of  the  base. 
Other  fragments  showed  the  fore  feet  of  a  horse,  scroll  and  lozenge  patterns.     On  the 


I 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:   CLASS  II.,  OINOCHOAI 


131 


bottom  of  one  fragment  of  the  base,  the  upper  part  of  a  human  face,  similar  in  character 
to  the  face  on  Plate  LVI.  7,  appeared.  A  similar  face  occurs  on  a  Ionic  hydria  in  the 
Louvre  (Pottier,  Vas.  Ant.  de  Louvre,  pi.  lii,  E  696). 

To  this  type  of  oinochoe  belong  a  number  of  vases,  which  through  their  decoration 
seem  to  form  a  class  by  themselves.  About  a  dozen  were  found  more  or  less  intact,  and 
perhaps  fifty  more  represented  by  fragments.  These  vases  were  not  more  than  10  cm. 
in  height,  and  are  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  except  on  the  base,  where  a  natu- 
ral band  of  the  clay  is  left  on  which  is  a  ray  pattern.  Around  the  body  of  these  vases 
run  thin  Unes  of  red  or  yellow,  appUed  after  firing,  and  on  the  shoulder  an  mcised  tongue 
pattern,  the  divisions  of  which  are  alternately  red  and  yellow. 

The  clay  of  all  these  vases  is  of  a  light  yellowish  tone,  and  the  glaze  varies  between 
black  and  brown.  The  only  variety  Ues  in  the  arrangement  of  the  appUed  red  and 
yellow  lines,  which  are  arranged  in  many  different  ways.  The  three  fragments  on  col- 
ored Plate  LXIV.  6  to  8,  Ulustrate  clearly  the  characteristics  of  this  type. 

a  (Plate  LIX.)  Neck  of  oinochoe.  Length,  0.115  m.  Light  reddish  clay,  entirely  covered 
with  a  lustrous  black  glaze,  on  which  are  added  three  rosettes  in  yellow. 

No  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found,  but  it  seems  certain  that  it  belonged  to  a  large 
oinochoe,  entirely  glazed,  with  the  usual '  tongue '  pattern  on  the  shoulder.  The  presence  of  an  orna- 
ment on  the  neck  of  oinochoai  of  this  type  seems  unique;  I  know  of  no  similar  instance. 

In  Greece  itself  vases  of  this  type  do  not  seem  common.     A  few  similar  fragments 
were  found  at  Aegina  ( Athen.  Mitt.  XXH.  [1897],  p.  126).   Outside  of  Greece  especially 
in  Italy,  the  tyi>e  appears  frequently  (cf.  Not.  d.  Scav.  1895,  p.  139,  fig.  18).     Similar 
examples  may  be  found  in  the  British  Museum  and  the  Louvre. 
As  a  rule  the  vases  were  small ;  but  one  exception  (No.  8)  occurs. 

Type  3. 

This  type  diffei-s  principally  from  the  preceding,  in  that  the  shoulder  is  set  more 
squarely  to  the  body,  the  line  between  being  furnished,  in  some  cases,  with  a  shght 
moulding.  The  shape  is  not  common  ;  one  may  be  found  at  Syracuse  (from  Megara 
Hyblaea.  tomb  898),  and  another  in  Naples  (Heydemann,  Cat.  pi.  iii.  130).  Few  vases 
of  this  type  were  found  at  the  Heraeum ;  not  more  than  five  intact 
or  partly  so,  and  as  many  more  in  fragments.  The  scheme  of 
decoration  did  not  differ  materially  from  what  we  have  already 
discussed  ;  two  of  the  vases  were  entirely  covered  with  a  dark 
brown  gkze  on  which  were  appUed  lines  of  dark  red  and  white. 
Others  again  showed  a  shoulder  pattern  of  rays  or  leaves,  and  on 
one  fragment  the  body  was  ornamented  with  a  "  Running  Dog  " 
pattern. 

Pig  60.   Height,  0.086  m.    Rim  and  handle  restored  (rim  falsely  so, 
as  it  should  have  had  a  trefoil  opening).     Light  red  clay,  with  red  deco-  ,      ^     , ,  . 

ration.     Leaf  pattern  on  shoulder  and  body,  and  applied  dark  red  bands  on  neck,  shoulder,  and 
body.     The  oinochoe  in  Naples,  mentioned  above,  has  similar  ornamentation. 

Miscellaneous  Types. 
Under  this  head  may  be  mentioned  a  few  oinochoai  which  show  some  shght  variations 
from  the  types  already  discussed.     One  small  jug  of  greenish  clay  was  found,  5  cm.  m 
height,  which  though  in  shape  similar  to  lekythoi  of  Type  1,  had  a  trefod  hp  ;  except 


Fig.  60. 


\i 


132 


THE   VASES  AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Fi«;.  61. 


for  two  bands  on  the  body,  the  jug  bore  no  decoration.  The  body  of  another  was 
also  found  which  beU)nged  to  Tyye  2  of  the  oinochoai,  but  which  had  a  moulding 
around  the  bottom,  so  that  the  base  was  slightly  raised.     On  the  bottom  was  a  wheel 

with  four  spokes,  having  a  square  of  interlace<l  lines  l)etween  each 
spoke.     Another,  which  belongs  to  the  same  ty|)e,  is  given  below. 

Fig.  61.  Height,  0.055  m. ;  diameter,  0.062  in.  Kim  and  handle  miss- 
ing. Reddish  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  This  vase  is  more  squat  and 
rounded  than  those  included  in  Type  2,  and  is  i)aralleletl  by  a  Geometric  jug 
from  Eleusis,  'E<^»//i.  'Apx-  1898,  pi.  ii.  10. 

Further  we  may  mention  several  small  jugs,  with  a  globular  sha])ed 
body,  neck  and  handles  missing.  One  in  |mrticular  (height,  O.G;")  m.)  had  a  Geometric 
snake  on  the  body,  and  similar  shoulder  decoration  to  a  jug  from  Eleusis  {ibUl.  1898, 
p.  102,  pi.  ii.  5). 

Ski/pho'i. 

The  bulk  of  all  the  Argive  fragments  found  at  the  Heraeum  belonged  to  skyphoi, 
which  were  presumably  the  favorite  shape.  As  these  skyphoi  are  usually  small  and 
made  of  fine  clay,  they  are  generally  broken,  and  few  wei-e  preserved  intact.  The  varia- 
tions, however,  are  few,  and  the  genenil  scheme  of  decoration  is  the  same  hi  all. 

Three  distinct  f(»rms  can  be  noted. 

1.  Skyphoi  with  vertical  handles. 

2.  Skyphoi  with  horizontal  Iinndles. 

3.  With  similar  handles  to  Type  2,  but  more  closely  allied  to  the  kylix  form. 

The  interior  in  every  case  is  covered  with  a  dark  glaze. 

Ti/jte  1. 
Pig.  62.    Height,  0.0G9  ni. :  diameter,  0.08  ra.    Handle  and  part  of  rim  restored.    Dark  clay, 


Fig.  &1. 


Fig.  63. 


with  decoration  in  black  and  brown.  Arrangement  of  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  on  rim,  stripes 
on  handle. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  of  1  belong  to  similar  vases.  A  similar  one  is  in  the  British 
Museum,  A  543.     Cf.  also  Zannoni,  Scav'i.  XXX VII I.  6. 

Fig.  63.  Height,  0.077  m. ;  diameter,  0.07  m.  Reddish  clay,  vertical  lines  on  rim  inclosing 
three  series  of  zigzags  in  a  panel ;  stripes  on  handles. 

Here  the  separation  of  the  rim  and  body  is  more  sharply  defined  than  usual.  Both  Figs.  62  and 
63  are  from  the  Old  Temple  Terrace. 

Skyphoi  of  Type  1  were  not  very  common  at  the  Heraeum,  nor,  in  fact,  is  it  one  of 
the  usual  shai)es.  It  is  evidently  derived  from  a  Mycenaean  shape  (cf.  Myk.  Thong. 
X.  49),  as  thei-e  we  see  the  same  sharp  definition  of  rim  and  body.     As  a  rule  the 


'tj 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  SKYPHOI 


133 


skyijhoi  of  both  types  liad  a  flat  base,  but  some  showed  a  well-defined  foot  (as  in  Fig. 
66) ;  the  presence  of  the  foot  seems  i)eculiar  to  each  type. 

Type  2. 
Type  2  is  the  usual  form  of  skyphos  found  not  only  at  the  Heraeum,  but  all  over 
Greece,  Sicily,  and  Italy.  The  fonn  is  that  in  Berlin  Cat.  pi.  v.  98.  Some  thirty  or  so 
from  the  Heraeum  (mostly  very  small)  were  preserved  uitact,  while  the  number  of  frag- 
ments filled  several  baskets.  They  vary  largely  in  size,  some  being  as  high  as  20  to  30 
cm.,  and  some  measuring  less  than  5  cm.  in  height.  The  only  variation  ui  the  form  lies 
in  the  fact  tluit  some  are  much  tiiller  in  proportion  to  their  diameter  than  others.  The 
scheme  of  decoration  falls  into  two  chisses. 

a.  Exterior  ornamented  with  the  usual  linear  motives. 

b.  Entire  vase  covered  by  a  dark  glaze  except  for  a  band  around  the  rim  on  which  the  various 
linear  motives  are  pUiced.     In  some  cases  only  the  lower  half  of  the  skyphos  is  glazed. 


:i 


A  hirge  nmnber  of  fragments  belonging  to  skviihoi  exactly  similar  to  those  published 
by  Palhit,  Athn.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  27G,  fig.  8,  were  found.  The  prevaiHng  style 
of  decoration  seemed  to  be  rays  on  the  base,  bands  around  the  centre,  and  vertical  hues 
and  zigzags  cm  the  rim.  Rays  are  ahnost  invariably  used  on  the  base,  and  in  only  a  few 
cases  Tre  the  bands  continued  down  to  the  base.  The  chief  variations  occur  on  the  rim ; 
we  have  rays,  zigaigs,  water  birds  (Pallat,  loc  cit.  p.  278,  figs.  10  and  11),  or  a  meander 
imttern.  AU  these  motives  are  generaUy  included  in  a  panel  bounded  by  vertical  lines. 
In  some  cases  a  smiiUer  i>anel  with  a  double  triangle  (as  in  Pallat,  p.  279,  fig.  12)  is 
added  at  each  side  of  the  main  panel.  The  space  covered  by  the  handles  is  usually  left 
undecorated.     Several  fragments  also  showed  that  in  lieu  of  handles  the  vase  had  a 

small  boss  on  each  side.  ,      u    i    j       r 

The  greatest  variations  occur  in  the  technique.  The  clay  runs  through  aU  shades  ot 
red,  with  a  slip  that  is  generally  red  but  in  some  cases  a  vivid  yellow.  The  most  inter- 
esting technical  feature  is  the 'contrast  obtained  by  subjecting  a  part  of  the  vase  to  a 
stronger  fire,  in  such  a  way  that  lialf  of  the  vase  is  black  and  the  other  half  red.  As 
the  line  of  separation  is  very  stn)ngly  marked  in  many  fragments,  we  can  only  suppose 
that  the  result  was  obtained  by  covering  over  with  moist  clay  that  part  of  the  vase  on 
which  the  decoration  was  to  remain  bkck,  leaving  the  other  part  exposed  to  the  full 
action  of  the  fire.  The  interior,  of  course,  was  treated  in  similar  fashion,  as  the  glaze 
shows  the  same  contrasts  of  red  and  black. 

This  same  peculiarity  may  be  seen  on  Mycenaean  vases,  but  on  them  the  contrast 
obtained  is  not  quite  so  decided  or  regidar.  Outside  of  the  Heraeum  this  peculiarity 
occurs  but  seldom.  A  pyxis  cover  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  Joe.  cit.  p.  306,  fig.  24)  shows 
this  same  technique,  and  similar  instances  occur  on  a  few  fragments  from  the  Acropolis 
and  on  a  skyphos  at  Syracuse,  Case  VIII.  No.  2132,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  grayish 
crreen,  and  the  lower  yellowish  red,  the  line  of  separation  being  strongly  marked.  It  is 
not  clear  from  Orsi's  words  (Not.  d.  Scav.  1891,  p.  415,  "  due  skyphoi  neri "  etc.),  whether 
similar  fragments  have  been  found  there.  On  the  whole,  as  this  technique  is  met  with 
but  seldom  outside  of  the  Argolid,  it  is  possible  that  we  may  detect  here  a  distinct  Argive 

neculiantv. 

The  following  fragments  best  illustrate  the  technique ;  the  clay  is  practically  the  same 

in  all,  —  reddish,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  slip. 


i' 


132 


THK    VASKS   AM)   VASE    FRAliMUNTS 


Fi.;.  «>1. 


for  two  bands  on  the  body,  the  jng  bore  no  decoration.  The  body  of  another  was 
also  found  which  belonged  to  Tvpe  2  of  the  oinoclioai,  but  which  had  a  nuudding 
around  the  bottom,  so  that  the  l)ase  was  slightly  raised.     On  tlie  bottom  was  a  wheel 

with  four  spokes,  having  a  square  of  interlaced  lines  between  each 
spoke.     Another,  which  belongs  to  the  same  type,  is  given  below. 

Fig.  61.  Height,  O.Ooo  m. ;  diameter,  0.0<)2  m.  Kim  and  handle  mis.s- 
inn.  Ki'ihlish  clay,  with  brown  deeoi-ation.  This  vase  is  more  stjiiat  and 
roumled  tiian  those  included  in  Type  2,  and  is  paralleled  by  a  Geometric  jug 
from  Kleusis,  'E0///x.  \\i>\.  I81>8.  pi.  ii.  10. 

Further  we  may  mention  several  small  jugs,  with  a  globular  sliaped 
body,  neck  and  handles  mi.ssing.  One  in  particular  (height,  O.G")  m.)  had  a  Geometric 
snake  on  the  body,  and  similar  shoulder  decoration  to  a  jug  from  Eleusis  (/6/W.  1898, 
p.  102,  i>l.  ii.  r>). 

Sl'i/fJlOI. 

Tlie  bulk  of  all  the  Argive  fragments  f(uuid  at  the  Heraeum  belonged  to  skyphoi, 
which  were  presumably  the  favorite  shape.  As  these  skyphoi  are  usually  small  and 
made  of  fine  clay,  they  are  generally  broken,  and  few  were  pre.serve<l  intiict.  The  varia- 
tions, however,  are  few,  and  the  general  scheme  of  decoration  is  the  same  in  all. 

Thi-ee  distinct  forms  can  be  noted. 

1.  Skyi»hoi  with  virtical  handles. 

2.  Skyphoi  with  horizontal  handles, 

Ii.    With  similar  handles  to  Ty|M-'  2.  but  more  closely  allied  t«»  the  kylix  form. 

The  interior  in  everv  case  is  covered  with  a  dark  uhize. 

T>//te  1. 
Pig.  62.     Height,  0.0«»J>  ni. :  dianieter,  0.08  m.     Handle  and  part  of  rim  ivstored.    Dark  clay. 


Fn;.  <; 


Fio.  (J3. 


with  decoration  in  black  and  brown.  Arrangement  of  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  on  rim,  stri|)e8 
on  handle. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  of  1  belong  to  similar  vases.  A  similar  one  is  iu  the  British 
Museum.  .\  54:}.     Cf.  also  Zannoni.  Sa/vl.  XXXVIII.  6. 

Fig.  63.  Height,  0.077  m. :  diameter,  0.07  m.  Ketldi.sh  clav.  vertical  lines  on  rim  inclosin" 
three  series  of  zigzags  in  a  panel :  stri]>es  on  handles. 

Here  the  separation  of  the  rim  and  bo<ly  is  more  shar|)ly  tlefined  than  usual.  Both  Figs.  62  and 
63  are  from  the  Old  Temple  Terrace. 

Skyphoi  of  Ty])e  1  wei*e  not  very  common  at  the  Heraeum,  nor,  in  fact,  is  it  one  of 
the  usual  shapes.  It  is  eviilently  derived  from  a  Mycenaean  sha|)e  (cf.  J/y/-.  Tlnnuf. 
X.  49),  as  there  we  see  the  sime  sharp  definition   of  rim  and   body.     As  a   rule  the 


THE    AKGIVK    STYLE:    SKYPHOI 


133 


skv])hoi  of  both  tyi)es  had  a  Hat  base,  but  some  showed  a  well-detined  foot  (as  in  Fig. 
66) ;  the  presence  »)f  the  foot  seems  peculiiir  to  each  type. 

Tiipc  'J. 
TyiH*  2  is  the  usual  form  of  skyphos  found  not  only  at  the  Heraeum,  but  all  over 
Greece,  Sicily,  and  Italy.  The  form  is  that  in  Berlin  Cat.  pi.  v.  98.  Some  thirty  or  s«. 
from  the  Ilenieum  (mostly  very  small)  were  preserve<l  intact,  while  the  nmnber  of  frag- 
ments HUed  several  baskets.  They  vary  largely  in  size,  some  being  as  high  as  20  to  150 
cm.,  and  some  measuring  less  than  .">  cm.  in  height.  The  only  variation  in  the  form  lies 
in  the  fact  that  some  ai-e  much  taller  in  proportion  to  their  diameter  than  others.  The 
siheme  of  decoration  falls  into  two  chisses. 

a.  Exterior  ornamented  with  the  usual  linear  motives. 

b.  Entire  vase  coveml  by  a  dark  glaze  except  for  a  hand  aromul  the  rim  on  which  the  various 
linear  motives  are  placed.     In  some  cases  only  the  lower  half  of  the  skyphos  is  glazed. 

a. 
A  lar«re  nund)er  of  fragments  belonging  to  skyphoi  exactly  similar  to  those  published 
by  PaHat  Atlon.  Mitt.  XXII.  (^1897),  p.  27(5,  tig.  8,  were  found.  The  prevailing  style 
of  decoration  seemed  to  be  rays  on  the  base,  bands  around  the  centre,  an<l  vertical  hues 
and  zigzags  on  the  rim.  R^ivs  ai-e  almost  invariably  used  (ui  the  base,  and  in  only  a  few 
cases  Tre  the  bands  continuecl  down  to  the  base.  The  chief  variations  occur  on  the  run  ; 
we  luive  rays,  zigzjigs,  water  birds  (Pallat,  loc.  vit.  p.  278,  figs.  10  and  11),  or  a  n.eander 
IKittern.  All  these  motives  are  generally  included  in  a  panel  bounded  by  vertical  lines. 
In  some  cases  a  smaller  panel  with  a  double  triangle  (as  in  Pallat,  p.  279.  fig.  12)  is 
added  at  each  side  of  the  main  panel.  The  space  covered  by  the  handles  is  usually  left 
undecorated.      Several  fragments  also  showed  that  in  lieu  of  handles  the  vase  had  a 

small  boss  on  each  side.  ,      n    i     i        e 

The  greatest  variations  occur  in  the  technicpie.  The  clay  runs  thnmgh  all  shades  ot 
red,  with  a  slip  that  is  generally  red  but  in  some  cases  a  vivid  yellow.  The  most  intei- 
estiiK*-  technical  feature  is  the  contrast  obtiined  by  subjecting  a  part  of  the  vase  t(»  a 
stronger  fire,  in  such  a  wav  that  half  of  the  vase  is  black  and  the  other  half  red.  As 
the  line  of  separ.ition  is  very  strongly  marked  in  many  fragments,  we  can  only  suppose 
that  the  result  was  (d>tained  by  covering  over  with  moist  clay  that  part  <d'  the  vase  on 
which  the  decoration  was  to  remain  black,  leaving  the  other  part  exposed  to  the  full 
action  of  the  Hre.  The  interior,  of  course,  was  treated  in  similar  fashion,  as  the  glaze 
shows  the  siime  contrasts  of  red  and  black. 

This  same  peculiarity  may  be  seen  on  Mycenaean  vases,  but  on  them  the  contrast 
obtained  is  not  quite  so  decided  or  regular.  Outside  of  the  Heraeum  this  peculmrity 
occurs  but  seldom.  A  pyxis  cover  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  he.  cd.  p.  300,  fig.  2i)  shows 
this  sjime  techniciue,  and  similar  instances  occur  on  a  few  fragments  from  the  Acropolis 
and  on  a  skyphos  at  Syracuse,  Case  VIII.  No.  2132,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  grayish 
.rreen,  and  the  lower  yellowish  red,  the  line  of  separation  being  strongly  marked.  It  is 
not  clear  from  Orsi's  words  ( Xot.  d.  Scac.  1891 ,  p.  415,  "  due  skyphoi  neri "  etc. ),  whether 
similar  fragments  have  been  found  there.  On  the  whole,  as  this  technique  is  met  with 
l>ut  seldiHU  <nitside  of  the  Argolid,  it  is  possible  that  we  may  detect  here  a  distinct  Argive 

pefMiliaritv.  .  •    n    .i 

The  following  fragments  best  illustrate  the  techni(iue ;  the  clay  is  practically  the  same 

in  all,  —  reddish,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  slip. 


4 


u 


\ 


134 


THE   VASKS    AND   VASE    FR\(JMENTS 


PLATE    LXIV. 

2.  Rays  anil  trianjjle  in  dark  brown.     Bands  in  red. 

3.  Zigzags  and  upjMir  series  of  bands  in  black  ;  deep  red  glazo  on  lower  part. 

4.  Geometric  snake,  zigzags,  and  vertical  bauds  in  black ;  upper  bands  of  rim  and  below  the 
main  frieze  in  red. 

The  introduction  of  the  snake  on  these  skyphoi  is  rather  r.ire;  no  other  similar  instanee 
was  found  at  the  Heraeuni. 

Quite  a  number  of  fraa^ients,  mostly  of  skyphoi,  of  wliicli  Plate  LXI\\  No.  .'),  is  an 
example,  showed  a  peculiarity  which  is  probably  accidentiil.  These  were  all  of  re<Idisli 
clay,  with  a  bright  yellow  slip,  but  Avith  their  glaze  and  decoration  worn  off  in  streaks. 
The  decoration  had  assumed  a  brilliant  pink  color.  Whetlier  this  is  tlie  result  of  the 
nature  of  the  soil  in  which  these  fragments  lay,  or  some  i)eculiarity  in  the  glaze,  I  cannot 
siiv.  A  skvphos  of  precisely  the  sjime  api)earance  is  at  Syracuse  (iVo/.  d.  Sviiv.  1895, 
p.  183). 

Lastly  a  small  number  of  fragments,  which  probably  came  from  the  burnt  layer  of  the 
Old  Temple,  though  the  places  where  they  were  found  are  not  specified  in  any  note  of 
the  excavation.  These  fragnients  had  been  burnt  almost  black,  and  in  such  a  way  that 
their  decoration,  which  was  originally  black,  now  ai>i)ears  dark  red.  This  is  clearly  tlie 
result  of  some  action  of  tire  after  the  vase  was  completed,  and  was  not  intentional. 

Besides  the  motives  mentioned  above,  a  few  more  may  be  mentiimed  which  were  only 
found  on  scattered  fragments. 

PLATE  LLV. 

9.  Lozenge  chain,  of  interlaced  lines.  Two  distinct  rows  of  lozenges  are  nsetl  combined 
together.     The  upper  part  of  this  fragment  is  black  :  the  lower,  red. 

10.  Here  a  second  narrow  frieze  with  a  lozenge  chain  is  introtlueed  below  the  meander  border. 
Similar  technique  to  9. 

11.  The  panel  is  here  separated  from  the  rim  by  the  Linear  system,  and  contains  a  fish  and  part 
of  a  second.  Incised  lines  are  used.  This  is  the  only  example  of  a  fish  among  the  Argive 
fragments  from  the  Ileraeum. 


rig.  64.    Height,  00.72  m. :   diameter,  00.85  m.      Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  dark  red  glaze. 

Border,  vertical   lines,  and   zigzags  on   rim,   horizontal 
stripe  on  each  handle. 

This  tvi»e  is  too  conuuon  to  need  any  ccmiment. 
Fragments  of  similar  vases  \vere  found  in  large 
i|uantities  at  the  Ileraeum. 

The  combination  of  Classes  a  and  b  is  shown  by 
Plate  LXIV.  No.  '^.  Many  vases  of  Class  b,  esi)e- 
cially  tbe  very  small  ones,  have  a  broad  band  of 
dark  red  a|)plied  to  the  glaze  beneath  the  rim,  or  a 
series  of  narrow  purple  bands. 

Skyphoi  belonging  to  Type  3  are  not  very  numenms,  only  half  a  dozen  being  found 
intact,  and  very  few  represented  by  fragments.  These  are  very  low  in  proportion  to 
their  diameter,  Avith  large  handles.  The  rim  is  sharply  defined,  and  there  is  no  indica- 
ti«>n  of  a  foot.     The  decoration  follows  the  usual  Linear  scheme. 


Fig.  (U. 


THE    ARGIVE   STYLE:    MISCELLANP:OUS    VASES 


135 


Fig.  65. 


This  shape  seems  to  be  more  usual  in  the  Geometric  style.     Cf.  Wide,  Jahrh.  XIV. 
(1890),  p.  214,  figs.  9G-98,  and  p.  215,  Hg.  100. 

Pig.  65.  Height,  0.047  m. :  diameter,  0.095  ni.  Red- 
dish yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration  changing  to  dark 
red.     Border  of  zigzags  and  vertical  lines.  "**" 

Several  others  wei-e  fjuuid  with  their  exteriors  com- 
pletely glazed  except  for  a  narrow  border  along  the 
rim  as  in  Type  2,  Class  b.  Similar  skyphoi  are  at 
Syracuse  (Case  VII.)  and  at  Naples  [lldv.  Cain,  left-hand  case.  No.  85184). 

J/iscclfajicou.s. 

12.  From  rim  of  skyphos,  with  a  handle  arranged  as  in  the  •  amphora  a  colonnette.'  On 
shoulder,  Geometric  snake. 

This  skyphos  does  not  seem  to  agree  with  any  of  the  types  already  mentioned.  Although  no  other 
similar  fragment  was  found  at  the  Ilei-aeum,  several  may  be  found  in  Syracuse  (Xot.  d.  >Sair. 
1893,  p.  477 :  1895,  p.  176).  Such  cases  are  clearly  older  than  the  Corinthian  style  and  form  a 
preliminary  step  to  the  'amphoi-a  a  colonnette.'  Cf.  Ja/n-h.  I.  (1880),  p.  135,  fig.  2941;  Wilisch, 
AUkorinthinclu'  Thon'iiHhistrie,  p.  27. 

Pig.  66.     Fragment  of  skyphos.     Reddish  clay,  with  black  decoration.     On  the  border  of  rim  a 

lozenjre  of  interlaced  lines  and  two  vertical 
lines  separating  a  i)anel  in  which  the  rear  part 
of  a  water  bird  is  visible. 

As  no  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were 
found,  a  conjectural  restoration  based  on  the 
similar  vase  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc  cit. 
p.  272,  fig.  7)  is  here  offered. 

This  skyphos  belongs  to  a  series  of 
vases  of  which  several  are  :'lready  known.'  Our  fragment  resembles  the  vase  from  Aegina 
so  closely  that  it  might  l>e  considered  as  belonging  to  the  siime  vase.  The  general  char- 
acter of  the  fragment  is  much  more  in  keeping  with  the  Argive  style  than  the  Geometric, 
and  hence  I  feel  no  hesifcition  in  classing  it  with  the  former  style.  In  si)ite  of  vases 
«»f  this  description  having  been  found  at  Rhodes,  there  is  certiiinly  no  reason  for  calling 
them  Rhodian,  since  they  have  nothing  in  common  with  the  style  of  that  name. 

Plate  LXV.  1  <i  and  h.  Five  fragments  of  a  large  skyphos,  height  and  diameter  uncertain. 
Fine  i-eddish  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  yellow  sHp,  slightly  greenish  in  places,  with  decoration 
varying  between  dark  brown  and  red.  Brownish  yellow  paint  has  been  applied  in  some  places 
after  the  firet  firing.  No  glaze  on  the  interior.  From  the  large  size  of  the  vase,  together  with  the 
absence  of  glaze  on  the  interior,  the  form  woidd  seem  to  be  a  deinos  rather  than  a  skyphos. 

An  elaborate  system  of  i)almettes  is  here  seen,  sei)arated  from  a  ray  pattern  below  by  the  usual 
Linear  system.  The  central  leaves  of  each  alternate  palmetto  are  in  brownish  yellow.  The  centres 
of  each  palmette  are  formed  by  three  lines,  the  intervening  spaces  being  cut  out,  and  no  slip  being 
left ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  spaces  which  divide  the  central  petals. 

A  fragment,  almost  exactly  similar,  was  found  at  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  279, 
fiw.  12,  p.  280,  fig.  12  fi),  for  whose  restoration  our  fragment  formed  the  basis.  From 
the  i)resence  of  a  meander  border  above  the  palmettes  on  the  Aegina  fragment,  it  may  be 

»  These  are :  Syracuse,  Am,.  ihlV  Imt.  1877.  tav.  d'  agg.  fragments  from  Daphne  and  Naukratis,  Boston.  Museum 

C  1)  .-,;   Rome,  Villa  Papa  (Jiulio,  Thera  (Pallat,  hn:  cit.  of  Fine   Arts,  which   also   has  a  vase   almost  precisely 

p.  27-J) ;  l^mvre  (2),  Pottier,  I  Vwx,  pi.  xi.  .\,  titW  (both  similar  from  Cyprus  (deviations  in  red), 
from  Rhodes);  British  Museum,  from  RluHles;also  similar 


Fiu.  66. 


1 


134 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE    FRAGMENTS 


PLATE    LXIV. 

2.  Rays  and  triangle  in  dark  brown.     Bands  in  red. 

3.  Zigzags  and  upper  series  of  bands  in  black  ;  deep  red  glaze  on  lower  part. 

4.  Geometric  snake,  zigziigs,  and  vertical  bands  in  black ;  upper  bands  of  rim  and  below  the 
main  frieze  in  red. 

The  introduction  of  the  snake  on  these  skyphoi  is  rather  rare ;  no  other  similar  instance 
was  found  at  the  Heraeiuii. 

Quite  a  number  of  fragments,  mostly  of  skyphoi,  of  whicli  Plate  LXIV.  No.  5,  is  an 
example,  showed  a  peculiarity  which  is  probably  accidental.  These  were  all  of  reddish 
clay,  with  a  bright  yellow  slip,  but  with  their  glaze  and  decoration  worn  ofiE  in  streaks. 
The  decoration  had  assumed  a  brilliant  pink  color.  Whether  this  is  the  result  of  the 
nature  of  the  soil  in  which  these  fragments  lay,  or  some  peculiarity  in  the  glaze,  I  cannot 
say.  A  skyphos  of  precisely  the  same  appearance  is  at  Syracuse  (iVo^  d.  Scav.  1895, 
p.  183). 

Lastly  a  small  number  of  fragments,  which  probably  came  from  the  burnt  layer  of  the 
Old  Temple,  though  the  places  where  they  were  found  are  not  specified  in  any  note  of 
the  excavation.  These  fragments  had  been  burnt  almost  bhick,  and  in  such  a  way  that 
their  decoration,  which  was  originally  black,  now  appears  dark  red.  This  is  clearly  the 
result  of  some  action  of  fire  after  the  vase  was  completed,  and  was  not  intentional. 

Besides  the  motives  mentioned  above,  a  few  more  may  be  mentioned  which  were  only 
found  on  scattered  fragments. 

PLATE  LIX. 

9.  Lozenge  chain,  of  interlaced  lines.  Two  distinct  rows  of  lozenges  are  used  combine<l 
together.     The  upper  part  of  this  fragment  is  black ;  the  lower,  red. 

10.  Here  a  second  narrow  frieze  with  a  lozenge  chain  is  introduced  below  the  meander  border. 
Similar  technique  to  9. 

11.  The  panel  is  here  separated  from  the  rim  by  the  Linear  system,  and  contains  a  fish  and  part 
of  a  second.  Incised  lines  are  used.  This  is  the  only  example  of  a  fish  among  the  Argive 
fragments  from  the  Heraeum. 


Pig.  64.    Height,  00.72  m. ;   diameter,  00.85  m.     Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  dark  red  glaze. 

Border,  vertical   lines,  and  zigzags  on  rim,  horizontal 
stripe  on  each  handle. 

This  type  is  too  common  to  need  any  comment. 
Fragments  of  similar  vases  were  found  in  large 
quantities  at  the  Heraeum. 

The  combination  of  Classes  a  and  b  is  shown  by 
Plate  LXIV.  No.  3.  Many  vases  of  Class  b,  espe- 
cially tlie  very  small  ones,  have  a  broad  band  of 
dark  red  applie<l  to  the  glaze  beneath  the  rim,  or  a 
series  of  narrow  purple  bands. 

Type  ,r 

Skyphoi  belonging  to  Type  3  are  not  very  numerous,  only  half  a  dozen  being  found 
intact,  and  very  few  repi-esented  by  fragments.  These  are  very  low  in  proportion  to 
their  diameter,  with  large  handles.  The  rim  is  shai-ply  defined,  and  there  is  no  indica- 
tion of  a  foot.     The  decoration  follows  the  usual  Linear  scheme. 


Fig.  64. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    MISCELLANEOUS   VASES 


185 


Fig.  65. 


This  shape  seems  to  be  more  usual  in  the  Geometric  style.  Cf.  Wide,  Jahrb.  XIV. 
(1899),  p.  214,  ttgs.  96-98,  and  p.  215,  tig.  100. 

Pig.  65.  Height,  0.047  m. ;  diameter,  0.095  m.  Ked- 
dish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration  changing  to  dark 
led.     Bonier  of  zigzags  and  vertical  lines. 

Several  others  wei'e  found  with  their  exterioi-s  com- 
pletely glazed  except  for  a  narrow  border  along  the 
rim  as  in  Type  2,  Class  b.  Similar  skyphoi  are  at 
Syracuse  (Case  VII.)  and  at  Naples  {line.  Cum.  left-hand  case.  No.  85184). 

Miscellaneous. 

12.  From  rim  of  skyphos,  with  a  liandle  arranged  as  in  the  '  amphora  a  colonnette.'  On 
shoulder.  Geometric  snake. 

This  skyphos  does  not  seem  to  agree  with  any  of  the  types  already  mentioned.  Although  no  other 
similar  fragment  was  found  at  the  Heraeum,  several  may  be  found  in  Syracuse  {JVot.  d.  Scav. 
1893,  p.  477 ;  1895,  p.  176).  Such  cases  ai-e  clearly  older  than  the  Corinthian  style  and  form  a 
preliminary  step  to  the  'amphora  a  colonnette.'  Cf.  Jahrh.  I.  (1886),  p.  135,  fig.  2941;  Wilisch, 
Altkorinthische  Thonindnstne,  p.  27. 

Pig.  66.     Fragment  of  skyphos.     Keddish  cky,  with  black  decoration.     On  the  border  of  rim  a 

lozenge  of  interlaced  lines  and  two  vertical 
lines  separating  a  i)anel  in  which  the  rear  part 
of  a  water  bird  is  visible. 

As  no  other  fragments  of  this  vase  wfere 
found,  a  conjectural  restoration  based  on  the 
similar  vase  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit. 
p.  272,  fig.  7)  is  here  offered. 

This  skyphos  belongs  to  a  series  of 
vases  of  which  several  are  .-already  known.'  Our  fragment  resembles  the  vase  from  Aegina 
so  closely  that  it  might  be  considered  as  belonging  to  the  same  vase.  The  general  char- 
acter of  the  fragment  is  much  more  in  keeping  with  the  Argive  style  than  the  Geometric, 
and  hence  I  feel  no  hesitation  in  classing  it  with  the  former  style.  In  spite  of  vases 
of  this  description  having  been  found  at  Rhodes,  there  is  certainly  no  reason  for  calling 
them  Rhodian,  since  they  have  nothmg  in  common  with  the  style  of  that  name. 

Plate  LXV.  1  a  and  b.  Five  fragments  of  a  large  skyphos,  height  and  diameter  uncertain. 
Fine  reddish  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  yellow  slip,  slightly  greenish  in  places,  with  decoration 
varying  between  dark  brown  and  red.  Brownish  yellow  paint  has  been  applied  in  some  places 
after  the  first  firing.  No  glaze  on  the  interior.  From  the  large  size  of  the  vase,  together  with  the 
absence  of  glaze  on  the  interior,  the  form  would  seem  to  be  a  deinos  rather  than  a  skyphos. 

An  elaborate  system  of  palmettes  is  here  seen,  separated  from  a  ray  pattern  below  by  the  usual 
Linear  system.  The  central  leaves  of  each  alternate  palmette  are  in  brownish  yellow.  The  centres 
of  each  jwilmette  are  formed  by  three  lines,  the  intervening  spaces  being  cut  out,  and  no  slip  being 
left ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  spaces  which  divide  the  central  petals. 

A  fragment,  almost  exactly  similar,  was  found  at  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  279, 
fig.  12,  p.  280,  fig.  12  a),  for  whose  restoration  our  fragment  formed  the  basis.  From 
the  presence  of  a  meander  border  above  the  palmettes  on  the  Aegina  fragment,  it  may  be 

>  These  are :  Syracuse,  Ann.  delV  Imt.  1877,  tav.  d'  agg.  fragments  from  Daphne  and  Naukratis,  Boston,  Museum 

CDS;  Rome,  Villa  Papa  Giulio,  Thera  (PalUt,  loc.  cit.  of  Fine  Arts,  whicli  also  has  a  vase  almost  precisely 

p.  272);  Louvre  (2),  Pottier,  Vaseg,  pi.  xi.  A,  290  (both  similar  from  Cyprus  (deviations  in  red), 
from  Rhodes) ;  British  Museum,  from  Rhodes ;  also  similar 


Fio.  66. 


I 


136 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


ill 


inferred  that  the  same  motive  figured  on  our  vase.  The  restoration  of  our  fragment 
differs  materially  from  that  of  the  Aegina  fragment,  in  that  the  lower  )>ortions  of  each 
palmette  are  closed  by  the  line  border.  It  must,  however,  be  said  that  the  restoration  of 
the  tops  of  each  palmette  is  conjectural,  at  least  in  the  case  of  the  four-leaved  palmettes. 
Symmetry  demands  that  the  central  lobe  of  the  three-leaved  jmlmettes  should  be  the  same 
at  the  top  as  at  the  bottom,  and  for  the  same  reason  the  two  central  lobes  of  the  four- 
leaved  (lalmette  should  correspond  at  the  top  to  the  broad  base. 

In  spite  of  the  advanced  character  of  the  palmettes,  the  presence  of  the  meander  border 
on  the  Aegina  fragment  is  sufficient  to  warrant  this  vase  being  assigned  to  Class  11. 

Sugar-Bowl  I'^orm. 
The  form  is  akin  to  BerL  Cut.  pi.  v.  104,  and  Wihsch,  op.  cii.  pi.  i.  11. 
Fig.  67 


Height,  0.066  in. 


Greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Six  purple  stripes  added 
on  body  and  shoulder ;  rays  on  base,  vertical  zigzag  borders 
on  bo<ly.     Intact. 

This  was  the  only  example,  whole  or  in  fragments, 
among  the  Argive  vases,  of  the  sugar-bowl  vase,  which 
is  such  a  characteristic  8ha))e  of  the  Corinthian  style. 
The  cover  was  not  found,  or  could  not  be  identified. 

PyxUles. 

Fio.  67.  The  fragments  of  pyxides  and  their  covers'  filled  some- 

thing over  two  baskets.  Few  of  these  could  be  restored 
entire.  The  number  of  eovei-s  found  was  far  in  excess  of  the  vases  represented  by  the 
fragments,  —  in  fact,  three  or  four  times  as  many  covers  were  found.  No  explanation 
for  this  fact  is  forthcoming,  unless  the  covers  were  intended  for  skyphoi  and  other  vessels 
with  a  wide  opening. 

As  very  few  of  the  covers  could  be  identified  as  belonging  to  any  particular  vase,  and 
as  the  variations  in  their  fonn  are  somewhat  marked,  they  will  be  discussed  separately. 
Two  types  of  pyxides  may  be  noted. 

1.  Those  whose  covers  rest  dii-ectly  on  the  rim  (Wilisch.  np.  cit.  pi.  i.  3). 

2.  Those  whose  bo<ly  is  entirely  hidden  by  the  cover,  like  a  modern  cheese-jar   (Wilisch,  pi. 
i.  4). 

Type  1  falls  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Pyxides  with  curved  or  sloping  sides  (  Berl.  Cat.  pi.  v.  103). 

b.  Pyxides  with  straight  sides  (Berl.  Cat.  pi.  v.  101). 

Type  2  falls  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Sides  sloping  inward,  without  moulding. 

b.  Moulding  on  base,  into  which  the  cover  rim  fits. 

The  pyxis  seems  to  be  a  comnu)ner  type  in  Class  II.  than  in  Class  III.  of  the  Argive 
period.  The  decoration  does  not  vary  to  any  extent.  As  a  rule  the  body  is  covered 
\\\t\\  parallel  bands,  leaving  a  border  at  the  bottom  for  a  ray  pattern,  and  one,  sometimes 
two,  borders  below  the  rim,  which  are  filled  with  the  usual  Geometrical  designs.  The 
interior  is  invai-iably  covered  with  a  dark  glaze,  which  is  never  found  on  the  under  side 
of  the  cover. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    PYXIDES 


137 


Type  1  a. 

Few  vases  are  represented  by  the  fragments  of  this  type.     The  only  one  preserved 

whole  was  5  cm.  in  height  and  9  in  diameter,  and  was  made  of  a  coarse  reddish-yellow 

clay,  without  any  decoration.     The  other  fragments  show  a  ray  pattern  at  the  base  and 

an  incised  tongue  pattern  as  a  rim  border,  with  the  alternate  spaces  colored  very  much 

yellow  or  red,  faded. 

^  Type  1  h. 

To  this  type  belong  the  bulk  of  the  pyxis  fragments.  About  a  dozen  vases  were  re- 
stored almost  entire.  As  a  rule  the  vases  are  rather  small,  varying  from  4  to  5  cm.  in 
height  and  8  to  10  cm.  in  diameter.  The  decoration  shows  generally  the  following 
characteristics :  — 

Eritii-e  side  covered  with  parallel  bands. 
Border  on  rim  (generally  zigzags  in  series). 
lV)rder  on  base  (ray  pattern,  zigzag  or  "  Running  Dog  "). 

Fig.  68  a  and  b.    Pyxis  and  cover.     Height,  0.182  m.    Missing  portions  restored  in  plaster, 
(ireenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior  almost      ^^^^^^B?> ' ' ilR^'^l^ftS'i 
obliterated.     Black  decoration  faded  in  parts.  ^^^^H^r^  <^^       ^^^^k^^ 

Py.rtii.     On  rim  l>order  with  Geometric  snake.     Ver-      ^^^K^^''^^^}f_^j^k         J 
tical  and  horizontal  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.     In-  ^^^F'     ^''^^Jfc*       J 

ciseil  dots  on  snake's  bo<ly.    "  Running  Dog"  patteni  on  ^^HKb  ^^ 

handle.    Below,  a  frieze  ^Uy^^  .awqfe   ) 

of  i-ays  at  top  and  bot-  Fig.  68  a. 

toni  alternately  (^  incised 

lines)  and  scroll  pattern.     On  bottom  of  pyxis,  four  series  of 

three  concentric  bands. 

Cover.  In  centre  five-pointed  star.  Border  of  cover  precisely 
similar  to  upper  border  on  the  pyxis.  On  button  four  pot-hooks. 
A  similar  snake  may  be  found  on  a  Geometric  amphora  cover ; 
V.  B.  C.  IL  XIX.  (1895),  p.  276,  fig.  2. 

A  few  fragments  of  another  pyxis  (9  cm.  in  height)  of  pre- 
cisely similar  clay  and  decoration  were  found.     The  glaze,  how- 
ever, was  in  better  condition,  and  the  concentric  bands  on  the 
bottom  more  finely  drawn  and  more  numerous. 
Pig.  69  a-£.     Pyxis  and  cover,  found  on  Old  Temple  Terrace.     Height,  0.13  m. ;  diameter, 
0.28  m.     Missing  portions  restored  in  plaster.    Light  red  clay,  with  black  decoration  burnt  red  in 
parts.      Glaze  on   interior   varying  from 
black  to  deep  red. 

Pyxi».  On  edge  of  rim  short  parallel 
stripes.  On  rim  border  of  three  meanders 
in  separate  panels,  with  an  eight-pointed 
star  separating  them  from  the  handles. 
Single  meander  on  the  handles.  Separated 
from  the  upper  border  by  a  checkerboard 
and  band  of  "  Running  Dogs  "  is  the  main 
frieze,  with  an  elaborate  floral  pattern,  the 
vacant  spaces  being  filled  by  lozenges  in  ^^^^^_ 

series  of  fours  and  flower  scrolls.    On  base  ^^^^^|Dk  K 

rays.    On  bottom  (Fig.  69  b)  lotos  pattern  ^^^^^BV>  '  \\  t  % 

with  incised  lines.  ^^^^^^^K^™--.-.-C- 

Cover.     Clay    slightly  redder    in  tone, 
with  ornamentation  similar  to  that  on  the  Fig.  69  a. 


iV 


Fig.  68  b. 


13<> 


THK   VASKS    AND    VASK    FHACJMENTS 


inferred  that  the  same  motive  fisfured  on  our  vase.  The  restoration  of  our  fraji^ment 
differs  materially  from  that  of  the  Aegina  fragment,  in  that  the  lower  (lortions  of  each 
pdmette  are  closed  by  the  line  border.  It  must,  however,  be  siiid  that  the  restoration  of 
the  tops  of  each  palmette  is  i-onjectural,  at  least  in  the  ease  of  the  foui'-leaved  palmettes. 
Synnnetry  demands  that  the  central  lobe  of  the  three-leaved  j>almettes  should  be  the  sjime 
at  the  top  as  at  the  bottom,  and  for  the  sjime  reason  the  two  central  lobes  of  the  four- 
leaved  jKdmette  should  correspond  at  the  top  to  the  broad  base. 

In  spite  of  the  advanced  character  of  the  palmettes,  the  presence  of  the  meander  border 
on  the  Aegina  fragment  is  sufficient  to  warrant  this  vase  being  assigned  to  Class  II. 

iSuf/  a  I'- Hold  Kot'Ht . 

The  foiTTi  is  akin  to  lierK  Ctif.  pi.  v.  104,  and  Wilisch,  op.  cif.  pi.  i.  11. 

Fig.  67.     Height,  O.Otifl  in.      Greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.     Six  jmrple  strijies  added 

on  bo<ly  and  shonlder :  niys  on  base,   vei'tical   zigziig    borders 
on  body.     Intact. 

This  was  the  only  example,  whole  or  in  fragments, 
among  the  Argive  vases,  of  the  sugai*-bowl  vase,  which 
is  such  a  characteristic  sha|)e  of  the  Ciu-inthian  style. 
The  cover  was  not  found,  or  coidd  not  be  identified. 

Fig.  67.  The  fragments  of  j)yxides  and  their  covers  filled  some- 

thing over  two  baskets.  Few  of  these  could  be  restored 
entire.  The  number  of  covers  foinid  was  far  in  excess  of  the  va.ses  represented  by  the 
fragments,  —  in  fact,  three  or  four  times  as  many  covers  were  found.  No  explanation 
for  this  fact  is  forthcoming,  unless  the  covers  were  intended  for  skvphoi  and  other  vessels 
with  a  wide  opening. 

As  very  few  of  the  covers  could  be  identified  .is  belonffinff  to  anv  particular  vase,  and 
as  the  variations  in  their  form  are  somewhat  marked,  they  will  be  discussed  separately. 
Two  types  of  pyxides  may  be  noted. 

1.  Those  whose  covers  rest  directly  on  the  rim  (Wilisch.  oy>.  c!f.  pi.  i.  3). 

2.  Those  whose  body  is  entirely  hidden  by  the  cover,  like  a  nioilern  eheese-jar    (Wilisch.  pi. 
i.  4). 

Ty})e  1  falls  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Pyxitles  with  curved  or  sloping  sitles  (  Bet/.  Cot.  pi.  v.  103). 

b.  Pyxides  with  straight  sides  (lifrl.  Cat.  pi.  v.  101). 

Type  2  falls  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Sides  slo))ing  inward,  without  moulding. 

b.  Moulding  on  base,  into  which  the  cover  rim  fits. 

The  pyxis  seems  to  be  a  connnoncr  type  in  Class  II.  than  in  Class  III.  of  the  Argive 
period.  The  decoration  does  not  vary  to  any  extent.  As  a  rule  the  body  is  covered 
with  parallel  bands,  leaving  a  border  at  the  bottom  for  a  ray  pattern,  and  one,  sometimes 
two,  borders  below  the  rim,  which  are  filled  with  the  usual  Geometrical  desijrns.  The 
interior  is  invariablv  covered  with  a  dark  ijlaze,  which  is  never  found  on  the  under  side 
of  the  cover. 


THK    ARGIVK    STYLK:    PYXIDKS 


1.S7 


Fig.  68  a. 


Tt//tc  1  <i. 

Few   vases  are  represented  by  the  fragments  of  this  type.     The  only  one  preserved 

whole  was  ')  cm.  in  height  and  9  in  diameter,  and  was  made  of  a  coarse  reddish-yellow 

clay,  without  any  decoration.     The  other  fnigments  show  a  ray  pattern  at  the  base  and 

an  incised  tongue  pattern  as  a  rim  border,  with  the  alternate  spaces  colored  very  much 

veUow  or  red,  faded. 

^  Tiipv  ]  h. 

To  this  tyjje  behing  the  bulk  of  the  pyxis  fragments.  About  a  d<)zen  vases  were  re- 
stored almost  entire.  As  a  rule  the  vases  are  rather  small,  varying  from  4  to  o  cm.  in 
hei<''ht  and  8  to  1()  cm.  in  diameter.  The  decoration  shows  generally  the  following 
characteristics :  — 

Entire  side  covered  with  parallel  bands. 
Border  on  rim  (generally  zig-zags  in  series). 
Border  on  base  (ray  pattern,  zigzag  or  "  Running  Dog  "). 

Fig.  68  a  and  b.    Pyxis  and  cover.     Height,  0.182  m.    Missing  i^rtions  restored  in  plaster, 
(ireenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior  almost      ^^^^^fF'         ifr"^^^- 
obliterated.     Black  decoration  faded  in  parts.  ^I^^m 

Pj/.i'Ih.     ( )n  rim  border  witii  Geometric  snake.     Ver-      ^^^^f.^        '^       jt^ 
tical  and  horizontal  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.     In-  ^K^ .  ''^S^ 

cised  d<.ts  on  snakes  bo<ly.    '"  Running  Dog"  pattern  on 

handle.  Below,  a  frieze 
of  rays  at  top  and  bot- 
tom alternately  ( incised 

lines)  and  scroll  pattern.     On  bottom  of  pyxis,  four  series  of 
three  concentric  bands. 

ve-pointed  star.     Border  of  cover  precisely 
the  pyxis.     On  button  four  pot-hooks, 
found  on  a  Geometric  amphora  cover ; 
(1895),  p.  270.  fig.  2. 
A  few  fragments  of  another  pyxis  (9  cm.  in  height)  of  pre- 
cisely similar  clay  and  decoration  were  found.     The  glaze,  how- 
ever, was  in  better  condition,  and  the  concentric  bauds  on  the 
bottom  more  finely  drawn  and  more  numerous. 
Fig.  69a-f.     Pyxis  and  cover,  found  on  Old  Temple  Terrace.     Height,  0.13  u). ;  diameter, 
0.28  m.     Missing  i'>ortions  restored  in  plaster.     Light  red  clay,  with  black  decoration  burnt  red  in 
parts.      Glaze   on    interior   varying   from 
black  to  deep  retl. 

Pyji'iH.  On  edge  of  rim  short  parallel 
stripes.  On  rim  border  of  three  meanders 
in  separate  panels,  with  an  eight-iwinted 
star  separating  them  from  the  handles. 
Single  meander  on  the  handles.  Separated 
from  the  upi)er  border  by  a  checkerboard 
and  band  of  "  Running  Dogs  "  is  the  main 
frieze,  with  an  elaborate  floral  pattern,  the 
vacant  s])aces  being  filled  by  lozenges  in 
series  of  fours  and  flower  scrolls.  On  base 
rays.  On  bottom  (Fig.  69  b )  lotos  pattern 
with  incised  lines. 

CtnTi'.     Clay    slightly  retlder    in  tone, 
with  ornamentation  similar  to  that  on  the 


..X  hues)  and  scroll  pattern. 

^  three  concentric  bands. 

I  Cover.     In  centre  five-po 

tj\  similar  to  upjK'r  border  on  t 

,  /  A  similar  snake  may  be  foi 

#  V.  B.  C.  //.  XIX.  (1895), 


Fig.  08  b. 


^TTTTTT 


Fig.  69  a. 


188 


THE    VASKS    AND    VASK    FKACiMKXTS 


■ll 


Fm.  G!>  b. 


bottom  of  the  pyxis,  and  a  i-ay  border.     The  slip  is  burnt  briglit  rvi\  as  far  as  the  ray  bonier  ami 
then  changes  to  a  light  gray.     The  button  is  restoreil.  but  the  shajH;  is  probably  correct. 

This  pyxis  would  seem  to  fall  in  the  latter  {leriiMl  of  the  Linear  Argive  class,  at  a  time  when 

the  eastern  influence  was  beginning 
to  make  itself  felt,  since  the  elabo- 
rate flower  and  lotos  motives  on  the 
bo<ly  and  cover  are  certainly  derived 
from  some  foreign  source.  At  the 
same  time  the  presence  of  the  i>urely 
Geometrical  motives  is  suflicicnt 
warrant  for  including  the  pyxis  in 
Class  II. 

The  restoration  of  the  design  is 
simple  in  the  case  of  the  botly,  but 
diflicidt  for  the  cover  and  lM>ttom. 
A  peculiarity  may  be  noted  that  on 
the  reverse  of  the  l>ody  (not  shown 
in  the  cut)  three  flower  scrolls 
are  })laced  together  in  the  vacant 
8j)aces  between  the  roots  of  the  large 
flowers,  with  no  lozenge  ]>attern  in 
the  alternate  spaces.  Moreover,  a 
close  examination  shows  that  all  the 
scrolls  are  not  pivcisely  alike,  some 
entling  in  a  bud.  Details  of  thi-ee 
of  the  scrolls  are  shown  in  the  cut.  The  ornamentation  on  both  cover  and  Ijottom  seems  to  have 
followed  a  similar  scheme,  antl  thougli  it  caiuiot  be  restored  with  absolute  certainty,  it  is  probably 
treated  in  similar  fashion  to  the  flower  scrolls  on  the  side.  A  skyphos  in  the  British  Muscimi 
{Athcn.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1807],  !>.  28G,  pi.  vii.  3)  shows  precisely  the  saujc  form  of  lotos  or  palmette 
under  the  handle.  AVith  that  excei>tion,  I  have  failed  to  find  a  similar  instance,  nor  do  I  know  of 
any  case  where  the  bottom  of  a  pyxis  contains  such  an  elaboi-ate  ornamentation  as  here. 

The  change  in  color  on  the  cover  finds 
its  parallel  in  a  cover  frouj  Aegina  ( v. 
Pallat,  loc.  fit.  p.  300,  fig.  24). 

Ti/pe  2  a. 
Fraonients  of  this  tyj)e  were  ex- 
tremely scarce,  and  oenerallv  l»eloiiir 
to  the  bases  of  these  vases.  Such 
fraji^nients  iiad  pure  linear  deco- 
ration.' The  foljowino-  frajrments 
alone  are  worth  notieinir. 

13  a  and  b.  (  Platk  LIX.)  Two 
fragments  of  pyxis,  a  base,  b  cover. 
Greenish  clay,  black  decoration,  with 
black  glaze  «m  interior  of  pyxis  and 
cover  as  well.  Around  base  band  of 
vertical  zigzags  ;  above  obli<pie  i)arallel 
lines.  Decoration  on  cover  precisidy 
the  same.  Two  other  fragments  of  the 
same  vase  were  found.  Fi«.  61>  c. 

•  Several  fnignients  clearly  belonged  to  pyxides  similar  to  .!»<«.  deW  In.sl.  1877,  tav.  d*agg.  C  I)  9. 


Hi 


THK  AUGIVE   STYLE:   COVERS 


139 


V. 


Fiu.  (jy  d,  e,  f.  *• 

Type  2  h. 

Frajrments  of  this  type  were  (piite  numerous,  but  all,  witb  a  few  exceptions,  beloniv 
to  covers.     Fig.  70  shows  the  profile  of  one  of  the  bases  of  tlie  pyxis. 
The  decoration  on  both  pyxis  and  cover  was  always  tlie  siime,  and  is 
usually  more  elaborate  than  on  the  covers  of  Type  1. 

14  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  cover.  Height,  0.04r)  m. ;  diameter, 
0.112  m.'  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  brown  black  decoration.  Ribbed  moulding 
on  corner  and  plain  moulding  on  base.  Vertical  zigzags,  bounding  a  panel 
in  which  the  rear  part  of  an  animal  (bull,  probably)  is  seen.     Leaf  rosette  kig.  70. 

on  top  of  cover. 

15.  Fragment  of  cover.  Height,  0.031  m.  :  diameter,  0.088  m.  Reddish  clay,  with  red  decora- 
tion.    Simple  mouhling  on  corner  and  base. 

16.  Top  of  cover.  Diameter,  0.152  m.  Yellow  clay,  with  red  decoration.  Four  borders  of  zig- 
zags, tongue  pattern,  checkerlward  and  tongue  pattern.  Dark  red  color  is  applied  to  the  tongues 
in  series  of  threes  and  twos. 

Other  frajrments  showed  tbe  usual  Linear  motives,  one  bavinjr  a  frieze  of  water  birds. 

Covers. 
The  covers  whicli  belonjr  to  })yxides  of  Type  1  were  so 
numerous  as  to  demand  a  separate   discussion.     A  large 
numl>er  were  recovered  almost  intact  (tlie  knob  being  j^en- 
erally  broken  away)  and  the  fragments  filled  about  a  basket. 
Some  four  or  five  hundred  covers  were  represented,  a  number  far 


Fuj.  71. 


Fio.  7-'. 


^    exceeding  the  j)yxides  found 
Two  types  are  represented. 


1.  Without  flanges.     These  fall  into  two  divisi(ms. 

a.  Those  which  sink  down  in  the  centre  and  whose  edges  fit  directly  on  the  rim  of  the  pyxis. 

b.  Those  whose  edges  turn  down  sharply  at  the  end  and  fit  over  the  rim  of  the  pyxis  (Fig.  72). 

2.  With  flanges.   "These  are  provided  with  a  small  flange   just  under   the  edge,  which  fits 
inside  the  rim  of  the  pyxis,  like  the  cover  of  a  lady's  iiowder  box. 
The  variations  lie  inincipally  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  upper  ])art 
of  the  cover  and  the  varying  distance  between  the  flange  and  the 
edge  of  the  cover.     (Fig.  73.) 

As  all  tbe  covers  follow  a  stere(»tvped  system  of  linear  orna-        

mentation,  none  have  been  included  in  our  plates.     Such  as 
are  noteworthy  are  shown  in  (mtline. 

'  The  dimensions  of  14-16  .ire  the  original  diameter  of  the  covers. 


J 


Fm.  T.i. 


■    I 


138 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRxVCiMENTS 


11 


bottom  of  the  pyxis,  and  a  ray  border.     Tlie  slip  is  burnt  bright  retl  as  far  as  the  ray  bonier  and 
then  changes  to  a  light  gray.     The  button  is  i-estoreil,  but  the  shape  is  probably  correct. 

This  pyxis  would  seem  to  fall  in  the  latter  periotl  of  the  Linear  Argive  class,  at  a  time  when 

the  eastern  influence  was  beginning 
to  make  itself  felt,  since  the  elabo- 
rate flower  and  lotos  motives  on  the 
body  and  cover  are  certainly  derived 
from  some  foreign  source.  At  the 
same  time  the  presence  of  the  purely 
Geometrical  motives  is  sufficient 
warrant  for  including  the  pyxis  in 
Class  II. 

The  restoration  of  the  design  is 
simple  in  the  case  of  the  body,  but 
difficult  for  the  cover  and  l)ottom. 
A  peculiarity  may  be  noted  that  on 
the  reverse  of  the  body  (not  shown 
in  the  cut)  three  flower  scrolls 
are  placed  together  in  the  vacant 
sitaces  between  the  roots  of  the  large 
flowers,  with  no  lozenge  ])attern  in 
the  alternate  sitaces.  Moreover,  a 
close  examination  shows  that  all  the 
scrolls  are  not  i)reci8ely  alike,  some 
ending  in  a  bud.  Details  of  three 
of  the  scrolls  are  shown  in  the  cut.  The  ornamentation  on  both  cover  and  bottom  seems  to  have 
followed  a  similar  scheme,  and  though  it  cannot  be  restored  with  absolute  certainty,  it  is  probably 
treated  in  similar  fashion  to  the  flower  scrolls  on  the  side.  A  skyphos  in  the  British  Museum 
(^Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  286,  pi.  vii.  3)  shows  precisely  the  same  form  of  lotos  or  palmette 
under  the  handle.  AVith  that  exception,  I  have  failed  to  find  a  similar  instance,  nor  do  I  know  of 
any  case  where  the  bottom  of  a  pyxis  contains  such  an  elaborate  ornamentation  as  here. 

The  change  in  color  on  tlie  cover  finds 
its  parallel  in  a  cover  from  Aegina  (v. 
Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  300,  fig.  24). 

Type  2  a. 
Fragments  of  this  type  were  ex- 
tremely scarce,  and  generally  belong 
to  the  bases  of  these  vases.  Such 
fragments  had  pnre  linear  deco- 
ration.* The  followinir 
alone  are  worth  noticinjr, 


Fid.  Gl>  b. 


fragments 


13  a  and  b.  (Plate  LIX.)  Two 
fragments  of  pyxis,  a  base,  b  cover. 
Greenish  clay,  black  decoration,  with 
black  glaze  on  interior  of  pyxis  and 
cover  as  well.     Around  base  band  of  -^ 

vertical  zigzags ;  above  oblique  parallel 
lines.  Decoration  on  cover  precisely 
the  same.  Two  other  fragments  of  the 
same  vase  were  found.  Fig.  69  c. 

>  Several  fragments  clearly  belonged  to  pyxides  similar  to  Ami.  delV  Inst.  1877,  tav.  d'agg.  C  I)  9. 


Hj 


THE  ARGIVE   STYLE:   COVERS 


139 


e. 


Fig.  69  d,  e,  f.  «• 

Type  2  h. 

Fragments  of  this  type  were  quite  numerous,  but  all,  with  a  few  exceptions,  behmg 
to  covers.     Pig.  70  shows  the  profile  of  one  of  the  bases  of  the  pyxis. 
The  decoration  on  both  pyxis  and  cover  was  always  the  same,  and  is 
usually  more  elaborate  than  on  the  covers  of  Type  1. 

14  a  and  b.     Two  fragments  of  a  cover.     Height,  0.046  m. ;  diameter, 
0.112  m.*    Dark  yellow  clay,  with  brown  black  decoration.    Ribbed  moulding  ^ 
on  comer  and  plain  moulding  on  base.     Vertical  zigzags,  bounding  a  panel  V_.    ^ 
in  which  the  rear  part  of  an  animal  (bull,  probably)  is  seen.     Leaf  rosette  f,g.  70. 

on  top  of  cover. 

15.  Fragment  of  cover.  Height,  0.031  m.  ;  diameter,  0.088  m.  Reddish  clay,  with  red  decora- 
tion.    Simple  moulding  on  corner  and  base. 

16.  Top  of  cover.  Diameter,  0.152  m.  Yellow  clay,  with  red  decoration.  Four  borders  of  zig- 
zags, tongue  pattern,  checkerboard  and  tongue  pattern.  Dark  red  color  is  applied  to  Uie  tongues 
in  series  of  thi-ees  and  twos. 

Other  fragments  showed  the  usual  Linear  motives,  one  having  a  frieze  of  water  birds. 

Covers. 
The  covers  which  belong  to  pyxides  of  Type  1  were  so 
numerous  as  to  demand  a  separate  discussion.     A  large 
number  were  recovered  almost  intact  (the  knob  being  gen- 
erally broken  away)  and  the  fragments  filled  about  a  basket. 
Some  four  or  five  hundred  covers  were  represented,  a  number  far 
"^    exceedhig  the  pyxides  found. 
Fig.  72.  Two  types  are  represented. 

1.  Without  flanges.     These  fall  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Those  which  sink  down  in  the  centre  and  whose  edges  fit  directly  on  the  rim  of  the  pyxis. 

b.  Those  whose  edges  turn  down  sharply  at  the  end  and  fit  over  the  rim  of  the  pyxis  (Fig.  72). 

2.  With  flanges.     These  are  provided  with  a  small  flange   just  under   the  edge,  which  fits 
inside  the  rim  of  the  i>yxis,  like  the  cover  of  a  lady's  powder  box. 
The  variations  lie  principally  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  upper  part 
of  the  cover  and  the  varying  distance  between  the  flange  and  the 
edge  of  the  cover.     (Fig.  73.) 

As  all  the  covers  follow  a  stereotyped  system  of  linear  orna- 
mentation, none  have  been  included  in  our  pktes.  Such  as 
are  noteworthy  are  shown  in  outline. 

1  The  dimensions  of  14-16  are  the  original  diameter  of  the  covers. 


I 


Fig.  73. 


]*]  .i 


140 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRACiMENTS 


w 


Fig.  74. 


Ty])e  1  a. 

Only  one  specimen  of  tlii.s  ty\ie  was  found  (Fig.  71),  10  em.  in  diameter.     The  entire 

surface  of  the  exterior  was  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  with  a  broad  Iwnd  of  the  natural 

cLiy  near  the  rim. 

Type  1  h. 

No  covers  of  this  type  were  found  intact.     The  decoration  consists  invarijibly  of  bnKul 

or  line  parallel  lines,  in  black  and  red.     On  mtmy  the  two  are  seen  together  with  a  sharjj 

line  of  demarcation.     The  clay  is  much  thinner  than  in  covers  of  Tyi)e  2, 

which  may  account  for  all  being  in  a  fragmentary  c<mdition. 

Pig.  74  illu.strates  a  type  of  cover  which  is  eqiuilly  connected  with  botli 

Types  1  and  2. 

Type  2. 

The  covei-s  belonging  to  T\^  2  were  by  far  the  most  numerous.     Though  exhibiting 

considerable  variation  in  their  decoration,  the  general  scheme  seems  fairly  distinct. 

Entire  surface  glazed. 

Entire  surface  covered  with  parallel  lines. 

Both  combined :  i.  e.  the  centre  is  glazed  and  the  bands  ai-e  confined  to  the  outer  part. 

Kays  in  centre  (usually  six  or  eight  pointed  star)  surrounded  by  bands.  Covers  showing  the 
finest  technique  belong  to  this  type. 

Checkerboard  on  rim. 

Zigzags  in  series  on  rim. 

Tongue  pattern  on  rim.  Incised  lines  used  to  mark  each  tongue,  with  the  application  of  purple, 
yellow,  or  white  on  alternate  divisions. 

Kuohn. 

Nearly  a  ba.sketful  of  the  knobs  which  fonn  the  toj)  of  the  covers  was  found,  and 
these  also  show  a  surprising  amount  of  variation.     As  few  of  the  covei-s  were  found  with 


their  knobs,  a  septirate  treatment  is  again  demanded.     These  knobs  do  not  seem  to  be 
t»"(>verned  in  any  way  by  the  cover  tyj)es,  but  fall  into  i)eculiar  types  of  tlieir  own. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:   PLATES 


141 


Tliree  types  are  represented  (Fig.  75). 

1.  Truncated  cone.     Double  division. 

a.  Simple  truncated  cone  (1)  ;  top  is  occasionally  rounded. 

b.  With  a  flange  at  the  top.     This  may  be  either  an  inverted  truncatetl  cone  (2)  or  a  section 

of  a  cyUnder  (3). 

2.  Ball  shaijed.     Double  division. 

a.  Plain  (4). 

b.  Small  nipple  or  projection  in  the  centre  (5). 

3.  Flat.     Double  division. 

a.  Inverted  cone ;  often  with  a  slight  sinking  in  the  centre  of  the  flat  top  (6). 

b.  Section  of  a  cylinder  (7). 

The  decoration  is  generally  the  following :  — 

Glazed. 

Vertical  parallel  bands. 
Rays. 
Zigziigs. 
Checkerboard. 
I^eaf  rosette. 
Tongue  pattern. 

As  the  avaihible  space  for  decoration  is  small,  these  motives  are  not  combhied,  except 
in  one  case  where  a  leaf  ri.sette  was  bordered  by  a  checkerboard  pattern. 

Plates. 

Fracnnents  of  plates  were  quite  numerous  at  the  Heraeum,  about  two  basketsful 
lieiuL' "found.  While  nmny  beh,ng  to  the  Geometric  style,  the  majority  of  them  belong 
to  the  second  class  (»f  the  Argive  style.  No  fragments  belonging  to  the  first  class  were 
found,  and  only  a  few  which  belonged  to  the  third. 

Two  tyiHJS  can  be  distmguished. 

1.  Flat  base,  without  foot. 

2.  With  foot. 

Of  Type  2,  three  variations  appeared. 

a.  Form  similar  to  1  save  that  a  small  flange  runs  around  the  edge  of  the  base.  The  angle  of 
the  base  and  sides  varies  largely,  being  in  some  cases  a  right  angle,  in  others  an  obtuse  angle. 
The  sides  are  usually  straight,  but  occasionally  curve  slightly  mward.  ^  .  t       -         ;\ 

b  The  flange  Womes  a  decided  moulding  and  the  sides  are  laid  back  very  flat,  fornung  w.th 
the  base  a  line  very  nearly  straight.     The  rim  is  also  provided  with  a  mouldmg. 

C.  Ttecurve  f'l  centre  to  L  is  continuous  and  slight;  the  flange  being  placed  around  the 

centre  of  the  base. 

Type  1. 

17.  (PL.VTE  LIX.)  Half  of  a  plate,  measuring  0.127  m.  in  diameter.  Dark  reddish  clay, 
with  dark  brown  and  red  decoration. 

Exterior.     On  base  l)order  of  zigzags  and  bands :  on  side  two 
narrow  Iwrders  of  zigzags  and  bands. 

Interior.     Similar  decoration,  with  one  zigzag  border  around  the 
centre.     Fig.  76  gives  the  profile. 

The  other  fragments  belonging  to  this  tyi^e  (no  plate 
being  preserved  entire)  repeated  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  with  <  <>f ' ;-*-  1"  -' 
,r  sc^iires  in  pbce  of  the  zigzags;  the  di^vmeter  of  these  plates  varied  between  12  ana 


Fig.  76. 


' 


r 


or 


140 


TIIK    VASKS    AND    VASK    FKACiMKNTS 


Fig.  74. 


Tyi>e  1  a. 

Onlv  one  sjuHimeii  of  this  tyiw  was  found  (Fig. 71).  10  cm.  in  (lianieter.     The  tMitire 

surface  of  the  exterior  was  covered  with  a  black  «;Iaze,  with  a  briKid  hand  of  tlie  natural 

clay  near  the  rim. 

Tiipr  1  h. 

No  covers  of  this  type  were  found  intact.     The  decoration  consists  invariahlv  of  hroad 
or  tine  i>iirallel  lines,  in  bhick  and  red.     On  many  the  two  are  seen  toj»ether  with  a  sharp 
line  of  demarcation.     The  clay  is  much  thinner  than  in  covers  of  TyjH'  2, 
which  may  account  for  all  bein««-  in  a  fra*>;mentary  condition. 

Fig.  74  illustrates  a  type  of  cover  which  is  ecpially  connected  with  both 
Types  1  and  2. 

The  covers  behnininn'  to  Tv'])e  2  were  by  far  the  most  numerous.  Tliou<»h  exhibitin«»' 
considerable  variation  in  their  dec«»ration,  the  general  schenu'  .seems  fairly  distinct. 

Entire  surface  glazed. 

Entire  surface  covered  with  parallel  lines. 

Both  combined :  i.  e.  the  centre  is  glazed  ami  the  bands  are  confined  to  the  outer  part. 

Kays  in  centre  (usually  six  or  eight  jiointed  star)  surroiuided  by  bands.  Covers  showing  the 
finest  techni(jue  l)elong  to  this  ty|>e. 

Checkerboanl  on  rim. 

Zijrzasrs  in  series  on  rim. 

Tongue  pattern  on  rim.  Im-ised  lines  used  to  mark  each  tongue,  with  the  application  of  purple, 
yellow,  or  white  on  alternate  divisions. 

Kitohx. 

Nearly  a  basketful  id'  the  knobs  which  form  the  top  of  the  covers  was  ftuuid.  and 
these  also  show  a  surprising  amount  of  variation.     As  few  of  the  covers  were  found  with 


SSi^ 


4 


their  knobs,  a  se])ai"ate  treatuient  is  again  demanded.     These  knobs  do  not  seem  to  be 
'niverned  in  any  way  bv  the  cover  types,  but  fall  into  peculiar  types  of  their  own. 


THE   AKGIVE   STYLE:    1»LATES  141 

Three  tyi>es  are  repi-esente<l  (Fig.  75). 

1.  Truncated  eonc.      Double  division. 

a   Simple  truncated  cone  (1)  ;  top  is  occasionally  rounded. 

b.  With  a  flange  at  the  top.     This  may  be  either  an  invertetl  truncated  cone  (2)  or  a  section 

of  a  cylinder  (3 ). 

2.  iiall  shaiwd.     Double  division. 

a.  Plain  (  4  ). 

b.  Small  nipple  or  projecti<m  in  the  centre  (5). 
3    Flat.     Double  division. 

a.  Inverted  cone:  often  with  a  .slight  sinking  in  the  centre  of  the  flat  top  (b). 

b.  Section  of  a  cylinder  (7  ). 

The  dec<»ration  is  generally  the  following :  — 

(Jlazed. 

Verticid  parallel  bamls. 

Rays. 

Zigzags. 
Checkerboard. 
Leaf  ros*'tte. 
Tongue  pattern. 

As  the  avaihible  space  for  de(M.rati<m  is  small,  these  motives  are  not  cond.ined.  except 
in  one  case  where  a  leaf  rosette  was  bordered  by  a  checkerboard  iKittern. 

Vlatei. 

F.-a.nnents  of  plates  were  <iuite  numercms  at  the  Heraenm,  about  two  basketsful 
bein-l'ound.  While  many  behmg  to  the  Ge<uuetric  style,  the  majority  of  them  behu.g 
to  tl^e  second  class  of  the  Argive  style.  No  fragments  belongiiig  to  the  hrst  class  were 
f<unul,  and  «Mdy  a  few  which  behmged  to  the  third. 

Two  tyi)es  can  be  distuiguished. 

1.  Flat  base,  without  foot. 

2.  With  foot. 

Of  Tyi>e  2,  three  yariations  appeared. 

a.  F<,nn  siuular  to  1  save  that  a  small  flange  runs  aimmd  the  edge  of  the  base.  The  angle  of 
the  base  and  sides  varies  largely,  being  in  son.e  cases  a  right  angle,  in  others  an  obtuse  angle. 
The  sides  are  usually  straight,  but  occasionally  curve  slightly  mward.  ^       r       •         vi 

b  mt  flln.e  iJomes  I  decided  moulding  and  the  sides  are  laid  back  very  flat,  fornung  w.th 
the  l»ase  a  line"  very  nearly  straight.     The  rim  is  also  provided  with  a  nmuldnig. 

C    The  enrve  from  centiv  to  rim  is  continuous  and  .slight :  the  flange  beu.g  placed  around  the 

centi-e  of  the  base. 

Ttjpe  1. 

17.  (P1..VTK  LIX.>  Half  of  a  plate,  measuring  0.127  m.  in  diameter.  Dark  reddish  clay, 
with  dark  brown  and  red  decoi-ation. 

Exterior.     On  base  l)order  of  zigzags  and  bands :  on  side  two 
narrow  l»orders  of  zigzags  and  bands. 

Interior.     Similar  decoration,  with  one  zigzag  boi-der  around  the 
centre.     Fig.  76  gives  the  profile.  ^^^    _  _ 

The   other   fragments   belonging  to   this  type  (no  plate  "'  " 

being  preserved  entire,  repeated  the  san.e  scheu.e  of  dec.uatjon.  wtth  '  «  «' ;-^"-  ^"-; 
or  squires  in  place  of  the  zigzags;  the  diameter  of  these  plates  varied  between  12  an. 


y 


142 


THK   VASES   AND   VASE   FKAGMEXTS 


15  cm.     Another  varietv,  ie|neseiite(l  hy  Fig.  77,  showed  a  small  mouldiiio;  on  tlie  top 
and  bottom  of  the  exterior. 


Il 


Fig.  77. 


Fir..  78. 


Fig.  79. 


Tifjif  2  a. 
18  a  ami  b.     Two  fragments  from  the  same  phite  (profile  in  Fig.  78)  :  diameter,  0.20  m.     Dark 
retl  i'lay,  sljowing  traces  of  burning.     Dark  brown  decoration  on  exterior,  dark  red  on  interior. 

Exterior  (a  ).    "  Running  Dog  "  bonier  arouiul  eenti-e  and  bands:  sjilashes  on  foot :  "  Hunning 
Dog  "'  pattern  on  sides,  splashes  on  rim. 

Interior  (b).    Leaf  rosette  in  centre  with  a  Iwrder  of  alternate  elieckerboanls  and  eight-pointed 

stars.     *•  Hunning  Dog  "  on  sides. 

19  a-d.  Four  fragments  from  same  plate  (profile  in  Fig,  79). 
Grayish  clay,  with  black  decoration. 

Exterior  (a  and  b).  Base  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze  on 
which  the  ornamentation  is  incised.  Series  of  diamonds  radiatinir  from 
the  centre,  each  inclosing  an  eight-pointed  star  which  in  turn  incloses  a 
diamond.  Alternating  with  the  jxiints  of  the  large  diamonds  are  smaller 
ones.     On  sides  bands  and  "  Running  Dog  "  bonier. 

Interior  ( c  and  d ).  The  Iwttoni  is  left  the  natural  color  of  the  clav 
with  i-adiating  series  of  diamonds,  similar  to  exterior,  in  black  :  with- 
out incised  lines.  Side  pattern  .same  as  exterior.  On  rim,  s]ilaslies. 
Two  technical  ujetluHls  are  seen  on  this  plate,  i)ainted  decoration  on 
interior,  and  incised  on  exterior.  This,  in  a  w.iy,  is  i»aralleled  in  later  times  by  the  cond>inatiou 
of  b.  f.  and  r.  f.  work  on  the  same  vase. 

T>//tr  J  h. 
Other  fragments  (jrenerally  from  larj^e  plates,  l.l-^O  em.  in  <Iiameter)  show  the  usual 
motives,  checkerboards,  zio;zii«^s,  snakes,  rosettes,  rays,  etc.     None  present  any  nmrked 
peculiarities. 

Fragments  of  this  type  showed  no  new  features  in  their  (leeorsition.     Figs.  80  and  81 

show  the  ])rinci|)jd  variations  of  the  form.  The  plates 
were  usually  of  a  large  size.  2;">  cm.  in  diameter.  Fig.  80 
had  hands  for  its  sole  decoration,  purple  being  a])plied 
freely. 

Type  2  r. 
Fig.  82  (profile).    Diameter. 0.191  m.    Entire,  save  for 
a  small  piece.     On  rim  vertical  lines  and  just  below  rim 
on  exterior  Geometric  snake  ( incised  lines).'   Outside  and 
inside  ornamented  with  concentric  bands  in  series. 

This  was  the  only  plate  which  was  recovered  en- 
tire.    Fragments  of  similar  ])lates  wen'  numerous, 
but  all  showed  the  same  «lecoration    of   concentric 
Fig.  82.  bands. 

1  Tlie  exterior  w.is  practically  identical  with  the  cover      p.  276,  fig.  2),  the  snake  being  treated  in  precisch  similar 
of  a  (;eoinetric  vase  from  Athens  (fi.  C.  H.  XIX.  [189.'>].       fashion. 


Fig.  80. 


Fig.  hi. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    MISCELLANEOUS   FORMS 


14:i 


Neck,  handle,  foot,  and  one 


MISCELLANEOC'S   FORMS. 
Kothons.     {lierl.  Cat.  VI.  Ill  and  112.) 

This  form  of  vase  is  shown  by  a  few  dozen  fragments,  none  of  which  i)ermitted  any 
restoration.  Furtwiingler,  in  his  catidogue  (1100-1107),  assigns  all  the  vases  in  Berlin 
to  the  Corinthian  style.  The  bulk  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  however,  behuig  to  the 
Ar«nve  style.  One  fragment  was  distin<tly  Mycenaean  in  character  and  another  Geo- 
metric. Several  of  the  handles  showed  traces  of  decoration  which  would  warrant  their 
belonging  to  the  Corinthian  style. 

No  fra«nnents  have  been  reproduced  in  our  jdates,  since  their  decoration  differed  in  no 
wav  from  the  usual  Argive  scheme.  Bands  encircling  the  rim,  leaving  the  body  of  the 
vase  plain,  were  the  usual   type,  though   lozenge   and   zigzags  on   the   body  were  also 

found. 

lilntj-  Form  .  I  n/balloK. 

Fig.  83.  Height,  0.12«)  m. :  diameter,  0.10  m.  Dark  red  clay, 
side  restored.'  Around  neck  ami  base,  rays.  On  front  side  inter- 
laced lozenge  pattern,  with  small  circles  at  corners.  On  one  side 
double  guilloche :  on  other  (almost  entirely  gone )  a  frieze,  prob- 
•ibly  of  animals.  About  a  dozen  fragments  from  similar  vases 
wei'e  found. 

The  form  differs  somewhat  from  Jieil.  Cat.  V.  110. 

Several  of  the  smaller  vases  which  clearly  belong  to  the 
Linear  Arsrive  class  show  a  marked  connection  with  the 
Geometric  style.  The  clay  in  these  vases  is  distinctly  that 
used  in  Geometric,  not  Argive  vases.  The  i)resence  of  sim- 
ilar vases  in  other  parts  of  Greece  has  induced  Diimnder  - 
and  Pallat  '  to  regard  them  as  imitations  of  Argive  ware. 
It  seems  hardly  likely  that  these  small  and  unimportant 
vases  should  be  avowed  imitations  of  the  Argive  style  made 
by  iK)ttei-s  who  manufactured  Geometric  vases ;  more  i)robably  they  are  really  Argive 
vases,  the  clay  for  some  reason  or  other  being  that  usually  employed  in  the  Geometric  style. 

Half  a  dozen  ccunplete  vases  of  this  kind  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  and  quite  a 
number  of  fragments. 

Fig.  84.  One-handle<l  jug.  Height,  0.065  m.  Lip  (probably  trefoil)  broken  away.  Coarse 
dark  red  clay,  with  reddish  brown  slip,  decoration 
varying  from  brilliant  black  to  dark  brown.  Stripes 
and  triangles  (interlacing  lines)  on  shoulder:  stripes 
on  neck  and  handle.  On  either  side  of  base  of  the 
handle  a  breast-like  protuberance. 

Similar  exam])Ies  have  been  found  in  Boeotia^ 
and  Tiryns.^  The  protuberances  seem  to  denote  a 
survival  of  prehistoric  characteristics.  p^^^  g- 

Fig.   85.     One-handled    jug.     Height,    0.055   m. 
Reddish  clay,  with  polished  yellowish  brown  slip,  dark  brown  decoration.    Stripes  on  neck,  handle, 
and  base,  tliree  borders  of  zigzags  and  rays  (points  downwards,  inclosing  lozenges)  on  shoulder. 


Fig.  83. 


Fig.  84. 


*  That  a  foot  was  represented  is  clear  from  the  rays 
around  the  Ikisc  and  a  conijiarison  of  an  aryliallos  in  the 
British  Museum  fnuu  Kanieiros,  A  1075.  Cf.  Jahrb.  II. 
(1KK-),  p.  m.  fig.  21. 

2  Jahrh.  II.  (1887),  p.  20. 


»  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (181»7),  p.  271. 
*  Jahrh.  III.  (1888),  p.  3r>3,  fig.  32,  and  XIV.  (1899), 
p.  ."A  figs.  Ill  and  112. 

^  Sehlieuiaiin,  Tlryns,  p.  400,  No.  135. 


142 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


15  cm.     Another  variety,  represented  by  Fig.  77,  showed  u  small  moulding  on  the  t<ip 
and  bottom  of  the  exterior. 


I 


Fio.  77. 


Fio.  78. 


Fig.  79. 


Type  2  a. 
18  a  and  b.     Two  fragments  from  the  same  plate  (profile  in  Pig.  78)  ;  diameter,  0.20  m.    Dark 
red  clay,  showing  ti-aces  of  burning.     Dark  brown  decoration  on  exterior,  dark  red  on  interior. 

Exterior  (a ).   *'  Hunning  Dog  "  border  around  centre  and  bands :  spkshes  on  foot :  "  Ktmning 
Dog  "  pattern  on  sides,  splashes  on  rim. 

Interior  (b).    Leaf  rosette  in  centre  with  a  border  of  alternate  checkerboards  and  eight-pointed 

stars.     '"'  Running  Dog  ''  on  sides. 

19  a-d.  Four  fragments  from  same  plate  (profile  in  Fig.  79). 
Grayish  clay,  with  black  decoration. 

Exterior  (a  and  b).  Base  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze  on 
which  the  ornamentation  is  incised.  Series  of  diamonds  radiating  from 
the  centre,  each  inclosing  an  eight-{x>inted  star  which  in  turn  incloses  a 
diamond.  Alternating  with  the  points  of  the  large  diamonds  are  smaller 
ones.     On  sides  bands  and  "  Running  Dog  "  border. 

Interior  (c  and  d).  The  bottom  is  left  the  natural  color  of  the  clay 
with  radiating  series  of  diamonds,  similar  to  exterior,  in  black :  with- 
out inciseil  lines.  Side  pattern  same  as  exterior.  On  rim,  8])la8hes. 
Two  technical  methotls  are  seen  on  tliis  plate,  )>aintei1  decoration  on 
interior,  and  incised  on  exterior.  This,  in  a  way,  is  itaralleled  in  later  times  by  the  combination 
of  b.  f.  and  r.  f.  work  on  the  same  vase. 

Type  2  h. 
Other  fragments  (generally  from  large  pktes,  15-20  em.  in  diameter)  show  the  usual 
motives,  checkerboards,  zigziigs,  snakes,  rosettes,  rays,  etc.     None  present  any  marked 
pecidiarities. 

Fragments  of  this  type  showed  no  new  features  in  their  decoration.     Figs.  80  and  81 

show  the  princijKil  variations  of  the  form.  The  plates 
were  usiudly  of  a  large  size,  25  cm.  in  diameter.  Fig.  80 
had  bands  for  its  sole  decoration,  purjile  bemg  applied 
freelv. 

Tyjit  2  €. 
Fig.  82  (profile).    Diameter.  0.191  m.    Entire,  save  for 
a  small  piece.     On  rim  vertical  lines  and  just  below  rim 
on  exterior  Geometric  snake  (incise<1  lines).'   Outside  and 
inside  ornamented  with  concentric  bands  in  series. 

This  was  the  only  plate  which  was  recoveretl  en- 
tire. Fragments  of  similar  plates  were  numerous, 
but  all  showed  the  same  decoration  of  concentric 
bands. 


Fig.  80. 


Fig.  81. 


Fig.  82. 


*  The  exterior  was  practieallr  identical  with  the  cover 
of  a  (Geometric  vase  from  Athena  {B.  C.  H.  XIX.  [1895], 


p.  t>76,  fig.  2),  the  snake  being  treated  in  precinely  similar 
fashion. 


\ 


(  1 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:   MISCELLANEOUS  FORMS 


143 


MISCELLANEOUS   FORMS. 
Kothons.     {Berl.  Cat.  VI.  Ill  and  112.) 

This  form  of  vase  is  shown  by  a  few  dozen  fragments,  none  of  which  permitted  any 
restoration.  Furtwiingler,  in  his  catalogue  (1100-1107),  assigns  all  the  vases  in  BerHn 
to  the  Corinthian  style.  The  bulk  of  the  Hei-aeum  fragments,  however,  belong  to  the 
Argive  style.  One  fragment  was  distinctly  Mycenaean  in  character  and  another  Geo- 
metric. Several  of  the  handles  showed  traces  of  decoration  which  would  warrant  their 
belonging  to  the  Corinthian  style. 

No  fragments  liave  been  reproduced  in  our  plates,  since  their  decoration  differed  in  no 
wav  from  the  usual  Argive  scheme.  Bands  encircling  the  rim,  leaving  the  body  of  the 
vase  plain,  were  the  usual  type,  though   lozenge  and  zigzags  on  the  body  were  also 

found. 

Rinff-Fomi  Aryhallos. 

Pig.  83.  Height,  0.126  m. ;  diameter,  0.10  m.  Dark  red  clay.  Neck,  handle,  foot,  and  one 
side  restore<l.*  Around  neck  and  base,  rays.  On  front  side  inter- 
laced lozenge  pattern,  with  small  circles  at  corners.  On  one  side 
double  guilloche ;  on  other  (almost  entirely  gone)  a  frieze,  prob- 
ably of  animals.  About  a  dozen  fragments  from  similar  vases 
were  found. 

The  form  differs  somewhat  from  Berl.  Cat.  V.  110. 

Several  of  the  smaller  vases  which  clearly  belong  to  the 
Linear  Argive  class  show  a  marked  connection  with  the 
Geometric  style.  The  chiy  in  these  vases  is  distinctly  that 
used  in  Geometric,  not  Argive  vases.  The  presence  of  sim- 
ilar vases  in  other  parts  of  Greece  has  induced  Diimmler  - 
and  Pallat '  to  regard  them  as  imitations  of  Argive  ware. 
It  seems  hardly  likely  that  these  small  and  unimportant 
vases  should  be  avowed  imitations  of  the  Argive  style  made 
by  potters  who  manufactured  Geometric  vases ;  more  probably  they  are  really  Argive 
vases,  the  clay  for  some  reason  or  other  being  that  usually  employed  in  the  Geometric  style. 

Half  a  dozen  complete  vases  of  this  kind  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  and  quite  a 


Fig.  83. 


number  of  fragments. 


JlUJS. 


Pig.  84.  One-handled  jug.  Height,  0.065  m.  Lip  (probably  trefoil)  broken  away.  Coarse 
dark  red  clay,  with  reddish  brown  slip,  decoration 
varying  from  brilliant  black  to  dark  brown.  Stripes 
and  triangles  (interlacing  lines)  on  shoulder ;  stripes 
on  neck  and  handle.  On  either  side  of  base  of  the 
handle  a  breast-like  protuberance. 

Similar  examples  have  been   found  in  Boeotia* 
and  Tirjns.^     The  protuberances  seem  to  denote  a 
survival  of  prehistoric  characteristics. 
Fig.  84.  pjg    qS.     One-handletl   jug.     Height,   0.055   m. 

Reddish  clay,  with  polished  yellowish  brown  slip,  dark  brown  decoration.    Stripes  on  neck,  handle, 
and  base,  three  borders  of  zigzags  and  rays  (jwints  downwards,  inclosing  lozenges)  on  shoulder. 

»  That  a  foot  was  represented  is  clear  from  the  rays  «  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  271. 

around  the  base  and  a  comparison  of  an  aryballos  in  the  *  Jahrb.  III.  (1888),  p.  353,  fig.  32,  and  XIV.  (1899), 

British  Museum  from  Kameiros,  A  1075.     Cf.  Jahrb.  II.  p.  5.3,  figs.  Ill  and  112. 

(1887),  p.  56,  fig.  21.  ^  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  400,  No.  135. 

«  Jahrb.  11.  (1887),  p.  20. 


Fig.  85. 


I 


144 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Sume  three  or  four  other  jugs  siuiilar  to  Fig.  85  were  found,  also  fragments  of  oino- 
ehoai  with  the  usual  zigzag  deeomtion,  and  a  few  fragments  of  skyphoi,  with  water  birds 
in  panels. 

Ojtenicork  Vaset*. 

The  following  fragments  form  a  separate  type  by  themselves,  though  not  found  in 
very  large  quantities.  They  belong  to  vases  of  the  kalathos  form,  whose  sides  are 
pierced  at  intei-vals  by  openings,  giving  the  effect  of  a  basket.  We  have  already  seen 
this  openwork  principle  applied  to  the  supports  of  Geometric  vases  ;  Argive  vases  of  the 
openwork  type,  however,  were  probably  never  used  as  supports,  being  far  too  small  and 
fragile.  Moreover,  having  a  distinct  kalathos  shape,  it  is  probable  that  we  have  here  a 
separate  variety  of  that  form.  It  seems  ceitaiu  that  these  were  a  direct  imitation  of 
metal  work,  but  an  imitation  which  did  not  arise  until  after  the  Mycenaean  epoch,  seeint^ 
that  metal  vases  of  this  description  are  not  found  in  Mycenaean  times.  In  view  of  their 
technitpie,  it  is  probable  that  they  belong  to  the  early  period  of  Class  II. 

Two  separate  forms  of  openings  may  be  distinguished  :  (a)  either  the  vase  is  divided 
into  a  series  of  legs  with  a  long  narrow  opening  sloping  slightly  from  rim  to  base  (in 
some  cases  these  legs  are  joined  halfway,  thus  giving  a  double  series  of  o|)eningK),  or 
(b)  the  vase  is  divided  into  two  or  three  sets  of  triangular  openhigs.  Both  methods  may 
be  employed  on  the  same  vase. 

The  scheme  of  decoration  is  simple,  the  available  space  being  extremely  small.  Either 
the  entire  vase  is  covered  with  a  dull  black  or  brown  glaze  with  parallel  strijws  of  applied 
purple,  or  else  to  the  natural  clay  parallel  stripes  are  applied,  leaving  the  rim  fi-ee  for  a 
border  of  some  pattern,  zigzag,  etc.,  etc. 

20  a  and  b.     (Plate  LIX.)    Two  fragments  form  a  vase  13  cm.  in  diameter.     Height  cannot 
be  determined.    Greenish  clay,  with  decoration  in  black  and  dark  brown.    Parallel  stripes  on  sides, 


zigzags  m  series  on  nm. 


This  was  the  best  preserved  vase  of  form  a.  Some  half  a  dozen  bases  and  numerous 
fragments  were  found ;  one  base  showed  a  rather  high  foot  with  ray  pattern. 

Of  fonn  b  only  a  few  bases  and  fragments  of  sides,  in  very  bad  condition,  were  found. 

Instances  of  such  vases  outside  of  the  Argolid  are  not  very  common.  There  are  three 
in  Athens  (No.  232  from  Corinth,  No.  10969  from  Eleusis,'  and  a  third)  which  have  the 
series  of  triangular  openings ;  one  in  Syracuse  ( Megara  Hyblaea,  tomb  640),  one  in  the 
British  Museum  (A  1601),  and  one  from  Falisco  (Mna.  Ant.  IV.  pi.  vii.  17).  Somewhat 
allied  is  the  kalathos  in  Jahrb,  III.  (1888),  p.  241,  fig.  23.  Cf.  also  Jithrb.  VI.  (1891), 
p.  116,  No.  9. 

What  the  purpose  of  these  vases  was  cannot  be  told  with  any  certainty. 


CLASS  III. 
ORIENTAL  ARGIVE. 

It  is  a  difficult  problem  to  decide  how  much  outside  influence  caused  the  development 
of  the  Argive  style  from  Class  II.  to  Class  III.,  and  whence  such  an  influence  originally 
came.  That  the  third  class  develoj>ed  unassisteil  by  such  outside  influence  is  impossible ; 
at  the  same  time  the  elements  which  are  vital  to  the  style,  the  parallel  bands,  incised 
Unes,-  ornaments  in  field  and  appHcation  of  color  have  been  seen  either  in  Class  II.  or  else 


1  I  am  not  certain  whether  this  is  the  vase  described 
by  Skias,  'Ztpji/i.  'A^.  1898,  p.  107,  fig.  i'7. 

-  Boehlau  is  inclined  to  regard  the  Larissa  fragments 
(Alls  lonischen  und  Itnlinchen  Nekropolen,  p.  87,  figs.  38-40) 


as  the  earliest  use  of  the  incised  line.  Several  of  our 
fragments  (v.  p.  127)  are  certainly  older  ;  that  the  incised 
line  was  a  foreign  innovation  in  Greek  pottery  I  see  no 
reason  to  believe. 


I  VI 


'%\ 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    CLASS  III 


145 


in  Geometric  ware.  Altliough  the  animal  frieze  comes  into  the  Argive  style  during  the 
end  of  Class  II.,  it  is  very  common  during  the  middle  Geometric  period.  Clearly  it  is 
some  other  characteristic  which  distinguishes  Class  III.  from  its  predecessors. 

This  can  only  be  the  development  of  purely  decorative  patterns,  such  as  the  lotos,  pal- 
mette,  etc.  Boehlau  [op.  cit.  p.  108)  has  pointed  out  that  the  wreath  pattern  and  dotted 
rosette  are  foreign  to  the  early  Attic  style  while  thoroughly  characteristic  of  the  Argive 
(still  termed  by  him  Proto-Corinthian).  It  is  this  innovation  combined  with  a  wealth  of 
decoration,  incised  lines,  and  recognition  of  the  animal  frieze  as  a  principal  scheme  of 
decoration  that  constitute  the  elements  of  Class  III.  The  presence  of  the  curved  pal- 
mette  on  the  pyxis  (cf.  Fig.  69),  combined  with  the  Geometric  motives,  marks  the  transi- 
tion stage  between  Classes  II.  and  III.,  and  also  stands  as  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of 
the  palmette  with  curved  stem.  Boehlau's  analysis  of  its  development  {loc.  cit.)  seems  to 
be  confirmed  by  our  pyxis. 

I  do  not,  however,  feel  that  he  is  right  in  contending  that  the  Corinthian  style  cannot 
have  developed  from  the  Argive,  as  that  would  have  been  a  "  Riickschritt  zur  Zeit  der 
Bli'ithe  korinthischen  Handels  und  Industrie"  (p.  114).  To  my  mind  this  objection  can- 
not hold,  since  we  know  that  Corinth  possessed  no  previous  ceramic  art  of  her  own,  and, 
as  was  said  before,  the  chief  difference  between  the  Corinthian  style  and  Class  III.  of  the 
Ar<rive  is  that  between  skilled  and  unskilled  labor,  the  foreign  influence  being  the  same 
in  both.  Why  should  we  seek  the  direct  prototviies  of  the  Corinthian  style  in  Asia  Minor, 
when  the  Argive  style,  with  which  it  has  so  much  in  common,  lies  so  close  to  our  hand? 
The  shapes  included  in  Class  III.  have  all  been  seen  before  in  the  previous  classes,  no 
new  shape  being  introduced.     They  are :  — 

Lekythos,  Skyphos, 

Oinochoe,  Pyxis, 

Jug,  Plate. 

Leki/thoL 

The  lekythoi  follow  one  form  (Berl.  Cat.  V.  102)  with  little  variation,  and  were  rather 
small,  not  more  than  6  cm.  in  height.  About  twenty  were  preserved  more  or  less  in- 
tact, while  at  least  fifty  more  were  represented  by  fragments.  The  scheme  of  decoration 
is  the  same  on  all,  parallel  bands  inclosing  an  animal  frieze,  or  else  the  body  of  the  vase 
is  adorned  with  a  plant  pattern  or  some  other  similar  decoration. 

Although  the  use  of  incised  lines  to  emphasize  details  does  not  originate  in  this  period, 
it  is  one  of  its  chief  characteristics.  Whether  those  vases  which  belong  to  Class  III.  but 
do  not  show  this  feature  are  necessarily  older  than  the  incised  vases  cannot  be  asserted 
with  any  accuracy.  It  is  probable  that  for  a  time  the  use  of  both  incised  and  unincised 
vases  was  common,  and  that  the  former  technique  supplanted  the  latter  as  the  style 
became  advanced.  Certain  it  is  that  all  vases  which  belong  to  the  most  advanced  stage 
show  the  use  of  the  incised  line. 

The  lekythos  described  on  p.  127  properiy  belongs  to  a  stage  between  Classes  IT.  and 
III.    We  have  there  the  animal  frieze  in  its  simplest  form,  but  without  the  use  of  the 

incised  line. 

Fig.  86.  (DrawingonPLATELXIV.il.)  Height,  0.043  m.  Light  greenish  clay,  with  brilliant 
black  decoration.  Part  of  rim  broken  away,  but  traces  of  a  ray  pattern  are  still  to  be  seen. 
Dots  on  neck,  ffuillochr  on  handle,  pot-hooks  and  rosettes  on  shoulder.  Main  frieze  :  three  series 
of  two  concentric  circles  (with  central  dot)  »  separated  by  a  palmette,  ivy  branch,  and  guilloche 

»  For  similar  arrangement  of  circles  see  Ann.  deW  Inst.  1877,  tav.  d'  agg.  A  B  15.  There  is  a  similar  lekythos  in 
Berlin,  recently  acquired. 


.1 


146 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Fig.  86. 


(directly  under  handle).     In  field  five  small  circles  and  a  h .     Decora- 
tion worn  away  in  places. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  slightly  phimper  than  the  usual  type, 
which,  conibiued  with  the  absence  of  any  animal  frieze  or  incised 
lines,  may  point  to  this  lekythos  being  one  of  the  earliest  in- 
stances of  Class  III.  In  spite  of  a  certain  reminiscence  of  My- 
cenaean motives,  the  palmette  .ind  ivy  branch  are  distinctly 
characteristic  of  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style.  More 
remarkable  is  the  treatment  of  the  palmette  as  a  separate  motive 
without  any  connecting  stems.  We  usually  find  the  palmette 
combined  with  others  in  a  chain  and  confined  to  the  shoulder  as 
a  purely  subordinate  motive. 

Pig.  87.  Fragment  of  lekythos.  Height,  0.033  m.  Slate-colored  clay,  extremely  fine,  being 
almost  as  thin  as  fine  cardboard.  On  shoulder,  dots,  rays,  and  a 
row  of  simple  zigzags.  Main  frieze :  four-spoked  wheel  and  part 
of  a  circle  with  a  leaf  border  inside.  In  field,  bull's  head  full 
front,  rosette,  dotted  circle,  and  a  human  head  (probably  female) 
in  profile  to  right.     Incised  lines  on  the  two  heads. 

The  form  of  this  lekythos  is  the  usual  tyj)e.  It  is  some- 
what allied  to  the  preceding  lekythos,  in  that  the  main  frieze 
does  not  contain  a  series  of  animals,  but  circular  motives. 
The  wheel  and  the  circle  are  common  themes  on  Geometric 
vases.  The  use  of  the  human  head  also  is  similar  to  that 
on  the  bottom  of  the  oinochoe  (v.  p.  131).*  I  know  of  no 
other  similar  instiince  on  an  Argive  vase.  For  the  bull's 
head  see  Fig.  8a 

Fig.  88  1-4.  Height,  0.057  m.  Found  southeast  of  Second 
Temple.  Greenish  clay,  with  faded  black  decoration.  On  rim,  rays  with  dots  in  the  vacant  spaces ; 
series  of  alternating  diagonal  lines  (suggestive  of  a  herring-bone  pattern)  on  handle.  On  neck 
ornaments  shaped  like  an  I.  Palmette  scroll  on  shoulder,  with  a  hare  on  the  right  and  some 
other  animal  on  the  left.  Main  frieze :  in  centre  a  bull's  head,  full  front,  with  a  bird  below ; 
to  left  two  lions  :  to  right  lion  and  bull.     Incised  lines  used  on  all  the  figures.     Intact. 

The  style  of  the  drawing  is  so  distinctly  primitive  in  its  character,  that  its  position  as  one  of  the 
earliest  lekythoi  of  Class  III.  seems  certain.  That  the  drawing  is  not  careless  is  proved  by  the 
extremely  careful  execution  of  the  vase.  Stylistically  it  is  closely  allied  to  the  lekythoi  in  Dres- 
den,2  the  British  Museum,^  Boston,*  and  the  collection  of  Herr  von  Radowitz."^ 

Several  features  may  be  noticed.  The  bull  is  distinguished  from  the  other  animals  by  the  shape 
of  the  hoofs  and  the  membmrn.  The  lion  at  the  left  (below  the  handle)  has  his  body  adorned 
with  dotted  circles  and  turns  his  face  to  the  front  as  in  the  Corinthian  style.  This  is  probably 
one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  this  peculiarity,  for  all  the  earlier  lekythoi  show  animals  in  profile. 
The  bull's  head  in  the  centre  is  probably  a  mere  ornament  in  field,  though  apart  from  the  previous 
fragment  I  know  of  no  similar  instance  on  an  Argive  vase.  We  find  it  used  twice  on  the  shields 
of  the  Macmillan  lekythos  *5  as  a  device.  The  other  two  lions  bear  a  general  resemblance  to 
those  on  the  Radowitz  lekythos. 

The  ornament  on  the  shoulder  (3)  shows  the  palmette  scroll  in  its  simplest  form,  but  the  addi- 
tion of  animals,  either  as  ornaments  in  field  or  as  part  of  the  design,  is  new  to  me.    That  the  right- 


Fio.  87. 


'  Cf.  also  Platk  LVI.  7. 

*  Arch.  Anz.  1894,  p.  33,  fig.  37. 

-  Arch.  Zeit.  1883.  pi.  x.  fig.  2. 


*A.J.A.  1900,  p.  454,  pi.  vi. 

»  Arch.  Zeit.  188;{,  p.  161. 

•  J.  H.  S.  XI.  (1890),  pis.  i.  and  ii.  p.  169. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    CLASS   III.,  LEKYTHOI 


U7 


hand  animal  is  a  hare  is  certain,  but  the  identity  of  the  other  is  doubtful.  The  assertion  is 
frequently  made,  but  without  positive  proof,  that  in  vases  of  the  Corinthian  type,  especially  of  ary- 
balloi,  where  two  panthers  are  seen  with  heads  full  front  together  and  bodies  in  profile,  that  one 


panther  only  is  meant,  and  that  by  some  curious  conventionality  of  ideas  both  sides  of  the  animal 
were  to  be  seen  at  the  same  time.  In  the  case  of  our  animals,  two  legs  only  are  given  to  each,  and 
as  the  left  side  of  the  shoulder  of  the  vase  has  suffered  abrasion,  it  is  pos- 
sible  the  animal  there  had  an  ear :  in  that  case  one  hare  was  probably 
intended,  but  split  in  half,  and  each  side  arranged  symmetrically  at 
each  end  of  the  palmette  scroll. 

Fig.  89.  (Drawing  on  Plate  LXIV.  12.)  Height,  0.044  m.  Neck  and 
handle  missing.  Yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  and  reddish  brown  deco- 
ration, very  brilliant.  On  base  of  handle,  traces  of  a  zigzag  with  small 
lozenges  as  ornaments  in  field.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette  ;  on  body,  two 
friezes.  Main  frieze :  panther,  owl,  panther  and  boar.  Dotted  rosettes, 
halved  lozenges,  and  what  may  be  a  scorpion  or  a  lizard,^  as  ornaments  in 
field.  Lower  frieze:  three  dogs  to  right,  with  a  single  dotted  rosette 
separating  two  of  them.  On  base,  rays.    Incised  lines  used  on  all  the  figures. 

In  this  vase  we  have  an  example  of  the  latter  period  of  Class  III.,  but 
there  are  no  striking  features.    The  drawing  is  fair,  especially  good  in  the  case  of  the  boar.     The 

»  As  on  Geometric  vases.     Cf.  Plate  LVII.  24. 


Fig.  89. 


146 


TIIK    VASKS    AND   VASE    FHACnrKNTS 


II 


:ora- 


FiG.  86. 


(dirt'ctly  niuler  hniulliO.     lu  tielil  tive  small  circles  uiul  a  h.     Dec 
tion  worn  away  in  ))Iaces. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  slij^htly  plmnper  than  the  usual  tyiJe, 
which,  eoinbinetl  with  the  ahseiu-e  of  anv  animal  frieze  or  ineiseil 
lines,  may  point  to  this  lekythos  heinj;  one  of  the  earliest  in- 
stances of  Class  III.  In  spite  of  a  certain  reminiscence  of  My- 
cenaean motives,  tlie  palmette  and  ivy  bnincli  are  distinctly 
characteristic  of  the  later  period  of  the  Arji'ive  style.  More 
remarkable  is  the  treatment  of  the  palmette  as  a  sejKirate  motive 
without  any  conncctinj^  stems.  We  usually  find  the  palmette 
condtined  with  others  iu  a  chain  and  confined  to  the  shouUler  hh 
a  j)urely  subordinate  motive. 

Fig.  87.  Fragment  of  hkythos.  Height,  O.O'Mi  m.  Slate-colored  clay,  extremely  fine.  Wing 
almost  as  thin  as  tine  cardboard.  On  shouliler,  dots,  rays,  and  a 
row  of  simi>le  zigzags.  Main  frieze :  fonr-sj>oked  w  heel  and  part 
of  a  circle  with  a  leaf  border  inside.  In  field,  hull's  head  full 
front,  rosette,  dotted  circle,  and  a  human  head  (probably  female) 
iu  profile  to  right.     Incised  lines  on  the  two  heads. 

The  form  of  this  lekythos  is  the  usual  type.  It  is  some- 
what allied  to  the  precedin*;-  lekythos,  in  that  the  nmin  frieze 
does  not  contain  a  series  of  animals,  but  circuhir  nu)tives. 
The  wheel  and  the  circle  are  connuon  themes  on  Geometric 
vases.  The  use  of  the  human  head  also  is  similar  to  that 
on  the  bottom  of  the  ohiochoe  (v.  p.  KU).'  I  know  of  no 
other  similar  instance  on  an  Argive  vase.  For  the  bull's 
head  see  Fig.  8a 

Fig.  88  1-4.  Height,  0.057  m.  Found  southeast  of  Second 
Temple.  Greenish  clay,  with  faded  hlack  ileconvtion.  On  rim,  rays  with  tlots  in  the  vacant  spaces ; 
series  of  alternating  diagonal  lines  ( suggestive  of  a  herring-bone  pattern )  on  handle.  On  neck 
ornaments  shaped  like  an  I.  Palmette  scroll  on  shoulder,  with  a  hare  on  the  right  and  sonie 
other  animal  on  the  left.  Main  frieze  :  in  centre  a  hall's  head,  fall  front,  with  a  bird  below  ; 
to  left  two  lions  :   to  right  lion  and  bull.      Incised  lines  nsed  on  all  the  figures.      Intact. 

The  style  of  the  drawing  is  so  distinctly  primitive  in  its  chanu-ter,  that  its  i)ositiou  as  one  of  the 
earliest  lekythoi  of  Class  111.  seems  certain.  That  the  drawing  is  not  careless  is  i)roved  by  the 
extremely  careful  execution  of  the  vase.  Stylistically  it  is  closely  allied  to  the  lekythoi  in  l^res- 
den,-  the  British  Museum,'  Boston,^  and  the  collection  of  Ilerr  von  Kadowitz.' 

Several  features  may  be  noticed.  The  bull  is  distinguishe<l  from  the  other  animals  by  the  shai>e 
of  the  hoofs  and  the  mnnhrum.  The  lion  at  the  left  (below  the  handle)  has  his  boily  adorned 
with  dotted  circles  and  turns  his  face  to  the  front  as  in  the  Corinthian  style.  This  is  probably 
one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  this  jjeculiarity,  for  all  the  earlier  lekythoi  show  animals  in  profile. 
The  bull's  head  in  the  centre  is  probably  a  mere  ornament  in  fiehl.  though  apart  from  the  previous 
fragment  I  know  of  no  similar  instance  on  an  Argive  vase.  We  find  it  used  twice  on  the  shields 
of  the  Macmillan  lekythos'^  as  a  device.  The  other  two  lions  bear  a  general  resemblance  to 
those  on  the  Radowitz  lekythos. 

The  ornament  on  the  slioulder  (3)  shows  the  palmette  scroll  in  its  simplest  form,  but  the  addi- 
tion of  animals,  either  as  ornaments  in  field  or  as  part  of  the  <lesign,  is  new  to  me.    That  the  right- 


Fio.  87. 


'  Cf.  also  Platk  LVI.  7. 

-  Anh.  A»z.  ISfU,  p.  'X\,  fip.  Wl. 

'  Arch.  Ze'tt.  1883.  pi.  x.  fig.  2. 


*  A.. I.  A.  IIHM).  p.  4.->4,  pi.  vi. 

6  Arch.  Zeit.  188;{,  j..  101. 

«  J.  H.  S.  XI.  (181K)),  pis.  i.  .iiul  ii.  p.  160. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:    CLASS   III.,   LEKYTHOI 


147 


hand  animal  is  a  hare  is  certain,  but  the  identity  of  the  other  is  doubtful.  The  assertion  is 
frequently  made,  but  without  positive  proof,  that  in  vases  of  the  Corinthian  tyiie,  especially  of  ary- 
balloi,  where  two  panthers  are  seen  with  heads  full  front  together  and  bodies  in  profile,  that  one 


l>anther  only  is  n.eant,  and  that  bv  some  curious  conventionality  of  ideas  both  sides  of  the  annual 
were  to  be  seen  at  the  same  time.  In  the  case  of  our  animals,  two  legs  only  are  given  to  each,  and 
as  the  left  side  of  the  shoulder  of  the  vase  has  suffered  abrasion,  it  is  jws- 
sible  the  animal  there  had  an  ear :  in  that  case  one  hare  was  probably 
intended,  but  split  in  half,  and  each  side  arranged  .synunetrically  at 
each  end  of  the  i)almette  scroll. 

Fig.  89.  (Drawing  on  Platk  LXIV.  12.)  Height,  0.044  m.  Neck  and 
handle  missing.  Yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  and  reddish  brown  deco- 
ration, very  brilliant.  On  base  of  handle,  traces  of  a  zigzag  with  small 
lozenges  as  ornaments  in  field.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette  ;  on  body,  two 
friezes.  Main  frieze :  panther,  owl,  panther  and  boar.  Dotted  rosettes, 
halved  lozenges,  and  what  may  be  a  scorpion  or  a  lizard,'  as  ornaments  in 
field.  Lower  frieze:  three  dogs  to  right,  with  a  single  dotted  rosette 
separating  two  of  them.  On  base,  rays.    Incised  lines  used  on  all  the  figures. 

In  this  vase  we  have  an  example  of  the  latter  period  of  Class  III.,  but 
there  are  no  striking  features.    The  drawing  is  fair,  esi>ecially  good  in  the  case  of  the  boar 

»  As  OH  (ieometric  vases.     Cf.  Plate  LVII.  24. 


Fig.  89. 


The 


148 


THE   VASES  AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


I' 


owl  belongs  more  properly  to  the  Coriuthian  style ;  its  presence  here  (^I  do  not  know  of  its  occur- 
rence on  any  other  Argive  vase)  is  a  jwjint  in  favor  of  its  later  origin. 

Plate  LXIV.  9  a  and  b.  Upper  part  of  jug  in  form  of  a  plastic  male  head,  with  the  open- 
ing at  the  back.  Height,  0.036  m.  Dark  reddish  clay,  with  a  pale  yellow  slip,  red  color  applied. 
Hair,  eyes,  and  beard  expressed  by  incised  lines.     Through  the  head  is  a  hole  for  suspension. 

The  type  of  face  resembles  slightly  that  on  the  figures  of  the  Mycenaean  '  warrior '  vase.  At 
the  same  time  the  applied  color,  use  of  incised  lines,  etc.,  show  plainly  that  the  vase  belongs  to  the 
later  Argive  period.  What  the  form  of  the  vase  was  is  uncertain  ;  *  it  may  have  been  similar  to  a 
jug  from  Cyprus  (^Beii.  Cat.  72  :  Baumeister,  Denk.  p.  1951,  fig.  2081).  At  all  events,  it  is  prob- 
ably considerably  earlier  than  the  following  vase. 

Plate  LXIV.  10  a  and  b.  Height,  0.024  m.  ;  diameter,  0.020  m.  Top  of  lekythos.  Greenish 
clay.  Neck  in  form  of  three  plastic  female  heads,  with  long  hair,  colored  black,  red,  and  blue 
respectively.     On  rim  (badly  broken),  three  Iwrtlers  of  rays,  pot-hooks,  and  wave  pattern. 

This  fragment  is  the  most  perfect  of  any  fragments  of  this  ])eriod,  and  it  is  fair  to  assume  that 
the  remainder  of  the  vase  would  vie  with  the  best  specimens  of  tlie  style  in  ytomt  of  execution. 
That  this  fragment  belongs  to  an  Argive  lekythos  seems  probable,  in  view  of  the  ornamentation 
of  the  rim. 

The  making  of  vases  in  'Anthropomorphic'  form  is  no  new  feature  in  (ireek  art,  but  the  in- 
stances of  it  in  the  Argive  style  are  rare.  Somewhat  allied  to  it  is  the  Macmillan  lekythos.  thougli 
the  top  of  that  vase  takes  the  form  of  a  lion's  head.  The  use  of  a  human  head  (generally  a 
female)  on  the  rims  of  skyphoi  or  tops  of  pyxides  of  the  Corinthian  style  is  well  known ;  this 
feature  in  the  Argive  style  must  mark  the  last  stage  of  Class  HI. 

21.  (Plate  LIX.)  Fragment  of  lekythos,  form  a  trifle  moi-e  rounded  than  is  usual.  Light 
greenish  clay,  black  decoration.  Warrior,  head  and  fore  leg  of  horse,  with  a  crossed  lozenge  as 
ornament  in  field. 

This  fragment  is  curious  in  design  and  differs  from  the  usual  treatment.  The  silver  nitula*  in 
Florence,  a  Phoenician  or  Etruscan  work  of  the  latter  part  of  tlie  seventh  century,  presents  a  sim- 
ilarity, which  is  so  strongly  marked  as  to  afford  grounds  for  deriving  both  from  some  common 
influence,  though  what  tliat  influence  was  cannot  be  determined  with  certainty.  The  warrior  on 
<mr  fragment  wears  a  helmet,  shield,  and  sword  quite  in  the  manner  of  his  fellow  on  the  situla. 
The  arrangement  of  the  bridle  is  curious,  and  I  have  l)een  unable  to  find  any  analogous  instance. 
The  shield  device  is  paralleletl  by  some  of  our  Geometric  gems,  and  may  point  to  our  fragment  as 
belonging  to  the  elder  jieriod  of  Class  III. 

The  vases  just  considered  are  tlie  best  examples  of  the  lekythoi  belonjringr  to  Class  III. 
that  the  Heraeum  yielded.  The  other  vases  and  fragments  did  not  differ  materially  from 
the  types  already  discussed.  Several  of  the  lekythoi  partially  whole  showed  a  double 
frieze  of  animals  on  the  body,  though  a  few  fragments  showed  the  animal  frieze  on  the 
shoulder  as  well.  One  fragment  had  a  broad  border  on  the  body  left  in  the  natural 
color  of  the  clay,  with  a  pomegranate  chain  on  the  shoulder  somewhat  after  the  Cyrenaic 
style.  Several  fragments  showed  the  heads  of  sphinxes,  a  creature  not  as  usual  in  the 
Argive  style  as  in  the  Corinthian.  As  a  whole  these  lekythoi  are  not  superior  to  the 
types  fouud  iu  other  parts  of  Greece. 


Oinochoai. 

The  fragments  of  oinochoai  were  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  lekythoi,  but  the 
number  of  oinochoai  preserved  whole  or  partially  was  small.    The  technique  is  rather  more 


1  A  head  somewhat  similar  may  be  found  on  a  Ring- 
form  Aryballos  in  Dresden  (Arch.  An:.  1862,  p.  162,  No. 
25).     Although  belonging  to  the  same  period  as  our  frag- 


ment, it  is  fairly  certain  that  ours  did  not  belong  to  a  ves- 
sel of  similar  shape. 

-  Amelung.  Fiihrer  druch  die  Antiken  in  Florenz,p.  190, 
No.  221 ;  Ingherami,  Mon.  Etr.  ill.  pU.  xix.,  xt. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:   LEKYTHOI 


149 


advanced,  some  of  the  fragments  being  unexcelled  by  any  Argive  vase  in  point  of  deli- 
cacy and  freedom  of  execution. 
Two  types  may  be  observed. 

1.  Exactly  similar  to  Tyi)e  1  on  p.  128. 

2.  The  Italo-Corinthian  form  (Wilisch,  pi.  ii.  16). 

Type  1  consisted  mainly  of  small  vases,  which  were  fairly  well  preserved,  several  vases 
behig  more  or  less  intact ;  of  Type  2  nothing  but  scattered  fragments  were  fouud,  and  in 
no  case  could  any  vase  be  reconstructed.  The  shape  of  such  fragments  was  the  only 
<ruide  in  determining  their  form. 

Type  1. 

Two  varieties  of  decoration  are  to  be  seen. 

a.  Upper  part  of  body  adorned  with  an  animal  frieze,  the  lower  containing  the  usual  line  deco- 
ration. 

b.  liody  of  vase  entirely  occupied  by  the  animal  frieze. 


Fragments  of  this  type  were  not  very  common.  The  simplest  form  corresponds  in 
decoration  to  the  lekythos  on  p.  127  (Fig.  55),  having  a  frieze  of  animals  (usually  dogs) 
of  the  plainest  description,  without  incised  lines  and  with  no  ornaments  in  field  except 
occasionally  a  dotted  rosette.  Some  fragments  showed  two  friezes  on  the  body.  Where 
the  single  frieze  occurred,  the  lower  part  of  the  body  was  encircled  by  the  usual  parallel 
bands, ''or  with  a  ray  pattern  on  the  base  separated  from  the  animal  frieze  by  a  checkered 

border  or  row  of  zigzags.  •       i      rpi  • 

As  a  transitional  type  between  a  and  b,  a  small  oinochoe  may  be  mentioned.  Ihis  was 
G3  mm.  in  height,  of  greenish  clav,  and  had  around  the  base  a  frieze  of  birds  with  nu- 
merous  ornaments  in  field  (slightly  more  advanced  than  the  Geometric  type),  the  upper 
mrt  of  the  body  and  neck  covered  Nvith  zigzags  and  ixirallel  lines,  all  the  decoration 
being  very  much  faded.  Two  similar  insfcinces  are  at  Syracuse  (Cases  IV.  and  VII.; 
provenience  not  stated),  both  with  faded  decoration  ;  that  in  Case  IV.  showed  tmces  of 
applied  dark  red  color. 

22.  Fragment  of  body  of  oinochoe.  Reddish  clay.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette,  purple  applied  to 
the  alternate  petals.  Main  frieze :  panther  (head  full  front,  body  in  profile)  and  sphmx  to  right 
(and  part  of  another  panther).  In  field,  rosettes,  crosses,  etc.  On  base,  rays.  Dark  red  color  is 
applied  freely  to  the  figures  and  incisetl  lines  used.  Several  other  fragments  very  similar  to  this 
were  found,  most  of  them  belonging  to  the  base  and  exhibiting  the  ray  pattern,  with  here  and  there 
a  part  of  the  frieze  showing  the  foot  of  some  animal. 

23  Fra-ment  of  body  of  oinochoe.  Greenish  clay.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette,  with  alternate 
iietals  in  applied  purple.'  Main  frieze:  panther  and  sphinx  to  right  fax^ing  another  sphinx  whose 
fore  paws  only  are  still  visible.  Rosettes,  rhomboids,  circles,  etc.,  as  ornaments  in  field.  Around 
base   row  of  dots.     Dark  re<l  color  and  incised  lines  used  freely  on  all  the  figures. 

A'few  fragments  of  necks  were  found  which  showed  traces  of  an  animal  frieze,  in  addition  to  the 

usual  Geometric  designs. 

Type  2. 

It  is  to  be  reoretted  that  this  class,  which  contains  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  tlie 
Argive  style,  should  be  represented  only  by  scattered  fragments.  It  may  easily  be  seen 
that  such  fragments  as  are  here  presented  stand  in  a  close  relation  to  the  Corinthian  style, 
but  are  vastly  better  in  technique. 


II 


150 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


«' 


Only  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  here  i)reseuted,  the  others  showing  merely  parts  of 
legs,  Arms,  ornaments  in  field,  etc.  A  few  fr.igments  seemed  to  belong  to  an  older  type 
in  that  the  body  of  the  vase  was  taken  up  by  two,  sometimes  three  friezes,  without 
incised  lines.  These  were  distinctly  inferior  in  technique  and  includetl  figures  of  sirens 
as  well  as  sphinxes  and  panthers.  Dark  red  color  was  applied  but  sparingly.  Ornaments 
in  field  were  not  very  numerous,  though  one  fragment  showed  the  entire  background 
covered  with  small  dots. 

The  size  of  the  vases  to  which  these  fragments  belong  cannot  be  estimated. 

24  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Yellowish  clay  with  a  reddish  tinge,  lustrous  black 
decoration.  On  base  rays,  and  above  an  animal  frieze.  On  a  rear  part  of  horse  and  goat  back  to 
back ;  on  b  a  goat  to  right.  Technique  excellent,  with  free  use  of  incised  lines ;  no  ornaments  in 
field. 

25  a-e.  Five  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Yellow  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decoration.  Ray  pat- 
tern on  base,  with  a  narrow  rosette  bortler  above,  separating  it  from  two  friezes  of  animals  and  men, 
with  rosettes  in  field.  Incised  lines  freely  usetl  and  dark  red  (now  turned  brown)  applied  to  the 
figures.     Technique  excellent. 

How  the  friezes  were  represented  is  difficult  to  say :  a  and  b  show  a  warrior  to  right  holding  a 
sword  in  his  right  hand,  a  spear  in  his  left  hand,  and  c  the  head  of  some  animal  ( perhai)s  a  deer) 
below  and  the  legs  of  another  above.  Perhaps  a  hunt  of  some  sort  may  have  been  rejiresented. 
Whether  the  bird  on  e  formed  part  of  another  frieze  or  is  merely  an  ornament  in  field  is  difiicult 
to  say.  the  latter  supposition  seems  more  probable.  Tliat  a  and  b  belong  to  the  same  figure  seems 
probable,  though  certainty  is  impossible,  there  being  no  point  of  contact  between  the  two  frag- 
ments. 

Plate  LX  V.  2  a-c.  Three  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Greenish  clay.  Free  use  of  incised  lines 
and  dark  red  color  applied  freely. 

a.  Lower  part  of  fragment  is  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  on  which  are  five  parallel  lines,  two  of 
yellow  inclosing  three  of  red.  Above,  on  a  whitish  yellow  ground  (left  white  in  the  plate),  the  body 
and  legs  of  a  panther  to  left  and  the  muzzle  and  fore  leg  of  a  deer,  the  figures  being  drawn  in  black. 

b.  From  same  frieze.  Head  and  shoulders  of  a  stag  feeding  to  left,*  with  traoes  of  a  rosette 
(alternate  dots  in  red)  in  field. 

c.  Above,  in  whitish  yellow  on  a  black  ground,  fore  legs  and  part  of  hind  paw  of  a  panther  to 
left.  Below,  on  a  whitish  yellow  ground,  head  of  panther  to  right  and  rosettes  in  field.  Red  on 
rosettes  and  panther's  head. 

The  true  arrangement  of  these  fragments  is  doubtful ;  it  seems  probable  that  the  base  of  the 
oinochoe  (represented  by  a )  was  covered  entirely  with  a  black  glaze,  with  two  friezes  above,  the 
lower  white,  the  upper  black,  and  that  the  rest  of  the  surface  was  entirely  covered  by  a  black 
glaze.     The  legs  of  the  panther  on  c  are  in  the  same  color  as  the  white  ground  of  the  vase. 

These  fragments,  which  are  extremely  fine  in  their  execution,  differ  materially  from  other  vases 
of  the  Argive  or  Corinthian  style  in  the  employment  of  two  distinct  backgrounds  on  the  same 
vase,  and  suggests  in  a  way  the  employment  of  two  separate  technical  methods,  such  as  we  might 
expect  to  find  in  Asia  Minor,  and  do  find  on  sarcophagi  from  Clazomenae.  In  spite  of  the 
resemblance  of  an  Aeolian  oinochoe^  to  our  vase,  distinct  technical  differences  exist.  The  white 
panther  on  the  black  ground  is  not  drawn  in  incisetl  lines  (which  are  usetl  to  express  details  only), 
but  the  white  paint  has  been  applied  over  the  hlack  glaze,  probably  after  the  fii-st  firing.  In  that 
case  the  whole  surface  of  the  vase  received  its  black  glaze  and  black  figures  first,  with  the  later 
addition  of  white  figures  painted  on  the  black.  It  recalls  in  a  measure  that  class  of  vases  which 
combine  both  the  black  and  red  figure  technique,  where  one  figure  is  drawn  in  an  incised  outline 
and  another  painted  in  white  with  incised  lines  used  to  express  details.  But  any  actual  connection 
between  such  vases  and  our  fragments  is  not  to  be  thought  of     Also  in  spite  of  the  very  unusual 


*  This  is  one  of  the   commonest   motives   in  archaic 
vase  painting.    Cf.  B.  C.  H.  XXII.  (1898),  p.  441. 


2  Boehlau,  op.  cU.  p.  09,  fig.  48. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:   SKYPHOI 


151 


technique  shown  by  our  fragments,  the  style  of  drawing  is  so  unmistakably  Argive  that  no  doubts 
can  be  aroused  against  their  position  in  Class  III. 

As  these  were  the  only  fragments  found  which  show  this  peculiar  double  technique, 
speculation  as  to  the  influence  which  produced  them  seems  futile.  I  should  feel  inclined 
to  follow  Boehlau's  lead  in  supposing  that  the  Aeolian  ware  was  responsible,  seeing  that 
the  relation  between  that  and  the  Argive  Class  III.  is  very  close.  Whether  any  Rho- 
dian  influence  (cf.  J.  II.  S.  VI.  [18a5],  p.  184)  was  here  at  work  is  extremely  doubtful. 

Sk'i/phoi. 
Fragments  and  vases  of  this  form  were  the  most  numerous  in  Class  III.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  fragments  belong  to  large  vases  and  show  a  style  fairly  advanced.  Being 
more  fragile  than  lekythoi,  very  few  specimens  were  recovered  unbroken.  The  form  of 
the  skyphos  is  the  same  throughout,  the  only  variation  being  in  the  size  of  the  vase.  As 
in  the  case  of  the  shajies  just  discussed,  many  fragments  show  an  entire  lack  of  incised 
lines  and  probably  belong  to  an  older  class.  The  greater  number,  however,  have  incised 
lines,  with  pui-ple,  yellow,  and  red  color  freely  applied.  As  a  rule  the  bases  are  orna- 
mented with  a  ray  pattern,  or  parallel  bands,  the  rest  of  the  body  being  occupied  by  the 

main  frieze  of  animals. 

The  rim  is  usually  bordered  by  a  Geometric  pattern  of  some  sort,  occasionally  by  a 
second  frieze  of  animals,  narrower  tlian  the  main  frieze.  The  interior  is  always  glazed 
red  or  black. 

26.  (Plate  LIX.)  Greenish  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior,  nearly  worn  off.  Ray  pattern 
on  base  and  frieze  of  sirens;  separated  by  a  checkered  band,  what  appears  to  be  a  second  narrower 

frieze  as  a  rim  border.  j      •      i 

27.  (Plate  LIX.)    Greenish  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  interior.    Rays  on  base  and  animal 

frieze  (cow).     Cross  as  ornament  in  field. 

This  fragment  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  fact  that  it  is  the  only  fragment  found  at  the 
Heraeum  on  which  a  cow  is  represented;  this,  in  view  of  the  close  mythological  connection 
between  the  animal  and  the  goddess  Hera,  is  i-ather  surprising. 

Fig.  90.     Height,  0.047  m. ;  diameter,  O.OCG  m.     Upper  pai-t  with  handles  restored.     Reddish 

yellow  clay,  with  flaky  black  glaze  on  interior,  decoration  in 
dark  brown.  Frieze  around  base  of  panther  and  three  other 
animals  (perhaps  deer)  upside  down.     Poor  execution. 

It  is  probable  that  two  friezes  were  represented.     For  dis- 
cussion of  the  inverted  frieze,  v.  Pig.  91. 

The  fragments  just  discussed  probably  belong  to  the 
eariier  period.  Fig.  90  is  certainly  very  much  akin  to 
the  lekythoi  on  p.  127,  and  may  mark  the  transition 
stage   between    skyphoi   of  Classes  II.  and  III.      The 

other  fragments,  which  were  quite  numerous,  do  not  dif-  

fer  materiafly  from  the  usual  types.  The  drawing  of  the 
animals  was  distinctly  poor;  dogs  and  panthers  were 
chiefly  represented. 

Fig.  91.  Height,  0.057  m. ;  diameter,  0.061  m.  From  Old 
Temple  Terrace.  Yellowish  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  in- 
terior, decoration  in  black  and  red.  Main  frieze  (upside  down) 
on  base ;  three  figures,  man  shooting  an  arrow  at  a  deer  to  left, 

behind  the  man  a  lion  with  open  mouth.     Separated  by  a  broa*l  band  is  a  narrow  border  on  the 
rim  with  two  vertical  dashes  on  each  side.     Figures  in  dark  red,  incised  lines  used. 


Fig.  90. 


Fig.  91. 


'♦ 


150 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE    FHACIMEXTS 


Only  a  few  of  the  frasyments  are  lieiv  i)resented,  the  others  showing  merely  parts  of 
leos,  arms,  ornaments  in  field,  etc.  A  few  fraj^ments  seemed  to  helon*,^  to  an  older  type 
in  that  the  body  of  the  vase  was  taken  up  by  two,  sometimes  three  friezes,  without 
incised  lines.  These  were  distinctly  inferior  in  techni<|ue  and  included  figures  of  sirens 
as  well  as  sphinxes  and  i)anthers.  Dark  red  color  was  applied  but  sparingly.  Ornaments 
in  field  were  not  very  numerous,  though  one  fragment  showed  the  entire  backgi-ound 
covered  with  small  dots. 

The  size  of  the  vases  to  which  these  fragments  belong  caunot  be  estimated. 

24  a  aiul  b.  Two  fragments  of  an  oinochoo.  Yellowish  clay  with  a  reiUlish  tinge,  lustrous  black 
decoration.  On  base  rays,  and  above  an  animal  frieze.  On  a  rear  part  of  liorse  ami  goat  back  to 
back;  ou  b  a  ffoat  to  riirlit.  Tecluuciue  excellent,  with  free  use  of  incised  lines:  no  ornaments  in 
field. 

25  a-e.  Five  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Yellow  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decoration.  Kay  i)at- 
teru  on  base,  with  a  narrow  rosette  bonier  alwive,  separating  it  from  two  friezes  of  animals  and  men, 
with  rosettes  in  field.  Incised  lines  freely  used  and  dark  red  (now  tiu-neil  brown )  applied  to  the 
figures.     Technique  excellent. 

How  the  friezes  were  rej>resented  is  difficult  to  say :  a  and  b  show  a  warrior  to  right  holding  a 
sword  in  his  right  hand,  a  spear  in  his  left  hand,  an«l  C  the  head  of  some  aninml  ( jK-rhaps  a  deer ) 
below  and  the  legs  of  another  above.  Perhaps  a  hunt  of  some  sort  may  have  In'en  represented. 
Whether  the  bird  on  e  formed  part  of  another  frieze  or  is  merely  an  ornament  in  field  is  difficult 
to  say.  the  latter  sup^wsition  seems  more  probable.  That  a  and  b  belong  to  the  same  figure  seems 
probable,  though  certainty  is  im|K)ssible,  there  l)eiug  no  point  of  contact  between  the  two  frag- 
ments. 

Platk  LXV.  2  a-C.  Three  frajrments  of  an  »»inochoe.  Greenish  clav.  Free  use  of  incised  lines 
autl  dark  red  color  applied  freely. 

a.  Lower  part  of  fragment  is  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  on  which  are  five  parallel  lines,  two  of 
yellow  inclosing  three  of  red.  Above,  on  a  whitish  yellow  ground  (left  white  in  the  plate ).  the  hotly 
and  legs  of  a  panther  to  left  and  the  nnizzle  and  fore  leg  of  a  deer,  the  figures  being  ilrawn  in  black. 

b.  From  same  frieze.  Head  and  shouldei-s  of  a  stag  feeding  to  left,'  with  traces  of  a  rosette 
(alternate  dots  in  red )  in  field. 

c.  Above,  in  whitish  yellow  on  a  black  ground,  fore  legs  and  part  of  hind  paw  of  a  i)antlier  to 
left.  Below,  on  a  whitish  yellow  ground,  head  of  panther  to  right  and  rosettes  in  field.  Ked  on 
rosettes  and  panther's  head. 

The  true  arrangement  of  these  fragments  is  doubtful :  it  seems  probable  that  the  base  of  the 
oinochoe  ( rei)resented  by  a)  was  covered  entirely  with  a  black  glaze,  with  two  friezes  above,  the 
lower  white,  the  npper  black,  and  that  the  rest  of  the  surface  was  entirely  covered  by  a  black 
glaze.     The  legs  of  the  ])anther  i)n  c  are  in  the  same  color  as  the  white  ground  of  the  vase. 

These  fragments,  which  are  extremelv  fine  in  their  execution,  differ  materiallv  from  other  vases 
of  the  Argive  or  Corinthian  style  in  the  employment  of  two  distinct  backgi-ounds  on  the  same 
vase,  and  suggests  in  a  way  the  employment  of  two  separate  technical  methods,  such  as  we  might 
exiHJct  to  find  in  Asia  Minor,  and  do  find  on  san-ophagi  from  Clazomenae.  In  spite  of  the 
resemblance  of  an  Aeolian  oinochoe-  to  our  vase,  distinct  technical  differences  exist.  The  white 
panther  on  the  blaek  ground  is  not  drawn  in  ineised  lines  (which  are  used  to  oxpi-ess  details  only), 
but  the  white  paint  has  been  apjdied  over  the  black  glaze,  probably  after  the  fii-st  firing.  In  that 
«'ase  the  whole  surface  of  the  vase  received  its  black  glaze  and  black  figures  first,  with  the  later 
addition  of  white  figures  ])ainted  on  the  black.  It  recalls  in  a  measure  that  class  of  vases  which 
combine  both  the  black  and  red  figure  techni(pie,  where  one  figure  is  drawn  in  an  incised  outline 
and  another  painted  in  white  with  incised  lines  use<l  to  express  details.  But  any  actual  connection 
between  such  vases  and  our  fragments  is  not  to  be  thought  of.     Also  in  spite  (►f  the  very  unusual 


'  This   is  one   of    the    «-oiiiinonest    motives    in   archaic 
vase  painting.     Cf.  li.  C.  H.  XXII.  (1898),  p.  441. 


'■'  Boehlaii,  «»/>.  lit.  p.  U9,  fig.  48. 


THE   AR(iIVE   STYLE:   SKYPHOI 


151 


techniipie  shown  by  our  fragments,  the  style  of  drawing  is  so  unmistakably  Argive  that  no  doubts 
can  be  ai-oused  against  their  jMJsition  in  Class  III. 

As  these  were  the  only  fragments  found  which  show  this  i)eculiar  double  techni(jue, 
speculation  as  to  the  influence  which  produced  them  seems  futile.  I  should  feel  inclined 
to  follow  Boehlau's  lead  in  sui)posiug  that  the  Aeolian  ware  was  responsible,  seeing  that 
the  relation  between  that  and  the  Argive  Chiss  III.  is  very  close.  Whether  any  Rho- 
diiin  iuHuence  (cf.  J.  11.  S.  VI.  [188.5],  p.  184)  was  here  at  work  is  extremely  doubtful. 

JSl't/phoi. 
Fra'^-ments  and  vases  of  this  form  were  the  most  numerous  in  Class  III.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  fragments  belong  to  hirge  vases  and  show  a  style  fairly  advanced.  Being 
more  fragile  than  lekythoi,  very  few  specimens  were  recovered  uid)roken.  The  form  of 
the  skyphos  is  the  same  throughout,  the  only  variation  being  in  the  size  of  the  vase.  As 
in  the  case  of  the  shapes  just  discussed,  many  fragments  show  an  entire  lack  of  incised 
lines  and  pnd)ably  belong  to  an  older  class.  The  greater  number,  however,  have  incised 
lines,  with  purple,  yellow,  and  red  e(dor  freely  applied.  As  a  rule  the  bases  are  orna- 
mented with  a  ray  pattern,  or  luirallel  bands,  the  rest  of  the  body  being  occupied  by  the 

injiin  frieze  of  animals. 

The  rim  is  usually  bordered  by  a  Geometric  pattern  of  some  sort,  occasionally  by  a 
secoiul  frieze  of  animals,  narrower  than  the  main  frieze.  The  interior  is  always  glazed 
red  or  black. 

26.  (  Platk  LIX.>  (h-eenish  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior,  nearly  worn  off.  Kay  pattern 
on  base  and  frieze  of  sirens:  separatt-d  by  a  checkered  band,  what  appears  to  be  a  second  narrower 

frieze  as  a  rim  Iwirder. 

27.  (Pl.vtk  LIX.  )    Greenish  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  interior.    Rays  on  base  and  annual 

frieze  (cow ).     Cross  as  ornament  in  field. 

This  fragment  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  fact  that  it  is  the  only  fragment  found  at  the 
Heraeum  on  which  a  cow  is  represented:  this,  in  view  of  the  close  mythological  connection 
between  the  animal  and  the  godtless  Hera,  is  r:ither  surprising. 

Pig.  90.     Height,  0.047  ra.;  diameti-r,  O.OGO  m.     Upi)er  part  with  handles  restored.     Reddish 

yeUow  clay,  with  flsiky  black  glaze  on  interior,  decoration  in 
dark  brown.  Frieze  around  base  of  panther  and  three  other 
animals  (i)erhaps  deer)  upside  down.     Poor  execution. 

It  is  jn-obable  that  two  friezes  were  represented.     For  dis- 
cussion of  the  inverted  frieze,  v.  Fig.  91. 

The  fragments  just  discussed  probably  belong  to  the 
earlier  period.  Fig.  90  is  certainly  very  much  akin  to 
the  lekythoi  on  p.  127,  aiul  may  mark  the  transition 
stage    between    skyphoi    of  Classes   II.   and  III.      The 

other  fragments,  which  were  quite  numerous,  do  not  dif-  , 

fer  materially  from  the  usual  types.  The  drawing  of  the 
animals  was  distinctly  poor;  dogs  and  panthers  were 
chiefly  represented. 

Fig.  91.  Height,  0.0.57  m. ;  diameter.  O.OCl  m.  From  Old 
Temide  Terrace.  Yellowish  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  in- 
terior, decoration  in  black  and  ml.  Main  frieze  (upside  down) 
on  base :  three  figures,  man  shooting  an  arrow  at  a  deer  to  left, 

Whind  the  man  a  Hon  with  oi>en  mouth.     Separated  by  a  broad  band  is  a  narrow  border  on  the 
rim  with  two  vertical  dashes  on  each  side.     Figures  in  dark  red,  incised  lines  used. 


Fio.  90. 


Fig.  91. 


152 


THE   VASKS    AND   VASE   FKAGMENTS 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:   PYXIDES   AND  JUGS 


153 


Fig.  91  forms  a  companion  piece  to  Fig.  90  save  for  the  use  of  incised  lines.  Thronph  its  ))rimi- 
tive  execution  it  probably  belongs  to  the  early  perio<l  of  Class  III.  But  the  chief  i)eculiarity  of 
the  two  vases  lies  in  the  subject  being  drawn  upside  down. 

This  peculiarity  is  extremely  rare  in  vase  painting.  We  have  already  seen  it  in  the 
case  of  the  Mycenaean  jug,  Fig.  20,  making  three  from  the  Heraeum.  I  have  heen  aide 
to  find  but  one  similar  instance  anywhere  else,  a  small  skyphos  at  Syracuse  {Ann.  dell* 
Inst.  1877,  tav.  d  'agg-  C  D  -1,  p.  47,  No.  13),  on  which  is  a  frieze  of  water  birds,  the 
subject  being  inverted  in  the  same  manner.  What  the  object  was  in  doing  this  is 
decidedly  obscure ;  it  can  hardly  have  been  accidental. 

Several  vases  of  the  type  found  at  Syracuse  {Not.  d.  Scac.  1893,  p.  457,  right-hand 
figure)  were  represented  either  whole  or  in  fragments,  their  execution  being  decidedly 
hasty.  Several  fragments  were  found  where  two  friezes  were  represented,  separated  by  a 
checkered  band,  while  a  large  number  belonged  to  very  small  skyphoi  with  a  single  frieze 
and  a  border  of  zigzags  along  the  rim. 

The  fragments  of  skyphoi  which  belong  to  the  best  period  of  Class  III.  are  rather 
larger  in  size  than  those  just  described.     All  employ  the  incised  line. 

PLATE    LIX. 

28.  Fragment  of  large  skyphos  of  dark  red  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Dark 
brown  decoration.     On  base,  i*ays  :  above,  frieze  of  animals  (panther). 

This  fragment,  though  inferior  in  technique,  bears  a  close  relation  to  the  skyphos  from  Aegina 
(Pallat,  lot:  cit.  pi.  vii. ).  The  drawing  of  the  panther,  however,  is  firm  and  decided,  if  conventional. 
The  field  is  divided  by  an  arrangement  of  vertical  lines,  curved  and  straight,  similar  to  that  found 
on  the  neck  of  an  oinochoe  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  /(X-.  cit.  p.  271,  fig.  fi). 

29.  Fragment  of  a  large  skyphos,  of  which  several  other  fragments  were  found.  Reddish  clay, 
with  black  glaze  burnt  red  in  parts,  on  interior.  Main  frieze :  head  of  ])anther  and  hind  ({uarter  of 
horse  to  right.  Double  lozenge  in  field.  Above,  smaller  frieze  as  a  rim  border,  dog  to  left ;  field 
divided  by  a  Geometric  triangle  scheme. 

Although  no  fragments  of  the  base  were  found,  it  seems  probable  that  the  base  had  the  usual 
decoration  of  rays,  with  the  main  frieze  directly  above  them.  Several  dozen  fragments  belonging 
to  equally  large  skyphoi  were  found. 

30  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  large  skyphos.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black 
glaze  on  interior :  also  on  interior,  just  below  rim,  thi-ee  stri])es  in  applied  color,  the  upi>er  two  white, 
the  lower  red.  Exterior :  on  rim,  border  of  water  birds  with  sigmas  in  field.  Main  frieze : 
a,  wings,  head,  and  hind  quarters  of  a  gryphon :  b,  rear  part  of  a  bird  or  a  siren,  with  the  back  of 
a  crouching  sphinx.  Below,  upper  part  of  an  animal  l>eIonging  to  a  second  frieze.  Red  is  applied 
freely  on  all  the  figures.  Rosettes,  sigmas,  etc.,  as  ornaments  in  field.  Several  other  smaller  frag- 
ments were  found. 

That  three  friezes  were  represented  on  this  skyphos  is  evident,  though  their  arrangement  cannot 
be  discovered.  One  fragment  showed  the  back  of  a  boar  and  another  a  helmet  with  a  flying  birtl 
over  it.  Whether  a  boar  hunt  was  representeil  is  doubtful ;  probably  both  the  main  friezes  were 
occupied  by  the  usual  series  of  aniouds,  sphinxes,  gryphons,  etc.,  a  male  figure  (with  a  helmet) 
being  introduced  among  them.* 

The  style  of  the  fragments  represents  the  best  period  of  the  Argive  ware.  The  border  of  water 
birds,  so  common  in  the  earlier  period,  is  here  treated  very  freely  and  as  carefully  as  the  main 
friezes. 

A  dozen  other  fragments,  from  as  many  different  vases,  were  found,  which  were  very 
similar  in  technique  to  30. 

31.  Fragment  of  skyphos.     Yellow  clay,  with  bright  re<l  decoration.     On  interior  black  glaze, 
^  lu  similar  fasbiou  tu  the  Argive  lekythos  ia  Boston,  A.  J.  A,  1900,  pi.  t. 


burnt  red  in  parts.    On  base,  ray  pattern.    Above,  two  friezes.     Lower  frieze,  dog  to  right ;  upper 
frieze,  panther  to  left.     Reversed  sigma  in  field.     Red  applied  on  dog's  shoulder  and  belly  of 

panther. 

32.  Fragment  of  small  skyphos  of  coarse  dark  red  clay.  Rays  on  base  and  frieze  above,  part 
of  goat  and  tail  of  a  bird  or  siren.     Free  use  of  incised  lines. 

Several  other  fragments  of  this  particular  skyphos  were  found,  showing  that  one  frieze  only  was 
represented.  The  style  of  this  fragment  is  most  distinctly  transitional  from  the  Argive  to  the 
Corinthian,  and  is  similar  to  a  fragment  found  at  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  319,  fig.  37).  This 
pro-Corinthian  tyjw  was  common  at  the  Heraeum,  fragments  of  this  kind  filling  half  a  basket. 
Most  of  the  fragments  belonged  to  bases,  and  were  of  a  grayish  or  greenish  clay,  with  a  pattern  of 
fine  rays  on  the  base  and  a  frieze  above ;  the  technique  was  extremely  poor. 

Platk  LXV.  3.  Fragment  of  small  skyphos.  Fine  greenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on 
interior  almost  entirely  obliterated.     Ileatls  of  two  lions  facing  each  other,  drawn  in  black  and 

red  lines. 

This  fragment  for  fineness  and  delicacy  of  execution  is  equaled  only  by  the  best  Attic  red-figure 
work.  The  lines  of  the  figures  stand  out  from  the  surface  of  the  clay  as  in  Attic  work,  but  the 
style  and  the  use  of  the  red  line  are  most  distinctly  un- Attic ;  in  fact,  we  have  here  a  fragment  of 
the  Argive  style  in  its  most  advanced  stjige  and  far  superior  to  any  Corinthian  work.  No  other 
fragme'iit  belonging  to  this  vase  was  found,  and  its  shape  is  only  established  by  the  presence  of  a 
glaze  on  the  back.  Although  this  would  argue  also  for  a  pyxis,  the  slight  upward  curve  of  the 
fragment  makes  a  skyphos  more  probable. 

Pyxides. 

Except  for  the  covers,  practically  none  of  these  vases  were  found.  One  fragment  of 
a  pyxis  showed  two  goats  facing  each  other,  but  the  lack  of  ornaments  in  field  as  well 
as  the  style  woidd  seem  to  assign  it  to  the  later  period  of  Class  II.  The  large  pyxis  on 
p.  137  may  well  be  a  transitional  tyjie  from  Class  II.  to  Class  III. 

The  same  proportion  between  the  pyxides  and  their  covers,  which  we  have  already 
mentioned,  held  good  in  the  case  of  Ckss  III.,  as  the  covers  were  quite  numerous,  while 
luirdly  any  pyxides  themselves  were  found.  The  subject  on  all  was  the  same,  a  frieze 
of  animals  on  the  outside,  with  or  without  ornaments  in  field,  and  rays  radiating  from 
the  centre.     The  two  best  examples  are  given  below. 

33.  Fragment  of  cover.  Polished  yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  In  centre,  rays ; 
animal  frieze,  panther  and  part  of  another  to  right.     Careful  drawing,  free  use  of  incised  lines. 

34.  Yellowish  clay.  In  centre,  rays;  animal  frieze,  panther  to  left  with  rosettes  in  field. 
Checkered  boi-der.  Decoration  in  black  with  red  applied  to  panther's  neck  and  belly.  Incised 
lines  freely  used. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  drawing.  It  is  worth  noting,  as  a  curious  fact, 
tliat  the  left-hand  part  of  the  fragment  was  picked  up  at  the  Heraeum  by  Dr.  Olcott  of 
the  American  School  at  Rome,  in  the  spring  of  1898,  three  years  after  the  completion 
of  the  excavation,  and  on  being  brought  to  Athens  was  found  to  fit  with  a  fragment 
excavated  four  years  before. 

A  small  cover  was  found  with  a  single  zone  of  figures  precisely  similar  to  those  on  an 
aryballos  from  Orchomenos  {B,  C.  H.  XIX.  [1895],  p.  196,  fig.  18). 

J%igs  (^Kannen). 

Whether  the  following  fragments  are  to  be  included  under  this  head  is  doubtfid,  but 

as  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  ckss  them  as  lekythoi  or  oinochoai,  the  jug  seems  the 

only  possible  form.     It  is  probable  that  the  form  of  Plate  LXVI.  3  corresponds  more 

closely  to  jugs  of  the  Phaleron  type,  and  if  a  trefoil  lip  be  assumed,  it  should  by  rights 


t!1 


154 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


be  classed  anion jif  the  oinochoai.     No  trace,  however,  of  a  neck  was  found,  so  tliat  the 
point  must  remain  doubtful. 

Platk  LXVI.  a  Two  fragments  from  one-handled  jug.  similar  in  fonn,  ))erhai)s,  to  one 
fronj  Megara  Ilyblaea  (J/ow.  Ant.  I.  p.  811).  Dark  brownish  yellow  clay,  with  fine  [xdished  sur- 
face. Decoration  from  black  to  reddish  brown.  On  base,  rays.  Main  frieze :  two  sphinxes  (back 
of  head  and  fore  legs  of  right-hand  figure,  lower  legs  of  left-hand  figure  missing)  facing  «'aeh 
other,  with  an  ehiborate  scroll  pattern  between  them.  On  the  left,  tail  of  an  animal  ( probably  a 
goat ) :  and  on  the  right,  botly  and  legs  of  another  goat.  Crosses  and  rosettes  as  ornaments  in  field. 
On  shoulder,  rays  (of  interlacing  lines)  alternating  with  ]K>t-hooks.  Incised  lines  freely  used,  and 
the  wings  of  the  sphinxes  ai-e  treated  alternately  in  black  and  natural  clay  divisions,  the  latter 
oi-namented  with  dots :  the  leaves  of  the  palmette  scroll  are  treated  in  similar  fashion.  The  glaze 
on  the  body  of  the  right-hand  animal  and  on  the  right  hind  leg  of  the  right-hand  sphinx  is  badly 
worn. 

A  certain  similarity  may  be  found  on  a  fragment  froni  Athens,'  which  is  certainly  not  Early 
Attic  and  is  declared  by  Perniee  to  be  Boeotian.  There  two  friezes  of  figures  are  rejiresentetl, 
s[)hinxes  above  and  deer  below.  The  figures  show  a  very  elementary  use  of  the  incised  line  and 
are  distinctly  more  primitive  in  treatment  than  the  figures  on  our  fragment. 

In  spite  of  an  apparent  siutilarity,  the  styles  of  the  two  fragments  differ  considerably.  That  our 
fragments  are  distinctly  Argive  1  see  no  reason  to  doubt.  The  drawing  is  precisely  the  same  as 
that  already  seen  on  our  best  fragments,  and  the  use  of  the  incised  lines  shows  a  very  advanced 
technical  skill.  The  ornaments  in  the  field  are  treated  elaborately,  but  are  i-elegated  to  a  very 
minor  position  (except  the  palmette  scroll ). 

The  treatment  of  the  wings  on  the  sphinxes  is  extremely  curious,  and  I  have  been  unable  to 
find  any  similar  case :  ^  it  differs  materially  from  the  Athens  fragment.  A  vase  in  the  British 
Museum  ( A  1323)  shows  the  same  arrangement  of  hair,'  which  is  gathered  in  a  heavy  mass 
behind,  with  incised  divisions  (as  in  the  case  of  the  Tenean  Ajwllo)  and  little  locks  over  the  fore- 
head.    The  right-hand  animal  shows  no  new  jwculiarity. 

So  little  of  the  palmette  scroll  is  left  that  its  reconstruction  is  doubtful.  It  is  certain  that  four 
spirals  and  three  palmettes  were  represented,^  but  whether  it  endeil  at  the  bottom  in  a  palmette 
similar  to  that  on  the  toj)  cannot  be  said.  Judging  by  the  palmette  scroll  on  the  am])hora  from 
Melos  (Rayet  and  Coll.  IliKt.  pi.  ii.),  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  scroll  here  was  represented  in 
similar  fashion,  with  four  spirals  arranged  in  cross  fashion  and  a  palmette  on  four  sides  between 
each  s])iral. 

35.  Fragment,  (ireenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Incised  lines  freely  used.  Two 
horses'  heads  to  right,  evidently  part  of  a  biga.     Gootl  technique. 

It  is  doubtful  what  the  form  of  the  whole  vase  was.  The  heads  are  drawn  in  too  large  a  scale 
for  a  lekythos,  and  as  no  trace  of  a  glaze  can  be  found  on  the  interior  it  cannot  have  belonged  to  a 
skyphos.  The  curve  of  the  fragment  seems  best  suited  to  a  small  jug.  similar  in  shape  to  Pig.  86. 
The  bridle  of  the  horses  seems  to  be  the  same  as  that  on  Plate  LIX.  21. 


Plates. 
Fran^ents  of  plates  of  the  Oriental  Argive  style  were  very  scarce,  hardly  more  than 
half  a  dozen  being  found. 

36  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  plate,  diameter  uncertain.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black 
decoration  on  one  side,  burnt  red  on  the  other.  The  subje<'t  on  both  sides  is  the  same,  —  a  frieze 
of  panthei-s,  one  crouching.  The  technique  of  the  obverse  is  better  than  that  of  the  reverse,  the 
(Irawing  being  more  carefid. 

We  see  from  a  that  the  centre  was  occupied  by  a  star  pattern,  but  what  the  outer  border  of  the 
frieze  was  cannot  be  told. 

1  Athen.  Mitt.  XX.  (ISftj),  p.  121,  pi.  iii.  2.  «  Cf.  also  Not.  d.  Scav.  18«5,  p.  186,  fig.  87. 

2  The  pina.x  from  Rhodes  ( B.  C.  //.  XIX.  [1895J,  p.  74,         *  Cf.  Jahrb.  IL  (1887),  p.  57,  fig.  23. 
fig.  2)  is  similar  save  for  the  lack  of  dots. 


THE   ARGIVE   STYLE:   ALABASTRA   AND   ARYBALLOI 


155 


AlahoKti'd. 

That  the  alabastron  had  its  origin  during  this  period  and  not  during  the  Corinthian 
seems  fairly  evident.  What  caused  its  growth  is  a  matter  of  doubt.  It  is  possible  that 
it  may  have  developed  from  the  lekythos,  since  the  alabastron  resembles  strongly  a  leky- 
thos minus  a  neck  and  handle,  turned  upside  down.  The  fragments  of  this  shape  were 
very  numerous,  especially  those  with  a  scale  pattern,  but  few  were  preserved  whole. 

Two  types  are  represented. 

1.  F'omi  Berf.  Cat.  v.  109,  without  foot. 

2.  Form  Pottier,  Vatses  da  Louvre,  pi.  41  E  423,  with  foot. 

Ti/pp  1. 
Three  varieties  of  ornamentation  are  seen. 

a.  Simple  linear  decoration.  Leaf  rosette  around  neck  and  base,  bands,  checkered  bands  on 
body.     Red  lines  applied  freely.     Cf.  Pottier,  Vasts,  pi.  xxxix.  E  32. 

b.  Same  decoration  except  for  addition  of  one  animal  frieze,  sometimes  more,  around  the  base.^ 
Incised  lines  are  not  used  on  the  animals  at  all.  The  fragments  were  numerous,  and  one  vase 
(height,  0.074  uj.)  was  preserved  almost  complete. 

C.  Body  of  vase  almost  entirely  covered  with  a  scale  pattern,  large  or  small,  as  in  Pottier,  Vases, 
pi.  xxxix.  E  309,  319.  A  red  dot  is  applied  to  alternate  scales.  This  is  the  commonest  type,  half 
a  dozen  vases  being  found  intact  and  numerous  fragments. 

The  animal  frieze  occasionally  occurs  together  with  the  scale  pattern. 

Type  2. 
Only  a  few  scattered  fragments  of  this  type  were  preserved.     Half  of  one  vase  was 
preserved  with  three  animal  friezes,  very  roughly  drawn,  no  incised  lines  being  used. 

Anjhalloi. 
Although  the  aryballos  is  a  thoroughly  characteristic  shape  of  the  Corinthian  style,  a 
nimiber  of  them  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  which  differed  entirely  from  the  Corinthian 
aryballi  in  point  of  technique  and  had  a  decoration  purely  linear  in  character.  This  would 
seem  to  warrant  their  belonging  to  the  Argive  period,  towards  the  beginning  of  Class  III. 
All  show  the  use  of  applied  color  in  an  advanced  stiige,  and  this,  together  with  the  form,  is 
nu>re  in  favor  of  their  connection  with  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style  than  the  earlier. 
The  earliest  instance  seems  to  be  an  aryballos  of  coarse  red  clay,  with  black  glaze  on 
the  shoulder.  The  rest  of  the  vase  is  entirely  covered  with  a  white  wash,  almost  entirely 
worn  away,  with  no  traces  of  other  decoration.  No  case  of  this  peculiarity  can  be  found 
in  Corinthian  vases ;  we  have  already  seen  it  on  Mycenaean  vases.     Cf .  p.  93. 

Fig.  92.    Height,  0.07  m.    Neck  and  handle  restored.     Black  glaze  over  all,  burnt  red  in  places. 
On  bo<ly  broa*l  band  of  dark  red  color  applied,  bounded  above  and  below  by 
two  narrow  bands  inclosing  row  of  dots  applied  in  white. 

This  tyi)e  seems  fairly  common.  There  are  similar  examples  in 
the  British  Museum  (A  1028,  from  Kameiros),  Naples  (Rac.  Cum.), 
and  three  at  Syracuse  from  Megara  Hyblaea  (Tombs  784,  Oil,  980). 
Other  vases  showed  either  a  single  broad  band  of  applied  red,  or  a 
red  band  with  a  smaller  white  band  on  each  side.  One  fragment  was 
found  of  an  aryballos  which  was  divided  by  incised  lines  with  gore- 
sliaped  divisions  (like  a  child's  leather  ball),  the  gores  being  colored 
alternately  red,  yellow,  and  black. 

Sjiecimens  precisely  similar  are  in  the  British  Museum  (A  1027,  10^1). 

I  Cf.  the  alabastra  from  Orchoiuenos.     B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (18y.>),  p.  192,  figs.  Ifi,  17. 


Fig.  92. 


W 


VA 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


be  classed  ainoni»-  the  oiiuuhoai.     No  trace,  however,  of  a  neck  was  t'ouiul,  so  that  the 

[»oiiit  must  remain  douhtful. 

Platk  LXVI.  3.  Two  tia«;ments  from  oiie-haiuUetl  juj;.  similar  iu  form,  perhaps,  to  one 
troiii  Me-iara  llyl>lat'a  {M'm.  Atit.  I.  p.  811 ).  Dark  brownish  yeUow  clay,  with  fine  jMilishetl  sur- 
tax. Decoration  trom  black  to  redilisli  brown.  On  base,  rays.  Main  frieze :  twt)  sphinxes  (  hack 
«»f  heail  ami  fore  legs  of  right-haml  figure,  lower  legs  of  left-haml  figuii^  missing)  facing  <aeh 
other,  with  an  elaborate  scroll  pattern  between  them.  On  the  left,  tail  of  an  animal  (probaldy  a 
goat ) :  anil  on  tlic  ri^lit,  l»oJy  an«l  legs  of  another  g«>at.  Crosses  and  rosettes  as  ornaments  in  field. 
On  shouKler.  rays  (of  intcrlaring  lines)  alternatnig  with  i)ot-hooks.  Incised  lines  freely  nsed,  and 
the  win'^^s  of  the  sphinxes  are  treated  alternately  in  black  and  natural  clav  divisions,  the  latter 
oinaniuntetl  with  «lots :  the  leaves  of  tin-  palniette  scroll  are  treated  in  similar  fashion.  The  glaze 
on  the  bo<lv  of  the  right-hand  animal  and  on  the  right  hind  kg  of  the  right-hand  sphinx  is  hadly 


worn. 


A  certain  sindlaritv  may  be  fotuul  on  a  fragment  fn>m  Athens.'  wliich  is  certainly  not  Early 
Attic  and  is  «leclared  by  IVrnice  to  be  Boeotian.  There  tw«»  friezes  of  figures  ari'  rei)resented, 
s[»hinxes  aUove  and  deer  ht'low.  The  figures  show  a  very  elementary  use  of  the  incised  line  and 
are  distinctly  more  primitive  in  treatment  than  the  figures  on  our  fragment. 

In  spitr  of  an  apparent  similarity,  the  styles  of  the  two  fragments  ditter  considerably.  That  our 
fragments  are  distinctly  Aigive  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt.  The  dmwing  is  i)recisely  the  same  as 
that  already  seen  on  our  best  fragments,  and  the  use  of  the  incised  lines  shows  a  very  advanced 
technical  skill.  The  ornaments  in  the  field  are  treated  elaborately,  but  are  relegated  to  a  very 
minor  position  (except  the  palmette  scroll). 

The  treatment  of  the  wings  on  the  sphinxes  is  extremely  eurious.  and  I  liave  been  tuiable  to 
find  :iny  similar  ease: -it  dithers  materially  from  the  Athens  fragment.  .\  vase  in  the  Uritish 
Museum  (A  18:23)  shows  the  sanu*  arrangement  of  hair.^  which  is  gathered  in  a  heavy  mass 
behind,  with  incised  divisions  (as  in  the  case  of  the  Tenean  .V|>ollo)  and  little  locks  over  the  fore- 
heail.     The  right-hand  animal  shows  no  new  iHjeuliarity. 

So  little  of  the  palmette  scroll  is  left  that  its  reconstruction  is  doubtful.  It  is  certain  that  four 
s|)irals  and  three  ])almettes  were  represente«l,^  but  whether  it  endetl  at  the  l>ottom  in  a  palmette 
similar  to  that  on  the  top  eannot  l»e  said.  Judging  by  the  ])almette  scroll  on  the  amphora  fnmi 
Melos  (Kayet  and  Coll.  J/isf.  pi.  ii. ),  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  scroll  here  was  represented  in 
similar  fashion,  with  four  spirals  arranged  in  cross  fashion  and  a  palmette  on  four  sides  between 
each  spiral. 

35.  Fragment.  (Jreenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Incised  lines  freely  useil.  Two 
liorses'  heads  to  right,  evidently  )>art  of  a  biga.     (ioo<l  technitpie. 

It  is  d«)ubtful  what  the  form  of  the  wh«)le  vase  was.  The  heads  are  drawn  in  too  large  a  scale 
for  a  lekythos.  and  as  no  trace  of  a  glaze  can  be  found  on  the  interior  it  cannot  have  Wlonged  to  a 
skyphos.  Tlte  curve  of  the  fragment  seems  best  suited  to  a  small  jug.  similar  in  shajH;  to  Pig.  86. 
The  bridle  of  the  horses  seems  to  be  the  same  as  that  on  Platk  LIX.  '2i. 

Pfofrs. 

Fraomeiits  of  plates  of  the  Oriental  Aij^ive  style  were  very  scarce,  hardly  more  than 
half  a  dozen  bein<»'  found. 

36  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  plate,  diameter  uncertain.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black 
decoration  on  one  side,  burnt  red  on  the  other.  The  subject  on  l)oth  sides  is  the  same,  —  a  frieze 
of  jianthers,  one  crouching.  The  techuiijue  of  the  obverse  is  better  than  that  of  the  reverse,  the 
drawing  being  more  careful. 

We  see  froni  a  that  the  centre  was  ocx'upied  by  a  star  pattern,  but  what  the  outer  border  of  the 
frieze  was  cannot  be  told. 

1  Athen.  ^rltt.  XX.  (ISftl).  p.  t-_»l.  1.1.  iii.  2.  ^  Cf.  !ils4.  Xot.  <!.  Smv.  18(1."..  p.  IW,,  Hg.  87. 

-  The  pinax  from  Rhodes  ( Ii.  <  \  II.  XIX.  [1805],  p.  74,  *  Cf.  Jahrh.  II.  (1887),  p.  .■>7.  fig.  'J3. 

ti'T.  -)  i.-^  similar  save  fur  the  lack  of  tiot^i. 


THE    AR(iIVE   STYLE:    ALAIUSTRA    AND   ARYliALLOI 


15') 


Ahilt<i.'<ti-ii. 

That  the  alabastron  had  its  origin  diirino-  this  period  and  not  durino-  the  Corinthian 
seems  fairly  evident.  What  cansed  its  growth  is  a  matter  of  donbt.  It  is  possible  that 
it  may  have  developed  fronj  the  lekythos,  since  the  alabastron  resembles  strongly  a  leky- 
thos ininus  a  neck  and  handle,  tinned  npside  down.  The  fragn»ents  of  this  shape  were 
very  nnmerons,  especially  those  with  a  scale  i)attern,  but  few  were  preserved  whole. 

Two  types  are  represented. 

1.  Form  linh  Cat.  v.  109,  without  foot. 

2.  Form  Pottier,  Vaavs  tfii  Louvre,  pi.  41  E  423,  with  foot. 

Tt/ftr  1. 

Three  varieties  of  ornamentation  are  seen. 

a.  Simple  linear  decoration.  Leaf  rosette  around  neck  and  base,  bands,  checkered  bands  on 
iMxly.     Reil  lines  applied  freelv.     Cf.  Pottier.  Vuxvh,  pi.  xxxix.  E  32. 

b.  Same  «leconition  except  for  addition  of  <me  animal  frieze,  sometimes  more,  around  the  base.' 
Incised  lines  are  not  use<l  on  the  animals  at  all.  The  fragments  were  numerous,  and  one  vase 
(hei'dit,  0.074  m. )  was  preserved  almost  complete. 

C."  Boily  of  vase  almost  cntii-ely  covered  with  a  scale  pattern,  large  or  small,  as  in  Pottier,  T  -/.ses, 
pi.  xxxix.  E  300,  310.  A  red  dot  is  applied  to  alternate  scales.  This  is  the  commonest  type,  half 
a  dozen  vases  being  found  intact  and  numerous  fragments. 

The  animal  frieze  occasionally  occurs  together  with  the  s(!ale  pattern. 

Type  2. 
Only  a  few  scattered  fragments  of  this  type  were  preserved.     Half  of  one  vase  was 
preserved  with  three  animal  friezes,  very  roughly  drawn,  no  incised  lines  being  used. 

Anjhalloi. 
Although  the  aryball(»s  is  a  thoroughly  characteristic  shape  of  the  Corinthian  style,  a 
number  of  them  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  which  differed  entirely  from  the  C<nintliian 
aryballi  in  point  of  techni<iue  and  had  a  decoration  purely  linear  in  character.  This  would 
seem  to  warrant  their  behinging  to  the  Argive  period,  towards  the  beginning  of  Class  IlL 
All  show  the  use  of  applied  color  in  an  advanced  stage,  and  this,  together  with  the  form,  is 
more  in  favor  of  their  connection  with  the  Liter  period  of  the  Argive  style  than  the  earlier. 
The  earliest  instance  seems  to  be  an  aryballos  of  coarse  red  clay,  with  black  glaze  on 
the  shoulder.  The  rest  of  the  vase  is  entirely  covered  with  a  white  wash,  almost  entirely 
worn  away,  with  no  traces  of  other  decoration.  No  case  of  this  peculiarity  can  be  found 
in  Corinthian  vases ;  we  have  already  seen  it  on  Mycenaean  vases.     Cf .  p.  D^i. 

Fig.  92.    Height,  0.07  m.    Neck  and  handle  restored.     Black  glaze  over  all.  burnt  red  in  places. 
On  b(Kly  broad  band  of  dark  red  color  applied,  bounded  above  and  below  by 
two  narrow  bands  inclosing  row  of  dots  applied  in  white. 

This  type  seems  fairly  common.  There  are  similar  examples  in 
the  British  Museum  (A  102S,  from  Kaineiros).  Naples  (Kiic.  Cum.), 
and  three  at  Syracuse  from  Megara  Hybhiea  (Tombs  784,  941,  i)80). 
Other  vases  showed  either  a  single  broad  band  of  applied  red,  or  a 
red  band  with  a  smaller  white  band  on  each  side.  One  fragment  was 
found  of  an  aryballos  which  was  divided  by  incised  lines  with  gore- 
shaped  divisions  (like  a  child's  leather  ball),  the  gores  being  colored 
alternately  red.  yellow,  and  black. 

Specimens  precisely  similar  are  in  the  British  Museum  (A  10.^7,  10^1). 

»  Cf.  the  alabastra  from  Orchon.ei.os.     Ii.  C.  IL  XIX.  (18«.C>),  ,».  \9rl.  «-s.  HI,  17. 


Fig.  92. 


156 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


APPLIED  COLOR   IN  CERTAIN  STYLES 


157 


NOTE  ON   THE   USE   OF  APPLIED    COLOR   IN  THE   MYCENAEAN.   GEOMETRIC,   AND 

ARGIVE   STYLES. 

During  the  last  three  chapters,  rejjeatetl  instances  of  vases  having  various  colors  applied 
to  their  surfaces  have  been  mentioned,  and  as  this  feature  is  such  a  prominent  one  on  the 
Heraeum  vases  and  so  connuon  during  the  succeeding  vase  classes,  Corinthian,  Rhodian, 
etc.,  it  seems  proper  at  this  jioint  to  discuss  it  briefly. 

For  this  technique  no  satisfactory  term  exists.  Cecil  Smith  ('/.  //.  S.  VI.  [1885], 
p.  184)  uses  the  term  "  Dorian  "  and  distinguishes  between  an  '"Oriental"  style,  i.  e.  the 
use  of  incised  lines  and  applied  purple  or  red  color,  and  the  "  Dorian  "  style,  or  silliouette 
drawins:  with  details  in  white,  a  feature  common  on  much  of  the  late  seventh  centurv 
polychrome  work  in  Rhodes  and  Asia  Minor.  It  is,  however,  perfectly  certain  that  ap- 
plied color  was  used  by  j>otters  of  the  Mycenaean  age,  and  even  earlier,  since  the  pre- 
Mycenaean  ware  found  by  Flinders  Petrie  in  Egypt  (J.  II.  S.  X.  [1890],  pi.  xiv.  p.  271) 
shows  the  same  polychrome  decoration,  so  common  on  Egyptian  wall-])aintings,  applied 
to  the  vases  themselves.  Crete  {Mon.  Ant.  VI.  pis.  ix.  and  x.)  has  also  produced  a  large 
amount  of  similar  ware  which  belongs  to  the  early  part  of  the  Mycenaean  period.  Dur- 
ing the  Mycenaean  period  in  the  Argolid  its  use  would  seem  to  have  been  fairly  common, 
since  at  the  Heraeum  we  find  it  on  fragpnents  of  both  the  dull  and  lu.strous  styles,  and 
Furtwiingler  and  Loeschcke's  Class  I.  (lustrous  finish)  also  shows  that  it  was  extensively 
employed.  During  the  Geometric  and  Argive  styles  at  the  Heraeum  we  find  it  very 
frequently,  though  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  in  general  use  until  the  rise  of  the 
Oriental  influence  in  Greece.  All  these  facts  would  seem  to  show  that  this  technique  did 
not  owe  its  origin  to  the  bright-colored  fabrics  of  Asia  Minor  (especially  Samos),  though 
they  were,  very  probably,  instrumental  in  promoting  its  growth  on  Greek  soil,  and  also 
that  the  term  "  Dorian  "  is  hardly  accurate  or  comprehensive  enough,  since  the  origin  of 
the  technique  must  be  looked  for  long  before  the  Dorian  invasion,  or,  if  that  event  be 
denied,  before  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

As  a  regular  sequence  of  this  technitpie  has  not  been  found  (so  far  as  I  know)  outside 
of  the  Argolid,  it  may  i)erha{)s  have  been  a  peculiar  feature  of  the  pottery  nuide  in  that 
locality ;  since,  however,  it  is  a  purely  accessory  feature  it  can  liardly  stiind  by  itself  as  a 
separate  entity,  and  the  fragments  which  show  its  use  are  not  to  be  sepsirated  from 
the  regidar  vase-classes  to  which  they  belong. 

During  the  Mycenaean  i)eriod  at  the  Heraeum,  only  a  few  fragments  of  the  dull 
Rnish,  and  of  Class  III.  lustrous  finish,  show  this  technique.  It  is  fairly  connnon  on 
fragments  of  the  Geometric  and  Argive  (Class  II.)  styles,  while  with  Class  III.  of  the 
Argive  through  the  Corinthian  style  it  seems  to  be  an  integral  jwirt  of  the  decoration. 

On  Plate  LX.  the  most  representative  fragments  only  are  given,  following  the 
chronological  order  of  the  preceding  chapters. 

MYCENAEAN. 
Du/I  Fini»h. 
Only  one  fragment  (Plate  LI.  7,  p.  13)  showed  the  appUcation  of  dark  red  color. 

PLATE    LX. 

Lustrous  Finish^  Class  III. 

1.  Fine  dark  red  clay,  exterior  entirely  covered  with  a  brilliant  dark  brown  glaze,  on  which  is  a 
spiral  in  white ;  careful  technique ;  the  fragment  belongs  to  III.  1. 


2.   Coarser  yellowish  clay,  similar  technique.     Two  circles  with  a  dotted  border  inside ;  or  pos- 
sibly the  heads  of  a  murex  pattern. 

a    Fine  brick  red  clay,  black  glaze  on  exterior,  dark  brown  on  interior.     Upper  part  of  pal- 

raette  pattern  applied  in  yellow. 

These  were  the  only  Mycenaean  fragments  possessing  any  interest.     Several  others 
were  found  showing  traces  of  white  or  yellow  imint. 

GEOMETRIC. 

The  number  of  Geometric  fragments  that  show  this  use  of  applied  color  was  quite 
large,  ftlling  nearly  a  basket.  All  such  fragments  invariably  belong  to  the  earlier 
period  of  the  style  rather  tlian  the  later ;  i.  e.  their  decoration  (apai-t  from  their  poly- 
chrome feature)  is  purely  Geometric  or  linear,  and  in  no  case  of  a  later  Geometric 
fragment  representing  animals  or  genre  scenes  did  this  technique  occur.  Outside  of  the 
Argolid  this  technique  is  seldom  found ;  as  far  as  I  can  discover,  only  a  few  scattered 
Dipylon  vases  in  Athens  show  it  at  all. 

4  Fragment  of  an  anq)hoi-a  probably.  Yellow  clay,  with  a  broad  glazed  band  of  dark  red 
coverin-  the  rim  on  the  interior,  over  which  two  thin  white  stripes  are  applied.  On  exterior,  dark 
brown  glaze.  Design  applied  in  white;  on  rim,  zigzag;  on  body,  series  of  zigzags  in  a  panel 
bounded  by  vertical  and  horizontal  lines.     On  base,  rays. 

&  Dark  red  clay,  burnt  gray  on  exterior.  Dark  red  glaze  on  inside,  dull  black  outside,  with 
desicrn  in  white,  dotted  rosette  above,  and  zigzag  between  horizontal  stripes.  Several  other  frag- 
ments of  this  vase  were  found,  also  fragments  representing  half  a  dozen  other  vases  of  similar 

*%'" Red  clay,  black  glaze  on  interior;  reddish  glaze  on  exterior  and  design  in  yellow,  horizontal 
strii'>es  and  a  border  inclosing  a  "  Running  Dog  "  pattern.     The  color  is  applied  thickly. 

7.   Red  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.     On  upper  border,  a  dotted  lozenge  chain  applied  in 

vdlow 

a  Fragment  of  foot  of  large  vase,  shape  uncertain.  Red  clay,  with  red  glaze  on  exterior. 
Moulding  on  base.  Broad  meander  pattern  applied  in  yellow,  bounded  by  broad  stripes  of  yellow 
and  narrower  ones  of  red.     Careful  technique.  .  ,,        i 

Platf  LXVI  L  Dark  gray  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze  on  exterior.  Meander  pattern 
applied  in  red,  with  yellow  border.  Above,  broad  stripe  of  red.  Several  other  fragments  of  this 
vase  were  found.     Another  fragment  had  a  similar  meander  in  yellow,  bordered  by  red  and  white 

^'a^Fra-ment  of  a  vase  with  wide  oi^ening.  Yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Broad 
band  of  yellow,  with  red  border  lines.  On  the  yellow  band  a  simple  meander  in  red,  with  splashes 
of  yellow  in  the  interstices.  Fi-agments  of  the  rim  were  found  which  showed  identically  the  same 
decoration  on  the  lip. 

The  bulk  of  the  fragments  belonged  to  the  rims  of  large  bowls,  having  a  flat  surface 
on  the  top,  and  covered  with  a  black  or  dark  brown  glaze  on  which  broad  bands  of  red, 
yellow,  or  white  were  applied.     On  these  in  turn  was  a  pattern,  usually  a  meander  ni 

red  or  yellow.  ,    ,      ,  n        v  j      i 

Taking  the  Geometric  fragments  of  the  Heraeum  as  a  whole,  the  use  of  applied  color 
seems  to  have  been  occasional  rather  than  usual,  and  in  only  a  few  cases  (most  of  them 
have  been  given  above)  does  it  form  an  important  part  of  the  decoration. 

ARGIVE. 

Tlie  number  of  Argive  fragments  which  show  the  use  of  applied  color  is  innumerable. 
In  the  majority  of  the  Argive  vases  ah-eady  discussed  the  slender  band  of  red  or  yellow 


158 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


is  extremely  common,  but  is  used  mainly  as  an  ornamental  accessory.  The  vases  where 
the  only  decoration  consisted  of  applied  color  are  not  very  numerous  in  i)r()portion  to 
the  rest. 

No  fragments  belonging  to  Class  I.  showed  this  technique.  In  Class  II.  the  frag- 
ments were  much  more  numerous ;  in  Class  III.  the  use  of  applied  color  is  st)  univers<d 
as  an  accessory  ornament  that  few  attempts  were  made  to  employ  it  as  the  only  deco- 
ration. 

9.  Fi-agment  of  skyphos.  Reddish  clay,  with  a  brilliant  brown  glaze,  burnt  red  on  interior,  on 
botl)  sides.  Yellow  stripe  on  interior  just  below  rim.  Design  in  yeUowish  white  :  double  ])anel 
inclosing  double  circles.     Technique  very  gootl. 

10.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Dirty  yellow  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  Imth  sides.  Double 
triangles  in  yellowish  white  laid  on  thinly,  above  a  horizontal  stripe.  This  motive  is  identical 
with  that  already  seen  on  the  necks  of  the  oinoehoai. 

Two  fragments  of  a  skyphos  exactly  similar  to  those  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  lov,  vit. 
p.  277,  fig.  9)  and  Eleusis  {'E<f>T)fi.   \px.  1898,  pi.  ii.  3,  p.  115)  were  found. 

U.  Fragment  of  oinochoe.  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  brown  glaze  exterior.  Parallel  bands 
inclosing  zigzag  in  whitish  yellow^. 

Three  more  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found  and  about  a  dozen  other  fragments 
from  similar  vases,  with  identical  decoration.  Fragments  of  necks  were  more  common, 
one  almost  entire,  but  showing  the  same  motive  of  zigziigs.  Cf.  neck  of  oinochoe  on 
Plate  LIX.  8,  which  belongs  here. 

The  following  frajnuents  belons:  to  Class  III. :  — 

12.  Fragment  of  large  skyphos.  Dark  reildish  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Between  two 
broad  bands  of  red  a  i>almette  in  incised  lines.  The  motive  resembles  strongly  those  found  on 
some  of  our  bronze  fragments. 

13.  Fragment  of  oinochoe  or  lekythos.  Fine  yellow  clay,  dull  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Lotos 
palniette  in  whitish  yellow,  with  incised  lines.     Below,  four  stripes,  the  outer  white,  the  inner  red. 

14.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Yellow  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration.  On  exterior,  rays  (re<l  applied) 
and  a  horizontal  guilloche.  On  interior,  meander  pattern  with  fragmentary  applications  of  yellow, 
and  a  wave  pattern  around  the  centre.  • 

Besides  the  fragments  already  mentioned,  several  dozen  were  found  which  belong  to 
rather  large  skyphoi,  10-15  cm.  in  height,  of  a  dark  red  or  yellow  cbiy,  the  exterior  only 
being  covered  with  a  didl  dark  red  glaze.  On  the  shoulder  and  rim  is  the  only  decora- 
tion, consisting  invariiibly  of  two  or  three  parallel  stripes  of  applied  red,  bordei-ed  above 
and  below  by  a  white  or  yellow  stripe. 

A  class  of  fragments  similar  ui  technique  to  the  Attic  bkck-  and  red-figured  styles 
will  be  discussed  in  Cliapter  VII. 


POLYCHROME  VASES,  OR   DECORATION  ON   A  WHITE   GROUND. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  the  use  of  applied  color,  a  few  fragments  merit  atten- 
tion. These  showed  the  so-called  '  polychrome '  technique,  having  a  whitish  yellow 
l)ackground  on  which  the  design  is  applied.  These  fragments  were  not  very  numerous, 
not  more  than  a  dozen  beinj?  found. 

Plate  LXV.  4.  Saucer,  one  side  broken.  Diameter,  0.058  m. ;  height,  0.017  m.  Dark  reddish 
clay,  exterior  covered  with  a  white  wash,  mostly  worn  off.  Same  on  interior,  with  a  retl  band  on 
rim  and  a  lead-colored  band  below ;  around  central  boss  a  rosette  in  i*ed,  with  lead-colore<l  lines  iu 

the  loops. 


MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES 


159 


This  saucer  belongs  to  the  series  already  discussed  on  p.  125,  and  is  perhaps  the  earliest  Argive 
vase  at  the  lieraeum  which  shows  this  •  iwlychrome '  technique. 

PLATE    LX. 

ISl  Fragment  of  plate.  Yellow  clay,  with  a  black  glaze  on  exterior,  over  which  are  parallel 
striiJes  of  white  inclosing  a  i-ow  of  dots.  On  interior,  over  a  whitish  yellow  wash,  a  palmette,  alter- 
nate leaves  black,  with  white  dots.  Incised  lines.  This  fragment  belongs  to  Class  III.,  and  is 
gimilar  in  point  of  decoration  to  16.  15  shows  some  similarity  to  Naukratis  ware,  but  there  is 
nothing  to  justify  its  being  considered  as  belonging  to  that  style. 

16.  Fragment  of  plate.  Dark  red  clay,  covered  with  a  whitish  yellow  slip.  On  exterior  frieze 
of  animals?  with  tongue  jjattem  on  rim.  On  interior,  frieze  of  geese  in  black,  red  (faded)  ap- 
plied to  bodies,  with  zigzag  band  below.     On  rim,  tongue  pattern,  red  applied  to  each  tongue. 


CHAPTER  V. 
MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  discussion  of  the  Corinthian  style  proper,  it  seems  best  to 
introduce  a  cluipter  on  certain  vases  and  fragments,  which,  though  allied  to  the  two  great 
vase-chisses  just  discussed,  yet  stand  ai>ai-t  by  themselves  on  account  of  certain  peculiar 
features  both  of  cLiy  and  design. 

It  is  difficult  to  decide  on  a  proi)er  term  for  these  vases.  That  they  were  imported 
into  Argos  is  possible  but  improbable,  seeing  that  foreign-made  vases  are  extremely 
scarce  arthe  Heraeum.  Moreover,  it  is  more  difficult  to  find  analogies  for  them  outside 
of  Arg(»s  than  at  the  Heraeum  itself,  though  even  there  such  analogies  ai-e  extremely 
rare.  The  nu>st  probable  expknation  is,  that  all  of  them  are  experiments  in  the  mak- 
ing of  certain  tyjHJs,  which  were  not  continued ;  this  alone  will  account  for  the  wide 
difference  that  exists  between  them  and  the  other  Heraeum  vases,  not  to  si)eak  of  foi- 

eign  vase-classes. 

The  vases  and  fragments  represented  here  fall,  rougldy  si)eaking,  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, though  a  few  may  be  dated  a  few  years  later  tlian  b.  c.  700.  Some  are  equally 
related  to\oth  the  Argive  and  Geometric  styles ;  others  again  resemble  more  nearly 
purely  foreign  styles  like  the  '  Island '  tyi^s,  Melian,  Rhodian,  etc. 

Pig.  93.     Oinochoe :  height,  0.19  m.     Handle  and  parts  of  body  restored.     Brownish  yellow 
clay,  with   darker   slip,  daik    brown 
decoration. 

On  rim  four  parallel  stripes;  on 
neck  "Running  Dog'  pattern,  and 
below  a  frieze,  four  pairs  of  lions  and 
snakes  to  right.  On  shoulder  Geo- 
metric snake,  with  round  balls  and 
dotted  rosettes  in  field.  On  body,  two 
Iwrders.  "  Running  Dog  "  above,  zig- 
zag (continuous)  below,  with  a  dotted 
row  above  and  below,  and  separated 
by  usual  parallel  8trii>es.  On  base, 
rays,  points  downward.  On  all  the 
decoration  (except  the  i)arallel  stripes, 
dotted  rows,  and  rays)  small  round 
dots  of  white. 


Fig.  93. 


158 


THK    VASKS    AM)    VASK    FHA(JMKNTS 


MISCELLANEOUS   TYPES 


150 


is  extiemelv  common,  but  is  used  inainlv  as  an  ornamental  aceessory.  The  vases  where 
tlie  only  ilecoration  consisted  <»t'  applied  color  are  not  very  numerous  in  proportion  to 
the  rest. 

No  fra«i;ments  belonging  to  Class  L  showed  this  techni(|ue.  In  Class  H.  the  frag- 
ments were  mui-h  more  numerous:  in  Class  III.  the  use  of  applied  color  is  so  universal 
as  an  accessory  ornament  that  few  attempts  were  made  to  employ  it  as  the  oidy  de(«»- 
ratiou. 

9.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Keddish  clay,  with  a  brilliant  brown  glaze,  burnt  red  on  interior,  on 
both  sides.  Yellow  stripe  on  interior  just  below  rim.  Design  in  yellowish  white  :  double  ]>anel 
inclosing  double  circles.     Technique  very  gooil. 

10.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Dirty  yellow  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  liotli  sides.  Double 
triangles  in  yellowish  white  laiil  on  thinly,  above  a  horizontal  strijM,*.  This  motive  is  identical 
with  that  already  seen  on  the  necks  of  the  oinochoai. 

Two  fragments  of  a  skyphos  exactly  simihir  to  those  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  lor.  vU. 
p.  277,  fig.  9)  and  Eleusis  {  E(f)r)fi.    Ap^.  1898,  pi.  ii.  3,  p.  115)  were  found. 

U.  Fragment  of  oinochoe.  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  brown  glaze  exterior.  I'arallel  bands 
inclosing  zigzag  in  whitish  yellow. 

Three  more  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found  and  about  a  dozen  other  fragments 
from  similar  vases,  with  identical  decjuation.  Fragments  of  necks  were  more  couuuon, 
one  almost  entire,  but  showing  the  s;iuu'  motive  of  zigziigs.  Cf.  neck  of  oinochoe  uii 
Platk  LIX.  8,  which  belongs  here. 

The  following  fragments  behmg  to  Class  III.  :  — 

12.  Fragment  of  large  skyphos.  Dark  reddish  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Between  two 
broad  bands  of  red  a  i)ahnette  in  incised  lines.  The  motive  resembles  stron^lv  those  fonn«l  on 
some  of  our  bronze  fragnients. 

13.  Fragment  of  oinochoe  or  Ickythos.  Fine  yellow  clay,  dull  black  glaze  on  e.\teri«>r.  Lotos 
l)almette  in  whitish  yellow,  with  incised  lines.      B«*low,  four  strijies.  the  outer  white,  the  inner  red. 

14.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Yellow  cl.iy,  with  red  brown  decoration.  On  exterior,  rays  ( red  applied  ) 
and  a  horizontal  guilloche.  On  interior,  meander  pattern  with  fragmentary  applieations  of  yeHow, 
and  a  wave  pattern  around  the  centre. 

Besides  the  fragments  already  meuti<Mied.  several  dozen  were  found  which  belonir  to 
rather  large  skyphoi,  10-15  em.  in  height,  of  a  dark  red  or  yellow  clay,  the  exterior  only 
being  e()vered  with  a  dull  (hirk  red  glaze.  On  the  shoulder  and  rim  is  the  only  «lecora- 
tion.  consisting  invariably  of  two  or  three  |Kirallel  strii)es  of  apjdied  red,  bordered  above 
and  below  by  a  white  or  veUow  stri|H». 

A  class  of  fragments  similar  in  techni(pie  to  the  Attic  bhu'k-  and  red-figured  styles 
will  be  discussed  in  Chapter  VII. 

POLYCHROME  VASES.  OR    DECORATION  ON   A  WHITE   GROUXD. 

Before  leaving  the  .subject  of  the  use  of  applie<l  cfdor,  a  few  fragments  merit  atten- 
tion. These  showed  the  so-called  *  polychnuue '  technicpie,  having  a  whitish  yellow 
backgr<unul  on  which  the  design  is  applied.  These  fragment.>  were  not  very  numerous, 
not  uu)re  than  a  dozen  beinu:  found. 

Platk  LXV.  4.  Saucer,  one  side  broken.  Diameter,  0.058  m. ;  height.  0.017  m.  Dark  reddish 
clay,  exterior  covered  with  a  white  wash,  mostly  worn  off.  Same  on  interior,  with  a  re<l  band  on 
rim  and  a  lead-coloretl  band  below  ;  around  central  lioss  a  rosette  in  i-ed,  with  leail-<'olore<l  lines  iu 
the  l(M)ps. 


i 


This  saucer  belongs  to  the  series  ah-eady  discussed  on  p.  125,  and  is  i>eihaps  the  earliest  Argive 
vase  at  the  1  leraeum  which  shows  this  *  i>olyclu'ome '  teclmiiiue. 

PLATE    LX. 

15.  Fragment  of  plate.  Yellow  clay,  with  a  black  glaze  on  exterior,  over  which  are  parallel 
stripes  of  white  inclosing  a  row  of  dots.  On  interior,  over  a  whitish  yellow  wash,  a  palmette,  alter- 
nate leaves  black,  with  white  dots.  Incised  lines.  This  fragment  belongs  to  Class  III.,  and  is 
similar  in  point  of  decoration  to  16.  15  shows  some  similarity  to  Naukratis  ware,  but  there  is 
nothing  to  justify  its  being  considei-ed  as  belonging  to  that  style. 

16.  ^Fragment  of  plate.  Dark  red  clay,  covered  with  a  whitish  yellow  slij).  On  exterior  frieze 
of  animals?  with  tiuiguc  pattern  on  rim.  On  interior,  frieze  of  geese  in  black,  red  (faded)  ap 
plied  to  bodies,  with  zigzag  baud  below.     On  rim,  tongue  pattern,  red  applied  to  each  tongue. 

CHAPTER   V. 

MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES. 

Bkfouk  proceeding  ti»  the  discussicui  of  the  Corinthian  style  proper,  it  seems  best  to 
intnuluce  a  chapter  on  certain  vases  and  fragments,  which,  though  allied  to  the  two  great 
vase-chisscs  just  discussed,  yet  stand  n\Mit  by  themselves  on  account  of  certiiin  jjeculiar 
features  both  of  clay  and  «lesign. 

It  is  difficult  tt.  decide  (Ui  a  proper  term  for  these  vases.  That  they  were  imported 
into  Argos  is  possible  but  impnd.able,  seeing  that  f(ueign-made  vases  are  extremely 
scarce  arthe  Ileraeum.  Moreover,  it  is  more  difficult  to  find  analogies  for  them  c.utside 
of  Argi»s  than  at  the  Heraeum  itself,  tlnuigh  even  there  such  analogies  are  extremely 
rare.  "The  nu»st  probable  explanati<m  is,  that  all  of  them  are  experiments  in  the  mak- 
ing of  certain  tyi)es,  which  were  not  c(uitinued ;  this  ahme  will  account  f(U-  the  wide 
difference  that  exists  between  them  and  the  other  Heraeum  vases,  not  to  speak  of  foi- 
eign  vase-classes. 

The  vases  and  fragments  represented  here  fall,  roughly  speaking,  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, though  a  few  may  be  dated  a  few  years  later  than  h.  v.  700.  Some  are  ecpially 
related  t«rboth  the  Argive  and  Ge<mietric  styles;  others  again  resemble  more  nearly 
purely  foreign  styles  like  the  '  Islan<l '  types,  Melian,  Rhodian,  etc. 

Fig.  93.     Oinochoe:  height,  0.19  m.     Handle  and  parts  of  body  restored.     Brownish  yellow 

clay,  with   darker   slii),  dark    brown 

decoration. 

On  rim  four  parallel    stripes:   on 

neck  "Running   Dog"    pattern,  and 

below  a  frieze,  four  pairs  of  lions  and 

snakes    to  right.     On   shoulder  Geo- 

metric   snake,  with  round    balls  and 

•lotted  rosettes  in  field.    On  bo<ly,  two 

lM)rders.    *'  Running  Dog'"  above,  zig- 

K»g  (continuous)  VmjIow.  with  a  dotted 

row  al)ove  and  Indow.  and   separatetl 

by  usual  parallel  stripes.     On  base. 

rays,  points  downward.     On  all  the 

decoration  ( excejit  the  parallel  strii>es, 

dotted  rows,  and  rays)  small  round 

dots  of  white. 


Fig.  93. 


160 


THE   VASES  AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES 


161 


This  oinochoe  is  by  far  the  most  peculiar  vase  that  the  Ileraeum  yielded,  and  is  remarkable  for 
its  technical  features  as  well  as  its  decoration.  The  form  seems  to  be  a  cross  between  the  two 
Argive  oinochoai  already  discussed  (Figs.  56  and  57). 

Technique.  The  clay  resembles  more  closely  that  iisetl  in  vases  of  the  Geometric  style  than  in 
the  Argive.  The  addition  of  the  white  dots  in  such  numbers  is  peculiar  but  not  unique,  as  it  was 
found  on  several  other  Heraeum  fragments,  and  a  few  vases  outside  of  the  Argolid.*  It  is  certain, 
however,  from  Mycenaean  fragments,  that  it  was  a  common  feature  in  the  Argolid  from  the  earli- 
est times. 

Decoration.  This  oinochoe  differs  from  all  the  other  Argive  types  in  having  an  animal  frieze 
on  the  neck,  while  the  botly  is  covered  with  the  ordinary  Geometrical  motives. 

In  spite  of  the  Geometrical  motives  on  the  bo<ly  of  the  vase,  it  may  be  safely  asserted  that  our 
oinochoe  does  not  belong  to  the  Geometric  style,  since  the  peculiar  white  dots  never  occur,  so  far 
as  I  know,  on  purely  Geometric  vases,  nor  has  the  style  of  the  lions  any  connection  with  the  lions 
on  Geometric  vases.^  A  closer  connection  seems  afforded  by  the  Phaleron  jugs,  since  there  we  find 
the  same  employment  of  white  dots,  as  well  as  the  use  of  the  neck  for  the  main  frieze.  But  the 
presence  of  the  Geometric  snake  on  the  shoulder  is  against  any  such  connection,  since,  as  far  as  I 
know,  that  motive  never  occurs  on  any  jug  of  the  Phaleron  ty|)e,  nor  has  the  style  of  our  oinochoe 
anything  in  common  with  them.  The  Gamedes  oinochoe  is  clearly  of  a  later  date  than  ours,  and 
cannot  therefore  serve  as  a  criterion  for  any  doubtful  )M)int. 

That  our  vase  is  of  native  workmanship  seems  to  me  extremely  probable.  The  presence  of  the 
white  dots  on  a  few  foreign-made  vases  is  offset  by  the  presence  of  fragments  from  as  many  vases 
at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  use  of  the  neck  in  the  Phaleron  jugs  for  the  principal  frieze  is  not  a  com- 
mon peculiarity.  Moreover,  the  style  of  our  vase  is  earlier,  if  anything,  than  that  of  the  Phaleron 
jugs,  and  would  seem  rather  to  point  to  an  Argive  influence  on  that  class  of  vases  (as  was  already 
suggested)  than  vice-versa.  We  have  seen  already  how  common  the  use  of  applied  color  was  in 
all  vases  manufactured  in  the  Argolid  from  the  Mycenaean  times  downwards,  so  that  this  feature 
cannot  be  considered  as  lacking  parallels  in  that  place. 

The  date  of  our  oinochoe  must  fall  during  the  i>erio«l  of  Argive  Class  II.  The  snakes  and  the 
other  Geometric  motives  make  this  probable.  Moreover,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  seeing 
any  trace  of  Oriental  influence  here ;  the  lions  have  nothing  in  common  with  the  type  of  lion  in 
Class  III.,  and  the  lack  of  incised  lines  is  in  favor  of  an  early  date,  pi-obably  about  the  middle  of 
the  eighth  century. 

The  combination  of  the  lion  and  snake  in  pairs  is  extremely  curious ;  I  have  been  unable  to  find 
any  similar  instance.  That  a  lion  was  intended  is  evident,  though  the  prancing  monster  is  more 
like  the  creation  of  a  nightmare  than  the  noble  monarch  of  the  desert.  The  presence  of  the  lions 
is  interesting,  as  they  are  not  represented  fighting,  but  as  a  purely  ornamental  feature.  This 
would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  the  animal  frieze,  and  would  show  that  if  not 
commonly  employed,  it  was  at  least  known  to  the  vase-painter  before  the  spread  of  Oriental  influ- 
ence in  Greece,  and  need  not  be  considered  as  a  purely  Eastern  innovation. 

PLATE    LX. 

17  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  large  amphora.  Coarse  brick  red  clay,  with  a  reddish 
yellow  slip.  Decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  Around  interior  of  rim,  band  of  black  glaze. 
White  dots  applied  to  all  the  decoration. 

a.  Lion  in  panel  formed  by  two  stripes  inclosing  dotted  row,  and  part  of  a  scroll.  Ti-aces  of  a 
rosette  (?)  above  the  lion's  head. 


1  The  following  examples  are  known  to  me  :  Warrior 
Vase  {yiyk.  Vas.  p.  68,  pis.  xlii.  and  xliii.,  and  Schliemann, 
Tiryns,  pis.  xiv.,  xv.,  xvii.  h,  xxi.  a,  ft,  x^ni.  f)  ;  Aristono- 
phos  Vase  {Mon.delV  Inst.  IX.  pi.  iv.);  Gamedes  oinochoe 
(Rayet  and  Collignon.  Hist.  p.  81,  fig.  42);  two  Phaleron 
jugs  (Boehlau,  Jahrh.  II.  [1887],  p.  4o,  figs.  3,  4  e,  4y); 
plate  in  British  Museum  (.\  1539;  Campanari  Col.).  The 
body  of  the  stag  on  this  plate  is  filled  in  with  white  dots; 


oinochoe  in  Zurich  (.Von.  deW  Itut.  IX.  pi.  v.  2)  (frieze  of 
warriors,  dots  on  shields);  two  vases  from  Falisco  (Mon. 
Ant.  IV.  p.  267,  fig.  127;  p.  291,  fig.  147).  The  list 
might  doubtless  l>e  materially  increased. 

•  Cf.  Furtwangler,  Arch.  Zeit.  1885,  p.  VXi.  pi.  riii.  2. 
For  discussion  of  the  lion  in  the  art  of  this  period,  v. 
Boehlau,  /.  c.  p.  35. 


Fig.  94. 


b.   Scroll  ending  at  each  end  in  a  trefoil.     Base  of  handle  preserved. 

Pig.  94  shows  the  restoration  of  the  design.  The  form  is  not  absolutely  certain,  nor  can  the 
hei'^ht  be  determined,  though,  judging  from  the  size  of  the  fragments, 
the  vase  must  have  measured  about  30  cm.  in  height.  It  seems  fairly 
certain,  however,  that  no  other  decoration  existed  on  the  vase  unless  we 
supiH)se  a  similar  design  on  the  reverse  and  that  the  restoration  here 
given  is  correct. 

The  technique  is  precisely  similar  to  Fig.  93,  and  as  the  resemblance 
between  the  lions  is  so  strong  we  may  almost  assume  that  both  vases 
were  paintetl  by  the  same  artist.  The  scrolls  which  bound  the  panels 
are  interesting,  and  so  far  a  similar  case  does  not  occur  to  me.  There  is 
a  certain  resemblance  between  the  trefoils  and  the  ivy  leaf  on  Myce- 
naean vases  (cf.  Myk.  Van.  xxi.  152;  also  ./.  //.  S.  XI.  [1890],  pi. 
xiv.  1),  but  whether  the  trefoils  represent  a  development  of  the  latter 

cannot  be  told. 

la  Frao-ment  of  a  large  vase,  i)erhaps  an  amphora.  Dark  reddish  clay,  exterior  covered  with 
a  dull  dark  brown  glaze.     Broad  band  of  white  with,  a  row  of  small  dots  on  each  side. 

This  fi-a<'ment,  though  differing  considerably  from  the  two  vases  just  considered,  has  been 
included  here  on  account  of  the  presence  of  the  white  dots.  It  presents  this  jieculiarity  that  the 
broatl  band  of  white  is  not  painted  over  the  glaze,  since  no  trace  of  glaze  can  be  found  under  it. 
The  clay  is  coarse  and  more  akin  in  texture  to  vases  of  the  Geometric  style,  but  it  cannot  belong 
to  that  class,  since  it  seems  certain  that  the  entire  va.se  was  covered  with  a  glaze,  a  peculiarity 
entirely  foreign  to  Geometric  vases.  We  have  already  seen  this  peculiarity  in  the  case  of  other 
Argive  vases,''and  it  is  probable  that  we  have  here  a  fragment  of  a  vase  which  belongs  to  the  same 
class  as  those  discussed  on  p.  158. 

PLATE    LXVII. 
Seven  fragments  from  the  base  of  a  bowl  with  tall  base.     From  Old  Temple  Terrace  (proba- 
bly).    Height  cannot  be  determined.     The  fragments  have  been  joined  together  to  form  the  base 
(8).     lleiglit,  0.425  m. :  diameter  at  base,  0.29  m. ;  diameter  at  toj),  0.16  m.     The  original  vase 
probably  measured  about  80  cm.  in  height. 

Brick  red  clay,  covered  with  a  brownish  yellow  slip.     Decoration  uniformly  black,  with  yellow 
paint  added  freely.     Incised  lines  used  on  the  figures  of  the  animals  around  the  base. 

The  form  of  the  vase  was  probably  a  large  deep  bowl  resting  on  a  tall  base,  similar  to  a  vase  in 
Athens  from  Menidi  {Jahrh.  XIV.  [1899],  p.  108,  fig.  10,  or  p.  126,  fig.  29).  Of  the  bowl  only 
a  small  part  is  preserved  in  fragment  3 ;  all  the  other  fragments  belong  to  the  base. 
Around  the  base  are  three  friezes,  and  a  narrow  frieze  at  the  bottom  of  the  bowl. 
Base.  Lower  frieze  (4,  6,  7).  Border,  a  guilloche  of  black  and  white  strands  (as  in  Plate 
LIX.  5).  Separated  from  this  by  three  stripes,  a  frieze  of  animals.  What  these  animals  are  can- 
not be  determined.  On  4  and  6  we  have  an  animal  crouching,  with  traces  of  what  may  have  been 
a  horn  on  its  head,  and  the  tail  of  another,  which  projects  into  the  frieze  above.  The  first  animal 
is  clearly  crouching,  and  the  body  is  covered  with  scales  similar  to  Athen.  Mitt.  1897,  p.  309, 
fig.  31.     Incised  lines  on  the  foot,  and  on  tail. 

^Separated  by  three  stripes  is  another  frieze,  1,  2,  4,  and  5,  on  which  a  combat  is  represented. 
Portions  of  eleven  warriors  are  preserved,  six  to  right,  four  to  left,  and  a  fallen  warrior  in  the 

centre. 

In  the  centre  of  the  frieze  (4),  a  dying  warrior  to  right  stretching  his  arm  behmd  him.  His 
leg  is  drawn  in  outline,  and  as  no  filling  in  with  black  or  application  of  yellow  is  seen,  it  seems 
probable  that  carelessness  on  the  artist's  part  was  responsible  for  this  deficiency.  On  his  shield  is 
a  rosette,  with  yellow  applied  to  five  of  the  lobes ;  yellow  is  also  applied  to  the  headpiece  of  the 
helmet.  On  the  left  are  two  warriors  advancing  to  right,  both  armed  with  helmet,  shield,  greaves, 
spears,  and  sword.^     Yellow  is  applied  to  the  headpieces  of  the  helmets  and  to  the  greaves.     The 

1  This  is  not  absolutely  certain,  except  in  the  ca.se  of  the  first  figjire,  where  the  object  is  too  thick  to  be  a  spear. 


162 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


NESSOS  AND  DEIANEIRA 


163 


first  warrior  has  a  eheckei-ed  border  on  his  hehuet,  and  a  whirl  pattern  with  a  lozenge  bonier  on 
his  shield :  the  warrior  behind  has  a  foHr-|)ointed  star  inclosed  by  a  checkered  border  for  his  shield 
device.  Facing  them  to  left,  parts  of  two  warriors  :  nose,  tip  of  helmet,  shield,  and  one  leg  of  the 
first  warrior  preserved,  shield  and  one  leg  of  the  second.  Yellow  applied  to  greaves.  The  first 
warrior  is  armed  with  a  spear  or  swonl  exactly  like  his  opjtonent ;  on  his  shield,  four-iM>inted  star 
with  checkered  border.  His  conipanion  has  as  a  shield  device  a  rosette  elaborately  dniwn  in 
black  and  white  with  a  border  of  rays.     Between  the  warriors,  over  the  fallen  man,  a  bird  flying. 

On  fragment  2  we  see  the  back  of  one  warrior's  helmet  in  black  with  the  point  of  a  sjwar,  and 
the  helmet  (in  outline)  and  eye  of  another  warrior,  likewise  the  jHjint  of  a  sjjear.  From  a  com- 
parison of  5  it  seems  probable  that  the  s])ear  to  the  left  belongs  to  the  right-hand  warrior  and 
the  spear  at  the  right  to  another  not  preserved.  On  the  right  of  1  again  we  see  the  trace  of 
another  helmet  (checkered  border)  projecting  into  the  pattern  above. 

On  5  we  have  three  warriors  ;  the  one  at  the  left  resembles  the  foremost  warrior  on  the  left  of 
2,  except  that  the  boi-der  of  his  shield  is  a  ray  pattern,  and  the  helmet  has  no  border :  he  is  armed 
with  a  spear.  The  warrior  in  the  centre  differs  from  the  others  in  having  a  very  tall  helmet,  with 
a  single  checkered  border,  which  projects  into  the  up|>er  pattern  as  in  1  :  a  faint  line  marks  the 
outline  of  the  head,  evidently  done  in  the  preliminary  drawing.  This  feature  may  be  observed 
on  almost  all  the  figures.  His  sliield  seems  to  have  had  a  four-leaf  rosette  for  its  device,  the  leaves 
being  left  plain  and  the  entire  shiehl  covered  with  yellow ;  a  fainter  line  enciix'les  the  shield  inside 
the  rim.  He  is  armed  with  a  s|>ear  ( since  the  lower  curved  line  behin«l  him  is  clearly  the  continu- 
ation of  his  spear)  and  a  sword.  I^tween  his  legs  a  bird  similar  to  the  one  on  4.  Of  the  right- 
hand  warrior  only  the  head  and  j)art  of  a  leg  are  preserved. 

All  the  figures  are  bearded,  and  as  the  bulk  of  the  face  is  covered  by  the  helmet  a  triangular 
space  is  formed  by  the  nose  and  eye.  It  may  be  notetl  that  in  no  two  cases  is  the  device  of  the 
shields  the  same.  Faint  black  lines  are  seen  on  several  of  the  figures,  which  in  most  cases  marks 
the  preliminary  drawing.  On  4  the  lines  of  the  legs  of  four  figures  ci-oss  each  other,  due,  of  course, 
to  careless  drawing. 

Separated  from  the  frieze  just  described  by  a  narrow  bonier  containing  a  double  guilloche  (drawn 
in  outline  and  stippled  in  black)  is  the  third  frieze  (1  and  3). 

At  the  left  of  1  are  the  boily,  hind  leg  and  fore  legs  of  a  horse :  to  right,  a  broad  band  around  the 
chest,  with  the  reins  along  the  back.  Behind  the  horse  the  figure  of  a  man  from  the  waist  down- 
wards carrying  a  shield  (in  outline  :  device  a  rosette)  and  two  sj>ears.  Ai*ound  his  waist  is  a  belt 
with  a  row  of  dots.  Yellow  is  used  on  his  botly  and  legs  as  well  as  on  the  body  and  legs  of  the 
horse,  with  the  addition  of  faint  black  lines.  Before  the  horse  to  left  a  woman,  from  the  waist 
downward  (in  outline),  holding  a  staff  in  her  hand  and  clad  in  a  chiton  reaching  almost  to  the 
ankles,  stippled  above  in  black,  with  three  borders,  a  zigzag,  meander,  and  dots.  Behind  her  the 
leg  and  foot  of  another  man,  drawn  in  outline,  but  evidently  wearing  a  boot.  Between  the  horse's 
fore  legs  a  water  bird  and  above  the  reins  a  flying  bird,  as  in  the  lower  frieze.  Incised  lines  are 
used  to  denote  the  reins.  At  the  back  of  the  horse  is  a  projection  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened, 
from  which  goes  a  diagonal  line  to  the  top  of  the  frieze  representing  a  goad  or  whip. 

The  arrangement  of  3  is  somewhat  problematical.'  At  the  left  is  the  upi>er  part  of  a  female 
figure  (with  long  hair  in  ribbed  hxjks )  clad  in  a  sort  of  Ixxlice  and  a  long  skirt,  stippled  with 
black  dots ;  she  is  stretching  out  her  right  arm.  Behind  her  the  figure  of  a  beartled  centaur,  with 
a  belt  around  his  waist,  looking  to  left,  but  his  body  turned  to  right :  the  line  of  the  nates  and  the 
calf  is  visible  at  the  lower  part  of  the  fragment.  He  is  forme<l  in  the  Archaic  ty|)e,  the  entire 
figure  of  a  man  joined  to  the  body  and  hind  legs  of  a  horse.  The  horse's  Ixnly  is  seen  to  left  and 
the  woman  seems  to  have  her  left  arm  around  it.  The  waist  of  the  centaur  is  pierced  by  an 
arrow,  and  the  blood  is  marked  by  dark  streaks.  The  attitude  of  his  right  hand  is  uncertain. 
The  eyes  of  both  figures  are  drawn  as  dotted  circles.     In  field,  flying  bird. 

Aljove  is  the  last  frieze  which  forms  the  base  of  the  vessel  proper.  Some  animal  is  represented 
to  left,  as  three  legs,  body,  and  neck  (ornamented  with  a  scale  ])attern)  are  visible,  but  what  the 
animal  is  cannot  be  told.     Under  its  fore  leg  a  row  of  dots  and  lieneath  the  hotly  a  Kiroxfika. 

1  For  this  iutjrpretation  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Edward  Rubiiison,  Director  of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 


The  chief  interest  of  the  vase  lies  in  the  two  main  friezes,  but  owing  to  the  fragmentary  condi- 
tion of  the  vase  their  arrangement  is  extremely  doubtful.     It  is  perfectly  plain  that  the  subject  of 
the  lower  frieze  was  the  combat  over  some  fallen  warrior,  and  if  we  place  5  below  1,  and  ti-ausfer 
2  to  a  position  directly  over  4,  we  shall  obtain  six  warriors  on  the  left  and  four  (or  perhaps  only 
two,  if  2  forms  the  head  of  the  two  warriors  to  the  right  of  4)  on  the  right.     How  many  warriors 
were  represented,  or  whether  the  two  sides  of  the  base  represented  different  scenes,  we  cannot  say. 
Less  clear  is  the  arrangement  of  the  upjier  frieze.     We  have  the  figures  of  a  horse,  man,  two 
women,  and  a  centaur,  and  as  it  is  certain  that  the  subject  of  3  had  no  connection  with  1,  both 
fragments  were  probably  on  opjiosite  sides  of  the  base.     That  the  horse  on  1  was  harnessed  to  a 
chariot  seems  certain.     Although  we  have  only  one  horse,  we  know  the  single  teams  were  com- 
mon during  the  Archaic  |)eriod.'     As  three  reins  are  certainly  represented,  it  is  possible  that  a 
pair  of  horses  was  intended  (which  would  be  more  appropriate  to  the  period  of  the  vase).     If  a 
wat'on  be  supplied,  then  the  object  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened  must  be  the  top  of  the  pole. 
Although  it  is  placed  just  over  the  flank,  we  find  it  set  as  far  back  on  the  shoulder  of  a  black  figure 
hydria  (derhard,  Aun.  Vas.  pi.  253).     It  cannot  possibly  be  the  uitv^  of  a  chariot,  as  it  is  far  too 
close  to  the  botly  of  the  horse.     That  the  diagonal  line  which  begins  at  the  end  of  the  pole  is  a 
goad  held  in  the  driver's  hand,  a  comparison  of  Aus.  Vas.  pi.  251  shows  clearly.     Not  enough  of 
the  scene  is  ])re8ervetl  to  wari-ant  an  identification. 

With  3  the  subject  is  plain.  Deianeira  and  the  centaur  Nessos  are  represented.  The  round 
object  at  the  back  of  the  woman's  head  is  probably  the  sword  of  Herakles :  at  least  it  is  precisely 
similar  to  the  sword  on  the  lower  frieze,  and  on  a  Chalcidian  vase  in  the  Louvre  we  find  Herakles 
attacking  the  centaur  with  a  sword  (Aius.  Voff.  117-118,  1).  The  attitude  of  the  centaur  is  par- 
alleled by  another  centaur  on  the  Argive  lekythos  in  Berlin  (Arch.  Zeit.  1883,  pi.  x.),  who, 
pierced  by  an  arrow,  is  flying  to  right  while  looking  back  over  his  shoulder.  Deianeira  is  repre- 
sented in  a  rather  singular  fashion  ;  she  seems  to  be  clinging  to  the  centaur's  body  with  one  hand 
while  stretching  out  her  right  hand  as  if  to  call  for  assistance.  Such  a  treatment  of  the  scene  is, 
as  far  as  I  know,  unique. 

This  representation  of  Herakles's  encounter  with  Nessos  (if  such  it  be)  seems  to  be  the  earliest 
instance  we  have  where  Deianeira  is  i*epresented  (cf.  Roscher's  Lex.  II.  p.  2194). 

Several  points  in  the  matter  of  detail  must  l>e  noticed.  The  type  of  helmet  is  peculiar ;  for  the 
simple  helmet,  that  worn  by  the  warrior  on  the  Melian  vase  (Conze,  Melische  Vasen,  pi.  iii.),  offers 
the  nearest  resemblance,  but  the  tall  helmet  differs  from  any  I  have  yet  seen.  The  female  figure 
on  3  wears  her  hair  in  a  ribbed  band  behind,  an  extremely  common  form  during  the  late  Argive 
and  Corinthian  i)eriods.  The  treatment  of  the  eye  varies  in  the  two  principal  friezes  ;  in  the 
lower  we  have  a  i)ear-shai)ed  space  for  the  nose  in  white  with  the  eye  as  a  small  dot;  in  the  upper  we 
have  the  usual  type  on  Melian  or  Rhotlian  vases,"  the  dotted  circle.  The  shields  are  the  round  form 
which  is  found  in  the  Geometric  style,  but  the  addition  of  a  device  is  characteristic  of  a  later  period. 
In  spite  of  its  many  i>eculiarities,  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  vase  is  of  Argive  fabrication 
and  belongs  to  the  early  stage  of  Class  III.  of  the  Argive.  Of  purely  Geometrical  motives  we  find 
no  trace,  except  the  water  bird  on  1,  but  all  the  various  motives,  the  swastika,  guilloche,  birds, 
etc.,  can  be  traced  to  earlier  examples.  The  aiTangement  of  the  figures  savors  of  a  Mycenaean 
prototyi)e,  but  the  animal  frieze  shows  a  certain  amount  of  Oriental  influence.  The  application  of 
color  is  probably,  as  we  have  seen,  an  Argive  i>eculiarity.  At  the  same  time  the  general  execution 
is  primitive  in  its  character,  in  spite  of  the  atlvanced  tendency  of  the  composition,  and  shows  little 
trace  of  the  technical  skill  so  characteristic  of  the  later  Argive  vases. 

It  is  of  course  i)ossible  that  this  may  be  a  foreign  product,  imported  into  Argos,  and  if  such 
were  the  case  we  should  exjiect  to  find  analogous  vases  in  other  places,  which,  with  one  exception, 
the  Aristonothos  vase,=*  are  not  forthcoming.  Melian,  Rhotlian,  and  Ionian  vases  which  belong  to 
the  same  period  as  our  vase  (i^erhaps  a  trifle  later)  seem  to  offer  some  slight  resemblance,  but  it 
may  be  easily  seen,  if  their  styles  be  analyzed,  that  there  is  no  connection  between  them. 

The  Aristonothos  vase,  though  treating  a  different  subject  from  ours,  is  the  only  vase  which 

1  Cf.  the  Mycenaean  grave  stelae  aud  Geometric  Vases,  '  Also  on  the  Mycenaean  '  Warrior  '  Vase. 

Ilelbig,  Epos-,  p.  139,  fig.  33.  •  Mon.  delV  Inst.  IX.  pi.  iv. 


164 


THE   VASES  AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


shows  any  similarity  of  style,  and  has  therefore  been  assigned  by  Furtwiiugler  to  an  Argive 
fabric.!  It  ,„ay  be  bold  to  use  that  vase  as  a  criterion,  but  the  view  of  a  scholar  like  Furtwiiugler 
calls  for  careful  attention,  and  if  at  Argos  we  find  a  vase  similar  to  the  Aristonothos  vase,  which, 
though  exhibiting  several  new  features,  shows  clearly  the  elements  of  the  Argive  style,  there  would 
seem  to  be  good  reason  for  assigning  both  to  an  Argive  fabric. 

We  find  that  on  the  Aristonothos  vase  the  type  of  figures,  profiles,  etc.,  is  identical.  The  round 
shields  are  used  with  similar  devices.  Also  on  many  of  the  figures  small  white  dots  are  added  such 
as  we  have  seen  on  the  vases  just  discussed,  a  strong  jwint  in  favor  of  the  Argive  origin  of  that 
vase.  We  find  a  rosette  precisely  similar  to  that  on  the  shield  of  our  fallen  warrior  with  black 
and  white  leaves.  Except  for  the  white  dots,  there  is  no  application  of  extra  color  on  the  Aria- 
tonothos  vase. 

If  what  we  have  just  said  holds  gootl,  then  our  vase  must  fall  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventh 
century  ;  later  than  that  it  cannot  be. 

PLATE    LX. 

19  a-h.  Eight  fragments  from  a  large  vase.^  The  shai)e  is  uncertain  but  it  may  have  been 
some  sort  of  a  pyxis.  The  diameter  was  about  28  cm.,  greenish  yellow  clay  with  a  dirty  brownish 
yellow  slip,  decoration  in  black  to  dark  brown.  Incised  lines  used.  Kim  ends  in  a  moulding.  No 
trace  of  glaze  on  interior. 

A  pyxis  seems  the  most  ])robable  shai>e,  though  the  addition  of  a  moulding  to  the  rim  is  unusual. 

On  a  we  have  a  bearded  man  in  a  chariot  to  right  drawn  by  a  single  horse,  holding  the  reins  in 
his  left  hand  and  a  goad  or  spear  in  his  right  hand.  He  is  clad  in  a  single  long  garment  with  a 
zigzag  pattern  down  the  front.  The  botly  of  the  chariot  is  ornamente<l  with  a  zigzag  bonier, 
incised,  and  the  eye  of  the  man  is  denoted  by  a  dotte<l  circle.  The  chariot  has  a  single  wheel. 
Behind  the  man  three  vertical  lines  bordering  the  panel. 

On  b  we  have  a  large  cauldron  and  a  tripwl  with  double  legs,  ending  at  the  sides  in  a  wheel  on 
which  a  horse  is  jierchetl.  Over  the  tripod  is  a  helmet.  Between  the  cauldron  and  the  triiwd 
some  object,  perhaps  a  cleaver,  c  shows  portions  of  two  deer  (eyes  incised)  to  right,  and  d  and 
e  show  the  head  and  horns  of  a  stag. 

On  the  bottom  of  the  vase  (e-h)  some  design  was  represented,  though  not  enough  is  left  to 
conjecture  what  the  actual  design  was.  We  have  already  seen  this  ]>eculiarity  on  the  base  of 
another  pyxis  (Fig.  69). 

It  seems  certain  from  the  presence  of  the  vertical  lines  on  a  that  two  scenes  were  represented, 
each  in  a  panel ;  a  and  b  belong  to  one  side,  c,  d,  and  e  to  the  other,  f  is  probably  the  bottom  of 
b  (showing  the  continuation  of  the  cauldron),  while  g  and  h  belong  to  the  other  side,  g  being  the 
lower  part  of  c. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  what  the  principal  scene  represents  jwrhaps  the  most  probable  explanation 
is  that  a  chariot  i-ace  is  represented  (there  is  room  for  two  more  teams  on  the  vase),  and  that  the 
cauldron,  trii>otl,  and  helmet  are  the  prizes.  If  this  is  correct,  we  obtain  the  year  776  R.  C.  as  a 
terminus  unte  quem,  since  before  that  date  the  representation  of  a  contest  for  prizes  never  occurs 
on  any  Greek  vase.  Only  one  horse  is  attached  to  the  chariot,  which  is  similar  to  that  found  on 
Geometric  vases  with  a  curved  airv^  (cf.  Helbig,  A))0.t%  j).  138,  fig.  32);  but  as  three  reins  are 
represented  in  the  driver's  hand,  and  the  head  and  feet  of  the  hoi-se  are  missing,  the  usual  num- 
ber of  two  was  probably  represente<l.  The  cauldron  is  similar  in  shape  to  the  large  Dipylon  vases, 
but  differs  from  them  as  to  the  handles.  The  tripotl  has  double  legs  (contrary  to  the  ones  found 
at  Olympia,^  which  have  single  legs),  and  seems  to  belong  to  a  different  type,  as  the  legs  run  clear 
to  the  rim  of  the  bowl.  The  peculiar  form  of  the  latter  is  due  entirely  to  the  desire  to  make  room 
for  a  helmet  (Corinthian  type).  The  tripod  has  a  characteristic  quite  common  in  the  tripods  from 
Olympia,*  as  well  as  in  other  early  bronze  work,  in  having  rings  or,  as  here,  wheels  at  the  sides  on 

1  Berl.  Philol.  Wochens.  189."),  p.  20ti.     "  Nun  liaben  die  -  A  fraf^ment  (b)  of  this  vase  has  already  been  pub- 

Ausgrabungen  am  Heraeon  von  Argos  sowohl  Scherben  lished  by  I^iirent,  B.  C.  H.  1901,  p.  151,  fig.  4. 

jener  von  mir  der   Fabrik   der  '  Aristonothos- Vase '  zu  •  Furtwangler,  '  Die  Bronien,'  Oli/mpia,  IV.  pp.  72  ff. 

gerechneten    Art   als   auch    Protokorinthische    zu  Tage  *  Ibid.,  pi.  xxx.  574,  624  ;  xxxiii.  6U7  and  a. 
gebracht."    Our  fragments  are  the  '  Scherben '  referred  to. 


THE  CORINTHIAN   STYLE 


165 


which  a  horse  is  perched.  What  the  object  to  the  right  of  the  cauldron  represents  is  difficult  to 
say  ;  *  from  f  it  seems  certain  that  a  similar  object  was  placed  on  the  other  side,  but  the  size  of  the 
vase  precludes  our  considering  them  as  supports. 

The  animal  frieze  presents  no  peculiarity  of  any  kind.  The  general  style  of  the  vase  is  decidedly 
that  of  the  early  period  of  the  Oriental  Argive  class,  a  at  first  sight  seems  to  show  the  same 
style  of  drawing  in  the  case  of  the  male  figure  as  is  generally  found  on  Geometric  vases ;  but  the 
style  of  the  horse  as  well  as  the  presence  of  the  incised  lines  show  that  by  no  possibility  can 
the  style  be  Geometric.  It  is  possible  that  the  artist  may  have  drawn  the  male  figure  after  some 
Geometric  prototyi)es.  All  things  considered,  there  seems  no  good  reason  why  we  should  not  have 
here  a  vase  of  distinctly  Argive  fabric. 

PLATE    LXVI. 

Three  fragments,  4  a-C,  from  the  same  vase,  found  east  of  the  Northwest  Building.  Brick  red 
clay,  with  a  bright  yellow  slip  on  exterior,  chocolate-brown  decoration  with  free  use  of  incised 
lines.     Form  of  vase  uncertain. 

That  two  friezes  of  animals  were  represented  is  certain.  Traces  of  a  lower  frieze  appear  on  a. 
On  a  and  b  we  have  some  animal  to  right,  on  b  the  wing  and  body  of  a  seated  sphinx,  and  on  c 
the  fore  part  of  another  animal  similar  to  a. 

Of  all  the  fragments  yielded  by  the  Heraeum  these  are  the  most  unique  and  extraordinary. 
With  the  exception  of  an  animal  on  an  Early  Attic  vase  (Couve,  B.  C.  11.  1893,  p.  25,  pis.  ii. 
and  iii.),  which  bears  an  extremely  superficial  resemblance,  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  vase  or 
fragments  which  offer  any  analogy  whatsoever.  The  fact  that  an  animal  frieze  is  represented  as 
well  as  the  presence  of  the  sphinx  shows  that  the  fragments  cannot  be  earlier  than  the  third  class 
of  the  Argive  style,  though,  stylistically  considei-ed,  these  animals  show  none  of  the  particular 

Argive  features.  . 

Certain  technical  points  deserve  notice ;  the  drawing  is  extremely  curious,  especiaUy  at  the 
juncture  of  the  body  and  fore  leg,  where  a  crescent-shaped  cut  is  incised  to  show  the  modelmg 
of  the  leg.  An  ovil  space  is  left  for  the  eye,  which  is  denoted  by  a  dot,  and  resembles  that  of  a 
toad ;  the  ears  stand  upright.  The  mouth,  denoted  by  a  slit,  gives  a  savage  expression  to  the 
head.  We  can  only  guess  at  the  identity  of  the  animals,  but  that  they  represent  boars  seems  most 
probable.  It  would  api>ear  at  first  sight  as  if  the  feet  of  the  animal  on  a  were  the  paws  of  a  car- 
nivorous animal,  but  since  the  details  of  the  body  are  so  carefully  incised,  and  as  the  paws  of 
carnivora  during  this  i>eriod  are  always  denoted  by  incised  lines,  we  must  conclude  that  they  are 
hoofs.     The  absence  of  horns  shows  clearly  that  they  are  not  cattle,  sheep,  or  goats,  so  that  a  boar 

is  the  only  other  animal  i>ossible. 

Whether  we  can  recognize  here  a  foreign  interpretation  is  impossible  to  say,  but  until  some 
analogous  example  is  found  elsewhere,  it  seems  most  natural  to  regard  it  as  an  Argive  product, 
i>erhaps  a  caricature  ;  not  a  representative  of  any  type,  but  merely  an  isolated  case  of  some  potter's 
fancy  ;  in  short,  a  '  freak.'  Taking  the  technique,  clay,  and  style  into  consideration,  we  may  assign 
the  fragments  to  the  early  part  of  the  seventh  century. 


/ 


CHAPTER  VI. 
THE  CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 

The  relations  of  the  Arj^ive  and  Corinthian  styles  to  each  other  were  discussed  at  length 
in  the  Introduction  and  in  Chapter  IV.  In  the  present  chapter  only  those  vases  and 
fragments  which  belong  to  the  Corinthian  style  proper  will  be  considered. 

The  Corinthian  style-  is  so  thoroughly  well  known  and  its  origin  so  firmly  established, 
that  any  discussion  of  the  various  questions  which  here  arise  in  regard  to  it  is  out  of 

t  Laurent  (loc.  cU.)  identifies  this  as  a  sword,  which  ^  For  general  discussion  of  the  style,  v.  Wilisch.  Alt- 

Mem.  doubtful.  loriuthmhe  Thonindustne. 


166 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


place.  It  was  fairly  well  represented  at  the  Heraeum ;  whole  vases  were  scarce,  but  the 
fra^nents  tilled  nearly  half  a  dozen  baskets.  Such  fragments  as  are  preserved  show 
nothing  new ;  the  forms  of  the  vases  differ  in  no  way  from  the  usual  Corinthian  types, 
and  the  scheme  of  decoration  is  identically  the  same. 

Whether  all  the  Corinthian  fragments  found  at  the  Heraeum  were  manufactured  at 
Argos  is  impossible  to  say.  It  has  not  been  proved  that  the  various  vases  of  the  style 
scattered  over  the  Greek  world  were  all  made  in  Corinth/  and  it  is  undoubtly  true 
that  after  the  style  became  thoroughly  known  its  manufacture  was  carried  on  in  other 
places  than  Corinth,  just  as  a  great  deal  of  the  Mycenaean  ware  found  in  Greece  must 
have  been  manufactured  outside  of  the  Argolid.  As  Corinth  lies  so  near  Ariros 
(only  thirty  miles  away),  the  importation  of  the  style  into  the  latter  place  would  be  |)er- 
fectly  possible.  At  all  events,  the  internal  evidence  of  the  Corinthian  fragments  found 
at  the  Heraeum  throws  no  light  on  the  question. 

Wihsch  has  divided  the  Corinthian  stvle  into  two  classes,  the  elder  and  the  vouno-er. 
With  the  exception  of  three  fragments  the  elder  class  only  is  found  at  the  Heraeum. 
This  may  serve  to  show  that  the  Corinthian  vases  were  manufactured  in  the  Argolid 
and  not  imported,  since  after  the  Corinthian  style  very  few  fragments  of  any  class  of 
vases  are  found  at  the  Heraeum,  while  if  the  reverse  were  the  case,  it  would  be  an 
extremely  curious  fact  to  find  the  importation  of  a  style  suddenly  ceasing,  without 
any  definite  reason.  There  is  no  literary  evidence  to  show  that  Argos  ever  enacted  an 
embargo  against  the  products  of  Corinth  as  she  did  in  the  case  of  Athens. 

The  forms  found  at  the  Heraeum  are :  — 


Skyphos, 
Oinochoe, 
Pyxis, 

Sugar  Bowl, 
Tripod  Bowl, 
Alabastron, 


Aryballos, 

Aiuphora, 

Askos, 

Kylix, 

Kothoii, 

Plate. 


Wihsch's  statement  [op.  cit.  p.  21)  that  the  skyphos  is  the  only  fonn  peculiar  to  both 
the  Argive  and  Corinthian  styles  is  certainly  incorrect,  since  several  fragments  belonging 
to  oinoclioai  of  the  type  on  p.  127  were  found  with  Corinthian  decoration,*  and  as  we 
have  seen,  the  Argive  style  included  all  the  forms  in  the  above  list  with  the  exception  of 
the  kylix  and  the  tripod  bowl.  The  decoration  on  all  the  fragments  was  distinctly  jwor, 
few  showing  really  good  technique.  Most  of  them  were  found  on  the  Second  Temple 
Ten-ace  in  the  pocket  towards  the  southeast  and  under  the  retaining  wall  of  the  West 
Building  (southwest  corner).  The  number  of  bottoms  (of  skyphoi  and  oinoclioai)  far  ex- 
ceeded the  fragments  which  belonged  to  the  upper  part  of  such  vases.  Though  as  a 
rule  the  clay  of  the  Corinthian  vases  is  rather  more  grayish  in  tone  than  in  the  Argive, 
it  was  impossible  in  most  cases  to  decide  whether  such  fragments  belonged  to  Argive 
or  Corinthian  vases,  the  decoration  in  both  styles  (ray  pattern)  being  identical.  Some 
of  these  vases,  however,  showed  just  enough  of  the  main  zone  to  established  their  identity 
as  Corinthian. 

1  It  is  perfectly  certain,  through  the  presence  of  in-  (A  1035)   with  three  zones  of  flgnres.     I  noted  in  the 

scriptions,  that  vases  of  this  style  were  manufactured  in  Naples  Museum  an  oinochoe  of  the  Argive  style,  which 

Sikyon  (Kretschmer,  GriechUche   Vaseninschri/ten,  p.  ."iO  ;  had  Corinthian  decoration  orer  the  parallel  bands.    I  was 

cf.  also  p.  185,  No.  1).    Hence  Argos  may  well  have  made  unable  to  examine  the  vase,  but  feel  sure  that  the  Corin- 

some  Iierself.  thiau  decoration  is  modem.     Cf.  J.  H.  S.  XI.  (1890),  p. 

^  The    British   Museum   possesses   such    an   oinochoe  175. 


OLD  CORINTHIAN  STYLE 


167 


In  but  a  few  cases  could  a  vase  be  reconstructed  from  the  fragments,  and  as  the  num- 
ber of  whole  vases  was  so  small  no  such  classification  as  was  followed  in  Chapter  IV. 
could  be  used,  nor  does  the  class  represented  admit  of  any  chronological  subdivisions. 

OLD  CORINTHIAN  STYLP:. 
Ski/phos. 
This  form,  being  the  commonest,  will  be  treated  first.  Two  types  may  be  detected, 
those  having  a  glaze  on  the  interior  and  those  without.  The  latter  type  is  represented 
only  by  fragments  in  a  very  poor  condition,  and  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  small 
vases.  The  clay  is  greenish  or  gray  in  tone,  the  foot  projecting  in  a  slight  moulding, 
and  the  base  ornamented  with  a  ray  pattern,  the  rays  being  very  fine  and  close  together. 
Above  the  rays,  separated  by  a  broad  stripe  on  which  narrow  stripes  of  red  or  white  color 
are  applied,  is  the  principal  zone.     As  the  type  is  so  common,  no  examples  are  given 

here. 

Fragments  belonging  to  the  former  type,  though  not  so  numerous,  were  in  better  pre- 
servation as  far  as  the  figure  decoration  is  concerned.     They  are  generally  of  a  red  or 
vellow  clay,  the  glaze  black,  though  in  some  cases  it  has  been  burnt  to  a  brilliant  red, 
and  in  others  is  almost  entirely  obliterated,  owing  doubtless  to  the  nature  of  the  soil. 
The  form  of  the  vase  is  always  that  of  Fig.  64,  and  the  only  variation  is  found  in  the 
proportion  between  the  height  and  the  diameter.     The  motives  of  decoration  are  the 
usual  ones,  zones  of  animals  (lions,  iKinthers,  bulls,  goats,  deer,  etc.),  birds,  fabulous  mon- 
sters (sirens  and  sphinxes),  and  flower  patterns  (generally  lotos).     Red  color  is  univer- 
stilly  applied  to  the  figures  themselves  and  the  bands  which  border  the  zone ;  red  stripes 
are  often  applied  to  the  interior,  just  below  the  rim.     Incised  lines  are  almost  invariably 
used,  but  extremely  carelessly,  as  no  attempt  has  been  made  in  many  cases  to  prevent 
such  lines  running  into  the  background  of  the  zone.     The  bases  are  usually  ornamented 
with  rays,  and  the  rim  with  a  border  of  zigzags,  water  birds,  or  flowers,  placed  over  the 
main  zone ;  in  some  cases  the  border  is  omitted  and  the  main  zone  extends  clear  to  the 
rim.     Ornaments  in  field  are  almost  invariably  used. 

PLATE    LXI. 

1  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  skyphos,  of  reddish  clay,  dark  red  glaze  on  interior.  On  main 
lone  sphinx  and  siren  to  right  (a)  and  sphinx  to  left  (b).  Two  broad  stripes  of  applied  red 
separate  the  rim  border  (vertical  zigzags).  Red  applied  to  the  wings  of  the  figures,  and  to  two 
stripes  below  the  rim  on  the  interior. 

2.  Grayish  clay,  dark  glaze  on  interior  almost  obliterated.  Heads  of  sphinx  and  goose  to  left. 
Tootheil  and  zigzag  bortler  above. 

The  sphinx  is  almost  the  commonest  motive  on  our  fragments.  Dozens  of  others  were  found 
showing  a  similar  design. 

3.  Light  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black  glaze  on  interior.  Fore  part  of  boar  to  right.  Ray 
pattern  below.     Retl  applied  on  boar's  neck. 

This  fragment  belonged  to  a  large  skyphos,  probably  15  cm.  in  height. 

4.  From  a  large  skyphos,  about  20  cm.  in  height.  Grayisli  clay,  glaze  and  decoration  very  much 
faded.  Above  main  zone  (two  panthers  back  to  back)  border  of  palmette-lotos  chain,  only  visible 
through  the  incised  lines,  as  the  decoration  has  almost  entirely  faded. 

&  Yellowish  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze.  Zigzag  border  on  rim.  On  main  zone,  hind  part  of 
bull  to  right.     Retl  applied  to  bull's  belly, 

6.  Yellow  clay,  with  fjwled  black  glaze.  On  main  zone  haunch  of  a  goat  and  tail  of  another 
animal.  Above  palmette-lotos  chain.  Applieil  red  band  below  rim  on  interior;  i-ed  on  the  centres 
of  the  palmette  and  on  goat's  botly.     Cf.  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  iii.  36. 


/I 


168 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


7.  KetUlish  clay,  with  bright  red  glaze.  Panther,  full  front,  and  rear  part  of  another  animal. 
Above,  zigzag  border.     The  zone  is  burnt  bright  red,  the  rim  border  black. 

As  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  Argive  fragments,  the  difference  in  color  between  the  two  parts  of 
the  vase  is  strongly  marked,  and  is  no  doubt  intentional. 

&  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black  glaze.  Rooster  to  left.  Red  applied  to  the  wattles, 
winjrs  and  rosettes  in  field. 

9  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  rim  of  skyphos.  Yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze.  On 
principal  zone  head  of  sphinx.  Above,  separated  by  a  checkered  border,  zone  of  water  birds  to 
right  broken  by  a  panel  containing  a  star.     Red  applied  to  wings  of  the  birtl. 

These  fragments  show  an  upper  zone  which  in  its  drawing  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Oriental 
Argive,  without  any  ornaments  in  field.     The  lower  zone  is  in  the  typical  Corinthian  style. 

10.  Yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  dark  brown  glaze  and  bright  red  decoration.  Main  zone  occu- 
pied by  a  very  elaborate  palmette-lotos  chain  in  squares,  with  red  color  frequently  applied.  Below, 
zone  of  water  binls.  It  is  probable  that  a  similar  zone  forme<l  the  upper  bonier.  For  palmette, 
cf.  Wilisch,  ojt.  cit.  pi.  iii.  35. 

The  fragments  here  given  are  paralleled  by  dozens  of  others  of  varying  technical  skill. 

Some  of  the  fragments  showed  the  figures  of  the  animals  stretched  out  to  an  abnormal 

length. 

(Hnochnai. 
Two  types  were  represented. 

1.  Tall-necked  oinochoe  (p.  127). 

2.  Corinthian  type.     Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  ii.  18. 

The  first  type  was  represented  only  by  a  few  fragments  in  bad  preservation.  These 
were  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  except  for  the  animal  zone  on  the  body,  and  had 
on  the  shoulder  an  incised  tongue  pattern,  red  and  yellow  being  applied  to  the  alternate 
divisions.  Of  Type  2  fragments  of  only  one  vase  were  found  which  permitted  a  fairly 
satisfactory  reconstruction,  and  several  fragments  of  others.  Curiously  enough,  no  neck 
belonging  to  these  oinochoai  was  found,  nor  is  it  certain  whether  some  fragments '  did 
not  belong  to  another  variety  of  oinochoe  (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  ii.  16). 

11  a-C.  Three  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Reddish  clay.  On  base,  rays,  with  three  bands 
(middle  band  black,  the  others  applied  in  red,  dividing  lines  in  white)  separating  them  from  the 
main  zone.  Panther  to  right  (head  full  front)  and  goat  to  left.  On  b  an  owl,  to  right  head  full 
front ;  on  c,  deer  feeding  to  left  and  feet  of  a  sphinx.  Above,  two  applied  red  bands  inclosing 
toothed  border.  On  shoulder,  another  zone,  with  lower  part  of  a  bird  to  right.  Red  is  freely 
applied  to  all  the  figures. 

A  few  other  unimportant  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

12.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  Ram's  head  to  right,  dotted 
circles  as  ornaments  in  field.     Good  technique. 

The  other  fragments  were  unimportant.     They  included  an  owl,  panther,  goat,  etc. 

Pyrides. 

Very  few  fragments  belonging  to  this  form  were  found,  but  the  covers  were  much 
more  numerous,  showing  the  same  discrepancy  of  proportion  already  mentioned  in  the 
case  of  the  Argive  fragments  (p.  136). 

Two  types  were  represented. 

1.  Pyxis  with  curving  sides  ( Berl.  Cat.  v.  103). 

2.  Pyxis  with  straight  sides  (Berl.  Cat.  v.  101). 

*  Two  fragments  of  yellow  clay  with  an  animal  zone  on  the  body  and  another  on  the  shoulder  were  found,  which, 
judging  from  the  curve,  may  have  belonged  to  this  form. 


CORINTHIAN   STYLE:   COVERS 


169 


The  few  fragments  belonging  to  Ty|)e  1  followed  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  ray 
pattern  on  the  base  and  a  sort  of  tongue  pattern  incised  <m  the  body,  red  and  yellow 
color  being  applied  to  the  alternate  divisiims.     The  interior  was  not  glazed  in  every  case. 

2. 

13.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  bright  red  glaze  on  interior.  On  main  zone,  procession  of  women 
to  right.  Two  other  fragments  wei-e  found,  one  showing  the  women  facing  to  left  so  that  two  pro- 
cessions were  represented.  This  fragment  differs  slightly  from  the  usual  form  in  that  the  base 
does  not  rest  flat  on  the  ground,  but  the  sides  are  continued  down  lower  than  the  base,  so  that  the 

vase  rests  on  a  low  foot. 

Of  the  other  fragments,  three  belonged  to  a  pyxis  of  greenish  gray  clay,  adorned  with  the  usual 
animal  zone  (lion,  bull,  boar,  and  goat).    Another  showed  a  palmette-lotos  chain  as  the  main  zone, 

very  hastily  done. 

Covers. 

A  very  large  number  of  these,  mostly  in  fragments,  was  found.  Only  one  ty^ie  could 
be  distinguished,  that  with  a  flange  fitting  inside  the  rim  of  the  pyxis  (v.  p.  139,  fig.  73). 

In  only  a  few  cases  was  the  knob  preserved,  and  in  those  it  was  conical  or  flat  in  shape. 
The  commonest  type  (at  least  thirty  covers  were  represented)  had  a  ray  pattern  or  leaf 
rosette  in  the  centre,  and  a  zone  of  animals  of  the  usual  type  as  a  border  on  the  rim. 
Almost  equally  common  was  the  tongue  pattern  with  red  lobes.  A  few  fragments 
showed  a  procession  of  warriors  armed  with  round  shields  and  spears. 

14.  Diameter,  0.106  m.  Greenish  clay.  In  centre  leaf  rosette,  outside  animal  zone,  four  lions, 
two  boars,  stag,  and  duck.  Decoration  very  much  faded,  with  frequent  traces  of  applied  red  color. 
This  was  the  only  cover  preserved  almost  intact.    Its  wealth  of  decoration  suggests  the  "Dodwell" 

vase. 

15.  Fragment  of  cover.  Original  diameter,  0.155  m.  Very  fine  bright  yellow  clay,  with  black 
decoration,%etl  color  freely  applied.  In  centre,  ray  patteni.  Main  zone  bounded  by  two  bands 
applied  in  red.     Bird,  male  figure,  sphinx,  and  two  lions  in  an  heraldic  scheme. 

The  bearded  figure  on  the  left  is  dressed  in  a  long  chiton  with  a  border  down  the  front,  and  a 
long  himation  which  falls  in  a  fold  at  the  right.  The  arms  are  not  visible,  but  may  perhaps  be 
denoted  by  the  incised  lines  starting  from  the  shoulders.  The  figure  presents  this  peculiarity,  that 
while  the  himation  is  filled  in  with  red,  the  skirt  of  the  chiton  is  drawn  in  outline.  This  peculiarity, 
as  far  as  I  know,  does  not  occur  on  vases  of  the  Old  Corinthian  style.* 

The  identity  of  the  bird  is  doubtful ;  it  resembles  a  crow  more  than  any  other  bird.    The  sphinx 

shows  no  new  features. 

The  group  of  the  two  lions  is  the  most  interesting.  Though  the  heraldic  scheme  was  no  new 
feature  in  Greek  art  during  the  earlier  periods  (e.  g.  the  Lion  Gate  at  ^lycenae.  Geometric  vases, 
etc.),  it  is  not  until  the  use  of  the  Corinthian  style  that  the  scheme  is  generally  used.  The  attitude 
of  our  lions  is  paralleled  by  two  bronze  reliefs,  one  from  the  Acropolis  (Bather,  J.  II.  S.  XIII. 
[1892-93J,  p.  256,  fig.  25)  and  the  other  in  Athens  (Furtwsingler,  Ann.  delV  Inst.  1880,  p.  135, 
tav.  d'  agg.H),  and  by  a  terra-cotta  relief  from  the  Heraeum.  In  the  latter  the  lions  are  standing, 
not  sitting.  Analogous  is  the  relief  in  Cxxrtms iWappengehrauch  und  Wappemtil  im  Alterthnm, 
pi.  i.  11).  Except  for  Chalcidian  vases  (v.  A?in.  1880,  p.  135,  note  2)  I  have  been  able  to  discover 
this  motive  on  but  one  other  example  of  Archaic  vases  (-B.  C.  II.  XIX.  [1895],  p.  76,  fig.  4). 

From  the  various  analogies  mentionetl,  it  is  certain  that  our  fragment  cannot  be  older  than  the 
bronze  reliefs,  i.  e.  the  end  of  the  seventh  century.  The  fineness  of  the  clay,  style  of  drawing,  and 
lack  of  ornaments  in  field  is  consistent  with  this  view,  and  shows  that  the  fragment,  if  not  belong- 
ing  to  the  New  Corinthian  style,  belongs  at  least  to  the  transitional  period  between  the  Old  and  the 

New  Corinthian  styles. 

1  Cf.  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  p.  99. 


/I 


170 


THE  VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


/Sugar- Bowl  Form. 
Two  types  of  these  bowls  were  represented. 

1.  Without  handles  (WiHsch,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  10). 

2.  With  handles  in  plastic  form  (^IbiJ.  pi.  i.  13). 

As  no  fragments  were  found  with  handles,  it  is  uncertain  whether  a  third  type 
(Wilisch,  op,  cit.  pi.  i.  11  and  12)  was  represented. 

All  the  fragments  show  a  zone  of  figures ;  the  interior  is  always  unglazed.  The  base 
is  invariably  ornamented  with  a  ray  pattern. 

1. 

16  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  same  bowl ;  original  lieight  about  12  cm.  Greenish  yellow 
clay,  decoration  very  much  faded.  On  base,  rays ;  above,  main  zone,  bounded  on  each  side  by  two 
dotted  rows.  Procession  of  women  to  left ;  the  right-hand  figure  holds  a  pomegranate  in  her 
hand.     Dots  as  ornaments  in  field.     Rim  ends  in  a  moulding. 

On  b  the  skirt  of  one  woman's  dress  is  drawn  in  a  triangular  outline.  Judging  by  the  extremely 
primitive  character  of  the  drawing,  we  have  here  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of  the  style. 

17.  Fragment  of  bowl :  original  height  about  15  cm.  Yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration,  red 
freely  applied  to  the  figures.     On  main  zone,  two  sphinxes.     Dotted  bands  above. 

18.  Fragment  of  base.  Reddish  brown  clay,  with  black  decoration  burnt  retl.  On  base,  rays ; 
above,  animal  zone  with  lower  part  of  a  sphinx  and  leg  of  a  panther  showing. 

It  is  not  absolutely  certain  that  this  fragment  belongs  to  a  bowl ;  the  curve  would  suit  an 
oinochoe  equally  well. 

None  of  the  other  fragments  possessed  any  interest  except  one  very  small  fragment  on 
which  traces  of  a  row  of  warriors  armed  w^ith  shields,  helmets,  and  spears  could  be  seen. 


The  presence  of  this  type  is  establislied  only  by  a  dozen  fragments  representing,  with 
one  exception,  a  plastic  female  head. 

19.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Plastic  female  head :  light  yellowish  brown  clay,  with  brown  decora- 
tion. Red  bands  applied  to  the  surface  of  the  vase.  The  hair  is  arranged  on  either  side  of  the 
head  in  three  strands. 

Examples  of  this  type  are  fairly  numerous.  Cf.  Furtwiingler,  /Sammlung  Sahouroff, 
pi.  xlvii.  1 ;  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  p.  22,  note  82. 

20.  Plastic  head  of  a  sheep.     Similar  technique  to  19. 

Tripod  Bowls.     (Form,  Berl.  Cat.  v.  198.) 

Though  this  form  can  hardly  be  called  a  very  characteristic  one  of  the  Corinthian 
style,  it  is  by  no  means  rare.  Wilisch  ignores  it  entirely.  The  number  of  fragments  of 
this  type  found  at  the  Heraeum  was  not  very  numerous  ;  of  these  the  majority  were  legs, 
with  fragments  of  the  bowl  itself  still  attached.  Whether  these  bowls  ))os.sessed  covers 
originally  is  imjK)ssible  to  say;  a  bowl  in  Berlin  (No.  1153)  has  none,  nor  were  any 
covers  which  clearly  belonged  to  these  bowls  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

Except  for  difference  in  the  proportion  of  the  depth  of  the  bowl  and  the  height  of  the 
legs,  no  separation  into  classes  is  possible,  and  all  the  fragments  follow  one  type. 

21.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Height,  0.05  m. ;  original  diameter,  0.127  m.  Yellow  clay.  The  rim 
is  ribbed  on  its  outer  and  upper  sides.  Interior  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze,  extending  over 
the  rim,  with  two  concentric  circles  uncolored,  with  a  narrow  stripe  of  red  applied  between  them. 


CORINTHIAN  STYLE:  VARIOUS  VASES 


171 


On  exterior,  zone  of  animals,  very  much  faded,  on  body,  and  a  single  animal  (lion)  on  each  leg. 
Another  fragment  of  a  leg  was  found. 

The  other  fragments  of  the  type  all  followed  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  a  zone  of 
animals  on  the  body  and  single  figures  (panthers,  lions,  sphinxes,  birds,  etc.)  on  the 
legs.     One  leg  showed  a  palmette-lotos  pattern  in  place  of  a  figure. 

Aluhastra. 
Two  types  may  be  distinguished. 
1.   With  a  slight  moulding  on  the  base,  allowing  the  vase  to  stand  upright  (Wilisch,  op.  cit. 

ii.  15). 

a.   With  round  base  {Berl.  Cat.  v.  109). 

1. 

Only  a  few  scattered  fragments  of  this  type  were  found.  The  moulding  is  placed 
directly  in  the  centre  of  the  base,  with  a  leaf  rosette  radiating  from  it,  and  the  body  ot 
the  vase  ornamented  with  one  or  two  zones  of  animals,  in  the  usual  style. 

2. 

Fragments  of  the  second  type  were  fairly  numerous,  especiaUy  the  rims.  Very  few 
vases  were  preserved  whole  and  no  vase  could  be  reconstructed  from  the  fragments. 

Fig.  95.     Height,  0.072  ni.     Intact  save  for  small  fragment  of  rim.     On  rim,  leaf  rosette,  with 
dots  at  the  si<le.  ''On  neck,  leaf  rosette,  alternate  leaves  applied  in  red.     On 
body,  three  gryphons.     On  base,  leaf  rosette.     Red  color  freely  applied  on 
their  binlies.     Rosettes  as  ornaments  in  field. 

None  of  the  other  vases  were  in  as  good  condition.  They  show 
the  usual  figures,  lions,  panthers,  geese,  etc.,  One  fragment  showed 
three  <rorcroneia  around  the  base,  whUe  another  had  the  lower  part  of 
a  female  figure. 

A  mphora. 
The  neck  and  handle  of  an  amphora  similar  to  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  II. 
21,  was  found,  with  traces  of  Corinthian  decoration,  very  much  faded. 

Aryhalloi.     (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  ii.  14.)  yig.  95. 

Only  one  type  of  aryballos  could  be  detected.  Curiously  enough, 
in  spite  of  the^iape  of  the  aryballos,  which  is  well  calculated  to  withstand  the  pressure 
of  the  earth  in  which  it  is  buried,  not  a  single  specimen  was  recovered  mtact  frag- 
ments were  numerous,  esi>ec.ially  rims,  but  none  of  them  showed  any  mterestnig  features. 
They  were  usually  of  a  gray  or  greenish  clay,  though  some  fragments  of  .ed  or  yellow 
clay  were  found.  The  decoration  is  the  usual  type,  a  leaf  rosette  on  the  base  with  some 
figure  or  other  on  the  body  and  a  leaf  rosette  or  tongue  pattern  on  the  rim.  HaU  a 
dozen  fragments  showed  a  wheel  pattern  with  curving  spokes  on  the  base.  Iho 
technique  in  ahnost  all  cases  was  extremely  indifferent. 

Askos.   (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  ii.  22.) 
Only  one  vase  of  this  type  was  found,  very  nearly  whole.     Height,  0.13  m.     Wheel 

.  The  only  f«g.«ent  which  ,K>sBessed  any  remarkable  decoration  bore  a  Sikyooian  vase-inscription :  see  below. 
Inscriptions  on  Vases,  p.  186,  No.  1. 


/ 


170 


THK   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Smjar-Iioicl  Form. 
Two  types  of  these  howls  were  represented. 

1.  Without  handles  (^Wilisch,  op.  rit.  pi.  i.  10). 

2.  With  haiulles  in  plastic  form  (^Ibiif.  pi.  i.  13). 

As  no  fragments  were  found  with  handles,  it  is  uncertain  whether  a  third  type 
(Wilisch,  op.  rit.  pi.  i.  1 1  and  12)  was  represented. 

All  the  fragments  show  a  zone  of  figures  ;  the  interior  is  always  unglazed.  The  base 
is  invariably  ornamented  with  a  ray  pattern. 

1. 

16  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  same  bowl :  original  height  al)out  12  cm.  Greenish  yellow 
clay,  decoration  very  much  faded.  On  base,  rays :  alM>ve,  main  zone,  bounded  on  each  side  by  two 
d«)tted  rows.  Procession  of  women  to  left ;  the  right-hand  figure  holds  a  pomegranate  in  her 
hand.     Dots  as  ornaments  in  field.     Kim  ends  in  a  moulding. 

On  b  the  skirt  of  one  woman's  dress  is  drawn  in  a  triangular  outline.  Judging  l)y  the  extremely 
primitive  ehai-acter  of  the  drawing,  we  have  here  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of  the  style. 

17.  Fragment  of  bowl :  original  height  about  1  o  cm.  Yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration,  red 
freely  applied  to  the  figures.     On  main  zone,  two  sphinxes.     Dotted  bauds  above. 

IB.  Fragment  of  base.  Reddish  brown  clay,  with  black  decoration  burnt  retl.  On  base,  rays; 
above,  animal  zone  with  lower  part  of  a  sphinx  and  leg  of  a  panther  showing. 

It  is  not  absolutely  certain  that  this  fragment  belongs  to  a  bowl :  the  curve  would  suit  an 
oinochoe  equally  well. 

None  of  the  other  fragments  possessed  any  interest  except  one  very  small  fragment  on 
which  traces  of  a  row  of  warriors  armed  with  shields,  helmets,  and  spears  could  be  seen. 


The  presence  of  this  type  is  established  only  by  a  dozen  fragments  representing,  with 
one  exception,  a  })lastic  female  head. 

19.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Plastic  female  head  :  light  yellowish  brown  clay,  with  brown  decora- 
tion. Red  bands  applied  to  the  surface  of  the  vase.  The  hair  is  arranged  on  either  side  of  the 
head  in  three  strands. 

Examples  of  this  type  are  fairly  nunien»us.  Cf.  Furtwiingler,  JSammlfOif/  Suhonrnff, 
pi.  xlvii.  1 ;  Wilisch,  op.  (it.  p.  2*2,  note  82. 

20.  Plastic  head  of  a  sheep.     Similar  technicpie  to  19. 

Triprnl  Bowh.     (Form,  nerl  Cat.  v.  198.) 

Though  this  form  can  hardly  l>e  called  a  very  characteristic  one  of  the  Corinthian 
style,  it  is  by  no  means  rare.  Wilisch  ignores  it  entirely.  The  number  of  fragments  of 
this  type  found  at  the  Ileraeum  was  not  very  numerous  ;  of  these  the  majority  were  legs, 
with  fragments  of  the  bowl  itself  still  attached.  Whetiier  the.se  bowls  possessed  covers 
originally  is  impossible  to  .say;  a  bowl  in  Berlin  (No.  lloIJ)  has  none,  nor  were  any 
covers  which  clearly  belonged  to  these  bowls  found  at  the  Hcraeum. 

Except  for  difference  in  the  projKirtion  of  the  depth  of  the  bowl  and  the  height  of  the 
legs,  no  separation  into  classes  is  ))Ossible,  and  all  the  fragments  follow  one  ty|ie. 

21.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Height,  O.Oo  m. ;  original  diameter,  0.127  m.  Yellow  clay.  The  rim 
is  ribbed  on  Its  outer  and  upper  sides.  Interior  covereil  with  a  <lark  brown  glaze,  extending  over 
the  rim,  with  two  concentric  circles  uncolored,  with  a  narrow  stri^n;  of  red  applied  between  them. 


CORINTHIAN   STYLE:   VARIOUS   VASES 


171 


On  exterior,  zone  of  animals,  very  nmch  faded,  on  body,  and  a  single  animal  (lion)  on  each  leg. 
Another  fragment  of  a  leg  was  found. 

The  other  fragments  of  the  type  all  followed  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  a  zone  of 
animals  on  the  "body  and  single  figures  (panthers,  lions,  sphinxes,  birds,  etc.)  on  the 
legs.     One  leg  showed  a  palmette-lotos  pattern  in  place  of  a  figure. 

Alabastni. 
Two  tyi>es  may  be  distinguished. 

1.  With  a  slight  mouhling  on  the  base,  allowing  the  vase  to  stand  upright  (Wilisch,  op.  clt. 

ii.  15). 

2.  With  round  base  (^Bcrl.  Ciu.  v.  109). 

1. 

Only  a  few  sc-attered  fragments  of  this  type  were  found.  The  moulding  is  placed 
directly  in  the  centre  of  the  base,  with  a  leaf  rosette  radiating  from  it,  and  the  body  ot 
the  vase  ornamented  with  one  or  two  zones  of  animals,  in  the  usual  style. 

2. 

Fracrments  of  the  second  tvpe  were  fairly  numerous,  especially  the  rims.  Very  few 
vases  were  preserved  whole  and  no  vase  could  be  reconstructed  from  the  fragments. 

Fig   95.     Height.  0.072  m.     Intact  save  for  small  fragment  of  rim.     On  rim,  leaf  rosette,  with 
d.,ts  at  the  si.le.  "On  neck,  leaf  rosette,  alternate  leaves  applied  in  red.     On 
bo<ly,  thriH,.  gryphons.     On  base,  leaf  r<»sette.     Red  color  fi-eely  api.lied  on 
their  b«Hlies.     Rosettes  as  ornaments  in  field. 

None  of  the  other  vases  were  in  as  good  condition.  They  show 
the  usual  figures,  lions,  panthers,  geese,  etc..  One  fragment  showed 
three  <ror<roneia  around  the  base,  while  another  had  the  lower  part  ot 


••«.*« 


a  female  figure. 


.  1  ntfthova. 


The  neck  and  handle  of  an  ampluira  similar  to  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  II.    "(^p^  ^  ^^ 
21,  was  found,  with  traces  of  Corinthian  decoratimi,  very  much  faded.      /» . 

•TV 

Afi/h'iUoi.     (Wilisch,  op.  clt.  ii.  U.)  ym.  95. 

Only  one  tvpe  of  arvballos  could  be  detected.  Curiously  enough, 
i„  spite  .>f  the  shape  of  the  arvballos,  which  is  well  calculated  to  withst^tnd  the  pr^sure 
of  the  earth  in  which  it  is  buried,  not  a  single  specimen  was  recovered  u.tact  I^rag- 
.nents  were  nun.erous,  especially  rin.s.  but  none  of  them  showed  any  interestn.g  features. 
They  were  usually  of  a  gray  or  greenish  clay,  though  s<mie  fragments  o  ied  or  yellow 
clav  were  found.  The  decorati<,n  is  the  usual  type,  a  leaf  rosette  <.n  the  base  with  some 
fig'ure  c»r  other  on  the  body  and  a  leaf  rosette  or  tongue  i>attern  on  the  rim.  HaU  a 
dozen  fragments  showed  a  wheel  pattern  with  curving  spokes  on  the  base.  Iho 
technitpie  hi  almost  all  cases  was  extremely  indifferent. 

Asl'os.   (Wilisch,  op.  rit.  ii.  22.) 
Only  one  vase  of  this  type  was  found,  very  nearly  whole.     Height,  0.13  m.     Wheel 

.  TTe  only  fraRu.ent  « Inch  ,H.ssessecl  any  remarkable  decoration  bore  a  Sikyonian  vase-inscription:  see  below. 
Inscriptions  on  Vases,  p.  185,  No.  1. 


172 


THE  VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


FOREIGN  TYPES 


173 


pattern  on  base,'  zone  of  female  fignres  in  procession  to  right  (red  applied  to  the  dresses), 
and  dotted  bands  on  the  shoulder.     The  execution  was  hasty. 

Kylikes.   (VVilisch,  op.  cit.  ii.  19.) 

Of  this  type,  one  vase  was  found  represented  by  two  fragments.  The  clay  was  yellow, 
the  interior  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze,  to  which  three  stripes  of  red  were  applied. 
On  the  exterior  a  zone  of  figures  was  represented,  of  which  only  an  owl  could  be  recog- 
nized. The  rim  Hared  shai-ply  outwards,  in  a  fashion  slightly  more  marked  than  the 
type  given  by  Wihsch. 

Plates. 

Fragments  of  plates  were  not  very  numerous.  The  general  type  is  that  of  p.  142  with 
a  flat  base,  sides  curving  outwards  and  a  moulding  on  the  base.  The  profile  of  each  i)late 
was  different,  no  two  being  found  alike.  Most  of  the  fragments  belonged  to  the  sides, 
hardly  more  than  half  a  dozen  fragments  from  the  centres  of  these  phites  being  found. 
The  principal  decoration  is  confined  to  the  interior,  the  exterior  being  usually  orna- 
mented with  the  system  of  parallel  bands  as  in  the  Argive  style- 

22.  ( Fig.  96.)    Fragment  of  plate.     Original  diameter,  19  cm.     Brick  red  clay  with  black 

decoration.     In  rim,  two  holes. 

Exterior.  On  side,  rays.  The  entire  centre  seems  to  have 
been  occupied  by  a  single  figure,  a  sphinx  and  siren,  of  which 
only  the  tip  of  the  wing  is  visible. 

Interior.     On  side,  zone  of  animals,  sphinxes,  and  a  siren 
or  bird  with  very  long  tail.     In  centre,  two  sj>hinxes  facing 
Fig.  96.  each  other.     Red  applied  freely  to  the  botlies  and  wings  of 

the  figiu-es. 
This  was  the  only  fragment  which  showed  animal  decoration  on  both  sides. 

23.  Fragment  of  plate.  Original  diameter,  32  cm.  Light  red  clay,  with  sliarp  profile.  On 
interior,  palmette-lotos  chain,  red  frequently  applied.  On  exterior,  bands.  Two  other  fragments  of 
the  rim  were  found,  one  pierced  by  two  holes.     No  trace  of  the  central 

decoration  was  foundjior  could  Mt^  be  identified  on  any  fragment.     A 
bronze  plate  with  similar  ornamentation  on  the  rim  was  also  fouml. 

NEW  CORINTHIAN   STYLE. 

23  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase  (umithora  h  colon- 
iiette  or  stamnos).  Brownish  clay,  covered  with  a  light  brown  slip, 
jjolished.  Above,  main  zone,  tongue  pattern,  with  alternate  red  and 
yellow  divisions  applied. 

On  a  warrior  to  right  armed  with  helmet,  greaves,  shield,  and  two 
spears.  Below  the  shield  A  l  Behin<l  him  liead  of  a  horse.  Red 
(faded  to  a  paler  tint)  applied  on  the  horse's  neck  and  on  the  warrior's 
hehuet,  shield,  and  greaves. 

b.  Foot  race.  Two  men,  nude  (heads  wanting),  running  to  right.  Below,  traces  of  a  second 
zone,  probably  of  animals.     Under  the  handle  the  tip  of  a  wing. 

A  third  fragment  was  foun.l,  representing  a  goat  to  left,  which  may  possibly  have  belonged  to 
the  lower  zone. 

The  shape  of  the  vase  cannot  be  determined  with  any  certainty,  as  not  enough  of  the  handle  is 
preserved.  The  curve  of  the  fragments  would  suit  a  stamnos  as  well  as  an  amphora.  It  seems 
probable  that  the  main  zone  represented  a  warrior's  departure  or  combat  on  the  obverse  and  an 
athletic  scene  on  the  reverse,  with  a  zone  of  animals  below.  Sphinxes  or  sirens  were  perhaps 
placed  below  the  liandles  as  ornaments  to  separate  the  two  scenes.  The  letters  of  the  inscription 
1  Exactly  similar  to  that  on  the  Tiraonidas  jug.  Arch.  Zeit.  1863,  pi.  clxxv.  't. 


Fio.  97. 


sut'gest  A  5  [FAM]  (AtFa?)  or  A^  [N/BAM](Aii'£as).     The  technique  of  the  fragments  marks  the 
latest  and  most  advanced  tyi)e  of  the  Corinthian  style. 

The  fit'ure  is  i>aralleled  by  a  Corinthian  skyphos  representing  the  combat  between  Ajax  and 
Aeneas  (^Ann,  dell.  Inst.  18G2,  tav.  d'  agg.  B),  except  that  the  warrior  on  our  fragment  is  not 
fighting  and  that  only  one  horse  is  represented.  The  warrior's  squire  was  evidently  mounted  on 
the  horse  as  in  the  skyphos. 

FOREIGN  TYPES. 

EARLY   ATTIC. 

A  few  fragments  were  found  which  bear  a  close  similaiity  to  the  Early  Attic  style ; 
in  fact,  they  show  more  of  the  elements  of  the  Early  Attic  technique  than  of  the  Argive. 
Whether  they  were  actually  imported  from  Attica  cannot  be  said. 

PLATE    LXII. 

1  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  large  bowl,  exact  shape  uncertain.  Coarse  reddish  clay,  with 
brown  glaze  on  interior,  brown  decoration  faded.  On  rim,  a  palmette  chain,  with  a  row  of  pot- 
hooks below. 

The  clay  seems  remarkably  like  that  of  the  Early  Attic  vases,  and  the  palmette  chain  is  very 
similar  to  the  palmettes  on  the  Early  Attic  vases  in  Athens  (Jahrb.  II.  [1887].  pis.  ii.  and  iii.). 

2.  Fragment  from  the  handle  of  a  large  vase,  probably  an  amphora  a  colonnette.  Coarse  red, 
dish  clay,  exterior  covered  with  a  whitish  slip,  decoration  in  dark  red. 

This  fracrment  shows  all  the  technical  characteristics  of  Early  Attic  ware  very  plainly. 

None  of  the  other  fragments  were  worth  reproducing. 

CYRENEAN. 

Not  more  than  fifty  fragments  or  so  of  this  ware  were  found,  nor  is  it  certain  that  they 
were  imported  from  Cyrene.  In  the  opinion  of  Professor  Ernest  Gardner,  who  exam- 
ined them  carefully,  the  qmUity  of  execution  was  almost  too  poor  for  genuine  Cyrenean 
work.  On  this  account  he  was  disposed  to  regard  them  as  an  Argive  imitation.  That 
these  fragments  are  distinctly  Cyrenean  in  style  is  evident,  but  it  is  equally  true  that  they 
are  greatly  inferior  to  the  vases  which  represent  the  style  elsewhere. 

That  Mr.  Gardner's  view  of  them  is  correct  seems  to  me  most  probable.  We  have 
found  all  along  that  foreign  importations  were  extremely  scarce  at  the  Heraeum,'  and 
that  the  gi-eat"mass  of  vases  was  made  on  the  spot.  There  is  nothing  to  forbid  the 
presence  at  Argos  of  Cyrenean  ware,  which  is  the  only  ware  in  Greece  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixth  century  that  seems  to  have  contested  the  field  with  Athens.  At  the 
same  time  we  know  that' all  Attic  vases  were  excluded  from  Argos  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  sixth  century,  and  not  enough  of  this  Cyrenean  ware  is  found  to  make  up  for  the 
lack  of  black  and  red  figure  vases. 

The  kylix  was  the  only  form  represented,  and  seemed  to  fall  into  two  types. 

1.  Attic  ty[)e  (^Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  xii.  2a). 

2.  Rim  and  shoulder  sharply  separated  (ibid.  pi.  xii.  4). 

It  was  not  possible  in  every  case  to  identify  the  form  from  which  the  fragment  came. 

The  clay  corresiionds  in  every  respect  with  other  Cyrenean  vases,  and  the  decoration 
follows  the  same  scheme.  The  interior  has  a  design  in  a  circle,  on  an  exergue.  Red  is 
frequently  applied  to  various  details.  The  exterior  as  a  rule  is  given  up  to  the  usual 
setpience  of  Cyrenean  motives,  rays,  tongue  pattern,  and  pomegranate  chain  ;  a  few 
fragments  showed  traces  of  a  figure  zone  on  the  exterior. 

1  Except  the  Coriathian  style,  and  that,  we  have  seen,  might  possibly  have  been  manufactured  in  the  Argolid  and 
not  imported. 


174 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


THE  ARGIVE  EXCLUSION  OF  ATTIC  POTTERY 


175 


The  execution  is  certainly  inferior  to  the  ordinary  vases  of  the  style.  Not  enough 
figures  are  preserved  to  judge  accurately  on  this  point,  but  in  the  ornamental  motives 
there  appears  a  certain  lack  of  firmness  and  crispness  in  the  drawing. 

3.  Fragment  of  kylix,  Type  2.  White  slip,  i)almette  and  ]x>uiegi-auate  border.  Below,  zigzag 
pattern  and  rays.     Cf.  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  x.  3 ;  Kankratis,  I.  pi.  ix. 

4.  Fragment  of  kylix.  Glaze  on  exterior.  Interior  covered  with  a  white  slip.  Eagle  with 
snake  in  its  beak.     Decoration  faded. 

5  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  kylix,  white  slip  on  both  sides.  On  exterior,  pomegranate  border; 
on  interior,  warrior  to  left  with  helmet  and  spear  mounted  on  horseback,  the  neck  of  the  horse 
showing  to  left.     On  b,  part  of  hind  leg  of  horse. 

6.  Fragment  of  kylix.  On  exterior,  tongue  pattern  and  rays.  On  interior,  two  feet  of  a  woman 
(^probably)  on  some  object,  perhaps  a  foot  stove  (cf.  B.  C.  H.  XVII.  1893,  p.  230,  fig.  4).  On 
the  left,  part  of  a  scroll. 

The  other  fragments  possessed  little  interest.  A  few  showed  portions  of  the  central 
pictures,  a  bird,  horn  of  a  goat,  legs  of  some  animal,  palmette,  etc.  The  larger  part  of 
the  fragments  possessed  only  the  usual  Cyrenean  motives  on  the  exterior. 

CHAPTER   VII. 
BLACK-  AND  RED-FIGURE  STYLES. 

Fragments  of  the  Black-  and  Red-figure  styles  were  represented  at  the  Heraeum  in 
extremely  small  quantities  —  not  more  than  a  basketful  of  the  former  and  hardly  more 
than  fifty  of  the  latter.  Considering  the  extreme  jxipularity  of  this  ware  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  sixth  century  throughout  the  whole  of  the  Greek  world,  the  explanation 
of  its  absence  presents  one  of  the  most  interesting  problems  afforded  by  the  Heraeum. 
That  the  frairments  of  these  two  stvles  found  at  the  Heraeum  are  of  Attic  manufacture 
there  can  be  no  question.  We  have  seen  already  that  vases  of  foreign  workmanship  were 
extremely  scarce  at  the  Heraeum,  but  no  certain  explanation  of  this  deficiency  was  to  be 
found ;  in  the  case  of  the  Attic  vases,  however,  the  explanation  of  their  absence  at  Argos 
is  perfectly  satisfactory  and  agrees  with  the  historical  evidence  at  our  command. 

When,  after  the  reforms  of  Kleisthenes,  the  rise  in  power  of  the  Athenians  had  driven 
back  her  envious  neighbors,  Thebes  and  Chalkis,  the  former  turne<l  to  the  Aeginetans 
for  assistance,  who  gladly  gave  it  on  account  of  an  ancient  feud  with  the  Athenians.' 
The  orisrin  of  this  feud  was  as  follows  :  — 

Once,  in  early  times,  the  land  of  Epidauros  suffered  through  a  failure  of  the  crops ;  - 
to  bring  relief,  the  Delphic  oracle  ordered  the  Epidaurians  to  erect  statues  of  Damia  and 
Auxesia,^  not  in  bronze  or  stone,  but  of  cultivated  olive  wood.  For  this  material  they 
applied  to  Athens,  ostensibly  because  there  existed  no  olive-trees  in  Greece  outside  of 
Attica,  and  the  request  was  granted  by  the  Athenians  on  condition  that  an  annual  tribute 
to  Athena  Polias  and  Erechtheus  should  be  paid.  This  condition  was  scrupulously  car- 
ried out  so  long  as  the  Epidaurians  retained  possession  of  the  holy  statues.  But  Aegina,  a 
colony  of  Epidauros,  grown  overbearing  through  her  rapidly  increasing  sea-power,  asserted 
her  indei>endence,  and  during  the  course  of  an  incursion  into  Epidauros  carried  away  the 
statues  and.  set  them  up  at  Oia,  twenty  stadia  from  the  capital,  where  a  cult  to  the  two 
goddesses  was  inaugurated.     The  Epidaurians  then  refused  to  pay  their  annual  tribute 

»  Herodot.  V.  81  ff.  •  Paus.  II.  ."Vl.  4  ;  cf.  Rouher's  Lex.  I.  p.  738. 

«  /Wrf.  V.  82fE. 


to  Athens,  and  the  latter  endeavored  to  obtain  the  statues  from  Aegina,  but,  failing  to 
iK*r8uade  the  Aeginetans  to  give  them  up,  sent  an  expedition  consisting  of  one  trireme 
(according  to  the  Athenian  tradition)  or  (according  to  the  Aeginetan  tradition,  which  is 
more  probable)  of  a  whole  fleet.     While  the  Athenians  were  unsuccessfully  endeavoring 
to  remove  the  statues,  they  were  attacked  and  completely  destroyed,  with  the  exception 
of  one  man,  by  the  Argives,  whom  the  Aeginetans  had  called  to  their  aid.    This  survivor, 
on  his  return  to  Athens,  was  attacked  by  the  wives  of  his  slain  comrades  and  stabbed  to 
death  by  their  brooches.     The  use  of  the  brooch  was  then  forbidden  in  Athens,  and 
hence  the  introduction  of  the  Ionic  chiton  came  about.    The  Argives  and  the  Aeginetans 
made  it  a  custom  that  women  should  dedicate  brooches  in  preference  to  other  offerings  in 
the  temples  of  their  goddesses  and  also  jmssed  a  law  "  *\ttlkov  8e  fiiyVc  n  aXXo  npo(r<f>€- 
p€iu  Trpo?  TO  Ipop  fnjre  Kepafiov,  aXX*  €k  ^vrptSwi/  iiri,xopL€0)P  vofiov  to  komov 
avTodi  clvai  TTiVcii'"  *  ("that  nothing  of  Attic  manufacture  should  be  dedicated  in  the 
temples,  not  even  vases,  but  that  they  [the  Argives  and  the  Aeginetans]  should  in  future 
drink  from  vessels  made  from  the  clay  of  the  country  "). 

In  spite  of  the  legendary  character  of  this  tale,  there  seems  no  valid  reason  for  reject- 
ing it.  Herodotus  does  not  mention  the  date,  but  Studniczka  -  has  shown  that  the  expe- 
dition referred  to  must  have  taken  place  between  570  and  550  b.  c,  since  Athens  could 
hardly  have  undertaken  such  an  expedition  before  the  increase  of  her  naval  power  under 
Solon  and  Peisistratos ;  nor  would  the  expedition  be  likely  during  Peisistratos's  third 
])eriod  of  power  {circa  540  b.  c),  as  his  wife  then  was  an  Argive.  Also  the  history  of 
Argos  shows  that  she  was  at  war  with  Sparta  from  585  to  570  b.  c,  and  with  Sikyon 

from  549  onwards.' 

Now  a  survey  of  Attic  vase  painting  shows  that  the  black-figure  style  did  not  come  to 
its  full  development  earlier  than  550  B.  c,  and  the  period  before  that  date  is  represented 
by  such  potters  as  Nikosthenes  and  the  '  Lesser  Masters '  group.  The  red-figure  style 
was  not  introduced  until  some  twenty  years  later,  and  its  finest  work  falls  in  the  period 
between  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  and  the  Persian  wars.  An  examination  of  the 
black-  and  red-figure  fragments  at  the  Heraeum  reveals  the  following  facts :  that  of  the 
scanty  number  of  black-figure  fragments  barely  a  dozen  belong  to  the  better  period 
(i.  e.  after  550  b.  c),  while  of  the  red-figure  fragments,  which  are  earlier  than  the  Persian 
wars,  hardly  more  than  half  a  dozen  were  found.*  Here  at  Argos,  then,  we  have  a  period 
of  seventy  years,  represented  by  hardly  twenty  fragments  of  the  most  popular  styles 
throughout  the  Greek  worid.  That  the  cause  of  this  is  the  embargo  passed  by  the 
Argiv-es  against  Athenum  products  in  the  sixth  century  becomes  a  fact  too  plain  to  be 
doubted,  and  shows  that  the  date  assigned  is  the  true  one. 

Thus  Argos  puts  herself  on  record  with  perhaps  the  first  recorded  case  of  an  absolutely 
prohibitory  tariff  or  embargo.  That  the  act  was  a  case  of  pure  spite  and  not  due  to  any 
desire  to  protect '  home  industries '  is  plain,  since  no  increased  activity  on  the  part  of  the 
Argive  potters  is  the  result.  The  presence  of  the  few  fragments  mentioned  does  not  affect 
the  truth  of  the  statement,  for  if  we  consider  the  enormous  amount  of  vases  of  these  two 
styles  exported  from  Athens,  it  may  be  seen  that  no  tariff  measure  could  be  so  completely 
effective  as  to  prevent  a  single  Attic  vase  from  entering  the  Argolid,  and  as  the  absence 
of  this  ware  at  Argos  must  have  some  explanation,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  neater 
one  than  the  passage  just  quoted  from  Herodotus. 


>  Herod.  V.  88.  The  same  statement  is  found  in  Athe- 
naeus,  Deipn.  XI.  502  c.  This  passage  has  been  com- 
mented upon  by  me  in  the  Class.  Rev.  181)8,  p.  88. 

*  Beitrage  zur  Gtschichte  der  aUgriechUchen  Tracht,  p.  4. 


»  Curtius,  Griechische  Geschichte^,  I.  p.  368. 
*  Mr.  Stais  informs  me  that  very  few  fragments  of 
either  style  were  found  by  him  at  Aegina. 


,c£^g|p 


176 


THE   VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


If,  then,  we  have  for  seventy  years  an  absohite  lack  (►f  Attit*  ware  at  the  Heraeuni,  the 
question  arises,  "  What  took  its  i)hiee  ? "  since  it  is  hardly  conceivable  that  no  vases 
should  have  been  manufactured  at  the  Heraeum.     Three  su<rgestions  are  possible  :  — 

1.  The  early  style  (Argive)  may  have  continued.  This  is  unlikely,  as  it  was  contrary 
to  Greek  taste  in  the  developed  periods  of  art  to  use  old-fashioned  types.' 

2.  Some  other  foreign  type  was  imported  to  take  the  place  of  Attic  vases.  No  such 
type  was  found. 

3.  Some  local  t^-pe  must  have  been  used.  This  is  the  most  natural  explanation,  but 
it  cannot  be  affirmed  with  certainty  that  this  t\i)e  has  been  found. 

A  large  number  of  fragments  of  a  certain  tyj)e  of  vases  (four  basketsful)  was  found, 
which  type,  as  far  as  I  know,  is  peculiar  to  the  Heraeum.  These  were  of  red  or  yellow 
clay,  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  black  glaze,  the  only  decoration  consisting  of  two  par- 
allel stripes  of  applied  red  on  the  exterior,  just  below  the  rim  (most  of  the  fragments 
belonged  to  skyphoi),  varying  in  thickness,  but  never  more  than  2  mm.  broad.  So 
common  was  this  tyi>e,  and  its  chai-acteristics  so  unvarying,  that  we  soon  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  a  special  Argive  tyj)e  was  i-epresented.  Any  chronological  classification 
is  impossible,  but  the  following  points  of  diflFerenee  were  observed.  Half  the  number 
were  of  coarse  clay,  with  a  very  dull  glaze,  while  the  other  half  consisted  of  fragments  of 
a  tine  red  clay,  carefully  cleaned,  with  a  glaze  of  extreme  brilliancy.  At  first  sight  it 
woidd  appear  that  the  latter  were  Attic,  but  a  close  insjiection  shows  that  the  clay  is  not 
as  fine  or  light  as  in  Attic  vases,  nor  the  glaze  as  even,  distinct  irregularities  being  pre- 
sent in  the  surface  of  the  clay,  under  the  gl.ize,  both  to  the  sight  and  touch.  In  Attic 
vases  of  the  best  black-  or  red-figure  periods,  the  clay  is  always  carefully  smoothed  before 
applying  the  glaze,  and  such  irregidarities  are  not  usual. 

These  seem  to  be  the  only  fragments  which  answer  the  requirements  of  our  third  sug- 
gestion. The  Attic  influence  is  plain,  through  the  fineness  of  the  glaze,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  Argive  jK)tters  borrowed  this  feature  from  their  Athenian  contemporaries. 
At  the  same  time  the  application  of  red  stripes  is  distinctly  an  Argive  feature,  and  fol- 
lows a  fashion  instituted  several  centuries  before. 

No  vases  were  found  intact,  nor  could  any  be  restored  from  the  fragments.     Fig.  96 

shows  an  example  of  this  particular  style  (red  clay,  width,  0.05 
m. ;  height,  0.052  m.). 

BLACK-FIGURE  STYLE. 
Fragments  of  the  following  vases  were  found  :  kylix,  skyjdios, 
amphora,  lekythos,  and  plate.  No  vase  was  recovered  intact, 
nor  could  any  be  restored  from  the  fragments,  as  in  hardly  any 
case  were  more  than  four  or  five  fragments  from  the  same  vase 
preserved. 

Kylikes. 

Fragments  of  the  kylix  shape  were  most  numerous.     Two  types  were  represented 

1.  With  tall  foot,  deep  bowl  (' Lesser  Masters'  shape.     Berl.  Cat.  vi.  171). 

2.  With  shoi-t  foot,  shallow  bowl  (Berl.  Cat.  vi.  17-). 

Few  of  the  bases  were  preserved,  but  it  may  be  seen  from  the  fragments  of  the  rims 
that  Type  1  was  the  more  common.  None  of  the  bases  found  showed  any  central  j)ic- 
ture  on  the  interior  of  the  kylix. 

1  It  may  be  urged  in  reply  to  this  that  Athens  contiuuetl  to  use  the  archaic  type  of  coins  through  the  ftfth  century, 
but  that  was  due  to  a  special  cause. 


BLACK-FIGURE   STYLE 


1. 


177 


Fig.  98. 


Plate  LXH.   7.   Fragment  of  rim.   Band  of  glaze  on  rim.   Panther's  head  fuU-front,  and  back 

of  some  other  animal.  ,    ,        ,    .  .u    u  ti 

This  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  eariiest  fragments  of  the  style  found  at  the  Heraeum.     ihe 
panther  on  the  animal  zone  shows  tlie  Corintho-Attic  influence. 

*  a   Rim.     Same  technique.     Rider  to  left  clad  in  a  white  chiton  ;  behind  him  a  spear  or  a  goad 
of  another  figure.     Incised  lines  used  on  hair,  eye,  and  arm. 

This  fragment  is  by  all  odds  the  finest  bit  of  black-figure  work  we  found. 

9    Warrior,  armed  with  shield,  greaves,  and  corselet.     Five  white  balls  on  the  shield. 

This  addition  of  a  shield  device  in  white  is  extremely  common  in  black-figure  work.     Half  a 

dozen  similar  fragments  were  found.  „  ,  •    i  i  •  .    « 

10.   Lower  part  of  driver  with  long  white  chiton  in  chariot  to  right.     Behind  him  rear  part  of 

horse  to  left,  white  dots  on  legs. 

Other  fra"inents  showed  figures  of  men  or  women  in  procession,  animals,  etc.  White 
is  always  us^l  to  mark  the  flesh  color  for  the  female  figure  and  red  very  frequently  for 
the  men.  The  glazed  band  is  generally  separated  from  the  mam  zone  by  a  slight 
projection. 

Main  tone  directly  along  the  rim. 
11.   Head  of  man  to  right.  ,  ..     u    ^        *       j 

12    Head  of  horse  to  right.     This  fragment  in  point  of  drawing  is  among  the  best  we  found. 
la    Female  head  to  left ;  flesh  white,  incised  lines  along  edge  of  hair.     Red  fillet  in  hair. 
14.   Satyr  to  right ;  ivy  vine  in  field. 
Satyrs  were  found  on  quite  a  number  of  fragments.     The  drawing  m  every  case  was  extremely 

^''^M^'Eye  with  iris  in  white,  and  white  circle ;  in  field,  ivy  vine.  To  the  right  of  the  eye  what 
appears  to  be  a  satyr  stooping  with  one  hand  on  the  ground.  Streak  of  white  marking  perhaps 
a  wine  skin  which  the  satyr  is  carrying. 

With  ivy  border  along  rim. 

16.  Head  of  sphinx  (part  of  wing  showing)  to  left,  flesh  white,  red  fillet  in  hair. 
Fra.nnent8  of  this  description  were  extremely  numerous.     Quite  a  number  of  frag- 

ments'were  found  which  showed  only  a  palmette  system  around  the  exterior,  ornamented 
at  intervals  by  white  or  yellow  dots. 

i^ikyphoi.     iBerl  Cat.  vi.  190.) 
Fragments  belonging  to  this  form  were  not  very  numerous. 

17.  Fragment  of  skyphos.     Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior.     Herakles  and 

the  Neraean  lion.  ,      ,    ,         .,       cca      ^      •     „ 

If  the  interpretation  of  the  scene  is  cori-ect  this  fragment  is  clearly  later  than  550  b c,  since 

the  type  of  Herakles  strangling  the  lion  without  the  aid  of  any  weapon  is  not  mtroduced  in  vase- 

painting  till  after  this  date  (Roscher's  Le.'.  I.  p.  2197).     The  form  of  this  vase  differs  slightly 

from  that  of  the  Berlin  type,  as  the  rim  is  not  so  sharply  defined. 

It  was  very  difficult  in  the  case  of  the  other  fragments  to  tell  whether  they  should  be 

considered  as  belonging  to  this  or  the  kylix  form. 

Tripod  Bowl. 
la  Ij^  with  rim  of  Wl  similar  to  Plate  LXI.  21.    Slight  moulding  on  rim,  gla=«<'-  J™ 
male  heads  facing  each  other  and  .  thin!  head  on  the  left.   This  was  the  only  fragment  of  a  black- 
figure  bowl  of  this  description. 


17G 


TlIK    VASKS    AND   VASE    FRAGMENTS 


If.  then,  we  have  for  seventy  years  an  ahsohite  lack  of  Attic  ware  at  tlie  Ileraeuni,  tlie 
question  arises, '' What  took  its  j»lace?"'  since  it  is  hardly  conceivable  that  no  vases 
should  have  heen  manufactured  at  the  Heraeuni.     Three  suj^ijestions  are  possible :  — 

1.  The  earlv  stvle  (Ar<rive)  niav  have  continued.  This  is  unlikely,  as  it  was  contrary 
to  Greek  taste  in  the  developed  periods  (»f  art  to  use  old-fashioned  types.' 

2.  Some  other  foreii»n  type  was  imported  to  take  the  phu-e  of  Attic  vases.  No  such 
type  was  found. 

.*}.  Some  local  type  must  have  been  used.  This  is  the  most  natural  explanation,  but 
it  cannot  be  aftinned  with  certainty  that  this  type  has  been  found. 

A  large  nund)er  of  frapnents  of  a  certain  type  of  vases  (four  basketsful)  was  found, 
which  type,  as  far  as  1  know,  is  peculiar  to  the  Ileraeinn.  These  were  of  red  or  yellow 
clav.  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  black  i;lazc,  the  oidy  decoration  consistinij  of  two  par- 
allel stripes  of  applied  red  on  the  exterior,  just  below  the  rim  (most  of  the  fraj»inents 
belouiied  to  skvphoil.  varvin!»-  in  thickness,  but  never  more  than  '2  nnn.  broad.  So 
c(nnmon  was  this  type,  and  its  charactfristies  so  unvaryinj^.  that  we  soon  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  a  special  Argive  type  was  rej)resented.  Any  chronological  classification 
is  impossible,  but  the  followino-  points  of  difference  were  observed.  Half  the  niunber 
were  of  coarse  clav,  with  a  very  dull  glaze,  while  the  other  half  consisted  of  frairnuMits  of 
a  Hue  red  clav,  carefully  cleaned,  with  a  glaze  of  extreme  brilliancy.  At  first  sijrht  it 
would  appear  that  the  latter  were  Attic,  but  a  clost»  inspection  sh<»ws  that  the  clay  is  not 
as  fine  or  light  as  in  Attic  vases,  nor  the  glaze  as  even,  distinct  irregularities  being  pre- 
sent in  the  surface  of  the  clav,  under  the  glaze,  both  to  the  sight  and  touch.  In  Attic 
vases  of  the  best  black- or  red-figure  periods,  the  clay  is  always  carefully  smoothed  before 
apidying  the  glaze,  and  such  irregularities  are  not  usual. 

These  seem  to  be  the  only  fragments  which  answer  the  requirements  of  our  third  sug- 
gestion. The  Attic  influence  is  plain,  through  the  fineness  of  the  glaze,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  Argive  potters  borrowed  this  feature  from  their  Athenian  contenqioraries. 
At  the  same  time  the  application  of  red  stripes  is  distinctly  an  Argive  feature,  and  fol- 
lows a  fashion  instituted  several  centuries  before. 

No  vases  were  found  intact,  nor  could  any  be  restored  from  the  fragments.     Fig.  98 

shows  an  example  of  this  particular  style  (red  clay,  width,  O.O.J 
m. ;  height,  0.052  m.). 

BLACK-FHirilK  STYI.K. 
Fragments  of  the  following  vases  were  found  :  kylix.  skyphos, 
amphora,  lekythos,  and  plate.  No  vase  was  recovered  intact, 
nor  could  any  be  restored  from  the  fragments,  as  in  hardlv  any 
case  were  more  than  four  or  five  fragments  from  the  same  vase 
preserved. 

Fragments  of  the  kylix  shape  were  most  numerous.     Two  tyjws  were  represented 

1.  With  tall  foot,  deep  bowl  (•  LesstM*  Masters"  sha|)e.     lici'l.  Cat.  vi.  171). 

2.  AVith  short  foot,  shallow  l)Owl  (  ficfJ.  Cut.  vi.  ITi*). 

Few  of  the  bases  were  preserved,  but  it  may  be  seen  from  the  fnignuMits  of  the  rims 
that  Type  1  was  the  more  common.  None  of  the  bases  found  showed  any  central  pic- 
ture on  the  interior  of  the  kvlix. 

'  It  may  be  nrjje«l  in  reply  to  tliis  tliat  Athens  continued  to  use  the  archaic  ty|)e  of  coins  tliroiigh  the  Hfth  century, 
but  that  was  due  to  a  special  cause. 


Fig.  98. 


BLACK-FIGURE   STYLE 


177 


1. 
Pl  vte  LXIL   7.    Fragment  of  rim.    Band  of  glaze  on  rim.    Panther's  head  full-front,  and  back 

of  some  other  animal.  ,    ,        ,        ,     it  ti 

This  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  fragments  of  the  style  found  at  the  Ileraeum.     J  he 

panther  on  the  animal  zone  shows  the  Corintho- Attic  influence. 

*  8.   Kim.     Same  technique.     Rider  to  left  clad  in  a  white  chiton  ;  behind  him  a  spear  or  a  goad 
of  another  figure.     Incised  lines  used  on  hair,  eye,  and  arm. 

This  fragment  is  by  all  odds  the  finest  hit  of  black-figure  work  we  found. 

9    Warrior,  armed  with  shield,  greaves,  and  corselet.     Five  white  balls  on  the  shield. 

This  addition  of  a  shield  device  in  white  is  extremely  common  in  black-figure  work.     Half  a 

dozen  similar  fragments  were  found.  ,>,.,,•  ,    t 

10.   Lower  part  of  driver  with  long  white  chiton  in  chariot  to  right.     15ehind  hun  rear  part  of 

hor.se  to  left,  white  d«)ts  o\\  legs. 

Other  fra«nuents  showed  figures  of  men  or  women  in  procession,  animals,  etc.  White 
is  always  used  to  mark  the  flesh  color  for  the  female  Hgure  and  red  very  f recpiently  for 
the  men.  The  glazed  band  is  generally  separated  from  the  main  zone  by  a  slight 
projection. 

Main  zone  directly  along  the  rim. 
11.    Head  i.f  man  to  right.  ,  xi     i     *.        r        i 

12    Head  of  horse  to  right.     This  fragment  in  point  of  drawing  is  among  the  best  we  found. 
13!    Female  head  to  left :  flesh  whit.',  incised  lines  along  edge  of  hair.     Red  fillet  m  hair. 
14.   Satvr  to  right ;  ivy  vine  in  field. 
Satyrs  v^ere  found  on  quite  a  number  of  fragments.     The  drawing  m  every  case  was  exti-eniely 

""'"w.^'Eve  with  iris  in  white,  and  white  circle  :  in  field,  ivy  vine.  To  the  right  of  the  eye  what 
apiH>ars  to  l>e  a  satyr  stooping  with  one  han.l  on  the  ground.  Sti-eak  of  white  marking  perhaps 
a  wine  skin  which  the  satyr  is  carrying. 

With  ii-if  border  along  rmi. 

16.  Head  of  sjihinx  (part  of  wing  showing)  to  left,  flesh  white,  red  fillet  in  hair. 
Fra.nuents  of  this  description  were  extremely  numerous.     Quite  a  number  of  frag- 

ments'were  found  which  showed  only  a  palmette  system  around  the  exterior,  ornamented 
at  intervals  by  white  or  yellow  dots. 

^Shjphoi.     {lin-l.  fW.  vi.  190.) 
Fragments  belonging  to  this  form  were  not  very  numerous. 

17.  Fragment  of  skyphos.     Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior.     Herakles  and 

the  Xeinean  lion.  ,      ,    ,  ,        ..„       _      .  ^^ 

If  the  interpretation  of  the  .scene  is  con-eet  this  fragment  is  clearly  later  than  DoO  b.  c,  since 
the  tv,»e  of  Herakles  strangling  the  lion  without  the  aid  of  any  weapon  is  not  mtrocluced  111  vase- 
painting  till  after  this  date  (Roscher's  Le...  I.  p.  2197).  The  form  of  this  vase  differs  slightly 
from  tlmt  of  the  IV^rlin  tyi>e,  as  the  riin  is  not  so  sharply  defined. 

It  was  very  diflficult  in  the  case  of  the  other  fragments  to  tell  whether  they  should  be 
considereil  as  belonging  to  this  or  the  kylix  form. 

Tripod  Hold. 

la  Leg  with  rim  of  l>owl  similar  to  Pkatk  LXI.  21.  Slight  moulding  on  rim,  glazed.  Two 
nude  heacfs  facing  e:tch  other  and  a  third  head  on  the  left.  This  was  the  only  fragment  of  a  black- 
figure  bowl  of  this  description. 


178 


THE    VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


RED-FIGURE   STYLE.     POLYCHROME   WARE 


179 


19.   Foot  and  leg  to  left.     The  style  of  the  drawing  suggests  a  Panathenaic  amphora. 

Fragments  of  aniphuras  were  extremely  scarce.  Some  half  a  dozeu  belonged  to  the 
rims  of  large  amphoras  and  showed  the  usual  lotos  chain  on  the  flat  surface  of  the  rim. 
One  fragment  of  the  side  showed  the  lower  ptirt  of  three  seated  Agures.  Several  biises 
and  a  few  fragments  of  ami>liora  covers  were  found,  the  latter  showing  a  ray  pattern  in 
the  centre  and  an  animal  zone  around  it. 

Lehythos. 
20L   Side  of  lekvthos ;  horse  and  rider  to  right. 
Fragments  of  lekythoi  were  quite  common.     Such  as  had  any  decoration  showed  a  remarkable 

lack  of  finish.     20  is  the  best  specimen.    Horses,  single,  double,  or  in  a  quadriga,  formed  the  usual 
subjects. 

Plate. 

2L  Fragment  of  plate,  exterior  glazed.  On  interior,  heads  of  Dionysos  and  satyr,  red  applied 
on  the  hair  and  beard  of  each.     Above  Dionysos's  head,  ivy  leaves. 

22.  Same.     Head  of  cock. 

The  exact  foi-m  of  these  plates  cannot  be  determined,  as  it  is  impossible  to  tell 
whether  they  were  provided  with  a  foot.     No  other  fragments  were  found. 

We  also  found  a  fragment  of  a  phiale  precisely  similar  to  one  in  Syracuse  {Not.  i1. 
Scav.  1893,  p.  479)  and  a  fragment  of  a  patera.  The  latter  had  no  decoration  excej)t  a 
tongue  pattern  (red  and  bkck  lobes)  on  the  flat  surface  of  the  rim. 

POLYCHROME    WARE. 

Only  four  fragments  of  this  ware  were  found. 

23.  Fragment  of  kylix.  Black  glaze  on  exterior ;  interior  coveretl  with  a  white  slip  on  which  is 
the  arm  of  a  figure  in  black  and  the  comer  of  a  garment  (?^  m  red.  Below,  what  seems  to  be  a 
sjiear. 

24.  Base  of  alahasti-on,  white  ground.  Border  of  rays,  points  downward,  and  the  feet  of  a 
figure  in  black. 

Two  other  very  small  fragments  were  also  found.  These  had  a  white  ground  on  which  was  the 
haunch  of  some  animal  with  i-ed  dots  on  the  leg.  One  fragment  showed  a  hunuui  hand  over 
the  animal's  body.  Judging  by  the  style,  the  last  two  fragments  belong  to  the  early  i)art  of  the 
black-figure  period. 

The  following  fragments  are  selected  from  a  dozen  similar  ones.  Their  identification 
is  difficult,  but  it  seems  most  probable,  o^ing  to  the  presence  of  the  applied  stripe  in  red, 
that  they  belong  to  the  class  just  mentioned  p.  176),  which  may  possibly  have  taken 
the  place  of  Attic  products  at  the  Heraeum.  The  technique  in  all  is  the  same ;  light  red 
clay,  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  black  glaze,  to  which  the  decoration  is  applied  in  white 
and  red.  A  few  fragments  from  Naukratis  in  tiie  British  Museum  show  a  similar  use  of 
white,  but  the  motives  are  different,  nor  are  the  red  stripes  employed. 

25.  Fragment  of  kylix.     On  rim,  red  stripe  ;  flower  pattern  in  white  laid  sideways. 

26  The  same.  Two  bands  of  flower  pattern  were  evidently  represented.  Bt?low,  two  red 
stripes. 

27  Central  part  of  kylix.     Lotos  pattern  in  white. 

RED-FIGURE  STYLE. 

It  is  difficult  to  make  any  selection  of  the  red-figure  fragments.  T^sa  types  are  repre- 
sented than  in  the  black-figure  style,  and,  furthermore,  such  as  we  have  are,  with  one 


exception,  of  little  importance.  As  far  as  can  be  told  from  the  various  bases  and  handles 
preserved,  three  shai)es  were  represented,  —  kylix,  amphora,  and  skyphos.  Exactly  six 
fragments  of  the  first  ijeriod  of  the  severe  style  were  found,  of  which  five  are  here  repre- 
sented. Of  a  rhyton,  representing  the  head  of  a  satyr  probably,  the  eye,  one  ear,  and 
part  of  the  beard  were  also  found,  but  no  reconstruction  was  possible. 

SEVERE   STYLE. 

2a   Fragment  from  rim  of  kylix.     Palmette. 

29.   Fragment  of  kylix.     Backs  of  two  horses.     On  the  flank  of  the  first,  a  small  wheel  oma- 

ment,  and  a  baud  on  the  shoulder.  ,   ,      n    .  ^^^ 

30    Fragment  of  kylix.     Female  figure,  draped,  with  arm  extended.     Perhaps  an  Athena 
3L   Form  uncertain.     Leg  of  a  warrior  to  right  armed  with  shield,  with  a  frieze  border.    Glaze 

badly  worn  ;  traces  of  preliminary  drawing. 

The  fifth  fragment  of  this  period  is  the  polychrome  kylix  (see  below).     The  sixth 

fragment  represented  a  palmette  similar  to  28. 

LATER   STYLE. 
3Z   Fragment  of  amphora.     Upper  part  of  woman's  head  to  left  (maenad  probably),  with  a 
saccos,  holdiug  a  thyrsos  ;  above,  tongue  pattern. 

33    Fra«rment  of  kylix  or  skyphos.     Boy  holding  torch  to  right.  ,      ^  , ,  ^ 

34!    Fragment  of  amphora.    Man  in  mantle  with  staff,  facing  another  figure  (probably  a  woman) 

clad  in  chiton  and  hiination. 

The  other  fragments  showed  the  upper  part  of  a  youth  wrapped  in  a  mantle,  very  poorly 
drawn-  two  hoofs  of  a  horse  clear  of  the  ground,  probably  represented  as  gallopuig; 
parts  of  garments  of  several  figures,  and  various  bits  of  palmettes,  tongue  patterns,  etc. 

POLYCHROME   WARE. 

Plate  LXVIII.  Two  fragment,'  o£  a  kylix  (for.,.,  B<-rl.  Cat.  vi.  224).  Exterior  entirely 
covere<l  with  a  bla.-k  glaze,  fairly  brilliant.  The  original  form  seems  to  have  been  the  squatfootol 
ty,«  with  a  thiek  base,  eharacteristie  of  the  smaller  kylikes  with  no  decoration  on  the  exterior. 

The  entire  interior  is  eoverecl  with  a  whitish  yellow  slip  slightly  re-Uhsh  m  places  The  central 
Dicture,  bounded  by  a  plain  circle,  represents  a  group  on  an  exergue,  a  nude  satyr  (up,«r  part  of 
K  mi^ng)  lean  ng  on  some  object,  probably  a  rock.  He  has  a  horse's  ta>  and  long  shaggy 
Cnl  his  :Lt  and  aklomen  down  to  the  pubes  are  thickly  covered  with  ha,r.  Fau.t  red  hue 
™l  for  the  muscles  of  the  stomach  and  the  knee  cap.  On  b  a  f,^t  p^jcetmg  from  a  garment 
to  rl"ht  upon  an  exergue.     In  the  field  of  a,  inside  the  circle,  E  A  (.y[p.^..]  • ) . 

The  subject  of  the  Imposition  is  not  quite  clear.     We  have  a  group  of  two  figures,  a  satyr  and 

another  figu.,.  which  may  be  male  or  female  ;  the  circle  is  too  small  for  a  th.rd  figure.    Three 

bZn^tation    are  ,K,s,ible,  -  Satyr  and  Dionysos,  Marsyas  and  Athena  (Roscher  s  i..-.  II. 

T'^tlr  and  Maenad.     The  first  is  possible,  but  unlikely,  as  Dionysos  ,s  generally  repre- 

L't^l  with  an  attendant  satyr  on  each  side.     The  second  is  extremely  doubtful,  for  the  object  m 

A^tntre  rather  s,«aks  against  it,  at  least  if  we  imagine  such  a  scene  conce.ved  m  he  ^V^r.t  ottU 

IWir  kkythos  (Ifaum.  DeU:  p.  1001,  fig.  1209).     The  last  interpretation  .s  the  most  hkely. 

tliftiitrh  how  the  eroup  was  represented  is  impossible  to  say.  .,       ,  .        .  ..      • 

ThVirof  thHa^er  ,  J  of  the  subject  is  irritating  enough,  but  the  mutilated  ,n«=npt,on  ,s 

stiU  mor»  Plexing     That  lypa^^a,  was  written,  and  that  the  artist's  name  followed  the  verb 

s^  LrnXS  but  wl«.t  Arname  was  cannot  be  eonjecturcl  on  such  sight  ■nd-t.ons  . 

If  aT  i  Se,  he  vase  is  by  some  well-known  artist,  more  can  be  gained  through  the  styl,st,c 
f.a",;rs.    C  clis  of  polychrome  vases  known  to  us  at  present  is  not  very  Urge.     Hartw.g^  enu- 

.  Another  tr.pn,n.  will,  part  of  Iho  h..,dl.  w^  found         •  .Vm«r..J.fc«,  p.  499,  note  1. 
which  had  no  decoration  eieept  the  while  slip. 


180 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


VASES   IN   RELIEF 


181 


merates  twenty-five,  and  there  are  two  in  the  Louvre ;  ^  the  number  is  increased  to  twenty-eight 
by  our  vase.  The  attitude  of  the  satyr  on  a  polychrome  kylix  from  Ruvo'-*  with  'AXittySiuV  kqAo?  is 
very  similar  to  that  of  the  satyr  here,  but  our  vase  cannot  be  restored  so  as  to  resemble  the  former 
since  no  room  exists  on  our  fragmeut  for  the  satyr  to  hold  anything  in  his  hand,  much  less  a  kan- 
tharos.  The  style  of  the  Ruvo  kylix  is  certainly  later  than  ours,  which  resembles  more  the  Nau- 
kratis  fragments  in  the  British  Museum.^  I  cannot  go  so  far  as  to  assign  these  fragments  to 
Euphronios,  as  they  hardly  seem  to  me  gootl  enough,  but  I  think  on  the  whole  that  they  show  his 
style  more  than  that  of  any  other  artist  and  are  certainly  contemporaneous  with  his  later  iierioil. 
We  may  conclude  that  the  vase  is  paintetl  in  the  Euphronian  style  (perhaps  by  one  of  his  pupils), 
probably  about  485-480  n.  c. 

Practically  the  history  of  the  vase  fragments  found  at  the  Heraeuni  ends  here,  for  the 
number  of  vases  of  any  kind  of  a  later  date  than  the  Persian  wars  found  on  the  site  are 
so  scarce  as  to  have  little  value.  A  few  scattered  fragments  of  Megarean  ware,  Roman 
lamps  and  a  Byzjintine  cup,  are  all  that  represent  a  i)eriod  of  six  centuries. 

It  seems  probable,  then,  that  the  embargo  instituted  by  Argos  ag-ainst  Attic  vases  was 
either  never  removed,  or  else  that  the  Argive  potters  abandoned  vase-making  entirely. 
We  know  that  for  at  least  a  century  almost  no  vases  of  any  kind  were  made  in  Gi-eece 
outside  of  Athens ;  the  Attic  ware  was  undoubtedly  cheaper  and  more  pojudar  than  that 
made  by  local  potters.  At  Argos  fr.igmeuts  of  a  later  date  are  so  few  that  there  seems 
no  reason  for  supposing  the  embtirgo  was  removed,  and  it  is  hardly  possible  to  suppose 
that  the  manufacture  of  the  black  glazed  fragments  mentioned  above  continued  steadily 
on.  For  a  time,  perhaps,  that  ware  may  have  been  a  sjitisfactory  substitute,  but  it  is 
hardly  credible  that  the  Argives  should  always  have  been  contented  with  it.  We  must 
suppose,  therefore,  that  somewhere  about  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century  the  activity 
of  Argos  as  an  industrial  centre  for  vase-making  ceased  entirely,  and  there  being  no  for- 
eign importations  to  serve  as  a  substitute,  the  custom  of  dedicating  vases  at  the  Heraeuni 
fell  into  abeyance.  It  is  also  possible  to  suppose  that  this  custom  had  declined  in  the 
rest  of  Greece,  for  with  the  exception  of  the  Kabirion  at  Thebes,  vases  of  a  later  <late 
than  the  fifth  century  are  not  found  on  any  temple  sites.  From  that  time  onwards  vases 
are  only  found  in  graves. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

VASES   IN  RELIEF  AND  LATER  VASES. 

Although  the  vases  in  relief  represent  two  widely  different  periods,  it  has  seemed  best 
to  include  them  under  one  chapter.  Two  different  styles  are  represented,  —  the  Red-ware 
vases  and  the  so-called  Megarean  vases.  The  latter  are  i)ractically  the  only  vase  frag- 
ments of  any  kind  found  at  the  Heraeuni  which  are  undoubtedly  later  than  the  fifth 
century. 

RED   WARE. 

Almost  all  the  fragments  belonging  to  this  style  are  given  on  Plate  LXIII.     They 


>  Monuments  et  Memoires  (Fondatioii  Eugene  Piot), 
189.3,  pis.  V.  and  vi. 

="  Ann.  deir  Iiut.  1877,  tav.  d'  agg.  Q  (So.  19  in  Hart- 
wig's  list). 

'  Ilartwig,  op.  cit.  pi.  li. 

*  The  date,  provenience,  and  use  of  this  ware  has  always 
been  a  vexed  problem,  and  only  two  facts  may  be  re- 
garded as  certain  — that  it  is  Greek,  not  Etruscan,  in 


its  origin,  and  is  directly  inHueuced  by  uietal  work 
(Loeschcke,  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  p.  44).  As  there  is  little 
general  resemblance  of  style  in  the  case  of  all  the  frag- 
ments from  various  places,  it  is  probable  that  each  town 
bad  its  local  style,  and  that  no  one  town  was  the  manufac- 
turer of  all.  None  of  the  fragments  of  this  ware  found  at 
the  Heraeuni  or  elsewhere  can  be  older  than  the  seventh 
century. 


are  not  very  numerous,  and  seem  to  play  a  minor  part  in  the  Argolid,  since  outside  of 
the  Heraeum  very  little  ware  of  this  nature  was  found  at  Mycenae '  or  Tiryns." 

Pottier  has  analyzed  all  the  existing  material  up  to  188G  ( B.  C.  11.  1888,  p.  491). 
Since  that  date  the  most  important  additions  have  been  published  by  Diimmler  {Athen, 
Mitt.  18iK>,  p.  229,  pi.  vi.)  and  De  liidder  {B.  C.  11.  XXII.  [1898],  pp.  439  ff.,  pp.  497  fl'., 
pis.  iv.-vi.  6t«. 

L  Fragment  of  base  of  a  large  pithos.  Coar.se  reddish  clay,  measuring  between  2  and  3  cm.  in 
thickness!  On  the  base,  a  zone  of  figures  bounded  above  and  below  by  a  moulding  on  which  a 
herring-bone  pattern  is  incised. 

On  main  zone,  Ilerakles  and  the  centaurs.  In  the  centre,  llerakles  to  right  naketl  and  bearded, 
holdiu''  a  bow  in  his  left  hand,  from  which  he  is  about  to  shoot  an  arrow  at  a  centaur  advancing 
towaixTs  hiu»,  whose  hands,  fore  legs,  and  hind  leg  only  are  visible.  Behind  Ilerakles,  another 
centaur  to  left  armed  with  a  tree  branch,  head  and  front  of  boily  wanting.  A  cuttnig  extends 
alon"-  the  top  of  the  zone,  making  the  lower  part  of  the  relief  much  slighter. 

2."  From  base  of  another  pithos.     Clay  and  subject  identical  with  1.     Below  the  zone,  four  rows 

of  herring-bones  incised.  ,   ,     ,  .  .\    n 

3.  Fi-agn»ent  of  pithos  similar  in  clay  and  subject  to  1.  At  the  right  of  the  fragment  the  figure 
<,f  Ilerakles  is  reiieated.  The  attitude  of  the  centaur  is  slightly  different  froui  1,  as  his  left  hand 
holds  the  branch  of  the  tree  instead  of  being  extended  towards  Ilerakles. 

If  this  fragment  belongs  to  the  same  vase  as  1,  which  seems  probable,  it  must  have  formed  part 
of  the  belly  of  the  vase  at  its  lowest  point  where  it  joins  the  base.  Thus  it  would  seem  that  the 
original  vase  possessed  certainly  two  zones  of  figures,  on  the  base  and  belly,  with  perhaps  a  third 
on  the  rim,  leaving  the  bcnly  undecorated.  «   ,    ^  i,        i 

Some  interesting  technical  features  pi-esent  themselves.  It  may  be  seen  from  3  that  the  sub- 
ject was  repeated,  and  consists  in  its  simple  form  of  a  man  and  a  centaur.  As  the  figures  were 
stamped  from  a  mould,  it  seems  most  probable  that  the  original  mould  was  circular  m  form  and 
contained  only  one  group;  the  mould  was  revolved  over  the  soft  clay, encircling  the  whole  circum- 
ference, and  thus  the  design  was  i-ei>eated  at  regular  intervals.  The  fact  that  no  trace  of  any 
dividin-  line  between  the  groups  can  be  seen  makes  this  explanation  the  only  natural  one.  At  the 
same  time  the  letter  might  have  retouched  the  groups  after  stamping  and  thus  secured  a  little 

variety  in  his  figures.*^ 

That  the  three  fraguients  are  contemporaneous  is  evident.  Both  style  and  execution  are  more 
advanced,  than  in  the  fragment  fmm  Kameiros  (Milchhoefer,  Anfdnije  der  Aunst,  fig.  48),  but 
there  is  absolutely  no  trace  of  any  Oriental  influence  on  our  fragments.  Also  the  centaurs  are 
still  treated  in  the  older  style  -the  entire  figure  of  a  man  combined  with  the  body  and  hind  legs 
of  a  horse  *  Although  it  cannot  be  said  exactly  when  the  change  to  the  later  type  took  place,  it 
is  probable  (the  Assos  reliefs  notwithstanding)  that  the  change  occurred  about  the  beginning  of 
the  sixth  century.  But  it  seems  probable  that  Herakles  is  here  represented  though  the  club  and 
ouiver  are  wanting :  this  would  seem  to  show  an  early  treatment  of  the  myth.»  W  e  have  already 
seen  archers  on  the  Mvcenaean  silver  va.se,  but  the  bow  on  that  vessel  does  not  curve  up  at  the  ends 
as  here  The  branch  held  by  the  centaurs  is,  as  far  as  I  know,  unique  in  its  form.  »  e  shall  not 
be  very  far  wrong  if  we  assign  these  fragments  to  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  century. 

4  a-d.  Four  fragments  fro.u  a  round  box,  probably  of  pyxis  form.  Height,  0.10  m. :  diam- 
eter, 0.22  m. ;  thickness,  0.01  m.  Fine,  cleaned  yellow  clay,  with  brown  glaze  on  interior,  worn  off 
in  patches. 


»  Mt/k.  Vas.  p.  ra. 

«  Schliemann,  Tirytig,  p.  0.3,  fig.  8  ;  p.  ftl,  fig.  9. 

»  Tliis  is  certain,  since  the  Louvre  possesses  a  fragment 
identical  with  the  figure  of  Perseus  on  the  Louvre  pithos 
(De  Ridder,  /.  c.  p.  457,  fig.  7),  and  shows' that  while  a 
few  minor  differences  can  !«  detected,  the  same  mould 
was  used  for  both  figures.     De  Ridder,  I  think,  is  wrong 


in  laying  so  much  stress  on  these  differences  (p.  4o8), 
and  denying  that  the  same  model  was  used  for  both. 
What  differences  exist  are  clearly  due  to  retouching  after 
stamping. 

*  Roscher's  Lex.  II.  p.  1070. 

5  Ibid.  I.  p.  til93  ;  II.  p.  1046. 


182 


THE  VASES   AND   VASE  FRAGMENTS 


On  rim,  a  round  moulding  decorated  with  a  series  of  wavy  vertical  lines,  incised.  Below,  two 
raised  bauds.  Directly  below  the  moulding  the  wavy  lines  end  in  a  series  of  dull  holes.  Orna- 
mentation of  base  precisely  similar.  On  the  figure  zone  itself,  above  and  below,  appear  traces  of 
a  faint  band,  which  were  probably  originally  like  those  below  the  rim  moulding.  The  figures  of 
the  zone  are  nmch  worn,  in  some  places  almost  obliterated.  The  subject,  as  far  as  it  can  be  ascer- 
tained, represents  a  lion  hunt  by  men  on  horseback  and  on  foot. 

a.  Fragment  of  rim.  At  the  left,  horse  and  rider  galloping  to  left.  Kider  holds  reins  in  one 
hand  and  brandishes  a  spear  behind  him  in  the  other.  Below  the  horse,  some  animal,  probably  a 
dog.  Behind  the  horse,  a  beai-ded  man  ci-ouching  to  left,  stretching  his  right  hand  towards  the 
rider  while  grasping  with  his  left  the  mane  of  a  lion  who  is  evidently  sitting  on  his  haunches.  Be- 
low the  lion's  head  is  the  head  of  another  lion  very  faintly  outlined.  At  the  right  of  the  fragment, 
a  lion  walking  to  right,  whose  head  is  grasped  by  the  right  hand  of  another  bearded  man,  crouching 
on  one  knee,  who  holds  a  sjjear  in  his  left  with  which  he  speare  the  lion.  At  the  extreme  right  of 
the  fragment,  the  outsti-etched  hand  of  another  figure. 

b.  The  same.  Two  horses  with  riders  galloping  to  left.  The  fore  part  of  the  left-hand  horse 
and  the  rear  part  of  the  other  are  wanting.  The  riders  hold  whips  in  their  left  hands  and  the 
reins  in  their  right. 

C.  The  same.  Lion's  head  to  right  and  two  crouching  bearded  figures  to  left.  This  group  is 
the  duplicate  of  that  on  the  right  of  a. 

d.    Fragment  of  base.     Feet  of  one  lion  and  fore  foot  of  a  second  to  right. 

These  fragments  ai-e  by  far  the  finest  of  the  vases  in  relief  we  found.  As  far  as  can  be  told 
from  the  fragments,  we  have  one  scene  —  two  horsemen,  crouching  man,  two  lions,  and  two  ci-ouch- 
ing  men.  repeated  twice.  Whether  another  figure  was  addetl  is  uncertain.  At  all  events,  if  we 
assume  that  these  seven  figures  formed  the  whole  scene,  there  is  i-oom  enough  on  the  vase  for 
three  separate  repetitions  of  them.  This  was  undoubtedly  done  by  the  use  of  the  circular  mould 
(v.  No.  3). 

The  reiMjtition  of  the  lion's  head  on  a  is  curious.  Either  the  artist  endeavoreil  to  represent  two 
lions  (delineating  the  fainter  one  with  a  knife),  or  else,  more  i)robably,  he  failed  to  secure  a  good 
impression  of  the  mould  on  the  first  trial  and  therefore  rei>eated  it. 

The  style  of  the  fragment  is  distinctly  Argive  and  the  Oriental  influence  more  marked  than  in 
the  preceding.  At  the  same  time,  ju«lging  by  the  lack  of  ornaments  in  field,  the  fragments  wouhl 
fall  in  the  early  i)art  of  the  Oriental  Argive  style,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh  century.  The 
execution  of  the  figure  is  better  than  in  1-3,  but  it  cannot  be  said  with  any  certainty  what  the 
chronological  difference  is  between  them. 

The  following  fragment  is  of  a  later  date  and  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  Corinthian  period. 

5.  Fragment  of  a  large  vase,  perhaps  a  pithos.  Coai-se  yellowish  cky,  coveretl  with  a  brilliant 
yellow  slip. 

Between  two  borders  (tongue  pattern),  zone  of  animals.  On  the  left,  the  head  of  a  sjdiinx  and 
a  panther  or  lion  ;  both  to  right.  In  the  centre  of  the  fragment,  a  palmette.  At  the  right,  another 
pantlier  (head  full-front)  and  rear  part  of  another  sphinx  (wing  showing)  both  to  right. 

The  whole  scene  is  merely  a  grouping  of  those  animals  which  the  Orientid  influence  had  made 
popular  and  which  is  especially  characteristic  of  the  Corinthian  style.  All  the  8i)ecial  features, 
head  of  panther  full-front,  spliinx,  palmette  as  ornament  in  field,  etc.,  are  distinctly  characteristic 
of  that  style.  This  fragment  is  the  only  one  of  this  ware  which  shows  a  distinct  foreign  influence, 
and  may  not  be  due  to  a  local  school ;  we  may  assign  it  to  the  eariier  part  of  the  Corinthian  i)eriod, 
i.  e.  towards  the  end  of  the  seventh  century. 

6.  Neck  of  vase.  Diameter,  0.05  m. ;  height,  0.054  m.  Brick  red  cky,  with  palmette-lotos 
chain  stamped  ujwn  the  neck. 

This  fragment  also  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  Corinthian  {leriod. 

MEGAREAN    WARE. 

The  presence  of  this  ware  at  tlie  Heraeiim  furnishes  one  of  the  many  problems  with 
which  we  have  to  deal.     Fragments  of  these  vases  represented  the  only  vases  which  fall 


MEGAREAN   WARE.     LAMPS 


183 


between  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century  and  the  Roman  times.  We  have  already 
stated  that  the  embargo  against  Athenian  vases  probably  killed  the  vase  industry  at 
Aro-os,  but  why  this  particular  ware,  which  is  quite  common  in  Greece,  should  be  the 
sole  representative  of  all  the  other  styles  peculiar  to  this  period,  South  Russian,  Lower 
Italian,  Arretine,  etc.,  is  a  question  which  finds  no  satisfactory  solution. 

This  particular  style  is  generally  attributed  to  Megara,*  and  belongs  to  the  third  and 
second  centuries.  The  only  historical  connection  between  Megara  and  Argos  known  to 
us  is  that  the  former  joined  the  Achaean  League  in  243  b.  c,"  and  the  latter  some  fifteen 
years  later.  This  date  suits  our  fragments  well,  and  thus  it  would  seem  that  as  the  two 
stiites  were  brought  together  in  the  end  of  the  third  century,  importations  of  Megarean 
industries  took  place  in  Argos.  Why  Argos  should  suddenly  have  imported  this  ware  is 
hard  to  say ;  at  any  rate,  it  was  the  only  ware  manufactured  at  this  time  by  a  city  of 

Greece  proper. 

The  amount  of  this  ware  filled  about  half  a  basket.  No  whole  vases  were  found,  and 
none  could  be  reconstructed.  All  the  fragments  show  the  usual  technique  — a  reddish 
clay,  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  brown  or  i-ed  glaze  (sometimes  steely  black)  and 
adorned  with  figures  in  low  relief,  the  execution  on  the  whole  being  rather  poor.  The 
shallow  cup  without  handles  is  the  only  form  represented  and  the  decoration  follows  the 
usual  scheme.  On  the  bottom  a  pattern  of  leaves,^'  above  a  zone  of  figures  and  below  the 
rim  a  border  composed  of  a  double  wave  pattern.  Ornaments  in  field,  rosettes,  etc.,  are 
added  freely  to  the  figui-e  zone.  Some  of  the  fragments  showed  no  figure  zone,  but  were 
entirely  covered  with  a  leaf  pattern.  What  the  subjects  of  the  figure  zones  were  cannot 
be  told.     Very  few  of  the  fragments  possessed  any  interest. 

PLATE    LXII. 

35.  Horse  and  rider  to  right;  below,  leaf  pattern  with  rosettes  in  the  spaces  between  the  points 

of  the  leaves.  ^      ,     , ,    ,      ,  an    i         ^i 

36.  Original  diameter,  0.128  m. ;  height,  about  0.065  m.  Steely  black  glaze.  On  base,  three 
c.mcentric'^circles.  Figures  very  much  worn,  one  group  rej^eated  twice.  Warrior  to  right  with 
shield  and  helmet,  streU-hing  his  right  hand  behind  him,  and  a  female  figure  (Victory).     In  field, 

a  rosette  and  a  triiKnl  (?).  ,     ,    , , 

37.  Bearded  man  to  right  with  staff,  holding  out  his  right  hand  to  a  woman,  who  holds  a  vase  m 
her  right  hand.     In  field,  rosettes,  circles,  and  bird.     Below,  leaf  pattern. 

Th^  other  fragments  showed  various  figures,  bulls'  heads,  vases  (amphoras),  etc.,  etc. 

With  these  fragments  the  sequence  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum  practically  closes,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  say  whether  any  pottery  of  a  later  date  can  be  detected.  I  have  noted  before 
that  a  large  mass  of  the  rough  undecorated  pottery  might  as  well  be  Roman  as  early 
work,  but  the  evidence  does  not  seem  to  be  conclusive  either  way. 

About  twenty  small  bottles,  usually  known  as  '  Tear  Jugs,'  without  decoration,  were 
found.  These  were  uniformly  of  a  red  or  grayish  clay  and  differ  in  no  way  from  the 
well-known  tyi)e.     Judging  from  evidence  of  those  found  elsewhere,  they  seem  to  belong 

to  the  second  century  b.  c. 

LAMPS. 

About  twentv  of  these  were  found  more  or  less  intact,  and  a  small  number  of  fragments. 
Those  belonging  to  the  Greek  period  have  a  small  ^yoilt  with  a  large  opening,  the  handle 

t  Furtwilngler,  Samml.  SabourofT,  ph.  Ixxiii.  and  Ixxiv. ;  '^  Holm.  Hu^tary  of  Greece,  IV.  p.  260. 

lieimdorf,    GriechUche    und    Siciluche    VasetMder,  pU.  '  Samml.  Sab.  pi.  Ixxui. 

lvui.-lx. 


.1 


■■ 


1 


184 


THE   VASES   AND   VASE   FRAGMENTS 


standing  clear  of  the  vase  as  in  a  kylix.  The  Roman  lamps  are  rather  scjuat  and  heavy, 
with  a  small  opening  and  an  upright  projection  for  a  handle.  Several  of  the  lamps 
through  the  presence  of  a  cross  clearly  belonged  to  the  Christian  i)eriod. 

Greek  lamps  were  found  only  in   fragments.     Two  of  the  Roman  lamps  had  figure 
decoration,  the  rest  being  ornamented  with  a  large  rosette,  etc.,  in  the  centre. 

38.   Top  of  lamp.     Diameter.  0.0G8  m. :  length,  0.09  m.     Dark  retl  clay,  with  projection  for 
handle.     Youth  with  spear  in  his  left  hand  holding  bridle  of  a  horse.     Wave  pattern  on  rim. 
Tliis  relief  is  interesting,  since  it  supports  the  view  already  i>roj)ounded  by  Furtwiingler,  that 

the  Doryphorus  of  Polycleitns  was  accompanied  by  a  horse,  on  ac- 
count of  a  relief  found  at  Argos  {Athen.  Mitt.  HI.  [1878],  p.  287, 
pi,  xiii.).  Our  lamp  i)resents  a  striking  similarity  to  the  Argos  relief, 
but  is  probably  of  a  later  date,  as  it  cannot  be  earlier  than  the  Roman 
period. 

39.  Lamp,  spout  broken.  Height,  0.032  m. ;  diameter,  0.07  m. ; 
length,  0.083  m.  Red  clay.  Youth  to  left  blowing  double  pipes, 
with  some  uncertain  object  in  field.     On  rim,  circles. 

GLASS. 

Fragments  of  glass  vases  wei-e  scarce,  and  only  one  vase 
could  be  restored.  The  fragments  seem  as  a  rule  to  represent 
low  bottles  of  the  ordinary  type.  All  fragments  were  very 
much  corroded,  the  silvery  surface  flaking  off  readily  if 
touched.     A  few  of  the  fragments  showed  a  ribbed  siufaee. 

Fig.  99.    Height,  0.145  m.     Bottle  of  usual  tyjie.     On  neck,  series 
of  raised  bands.     At  the  back  of  the  neck  a  small  projection,  which 
probably  ditl  not  represent  the  base  of  a  handle,  as  a  handle  does 
not  belong  to  this  type  of  bottle. 

None  of  the  fragments  were  worth  repmducing ;  the 
majority  of  them  were  bases  with  a  low  boss  hi  the  centre 
after  the  fashion  of  a  modern  wine  bottle. 

BYZANTINE. 
Fig.  100.     Height,  0.05  m. :  diameter,  0.09  m.     One-handled 
cup  of  dark  red  clay.     The  entire  surface  of  both  exterior  and 
interior  has  been  covered  with  a  shiny  iridescent  yellow  glaze.     Under  the  glaze  the  surface  of 
the  clay  is  speckled  with  yellow  dots :  the  handle  is  divided  into  two  parts. 

This  vase  was  the  only  specimen  of  Byzantine  ware  found. 


Fig.  99. 


Fio.  100. 


Fig.  101. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  VASES 

BY  THEODORE  WOOLSEY  HEERMANCE 

I.     PAINTED  INSCRIPTIONS. 

1.    (Fig.  lOL)     Neck  and  handle  of  an  aryballos  of  Corinthian  style  (p.  171).    Diameter 
of  mouth,  0.054  m.     Clay  yellow  or  Ught  buff,  with  yellow  slip.     Decoration  carefully 
|)ainted  in  brown,  with  some 
red.     The  cuts  (from  draw- 
ings by  Gillieron)   show  re- 
spectively top,  back,  and  side 
views  of  the  fragment.     Be- 
low the  handle  a  bit  of  the 
body  of  the  vase  is  preserved, 
and  on  it  appears  the  wing 
and  tail  of  a  bird,  painted  in  light  brown,  with  incised  details.     Above  the  tail  is  all 
that  remains  of  the  inscription,  also  in  a  light  brown. 

The  drawing  gives  no  adequate  idea  of  the  condition  of  the  surface,  and  tends  to  make 
certain  traces  of  letters  appear  clearer  than  they  really  are,  while  discolorations  of  the 
surface,  which  confuse  the  reading,  are  not  indicated.  All  that  is  sure  ^ra  pkt,  and,  to 
the  right  of  ;;/</,  a  Sikyonian  e-sign.  What  followed  is  as  uncertain  as  what  preceded, 
for  the  jjaint  has  largely  disappeared,  and,  in  places,  the  slip  as  well.  Traces  of  at  least 
three  letters  are  visible,  but  they  are  too  indistinct  to  justify  any  conjectures  as  to  the 

original  reading. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  inscription  is  not  complete,  for  it  is  older  than  that  on 
the  Berlin  wnphora  a  coloiinette,  1147,  and  Sikyonian  inscrip- 
tions  on    vases   are  of    interest    if   only    for    their    rarity.     Cf. 
Kretschmer,    Griech.    Vaseninschrif'ten,    p.    51,  and    IlpaKTiKa, 
1899,  p.  01  (from  Thermon). 

2.  (Fig.  102.)  Two  fragments  of  a  deinos  ;  combined  length, 
0.117  m.  Clay  light  buff,  with  dull  black  glaze  inside  and  out 
hi  a  dirty  brown  immediately  below  rim. 

vhpo^  fie  dv[^e6r)K€] 

Tlie  loop  of  the  second  letter  preserved  differs  in  size  and  shape  from  the  loop  of  the 
third  letter ;  hence  the  combination  -hp-  is  preferable  to  -pp-. 

3.  For  Al[fa^]  or  At[i/€a9]  on  a  fragment  of  late-Corinthian  ware,  see  above,  p.  173. 

II.     INCISED  INSCRIPTIONS. 
PLATE   LXIX.* 

L   On  flat  rim  of  small  bowl.     Buff  clay,  poor  brownish  glaze. 

»  The  iuscriptiuns  are  reproduced  in  the  actual  size  of  the  origiuals. 


Fig.  102. 
Inscription  painted 


1 


1S4 


THK    VASKS    AM)    VASK    FHACJMENTS 


staiKliiii»-  clear  of  the  vase  as  in  a  kylix.  The  Koniaii  lamps  are  rather  squat  aiul  heavy, 
witii  a  small  openiiin-  ami  an  upright  projeetion  tor  a  handle.  Several  of  the  lamps 
throui»h  the  presence  of  a  cross  clearly  belonged  to  the  Christian  |)eriod. 

Greek   lamps  were   found  only  in   fran'ments.     Two  of  the  Roman  lamps  had  fij^iire 
decoration,  the  rest  beinj>;  ornamented  with  a  large  rosette,  etc..  in  the  centre. 

38.  Top  of  lamp.  Diameter.  0.0«IM  ni.:  Kngth,  0.00  in.  Dark  red  clay,  with  projection  for 
liaiuUe.     Youth  with  spear  in  his  left  IkuhI  holding  hritUe  of  a  horse.     Wave  pattern  on  rim. 

Tliis  relief  is  interestin-i,  since  it  supports  the  view  already  proiM)nnded  by  Fui-twiingler,  that 

the  Doryphorus  of  Polyeleitus  was  accompanied  by  a  horse,  on  ac- 
count of  a  relief  fouml  at  Argos  {Af/nn.  Mitt.  III.  [1878].  p.  287, 
pi.  xiii. ).  Oin-  lamp  presents  a  striking;  similarity  t<»  the  Argos  relief, 
but  is  probably  of  a  later  date,  as  it  cannot  lie  earlier  tlian  the  Koman 
periotl. 

39.  Lamp,  sjxmt  br<»ken.  Height,  0.0:i2  m. :  diameter,  0.07  m. : 
leuiith.  O.OH:')  m.  lu'<l  clay.  Youth  to  left  blowing  double  pii>es, 
with  some  uncertain  ohject  in  field.     On  rim.  circles. 

(JLASS. 

Fragnients  of  glass  vases  were  scarce,  and  onlv  one  vase 
could  be  restoretl.  The  fragments  seem  as  a  rule  to  represent 
low  bottles  of  the  ordinarv  tvpe.  All  frao-nients  were  very 
much  corroded,  the  silvery  surface  Haking  olf  readily  if 
touched.      A  few  of  the  fragments  showed  a  ribbed  surface. 

Fig.  99.     1  bight.  0.14.">  nj.      IJottle  of  usual  tyi>e.     ( )n  neek,  series 
of  raised  hands.      At  tiu-  ba«'k  of  the  neck  a  small  projection,  whii-h 
probably  ilitl  not  represent  the  base  of  a  handle,  as  a  lian<lle  does 
not  belong  to  this  type  of  bottle. 

None  of  the  fragments  were  worth  reproducing  ;  the 
n)aj<»rity  «d'  them  were  bases  with  a  low  boss  in  the  centre 
after  the  fashion  of  a  modern  wiiu'  b(»ttle. 

I'.YZAXTIXK. 

Fi.i.  100.  Tig.  100.     Height,  O.Oo  m. :  .liameter.  O.OJ*  m.     One-handled 

cup  of  dark  red  clay.  The  entire  surface  of  hoth  exterior  and 
interior  has  been  covered  with  a  shiny  iridescent  yellow  glaze.  Un«ler  the  glaze  the  surface  of 
the  clay  is  speckled  witli  yellow  »l«)ts :  the  handle  is  divided  into  two  parts. 

This  vase  was  the  only  specimen  of  Byziintine  ware  found. 


Fn:.  W. 


Fig.  101. 


Above  the  tail  is  all 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  VASES 

BY   TIIEODOHK   WOOLSEY   HEKKMAXCK 

I.     PAINTKI)    IX.SCRIPTIOXS. 

1.  (Fig.  lOL)  Nei'k  aiul  handle  of  an  aryballos  of  Corinthian  style  (p.  171 ).  Diameter 
of  nu>uth,  i)X)'A  m.  Clay  yellow  or  light  buff,  with  yellow  slip.  Decoration  carefully 
jKiinted  in  brown,  with  some 
red.  The  cuts  (from  draw- 
ings by  Gillieron)  .show  re- 
spectively top.  back,  and  side 
views  of  the  fragment.  Be- 
low the  handle  a  bit  of  the 
body  of  the  vase  is  pivserved, 
and  on  it  appears  the  wing 

and  tail  of  a  bird,  painted  in  light  brown,  with  incised  details 
that  remains  of  the  inscription,  also  in  a  light  brown. 

The  drawing  gives  no  adeipiate  idea  of  the  condition  of  the  surface,  and  tends  to  make 
certain  traces  of  letters  appear  clearer  than  they  really  are,  while  discolorations  of  the 
surface,  which  confuse  the  reading,  are  not  indicated.  All  that  is  sure  areyy/^/,  and,  to 
the  right  of  phi,  a  Sikyonian  r-sign.  What  followed  is  as  uncertain  as  what  preceded, 
for  the  paint  has  largely  disiippeared,  and,  in  places,  the  slip  as  well.  Traces  of  at  least 
thret'  letters  are  visible,  but  they  are  too  indistinct  to  justify  any  conjectures  as  to  the 

original  reading. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  inscription  is  not  complete,  for  it  is  older  than  that  on 
the  Berlin  wnphoru  u  ctflumotti.,  1147,  and  Sikyonian  inscrii)- 
tions   on    vases   are  of    interest    if   only    for    their    rarity.     Cf. 
Kretschmer,    (ir'nch.    VaseHinschrifttny    p.    51,  and    ll/aa/cTtKa, 
1899,  p.  ()1  (from  Thermon). 

2.    (Fig.  102.)     Two  fragments  of  a  deinos  ;  combined  length, 
0.117  m.     Clay  li«'-ht  butt",  with  dull  black  glaze  inside  and  out. 
in  a  dirty  brown  immediately  below  rim. 

The  loop  of  the  seccnul  letter  preserved  differs  in  size  and  shape  from  the  loop  of  the 
third  letter ;  hence  the  combination  -hp-  is  preferable  to  -pp-. 

:3.    For  Ar[/ra?]  or  Xl[y€a<;'\  on  a  fragment  of  late-Corinthian  ware,  see  above,  p.  173. 

II.     IXCISEl)   IXSCRIPTIOXS. 
IM.ATK    lAIX.' 

1.    On  flat  rim  of  small  bowl.     Buff  clay,  poor  browni.sh  glaze. 

i  Tlie  iiiscTii»tioii»  arc  reproduced  in  the  actual  size  of  the  originals. 


Fig.  102. 
Inscription  painted 


,'•' 
^ 


\\ 


v\ 


186 


THE  VASES   AND  VASE   FRAGMENTS 


Z   Red  clay,  good  black  glaze.     Inscription  on  inside  of  vase,  close  to  lip. 

[ra?]  'H/)[a?  ^^i] 
The  author  of  the  inscription  at  first  omitted  Ef^  in  BE!*A^;  but  seeing  his  mistake 
before  he  scratched  the  next  word,  changed  the  A  to  E  and  the  5  to  f* . 

a   Fragment  of  black-figured  ware  of  reddish  clay.     Below  the  inscnption  are  the 
carelessly^drawn  head  and  shoulders  of  a  male  figure. 

[ra?  'Hpa]?  ly/xt 
In  front  of  the  xigmn  the  second  hcntta  of  the  aJpha  is  still  visible. 

4.  Reddish  clay,  good  glaze.  r  -    *      t      o 

[ra?   H/jJa?  C 

5.  BiifE  clay,  poor  glaze. 

[  Hpjo  / 

For  the  nominative  of  the  name  of  the  di>'inity  in  dedications,  cf.  Xmdrath,  1.  p.  62, 

No.  447  ;  II.  p.  07,  Nos.  »41-im.  .     ^  ,      r 

6.  Fragment  of  black-figured  ware.     Inscription  on  rim  below  lip. 

[6  Scli/a  ft'  av€0rj']Ke  T[a  "Upa] 

After  fmi  part  of  the  afphrt  is  preserved. 

7.  Fragment  of  black  glazeil  ware,  Avith  two  red  lines  0.02  m.  below  lip.     Inscnption 
immediately  under  lip,  but  inverted. 

[6  h€ivd  /bt€  »Ca]T€8wK[€]  ? 

Part  of  the  alpha  is  preserved.     With  KarfhatKe  compare  Kd07)K€,  Kd00rjK€,  KaT€0r)K€ 
{Naukrath,  I.  p.  61,  No.  185;  II.  p.  65,  Nos.  788-792,  iUO). 
a   On  foot  of  kylix.     Brown  clay,  lustrous  bkck  glaze. 

[6  hilvd  ft'  €]7rc'8o)KC  T(o  MiVw 

The  form  cVcSckc  is  found  also  in  a  Boeotian  incised  inscription,  Berlin,  1968.     For  the 
name  Miko?  (Fick-Bechtel,  Griech.  Personennameu,  p.  33)  cf.  G.  Meyer,  Gricch.  Gmm\ 

p.  363,  note.  .  . 

The  crenuineness  of  this  inscription  is  not  beyond  suspicion. 

a   Buff  clay,  with  brownish  black  glaze  inside  and  out,  and  dull  red  stnpe  below  in- 
scription. T       '    '    '/J       1 

This  is  the  only  occurrence  (>f  koppa  and  the  only  retrograde  inscription. 

10.    Brownish  clay;  the  iK)or  glaze  has  disappeared  with  the  slip;  on  interior,  parallel 
with  lip,  are  purple  stripes.     The  inscription  encircled  neck  of  vase,  just  below  hp. 

\d<TOiv  —  (or ]a<raii/[8a?])  —  [ft'  6.v€0y)K€] 

From  one  to  three  letters  are  missing  at  the  beginning  of  the  name. 
IL   Fragment  of  black-figured  ware. 

*Av8pc[a9  /i'  dv€0ir)Ki\ 

12.   Brown  glaze.     Inscription  just  below  rim.     If  it  is  part  of  a  proper  name,  there 
are  several  possibilities,  as  :  '\vrdvio>p\  '' XvTav\hpo'i\  \Xiyindv{<op\  \Uyvrav\hpo^\ 

fn'lai^rai'rc/xoq].  .    rm-         ^       j 

la   Low  bowl,  which  resembles  in  shape  Furtwiingler,  BerL  Cat.  vi.  215,  restored 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   VASES 


187 


from  several  fragments.  One  horizontal  and  one  vertical  handle.  Diameter  of  top, 
0  096  m.  Black  glaze  inside  and  out.  The  inscription,  which  is  complete,  encircles  the 
top  of  the  vase,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  handles.  ,    ,     .       . 

Thouffh  every  character  is  perfectly  clear,  no  satisfactory  interpretation  of  the  mscrip- 
tion  is  here  offered.  A  close  i^rallel  in  letter-forms  is  afforded  by  an  incised  inscription 
on  a  fragment  of  black  glazed  ware  from  Mycenae  (/.  G.  A.  29).  In  both  this  and  in 
the  inscription  from  the  Heraeum  Mpoo^  corresponds  exactly,  letter  for  letter,  even 
to  the  small  o-signs  and  the  narrow  four-barred  .Ujma.  Yet  to  change  rpv  of  the 
Heraeum  inscription  to  to  is  entirely  too  violent,  and  no  other  explanation  suggested  has 

""^4 '  Bnmndly,  with  dull  black  glaze.     Silenus  head  in  relief  on  top  of  vertical  handle 
to  left  of  inscription,  which  is  set  in  a  frame  of  incised  lines. 

ip 

Can  this  be  the  same  as  No.  13?     The  letters  api)ear  to  be  later. 

Nos.  15-20  are  incised  on  the  outside  of  their  respective  vases ;  Nos.  21-23  on  the 
inside ;  and  Nos.  24-29  on  the  bottom. 

The  characters  of  No.  16  are  similar  to  those  of  No.  2. 

No.  22  is  on  the  reverse  of  No.  16. 

No.  26  shows  the  Corinthian  form  of  hela. 

aa   On  bottom  of  small  unglazed  vase  of  dark  gray  clay.     Inscription  pressed  into 

the  moist  clay  before  firing.  ^  ^ 

HpafcXei 

ov 

This  inscriptioi.  is  shown  by  its  letter-forms  to  be  some  centuries  later  than  Nos.  l-2a 


\ 


iv 


The  Argivb  Hbrabum 


Plate  L 


i 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— PRIMITIVE  VASES 


« 

) 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  L 


I 


i 


l\ 


i| 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— PRIMITIVE  VASES 


'Sia^uLjxaaiiditaiHaWuiiMliUttyAriiiifi^^  , 


The  Argive  IIeraeim 


Plate  LI 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  DILL  FINISH  AND  CLASS  II,  i  LUSTROLS  FINISH 


TiiK  Argivr  Hkrakum 


Plate  LII 


I 


.( 


I 

I 


M 


f. 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.-MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSES  II,  2  AND  III.  i. 


/ 


The  Argivk  Herabum 


Plate  LI 


mfssm 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE  :  DULL  FINISH  AND  CLASS  II,  i  LUSTROUS  FINISH 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LII 


^\<\ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSES  II,  2  AND  III,  i. 


Thb  Argivc  Hsraeum 


Plate  LIII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE :  CLASS  III,  2. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LIV 


I 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE     CLASS  IH,  2. 


I 


I 


The  Argive  Heraelm 


Plate  LIIl 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE  :  CLASS  IH,  2. 


The  Argive  Hbraeum 


Plate  LIV 


li 


.( 


VASE  FRAGMENTS -MYCENAEAN  STYLE.  CLASS  IH,  2. 


"n m 


The  Argive  Heraevm 


Plate  L\ 


k_ 

/ 

tt 

^' 

4.1 

y^ 

2^ 

VASE  FRAGMENTS-MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSES  lU.  2  AND  IV 


The  Argivr  IIeraeum 


Plate  LVI 


r^l 


/^ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.-CiEOMKTRIC  STYLE:  LINEAR   MOTIVES,  HORSES,  BIRDS,  ETC. 


t 


Thb  Argivb  Heraeum 


Plate  LV 


%. 


VASE  FRAGMENTS-MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSES  III,  2  AND  IV 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LVI 


I; 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.-GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  LINEAR  MOTIVES,  HORSES,  BIRDS,  ETC. 


n 


The  Argive  Herabum 


Plate  LVII 


I 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  HUMAN  AND  ANIMAL  FIGURES. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LVIII 


r. 


I 


VASE  FRAGMENTS-    GEOMETRIC  STYLE  :  DIPYLON  AND  AEGINETAN. 


i^l 


The  Argive  IIeraeim 


Plate  L\  II 


"^^ 


^<V 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  HUMAN  AND  ANIMAL  FIGURES. 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  LVIII 


rUI 


I 


/i 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.     GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  DIPYLON  AND  AEGINETAN. 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  LIX 


25  </ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS— ARGIVK  STYLE. 


The  Argive  Heraeitm 


Plate  LX 


■t 


VASE  FRAGMENTS —LOCAL  STYLE. 


't« 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LIX 


Z5d 


t    1 


\    ^y2b 


VASE  FRAGMENTS —ARGIVE  STYLE. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LX 


fc 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— LOCAL  STYLE. 


'•I 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXI 


VASE  FRAGMENTS —CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 


UL^^^MLj^aUi 


. .     ^-  -  .-.^.m^jm^mtsm^mi^mtiitm 


.-^.  ^   .  — jL---- 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXII 


fc 


M 


i 


\ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.-EARLY  ATTIC.  CVRENAEAN,  RED  AND  BLACK-FIGURE,  MEGARA  WARE,  ETC. 


-I!! 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXI 


VASE  FRAGMENTS— CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXII 


*^ 


i 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.     EARLY  ATTIC.  CYRENAEAN,  RED  AND  BLACK-FIGl'RE.  MEGARA  WARE,  ETC. 


i» 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  LXIII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS— VASES  IN  RELIEF. 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  LXIV 


rnrn 


I  a. 


j' 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.  -  VARIOUS  ARGIVE  TYPES 


i 


The  Argivr  Heraeum 


Plate  LXIII 


■■f;<tt'f  »f< 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— VASES  IN  RELIEF. 


i 


The  Argiw  Herakum 


Plate  LXIV 


kkkkkk 


la. 


.11 


VASE  FRA(;MENTS.  —  VARIOUS  ARGIVE  TYPES 


\i 


1 


The  Argivk  Herafxm 


Plate  LXV 


i 


t' 


^1 


VASE   FRAGMENTS. -ARGIVE  STYLE:    CLASS  III 


ivi 


Thk  Aroive  Hkkaki'M 


Plate  LXV 


( 


VASE   FRAGMENTS  -ARGIVE  STYLE:    CLASS  III 


I» 


Thk  Aroivf.  Hkrakum 


Platk  LXVI 


; 


VASK  FRAGMENTS. -GKOMETRIC,  ARGIVE,  AND  LOCAL  TYPES 


■) 


The  Aroive  Heraecm 


Plate  LXVI 


10 


O- 


'V5. 


frrrrf 


s 


t 


t 


m 


VASE  FRAGMENTS. -GEOMETRIC,  ARGIVE,  AND  LOCAL  TYPES 


\< 


Ttas  Argivr  Hkrakum 


Plate  LXVIl 


t\ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS— LOCAL  TYPES 


Tbb  Argive  IIkraeum 


Plate  LXVIl 


'I 


VASE  FRAGMENTS —LOCAL  TYPES 


The  Argivr  Herakim 


Plate  LXVIU 


f 


VASE  FRAGMKNTS.-l^OLYCHKOME   KYLIX 


Thr  Argivr  Heraeum 


Plate  LXVIII 


1 


\ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.  — POLYCHROME  KYLIX 


Tbe  Aroivk  Heraium 


Plati  LXIX 


23 


T   R  V 


H 


e 


fi  ^ 


( 


VASE  FRAGMENTS. -INCISED  INSCRIPTIONS 


THE  BRONZES  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


THE  BRONZES  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

By  HERBERT   FLETCHER  DeCOU 


INTRODUCTION 


The  Bronzes  which  are  described  in  the  following  Catalogue '  were  found,  for  the  most 
part,  in  the  deposits  and  strata  that  yielded  the  larger  portion  of  primitive  and  archaic 
objects  in  other  materials,  and  their  study  is  accordingly  subject  to  the  conditions  of  pro- 
venience which  have  already  been  set  forth  in  the  General  Introduction  (Vol.  I.  pp.  38  ff.). 
In  other  words,  while  many  pieces  were  found  on  the  uppermost  terrace,  and  still  more 
beneath  and  in  front  of  the  Cyclopean  supporting  wall  of  the  same  terrace,  especially 
back  of  the  Northeast  Stoa  (III),  by  far  the  greatest  number  lay  on  the  west  and  south 
slopes  of  the  main  terrace,  particularly  near  the  southwest  angle  of  the  retaining  wall 
described  in  Vol.  I.  pp.  118  ff.,  and  so  formed  part  of  the  rubbish  employed  in  preparing 
the  site  for  the  Second  Temple.  Bronzes  were  also  found  in  and  about  the  West  and 
Northwest  buildings  (VII,  VIII),  and,  to  a  less  extent,  in  other  parts. 

Distinctions  in  strata  and  j)eriods  of  deposit,  such  as  are  mentioned  in  the  General 
Introduction,  Vol.  I.  p.  41,  cannot  be  maintained  so  far  as  concerned  the  bronzes,  because 
in  their  case  no  strata  and  very  few  depths  were  recorded.  It  may  be  said,  however, 
that  the  general  terminus  ante  quern,  which  is  indicated  for  the  majority  of  the  finds  by 
the  date  of  the  burning  of  the  Old  Temple  (423  b.  c),  holds  with  few  or  no  exceptions 
for  the  entire  mass  of  bronze  material  discovered  in  so  far  as  dependence  can  be  placed 
on  considerations  of  style  or  comparison  with  the  results  of  other  excavations.  Any  fur- 
ther chronological  distinctions  which  may  be  made  rest  entirely  on  such  evidence. 

Conclusions  as  to  the  purpose  or  use  of  buildings  at  the  Heraeum  cannot  safely 
be  drawn  from  the  bronzes  found  in  them,  because  the  proveniences  specially  recorded, 
though  including  most  of  the  more  important  objects,  are  in  slight  proportion  to  the  total 
number  found  —  604  :  5738  approximately.  To  this  principle  the  noticeable  number  of 
straight  pins,  fibulae,  and  rings  attributed  to  the  West  Building  (VII)  can  hardly  be 
regarded  as  an  exception,  because  it  seems  probable  —  at  least  to  the  present  writer  — 


I 


^  Ackiiowledginents  for  assistance  are  given  under  the 
respective  numbers  in  the  catalogue,  but  I  desire  to  ex- 
press here  my  sense  of  particular  obligation  to  Profes- 
sors Richard  Norton  and  J.  C.  Hoppin  for  aid  of  every 
kind,  and  to  many  other  friends  for  encouragement  and 
suggestions.  Professor  Norton's  relation  to  the  work 
requires  furthermore  a  special  statement.  During  my 
absence  in  Greece  in  the  spring  of  1903,  he  with  the 
utmost  kindness  undertook  and  performed  the  tedious 
task  of  revising,  condensing,  and  copying  the  manuscript 
of  the  Introduction  and  of  numbers  1-1849  of  the  Cata- 
logue. To  Miss  M.  Louise  Nichols  is  due  grateful  acknow- 
ledgment for  the  final  revision  of  the  entire  manuscript 
for  the  printers.    I  am  abo  under  obligation  to  the  editor- 


in-chief,  Professor  Waldstein,  for  permission  to  undertake 
the  work  and  for  various  suggestions,  and  to  the  Archae- 
ological Institute  and  the  Committee  in  charge  of  the 
Heraeum  publication  for  their  patience  and  liberality. 
Especial  thanks  are  also  due  to  the  Ephors  in  cliarge  of 
the  National  Museum  at  Athens  for  their  unfailing  cour- 
tesy, as  well  as  to  the  late  Dr.  A.  S.  Murray  for  permission 
to  publish  the  silver  pin  (see  Plate  CXXXVII.)  and  for 
the  privilege  of  using  the  reading-room  of  his  department 
in  the  British  Museum.  Finally,  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  C .  R. 
Morey  for  service  as  amanuensis  generously  rendered  to 
Professor  Norton  and  myself,  and  to  Johannes  Papadakes, 
rcxWnit  in  the  Museum  at  Athens,  for  much  assistance 
in  cleaning  the  bronzes  and  for  many  practical  hints. 


191 


w 


m 


192 


THE   BRONZES 


that  some  of  them  may  belong  rather  to  the  deposits  about  the  retaining  wall  above 
mentioned.' 

The  bronzes  when  discovered  were  for  the  most  part  heavily  oxidized.  In  very  few 
cases  had  the  oxidation  taken  the  form  of  a  patina.  The  majority  of  the  roughly  oxi- 
dized pieces  (some  3938  specimens)  were  cleaned  by  the  slow  and  somewhat  tedious 
process  employed  by  the  Greek  government  for  the  removal  of  oxides.-  The  jmtinated 
pieces  were  left  untouched,  together  with  others  in  which  the  oxides  liad  already  destroyed 
the  bronze  in  whole  or  in  jmrt,  and  a  considerable  number  of  pieces  which  did  not  seem 
of  sufficient  interest  to  repay  the  trouble. 

A  brief  account  of  the  method  of  classification  which  has  been  followed  in  the  case  of 
these  bronzes  has  been  given  in  Vol.  I.  pp.  62  f.  That  in  it  the  first  division  has  been 
made  according  to  genera  rather  than  styles  is  due  to  the  following  considerations: 
(1)  Throughout  the  stiuly  of  these  bronzes  their  rights  and  requirements  as  museum 
material  have  been  kept  in  view.  The  first  duty  that  is  owed  to  the  products  of  an 
excavation,  after  means  have  been  taken  to  secure  their  preservation,  is  a  convenient  and 
systematic  arrangement  in  a  museum.  Unless  the  strata  or  pockets  in  which  the  objects 
have  been  found  are  very  sharply  defined  or  clearly  distinguished,  the  arrangement  by 
kinds  or  subjects  is  the  more  convenient.  (2)  The  same  principle  holds  true  for  the  first 
publication  of  the  finds,  because  the  primary  object  of  this  is,  of  course,  to  make  the  finds 
available  to  the  public  as  material  >vith  which  to  work.  In  other  words,  the  first  publi- 
cation of  an  excavation  should  be  a  portable  museum,  so  to  s|>eak,  of  the  objects  found. 
(3)  Our  knowledge  of  the  history  and  interrelations  of  the  styles  of  early  Greek  art  is,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  writer  at  least,  too  slight  and  unstable  to  make  it  safe  or  desirable  to 
found  thereon  a  classification  which,  whether  for  museum  or  first  publication,  should  in 
its  main  lines,  at  least,  be,  so  far  as  possible,  permanent. 

In  the  second  division  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  group  and  order  the  objects  accord- 
ing to  style  and  chronology,  but  the  method  followed  has  been,  where  possible,  inductive ; 
that  is,  the  selection  and  arrangement  of  catalogue  numbers  has  been  made  with  a  view 
toward  securing  a  continuous  development  from  one  subdivision  of  a  tvjw  to  another,  and, 
where  it  seemed  practicable,  from  type  to  tyj)e.  It  is  for  this  puq^ose  that  many  objects 
have  been  entered  and  described  which  would  not  of  themselves  be  of  any  especial  value 
or  interest. 

Thousfh  the  so-called  styles  have  not  been  made  the  main  basis  for  classification,  a  list 
of  the  principal  types  and  objects  which  would  be  attributable  to  them  has  been  given  in 


'  The  West  Building  came  to  light  before  the  construc- 
tions east  and  southeast  of  it,  and  objects  found  were 
labeled  accordiuglv  until  the  outline  and  relations  of  tlie 
successively  appearing  walls  became  clear. 

2  Described  Deltion,  1888,  p.  228,  and  /.  H.  S.  X.  p.  27">. 
Cf.  Bather,  /.  H.  S.  XIII.  p.  124.  A  brief  description 
of  the  process  may  be  of  service  to  those  who  do  not  have 
access  to  the  Deltion.  In  a  glazed  earthenware  bowl  is 
spread  a  layer  of  scraps  of  zinc.  On  this  are  laid  the 
bronzes  to  be  cleaned.  They  are  then  covered  with 
water  into  which  about  ten  per  cent,  or  less  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  is  poured.  At  intervals  which  should  not 
exceed  two  days,  at  least  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  pro- 
cess, the  bronzes  and  zinc  (if  any  remains)  must  be  taken 
out  and  brushed  with  a  stiff  brush,  the  bowl  rinsed,  and  a 
fresh  bath  prepared  in  the  same  manner  as  the  first.    The 


proportions  of  zinc  and  acid  vary  with  circumstances,  and 
must  be  learned  by  practice.  This  part  of  the  proceu 
may  require  to  be  protracted  from  a  week  to  a  year  or 
more,  hut,  if  all  has  gone  well,  its  result  is  to  leave  the 
surface  of  the  bronze  entirely  free  from  verdigris  and 
covered  with  a  dark  brown  deposit  which  in  no  way  in- 
terferes with  the  clearness  of  the  finest  details.  Tlie 
remainder  of  the  process  is  brief.  On  removal  from  the 
bath  just  descrilted  the  bronzes  are  put  into  a  solution  of 
potash  (iuSfMueiKhp  icelAtoi')  consisting  of  about  one  part  t>f 
potash  to  nine  of  water.  After  twenty-four  hours  they 
are  removed  and  placed  for  the  same  period  in  distilled 
water.  They  are  then  dried  and  covered  with  a  thin  coat- 
ing of  melted  white  wax.  A  vigorous  polishing  with  a 
brush  completes  the  process. 


INTRODUCTION 


193 


the  abstract  cited  above.  As  the  material  for  comparison  derived  from  deposits  of  dat- 
able j)eriods  is  not  very  extensive,  this  list  can  be  considered  only  as  an  approximation. 
Until  more  material  is  at  hand,  the  "  Primitive  "  period  must  be  regarded  as  but  scantily 
represented,  the  suspension  vase  (No.  2019)  being  almost  the  only  object  which  could 
not  well  be  put  in  one  of  the  later  periods,  and  even  the  earlier  Mycenaean  period  offers 
nothing  which  could  not  equally  well  be  assigned  to  later  Mycenaean  times. 

Under  "  Geometric "  have  been  included  various  things  which  should  perhaps  be 
kept  ai>art,  i.  e.  small  animals  cast  in  imitation  of  hammered  technique,  and  engraved, 
punched,  and  rejwusse  linear  designs,  but  as  the  occurrence  of  figures  of  similar  tech- 
nique in  connection  with  engraved  or  linear  ornamentation  imitated  in  cast  work  is  well 
known  in  the  case  of  the  large  tripods,  and  the  distinction  between  punched  and  repouase 
work  is  often  difficult  to  maintain,  esi)ecially  in  the  case  of  thin  metal  strips,  it  seems  jus- 
tifiable to  group  objects  of  similar  style  together  without  prejudice  to  the  question  as  to 
the  origin  of  their  respective  techniques.  Where  this  is  done,  however,  it  is  necessary  to 
guard  against  the  danger  of  dmwing  conclusions  as  to  development  and  chronology  from 
what  may  very  likely  be  a  fortuitous  association.  Because  a  certain  type  of  figurine  is 
found  in  certain  cases  in  connection  with  engraved  linear  ornament,  it  by  no  means  fol- 
lows that  we  have  the  right  to  put  all  the  bronzes  which  have  linear  ornament  along  with 
them  and  thus  build  up  a  great  class.  So  at  the  Hei-aeum  the  tripod  legs,  the  animals  of 
style  similar  to  the  figures  which  occur  on  tripods,  and  the  fibulae  with  the  same  style  of 
fio-ures  engraved  on  the  blade  very  probably  belong  together,  but  there  is  no  adequate 
reason  for  placing  the  other  objects,  such  as  pin.s,  sheathings,  etc.,  which  have  linear 
designs,  in  the  same  category  historically.     Many  of  them  are  probably  much  earlier. 

The  small  number  of  bronzes  of  the  so-called  Dipylon  style  thus  left  indicates  plainly 
enough  the  slight  and  transitory  character  of  the  influence  of  this  style  on  Argive  metal 
work.  Such  si>ecimeus  as  Nos.  23  and  49,  which  have  linear  ornaments,  are  under  the 
influence  of  the  geometric  style  only  in  the  wider  sense  referred  to  above.  We  can 
scarcely  speak  of  a  Geometric  or  Dipylon  period  so  far  as  concerns  Argive  bronzes. 

As  has  been  pointed  out  in  the  above-mentioned  abstract,  the  same  is  true  at  Argos  of 
the  so-called  Oriental  style.  Modification  of  design,  as  in  the  case  of  the  griffin,  under 
the  influence  of  the  Orient,  there  may  be,  but  that  here  Argos  herself  bore  a  consider- 
able share  in  the  construction  of  the  new  type  may  be  inferred  from  the  Argive  crater 
mentioned  by  Herodotus  (IV.  152).  The  essential  qualities  of  style  and  technique 
remain  what  they  wei-e  before,  that  is,  Mycenaean. 

The  space  required  for  the  catalogue  renders  it  inexpedient  to  enter  here  into  a  more 
general  discussion  of  the  relations  of  Argive  metal  work  to  that  of  the  other  centres 
of  similar  industry  in  Greece  and  Ionia.  While  this  is  reserved  for  another  occasion, 
there  are  two  i)oints  to  which  attention  should  be  called :  (1)  The  unifonn  technical 
excellence  exhibited  by  the  Heraeum  bronzes,  even  the  earliest  of  them ;  the  inscription 
No.  1826  will  serve  as  an  approximately  datable  example  of  masterly  handicraft. 
(2)  Inasmuch  as  the  bronzes  from  the  Heraeum  exhibit  the  same  qualities  of  design, 
style,  and  technique  as  very  many  others  which  have  been  found  at  Olympia,  Athens, 
Dodona,  and  elsewhere,  it  seems  reasonable  to  consider  the  claims  of  Argos  to  a  large 
share  in  the  manufacture  of  such  pieces  as  paramount,  resting  as  they  do  upon  a  contin- 
uous tradition  from  Mycenaean  times  down  and  upon  the  actual  finds. 


^j^^tm 


m 


STATUETTES 


195 


CATALOGUE  OF  BRONZES 


I.    FRAGMENTS  OF  STATUES 


Plate  LXX. 

1.'  Lock  of  hair.  Provenience  unknown. 
Broken  at  top.  Damaged  by  oxidation. 
Straight  except  end,  which  curls  out  and 
slightly  to  right.  Length,  0.154  m.  Width  at 
top,  0.009  ni.  Thickness  at  top,  circ.  0.0025 
m. ;  at  bottom,  circ.  0.0015  m.  Height  of  curl, 
0.008  m.  Width  of  curl,  i.  e.  diameter  of  semi- 
circle formed  by  it,  0.018  m.  Engraved  in  par- 
allel lines  to  show  single  hairs.  Eight  grooves 
at  top,  four  at  bottom  of  curl,  where  they  stop 
just  past  the  middle.  Uncertain  whether  en- 
graving was  not  carried  to  end  of  curl,  as  sur- 


face is  damaged  at  that  point.    Sides  engraved 
with  two  grooves  each. 

2.  Lock  of  hair.  Provenience  unknown. 
Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.10  m.  Width 
at  top,  0.008  m. ;  at  bottom,  0.0065  ni.  Thick- 
ness at  top,  0.0045  m. :  at  bottom,  0.0025  m.  En- 
graved to  represent  three  strands  of  hair ;  single 
hairs  indicated  within  each  strand  by  finer  lines. 
In  first  strand  on  left,  four  grooves  at  top  and 
three  below ;  in  second,  three  at  top  and  two  at 
bottom ;  three  in  third.  Along  middle  of  each 
side,  a  single  groove.' 


IL    STATUETTES  AND  FRAGMENTS  OF  STATUETTES 


Plate  LXX  I. 

3.  Horseman.  From  south  slope,  southwest 
corner,  1895.  Surface  thickly  oxidized  and 
damasred.  Legs  broken  below  knees.  Hands 
broken,  the  left  at  wrist,  the  right  above. 
Somewhat  overcleaned.  Original  surface  shows 
around  navel  and  fairly  well  beneath  nipples, 
on  upper  back,  on  forehead,  and  on  inner 
right  thigh.  Height  0.1275  m.  Cast  solid. 
Figure  was  rider  as  shown  by  position  of  legs, 
hands  (hole  for  reins),  and  hole  in  bottom  for 
attachment  to  horse.  Depth  of  hole,  0.11  m. ; 
direction  along  axis  of  body  so  attitude  of  figure 
depended  on  whether  dowel  leaned  back  or  was 

1  Objects  the  catalogue  numbers  of  which  are  printed  in 
heavy-faced  type  are  illustrated  on  the  Plate  cited  above 
them  ;  light-faced  types  in  these  numbers  indicate  that 
the  objects  are  not  illustrated. 

2  Cf.  Olijmpia.  IV.  Nos.  'lo,  26  [pi.  v.],  and  28  [text,  p. 
15J,  and  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  6798  (De  Ridder,  No. 
624),  from  the  Acropolis. 

*  Gait  of  horse  probably  slow,  if  rider  leaned  back,  as 
examples  of  galloping  or  rearing  horses  the  riders  of 
which  lean  forward  are  numerous  in  archaic  art.  Cf. 
amphora  from  Caere,  Wiener  VorlegebUitter,  1889,  pi.  x., 
two  amphorae  of  Nicosthenes,  ibid.  1890-91,  pi.  iii.,  cylix 
of  Pamphaeus,  Harrison  and  Maccoll,  pi.  viii.,  and  one  of 
Onesimus,  Hartwig,  Meisterschalen,  pi.  liii.  An  exception 
on  pithos  in  Vienna,  Masner,  Samml.  antiker  Va$en,  p.  19, 
No.  210.     Upright  rider  with  head  forward  on  slow  horse 


upright.  Latter  unlikely,  as  it  would  have  made 
figure  sit  too  upright.'  Anns  hang  stiffly  ;  upper 
arms  about  in  axis  of  Ixxly  ;  forearms  at  nearly 
right  angles  to  upper  arm.*  Right  forearm  bent 
unnaturally.  Right  forearm  from  inner  angle 
of  elbow  to  knuckles,  0.031  m. ;  left  forearm, 
0.024  m.  Otherwise  arms  naturally  modeled, 
though  no  details  are  given.  Hands  perforated 
for  round  (wire  ?)  reins.  Thighs  dispro])ortion- 
ately  large,  esjiecially  towards  hips.  Knee-caps 
carefully  indicated.  Shoulders  broad  and  square 
compared  with  waist.  Upper  part  of  chest  with 
nipples  very  full  comparetl  to  parts  beneath.'  No 
certain  indications  of  muscles,  only  faint  lines 

on  Corinthian  aryballos,  I.au,  Die  ffriech.  Vasen,  pi.  iv. 
No.  2. 

*  Bronze  rider  found  between  Sparta  and  Megalopolis, 
now  in  Nat.  Mas.,  Athens  (No.  7549  =  I>e  Bidder,  Brome$ 
de  la  Soc.  Arch.  No.  860,  pi.  ii.),  has  about  same  angle  at 
elbow,  but  greater  angle  at  shoulder  :  hence  hands  meet 
lower  down. 

*  Cf.  Holleaux,  B.  C.  H.  XI.  p.  363.  and  examples  of 
extra  Peloponnesian  provenience,  the  marble  statue  in  the 
Brit.  Mus.  (Catalogue,  Vol.  I.  p.  84,  No.  205;  cf.  Kurt- 
wttngler,  A.  Z.  1882,  pp.  51  It.  pi.  iv.),  and  the  marble 
horseman  in  the  Acropolis  museum.  No.  .'>90  (Winter, 
yaAriucA,  VIII.  p.  138,  No.  7;  Sophoules,  'Zpufi.  'Apx- 1887, 
pi.  ii.).  Torso  from  Actium  in  the  Louvre,  Gaz.  Arch.  XI. 
(1886),  pp.  235  fF.  pi.  xxix.  (CoUignon). 


running  horizontally  across  chest,  distant  from 
pubes  0.031  m.,  0.0165  m.,  0.0145  m.  These 
probably  accidental  and  due  to  oxidation. 
Note  that  two  planes  meet  at  the  nipples. 
Slight  swelling  of  abdomen.  Navel  slightly 
indicated.  Distance  from  pubes  to  plane  of 
nipples,  0.037  m. ;  to  base  of  neck,  0.0565  m. 
Distance  between  nipples,  circ.  0.019  m.  Back 
has  no  details  except  slight  depression  along 
spinal  column.  Angle  of  back  to  rump  too 
sharp,  thus  making  hips  too  i)rominent.  Head 
hisrh  and  shallow.  Height  from  chin  to  top, 
0.026  m.  Depth  from  forehead  to  back,  circ. 
0.021  m.  Width  above  ears,  circ.  0.019  m.^  Face 
high  and  well  proportioned.  Contour  vertical. 
Distance  from  tip  of  chin  to  approximate  end  of 
nose,  from  end  of  nose  to  beginning,  from  begin- 
ning  to  top  of  forehead,  each  circ.  0.006  m.  Flat 
cheeks  have  high  bones.  Chin  broad  and  flat. 
Mouth  small,  curving  slightly  upward.  Nose 
was  straight.  Eyes  large,  rounded,  set  in  large 
sockets.  Upi>er  lid  and  eyebrow  of  left  eye  may 
be  traced.  Measurements  by  Kalkmanu's  system 
(in  metres) :  — 


I 
I 


•0.011(3) 
0.0U7 


•O-OUl-j) 
0.004 


a 

0.00(5(5) 
•0.012 


•0.018(5)  0.01^<(5)        0.018(5) 


.     i  .^1 

&i^  Ii! 

its  i  ^1 

X  M  J  »  H  S 

O.000(.">)  0.006(5) 

•0.005  •0.008 

0.007  0.004 


Cuion. 

•0.012 

O.OOO 

•  aoi8 


0.018(5)  0.018(5) 


•0.014 
0.004 

0.018 


o.oon 

•0.012 


aoi8       _ 


O006 
•0.006 
0.006 


0.018 


0.006 

•0.008 

0.004 

0.018 


E^rs  about  normal,  but  superficially  treated. 
Project  nearly  at  right  angles.  Upper  edge  of 
lobe  on  line  with  outer  corner  of  eye.  Top  on 
line  with  eyebrows.  Slight  attempt  at  detail. 
Hair  much  injured  on  top.''  Original  treatment 
uncertain.  Bound  by  taenia,  which  is  visible  at 
back  and  up  to  ears,  but  uncertain  whether  it 

'  Note  brachycepbalism  (cephalic  index  90  !)  as  com- 
pared with  shape  of  later  Peloponnesian  heads. 

"  Cf.  fl.  .V.  Cat.  of  Bronzes,  No.  210,  and  Perrot  and 
Chipiez,  Hi$toire  de  PArt,  I.  {^gypte).  p.  664,  fig.  452. 

»  End  of  tip  folded  under  in  Nike  of  Archermus  type. 
Acropolis  Museum,  No.  690,  as  is  shown  by  lines  of  en- 
graving. For  doubtful  cases,  cf.  Francois  vase,  olrox^n  of 
Cholchos  in  Berlin  (Wiener  Vorlegebl.  1889,  pi.  i.  2  b), 
hydria  of  Timagoras  in  the  Louvre  (ibid.  pi.  v.  4  c),  and 
b.-f.  amphora  (Gerhard,  IV.  pi.  cclxiv.  1). 

*  Thus  differing  from  early  "  Apollo  "  type  (Orcheme- 


passed  over  top  of  head  or  over  forehead,  and 
was    covered   at   sides   by   overhanging    locks. 
Former  seems  more  probable.     At  back,  hair 
falls  to  shoulders  in  heavy  rounded  mass,  ending 
in  flat  tip.     Originally  engraved  with  fine  lines 
running  toward  tip.     Of  this  only  slight  indica- 
tions remain.     Tip  at  end  shows  tying  of  ends 
of  hair.     No  folding  either  under  or  over.^    No 
trace  of  cord,  but  trace  of  depression  where  it 
passed.    Height  of  tip,  0.007  m. ;  width,  0.008  m. 
Falls  circ.  0.009  m.  below  top  of  shoulder.    Front 
of  hair  formed  by  throe  carefully  engraved  curls 
starting  behind  ears  and  falling  backward  in  a 
curve    towards    tip.*     Neck    large  and  thick. 
Height,  0.004  m.    Period  to  be  determined  from 
head,  which  is  more  advanced  than  botly.    Later 
than  the  "Apollo"  figures  of  the   first  group 
(Thera,   Orchemenos,  Melos,  etc.),  but  earlier 
than  the  Apollo  of  Canachus  at  Didyma  or  its 
replicas  (Payne-Knight,  Piombino,  Naxos, etc.). 
Probably  a  little  later,  to  judge  from  hair  and 
arms,  than  the  statue  at  Delphi  by  Polymedes 
(Homolle,  B.  C.  H.  XXIV.  [1900],  pp.  445  fif.). 
The    bronze    reliefs,  Olympia,   Nos.   707   (pi. 
xxxix.),  707  a,  are  not  closely  similar  in  style. 
Plate  LXX. 

4.  Bearded  standing  male  figure.  Proveni- 
ence unknown.  Height,  0.0605  m.  Cast  solid. 
Surface  suffered  from  oxidation.  Arms  hang 
stiff,  with  hands  open  and  flat,  with  extended 
fingers  attached  to  thighs.  Arms  small,  with  no 
modeling.  Left  thumb  seems  to  show  a  nail. 
Length  of  arms,  including  fingers,  right,  0.0235 
m. ;  left,  0.024  m.  Arms  separated  from  body 
by  relatively  large  opening  which  is  cut  higher 
on  right  side.  Legs  and  feet  fastened  together, 
even  to  tips  of  toes.  Toes  partially  indicated  on 
left  foot.  Contour  of  legs  fairly  good.  Length 
of  feet,  left,  0.008  m. ;  right,  0.007  m.  Broad 
square  shoidders.  Body  and  waist  not  exces- 
sively thin.  No  indication  of  belly,  navel,  or 
nipples,  but  chest  slightly  fuller  than  abdomen. 
Circumference  at  shoulders,  0.047  m. ;  at  waist, 

nos,  Thera,  Melos,  etc.)  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other 
from  types  represented  by  statuettes  from  Naxos  (Frankel, 
A.  Z.  1879,  p.  84,  pi.  7)  and  from  Ptoiin  (Holleaux,  B.  C. 
H.  X.  p.  190,  pi.  9).  An  intermediate  or  combination  type 
also  from  Ptoiin  (Kabbadias,  YiariiXoyoi  tSiv  TKvktSiv,  No. 
16,  Holleaux,  B.  C.  H.  X.  pp.  73  ff.,  pi.  7),  with  one  curl 
over  breast  and  two  over  shoulder  behind.  See  in  general, 
Conze,  Nuove  Mem.  deW  Inst.  pp.  408  ff.,  Waldstein,  /.  H. 
S.  I.  pp.  168  ff.,  Schreiber,  Ath.  Mitth.  VIII.  pp.  246  ff., 
IX.  pp.  232  ff.,  Studniczka,  Jahrbuch,  XI.  (1896),  pp. 
289  ff. 


196 


THE  BRONZES 


ANIMALS:   HORSES 


197 


0.03  m.  Back  short.  Rump  high  and  promi- 
nent, parted  by  groove,  which  continues  straight 
down  to  bottom  of  feet.  Head  high  and  wide, 
but  shallow.  Height,  0.0145  na.  Width  above 
ears,  0.0125  ui.  Depth  from  bridge  of  nose  to 
back,  0.011  m.  Face  retreats  sharply  from  tip 
of  nose  to  top  of  forehead.  Top  of  forehead 
seems  to  form  ridge  running  nearly  from  ear  to 
ear.  It  may  be  a  diadem,  but  probably  not. 
Nose  short  and  prominent.  Eyes  large,  in  large 
sockets.  Left  more  rounded  than  right.  Mouth 
short  (0.0035  m.)  and  wide.  Under  lip  flattened, 
with  groove  near  the  top,  thus  making  mouth 
seem  wide  open.  Chin  long.  Beard  mainly  de- 
stroyed, showing  chiefly  in  sharpness  of  angle 
along  line  of  jaws.  Ears  large  and  prominent, 
set  high.  Slight  attempt  at  motleling  interior 
of  ear,  noticeable  especially  in  right.  Top  of 
forehead  to  bridge  of  nose,  0.0075  m.  Tij)  of 
nose  to  mouth,  0.002  m. ;  to  chin,  0.0065  m. 
Bridge  of  nose  to  ears,  0.008  m.  No  indication 
of  particular  dressing  of  hair. 

5.  Upper  part  of  female  figure.  From  south 
slope.  Height,  0.094  m.  Cast  solid.  Figure 
broken  at  navel.  Arms  also  broken.  Front  of 
hair  damaged  on  the  right  side,  l)etween  centre 
and  right  rosettes,  and  the  right  rosette  (not  ear- 
ring) is  destroyed.  Headdress  broken,  so  that 
original  form  is  uncertain.  On  right  side,  lower 
right  volute  was  apparently  attached  to  the  lotus- 
blossom  above  by  transverse  piece,  of  which  only 
stub  remains.  On  lotus-blossom  just  above  lower 
right  corner  is  seen  place  where  something  was 
attached.  Centre  of  this  place,  0.00125  m.  from 
upi^r  right  side  of  flower.  On  left  side,  left 
volute  gone.  On  left  side  of  lotus,  0.012  ra. 
from  top  of  left  side  is  similar  attachment  place 
to  that  on  right  side.  Top  of  headdress  slightly 
irregular  but  does  not  appear  to  be  broken,  as 
lines  of  engra^nng  of  the  back  piece  continue 
over  top.  Surface  of  bronze  well  preserved  ex- 
cept for  abrasions.  Figure  was  probably  stand- 
ing. Left  hand  jirobably  held  object.  Action 
of  right  ami  uncertain,  but  probably  held  some- 

'  Perhaps  flower,  as  in  bronze  statuette  in  Trail  collec- 
tion (Gurlitt,  Arch.-Epig.  Mittheil.  aiu  Oestemich,  II.  pp. 
15!)  fF.,  pi.  Tiii.). 

*  For  other  examples  of  nude  female  tjpe,  cf.  Kiirte, 
Archiiolog.  Stud.  //.  Brunn  dargeb.  pp.  19  ff.,  De  Rid<ler, 
't^ix.  'Apx  1895,  coll.  171,  n.  4.  Also  Marx,  Athen.  Mitth. 
X.  pp.  177  ff.,  pi.  vi. 

*  hii^vna,  as  in  mirror-handle,  'E^m-  '^PX-  1895,  pi.  vii. 
(I)e  Ridder),  not  excluded. 

*  Cf.  Xaxos  statuette,  ^rcA.  Zeit.  XXXVII.  (1879),  pi. 


thing  ^  stretched  out  from  elbow.  Action  of  lower 
part  of  figure  uncertain  but  seems  probable  that 
it  was  a  free-standing  statuette,  though  it  may 
have  stood  on  a  base.  Figure  entirely  nude,''' 
as  shown  by  indication  of  navel.^  Style  of  fig- 
ure archaic  of  advanced  type,  marked  by  ease 
and  sureness  of  technique.  Breasts,  slight  and 
angular,  ending  in  blunt  and  rounded  points. 
No  indication  of  nipples.  Bo<ly  modeled  in  two 
planes ;  the  upper  from  neck  to  nipples,  lower 
continuing  thence  straight  <lownward.  l^tween 
breasts  and  navel  two  broad  shallow  furrows, 
connected  by  similar  perpendicular  furi-ow.* 
Back  without  details.  In  general,  body  of  this 
figure  shows  artist's  effort  to  escape  from  luii- 
formity  and  sexlessness  of  the  nude  type.  Con- 
siderable skill,  relatively,  is  shown  in  modeling 
of  arms.  Position  of  right  arm  together  with 
muscle  shows  that  it  did  not  hang  loosely,  but 
was  probably  extendeil  at  elbow.  Neck  full  and 
rather  long.  Length,  0.007  m.  Shar))ly  dif- 
ferentiated from  the  Inxly.  On  chest  just  be- 
low neck  is  necklace  in  zigzag  pattern.''  Head 
high  and  somewhat  shallow.  Height  from  chin 
to  top  of  headdress  in  front,  0.021  ra.  Depth 
from  bridge  of  nose  to  back,  circ.  0.0175  m. 
Forehead  appears  low  because  of  headdress,  but 
quite  full  over  eyes.  Eyes  large,  set  in  plainly 
define<l  sockets.  Ball  of  eye  full.  Ujiper  and 
lower  lids  shown.  No  prolongation  of  upper  lid 
over  lower  at  outer  corner.  Indication  of  eye- 
brows uncertain.  Nose  straight  and  regular. 
Mouth  short  (0.0035  m.).  Lips  prominent,  rather 
thick.^  (Miin  pointed  and  prominent.  Cheek- 
bones high.  Cheeks  well  mo<leled.  Kalkmann's 
measurements :  — 


w 

as 

h 

1 

8B« 

is 

m 

0.000 

0.012 

0.000 

0.000 

O.OOG 

0.007 

aoot 

U.0I0 

0.003 

0.(XXJ 

0.010 

o.oic, 

0.016 

0.007 

O.OM 

0.016 


0.010 


vii.  (Frftnkel),and  horseman  from  Peloponnese,  De  Ridder, 
Bronzes  de  la  Soc.  Arch.  No.  860,  pi.  ii. 

*  Cf.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  Hlstnire  de  FArt,  I.  (^gifpte), 
p.  762,  fig.  511;  III.  {Cypre),  p.  531,  fig.  358.  Design 
occurs  also  on  several  terra-cottas  from  the  lleraeum. 

'  Cf.  archaic  female  terra-cotta  head  in  Acropolii 
Museum  {Miovaa  EiBwaImk,  ca.oe  n),  bronze  statuette  in 
National  Museum  at  Athens  (No.  6576),  and  terra-cotta 
mask  from  Tanagra  in  same  museum  (No.  4143). 


Ears  slightly  indicated  under  headdress.  Ro- 
settes projecting  from  headdress  opposite  angle 
of  jaw,  undoubtedly  earrings.  If  lobe  of  ear 
is  considered  as  coming  as  far  down  as  these 
rosettes,  the  ears  would  be  placed  remarkably 
correctly  for  an  archaic  work.  Head  on  top  and 
behind  covered  with  sort  of  wig  of  nearly  uni- 
form thickness.  This  wig  lies  low  on  forehead. 
From  temples  it  slopes  off  to  the  ears,  beneath 
which  it  swells  forward  to  about  middle  of  side 
of  neck.  Hair  falls  down  at  back  to  a  blunt  point. 
No  indication  of  tying  at  tip  or  of  folding  under. 
From  top  of  shoulders,  two  flat  curls,  hanging 
downward  on  either  side  of  the  breast.  Head- 
dress ornamented  with  rosettes  ^  above  the  tem- 
ples and  the  centre  of  forehead.  They  consist 
of  slightly  concave  disks,  with  tiny  knob  in  centre. 
From  this  centre  engraved  lines  radiate  to  outer 
etlge.  Hair  and  curls  ornamented  with  short, 
oblong  punch-marks,  except  on  left  side  of  head. 
For  front  hair  (forehead,  neck,  and  curls)  a 
smaller  punch  seems  to  have  been  used.  Above 
headdress  is  ornament  of  lotus  flower  and  bud, 
rising  from  volutes.^     Height,  0.0305  m. 

Of  these  volutes,  three  remain,  of  which  the 
two  larger  are  i)laced  back  to  back.  The  other 
at  the  right  curls  under  end  of  bar  which  con- 
nects the  former.  Whether  there  was  another 
volute  is  uncertain.  These  volutes  ornamented 
with  irregidar  engraving.  The  larger  volutes 
were  meant  to  be  connected  by  oblong  ornament 
across  their  face.  This  ornament  consists  of  a 
zigzag  inclosed  by  a  i-ectangle,  and  seems  to 
have  been  stam})ed  with  a  concave  punch.    The 


lotus  ornament  rises  above  central  volutes  and 
consists  of  bud,  sides  of  flower  and  palmette- 
shaped  back  of  same.  Bud  ornamented  by  fine 
line  running  near  edge,  all  around  from  top  of 
stalk,  and  by  slight  punch-marks  struck  between 
the  lines.  Back  of  ornament  is  entirely  plain, 
and  rests  against  nail-like  support  ^  growing  out 
of  top  of  head,  with  which  it  is  cast  in  one  piece. 
Lotus  and  volute  seem  cast  separately  and  welded 
on  to  head.'^ 

Probably  to  be  understood  as  Aphrodite  with 
Orientalizing  headdress.  Cf.  De  Ridder, 
Bronzes  de  VAcropoIe,  Nos.  806,  820,  799  ff., 
and  Petersen,  Athen.  Mitth.  XI.  p.  875.  For 
indirect  analogies,  cf.  Astartewith  Ilathor  crown, 
Roscher,  Lexikon  d.  Mythologies  I.  coll.  652  f. 
(E.  Meyer),  the  Syrian,  Cypriot,  and  Graeco- 
Roman  combination  Aphrodite-Isis,  ibid.  II.  coll. 
495  (Drexler),  and  the  Hellenistic  identification 
of  Isis  with  lo,  ibid.  coll.  439  f .  Not  to  be  iden- 
tified with  Isis,  because  earlier  than  introduction 
of  her  cult  into  Greece. 

Period  about  that  of  Apollo  of  Canachos  at 
Didyma. 

6.  Fragment  of  leg.  Provenience  not  known. 
Badly  preserved.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Cast 
solid.  Probably  of  male  figure.  Modeling 
sui>erficial.  Knee-cap  appears  to  have  been 
e8i)ecially  indicated.  From  appearance  of  back 
on  the  left  seems  to  be  right  leg. 

7.  Fragment  of  leg.  Length,  0.022  m.  Pro- 
venience unknown.  Solid.  Left  side  slightly 
flatter  than  right.  So  probably  piece  of  left 
leg.     No  details.     Bent  slightly  at  knee. 


III.   ANIMALS 

FREE  AND  ATTACHED   FIGURES 


1.  HORSES. 

GEOMETRIC   STYLE. 
Type  a. 
Plate  LXXII. 

8.  Stallion.  Found  back  of  South  Building. 
Solid.  Base  broken  off  in  cleaning.     Tail  gone 

*  Cf.  Cesnola,  Descriptive  Ada*  of  the  Cesnola  Collection, 
II.  pi.  xWiii.,  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  op.  cit.  III.  (Cypre),  p. 
545,  fig.  371,  and  head  from  Cyprus  in  Nat.  Mas.  at 
Athens  (No.  66). 

'  Cf.  volutes  on  sphinx-heads  on  scrap  of  archaic  bronze 
relief  from  Corinth.     Jahrh.  IX.  Anz.  p.  117,  fig.  10. 

'  Top  of  support  flat,  closed,  and  ornamented  with  zig- 
zag near  e<lge.      Represents   mouth  of  lecythus.      Cf. 


except  where  attached  to  base.  Hind  legs,  front 
left  leg,  and  nose  close  to  neck  broken.  Other- 
wise fairly  well  preserved.  Original  height, 
0.068  m.  Present  height  with  base,  0.064  m. 
Botly  cylindrical  and  rather  long.  Attem})t  to 
indicate  shoidders.  Legs  flat,  especially  near 
body,  where  they  are  slightly  hollowed  on  inside. 

Heuzey,  Figurines  de  terrecuite  du  Louvre,  pi.  xiii.  Nos.  4 
and  6  (Rhodes),  Kdrte,  Arch.  Zeit.  XXXV.  pp.  116  f., 
pi.  ii.  (Orvieto),  Winter,  Jahrhuch,  XIV.  pp.  73  S. 

*  Ornament  appears  to  be  translation  of  Osiris  crown 
into  terms  of  lotus.  Thus  the  crown  of  upper  Egypt  is 
represented  by  bud.  plumes  by  sides  of  flower,  ram's  horns 
by  extended  volutes  at  base,  and  asp  heads  perhaps  by 
last  upper  portions  of  volute. 


I 


198 


THE   BRONZES 


HORSES 


199 


r 

I 


Hocks  and  knees  indicated  by  knobs  or  pro- 
tubei'ances.  Neck  wide  and  flat,  with  curve 
where  mane  shoidd  be.  Bent  slightly  to  right. 
Nose  rectangular,  upper  head  flattened.  Fore- 
lock indicated.  Eyes  and  eains  not  clearly  dis- 
tinguishable. Rase  ^  ornamented  on  imder  side 
with  line  running  entire  length.  On  left  side 
of  line,  tooth-ornament.  On  right  side  a  heavy 
zigzag,  outside  of  which  along  edge  a  narrow 
tooth-ornament  pointed  inwartl.  Near  front 
right  corner,  small  indentation.  Front  left 
comer  broken  off.  This  animal  is  of  the  sevei*e 
or  angular  geometric  style,  marked  by  long  Ixxly 
with  angular  jointing  of  neck  and  legs,  crupper 
rising  very  little  above  back.  Extreme  flatness 
of  neck  also  a  feature  of  this  phase  of  the  style. 

9.  Hind  part  of  hoi-se.  Stallion.  Provenience 
unknown.  Fragment.  Heavily  oxidized. 
Height,  0.032  m.  Solid.  Body  slightly  almond- 
shaped,  being  narrower  at  top.  Legs  flat,  joined 
to  body  angularly.  Parts  between  legs  and 
under  tail  deeply  undercut. 

Tjrpe  b. 

10.  Horse  with  base.  Provenience  unknown. 
Neck  and  tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.004 
m.  Length  of  base,  0.0355  m.  Width  in  front, 
0.0135  m.  Body  short,  slightly  almond-shaped, 
as  No.  9.  Crupper  high.  Legs  long  and  flat. 
Hips  and  shoulders  not  sharply  set  off,  nor  is 
joining  to  body  angular.  Attempt  to  show  dif- 
ference between  fore  and  hind  quarters  at 
juncture  with  body.  Knees  and  hocks  shown 
by  sudden  decrease  in  thickness  on  outside,  the 
inside  lines  being  straight.  Body  undercut  be- 
tween legs,  especially  at  back.  No  indication  of 
sex.  Feet  not  distinguished.  Neck  flat.  Base 
plain  on  top.  Below  deeply  undercut  so  as  to 
show  zigzag  in  relief,  running  lengthwise,  with 
field  at  either  side  inclosed  on  front  and  sides  by 
rim  or  frame,  which  is  omitted  at  back.  Short- 
ness of  body,  lack  of  angularity  of  joining  of 
legs,  and  treatment  of  back  mark  this  as  milder 
geometric  style.  Antiquity  shown  by  treatment 
of  knees,  hocks,  and  plainness  of  neck. 

11.  Horse  with  base.  Found  southeast  of 
temple,  near  wall,  1893.  Right  hind  leg  broken. 
Solid.  Height,  0.0445  m.  Length,  0.046  m. 
Length  of  base,  0.04  m.  Width,  0.016  m. 
Body  small,  nearly  cylindrical ;  rather  long. 
Crupper  high,  joining  back  with  natural  curve. 
Neck  joins  body  more  angularly,  but  softened 

»  Cf .  aympia.  No.  213  a. 
«  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  217  a. 


with  attempt  to  imitate  nature.  Legs  small ; 
shouldei*s  scarcely  marked,  and  hind  quarters 
very  small.  Knees  indicated  only  by  outward 
bend.  Left  hock  fairly  truthful.  Tail  hangs 
straight  down  and  is  attached  to  base.  No 
indication  of  sex.  Neck  flat,  slightly  curved 
along  the  mane.  Ears  indicated.  Between 
them  ridge  for  forelock.  No  certain  indication 
of  eyes,  but  an  engraved  line  from  right  ear  to 
top  of  nose,  continued  on  other  side  to  mouth. 
Joined  on  right  side  (of  animal)  by  similar  line. 
A  semicircle  engraved  close  to  end  of  nose. 
Top  of  base  plain,  but  bottom  ornamented  with 
zigzag  ])attern,  consisting  of  double  row  of  teeth 
running  lengthwise,  one  in  one  direction,  one  in 
the  other.^  Each  ))air  has  centre  line  in  com- 
mon. Style  similar  to  No.  10;  but  more  ad- 
vanced, as  shown  by  treatment  of  neck,  where  it 
joins  body,  and  by  joints  of  legs.^ 
Type  c. 

IZ  Horse  with  base.  Found  east  of  North- 
west Building,  1895.  Legs  broken.  Solid. 
Height,  0.0765  m.  Length,  0.069  m.  Length 
of  base,  0.048  m.  Width  (front),  0.0165  m. 
Width  (back),  0.0185  m.  Body  rather  short, 
slightly  almond-shaped.  Crupper  fairly  high. 
Legs  long.  Shoulders  and  hind  quarters  care- 
fully distinguished  from  botly.  Hocks  indicated 
by  slight  ])rojection8  with  notch  above.  Tail 
curves  outward  and  is  attached  to  base.  Legs 
undercut  at  bo<ly,  more  behind  than  in  front. 
No  mark  of  sex.  Mane  not  indicated,  but  there 
is  high  forelock  and  crest,  which  with  part  be- 
neath was  probably  conceived  to  be  coveretl 
with  hair.  Crest  undercut  above  nose,  which  is 
nearly  round.  No  mouth  or  eyes  visible.  Lumps 
at  side  of  head  are  ears.  Base  plain  on  top ; 
bottom  divided  into  two  rectangular  fields  of 
about  equal  size,  each  surrounded  by  a  rim.  In 
left  fleld,  under  hind  legs,  lion  in  relief  to  right 
with  tail  over  back.  Above  neck,  indistinct  ob- 
ject, possibly  upper  part  of  a  man.  In  right 
field  a  horse  to  left,  moving.  No  details  given, 
but  head  and  bo<ly  long,  neck  short,  tail  hangs 
straight.  Above  horse,  a  lizard  (probably),  to 
right.  In  upper  right  corner  a  serpent  (per- 
haps) rampant.  In  this  base  and  in  that  of  the 
others,  except  No.  15;  technique  is  that  of  carved 
design  (probably  in  wood)  impressed  on  clay 
model.  This  horse  is  a  further  development  of 
type  of  Nos.  8  and  9. 

*  Siiuilar,  but  with  flatter  legs,  Olympia,  No.  200. 


Type  d. 
Plate  LXXIIL 

13.  Horse  with  base.     Provenience  unknown. 
Tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.066  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.0485  m.  Width  (front),  0.024  m.  Width 
(back),  0.026  m.   Body  short.    Slightly  almond- 
shapeil.  High  crupper.  Neck  attached  angularly, 
but  not  as  sharply  as  in  No.  12.    Shouldera  not 
sliarply  differentiated  from  body.     (Cf.  No.  11.) 
Left  hind  quarter  distinguished  a   little  more 
carefully  than  right.     Knees  shown  by  sudden 
narrowing  in  front,  as  though  part  of  leg  were 
cut  out.     Hocks  given  in  same  way.     No  feet. 
Undercut  between  fore  legs  up  to  line  of  botly, 
square    across.      Partially  undercut    at    back, 
especially  between  legs,  which  are  wide  apart, 
and  under  tail.     Uncertain  whether  sex  was  indi- 
cated.    Tail  attached  to  end  of  base.     On  right 
side  of  neck  a  little  back  of  centre,  two  concen- 
tric circles.     Between  this  and  head,  traces  of 
double  line  of  dots  across  side  of  neck.     Close 
to  head  similar  line  running  across  neck.     Be- 
low circles  a  line  of  dots  which  does  not  at 
either  end  come  to  edge  of  neck.     Beneath  it, 
three  other  parallel   rows.     In  front,  the  ends 
connected  by  irregular  convex  line  of  dots.     At 
the  back,  first  and  second  lines  are  connected 
square  aci*o.ss.     Connection  between  other  lines 
doubtful.     At  right  of  rings  there  seems  to  be  a 
broad  zigzag  connecting  the  lines  at  top  and  lower 
part  of  neck.     On  left  side  of  neck,  double  row 
of  dots  just  below  ears.     At  bottom  of  neck  an- 
other double  row.     Above  second  row,  a  wavy 
row.     Across  middle  of  neck,  an  indistinct  pat- 
tern, perhaps  a  zigzag,  in  middle  of  which  and 
of  neck,  a  punch-mark,  around  which  a  small 
ring.     Between  right   side  of  this  zigzag  and 
lines  at  top  of  neck  apparently  a  similar  irregu- 
lar zigzag.     No  indication  of  mane.^    Nose  long 
and  cylindrical.     Mouth  indicated.     Right  eye 
shown    by  dot  and  circle.     No  certain   trace 
of  left  eye.     Right  ear  has  engraved  line  down 
centre.     Left  ear  has  two  such   lines.     Crest 
between  ears.    Base  apiiears  to  have  line  of  dots 
down  both  sides  on  top,  near   edge.     Between 
front  and  back  legs,  cross  of  a  double  line  of  dots. 
At  back,  between  tail  and  left  side,  double  row 
of  dots  about  0.0015  m.  apart.     Bottom  of  base 
divided  by  raised  line  into  two  rectangular  fields, 
surrounded   on   front   and   sides   by   a  double 

*  For  body,  neck,  and  legs,  cf .  Olympia,  No.  200  a. 
'  No  clear  stylistic  parallel  from  Olympia.     The  near- 
est, Olympia,  No.  163,  having  flat  neck  and  other  chamc- 


raised  frame.  At  back,  single  frame,  from  tail 
to  bottom  ;  none  above.  In  left  field  under  hind 
feet,  horse  standing  to  right  with  neck,  head, 
and  ears  fairly  natural.  Above  horse,  in  field, 
indistinct  animal,  showing  head,  four  legs,  and 
short  tail.  In  right  field,  a  lion  to  left  walking, 
with  tail  curled  over  back ;  mouth  open.  Eye  re- 
presented by  knob  in  i-elief.  End  of  tail  bushy. 
This  horse  unites  severe  and  milder  types  (a 
and  b)  before  described.  More  advanced  in 
technique,  but  in  spite  of  certain  softnesses, 
clings  tenaciously  to  style  as  against  nature. 
Type  e.  Early  naturalistic  and  transi- 
tional 

14.  Horse.  Found  under  Cyclopean  wall 
above  the  east  end  of  Stoa,  1893.  Condition 
very  poor.  Base  broken  off  in  cleaning.  Legs 
and  tail  gone.  Solid.  Height  with  base,  0.041 
m.  Length  of  base,  0.044  m.  Width  of  base, 
0.02  m.  Body  long ;  nearly  cylindrical,  though 
slightly  narrower  in  upi)er  part.  Crupper  fairly 
high.  Hock  shown  in  left  hind  leg,  marked 
by  bend,  and  clearly  defined  exterior  angle. 
Left  knee  indicated  by  bend  and  slight  swelling. 
Botly  roughly  undercut  between  legs.  No  indi- 
cation of  sex ;  probably  female.  Neck  attached 
to  Ixxly  at  obtuse  angle  with  easy  curve ;  about 
cylindrical.  No  mane.  Top  of  head  and  face  a 
triangle.  No  trace  of  eyes,  mouth,  or  ears,  due 
probably  to  bad  preservation.  Base  plain  on 
top.  Bottom  ornamented  with  parallel  rows  of 
arrowheads  in  relief  running  toward  back,  the 
whole  inclosed  by  raised  frame  which  forms 
outer  edge  of  base.  This  animal  is  of  geometric 
style,  as  base  and  undercutting  between  legs 
show.  Body,  shoulders,  hips,  and  legs  are  of 
Type  b.  The  neck  is  devoid  of  style  and  con- 
vention and  more  naturalistic.  The  head  ex- 
cessively rude  and  clums}'.  The  piece  is  prob- 
ably as  early  as  Nos.  8  and  9,  and  earlier  than 
Nos.  10  or  U.  In  view  of  the  radical  stylistic 
characteristics  of  even  the  earliest  and  rudest 
geometric  work,  it  is  better  to  regard  it  not  as 
preparatory  to  the  geometric  period  but  as  the 
outsrrowth  of  coexistent  naturalistic  tendencies.^ 

15.  Horse  with  base.^  Provenience  unknown. 
Preservation  fair.  Solid.  Height,  0.028  m. 
Length,  0.042  m.  Length  of  base,  0.0305  m. 
Width  of  base,  0.015  m.  Body  somewhat  ovoid 
in  profile ;  rather  long.    Slopes  from  neck  to  tail. 


teristics  of  geometric  style  clearly  indicated, 
of  base,  cf .  Olympia,  No.  217  a. 
«  Base,  Plate  CXXXVII. 


For  style 


v 


200 


THE   BRONZES 


DEER,  SHEEP,  CATTLE 


201 


No  crupper.  Legs  short  and  thick.  No  shoul- 
ders, hips,  knees,  or  hocks.  Tail  descends  iu 
curve  to  base.  Body  not  undercut.  Between 
hind  legs  remains  a  wall  of  metal,  though  it  is 
undercut  or  hollowed  out  a  little  in  front  and 
rear.  No  sign  of  sex.  Neck  a  flat  ellipse, 
thinner  at  back  than  in  front,  joined  to  botly 
at  obtuse  angle,  with  easy  curve.  Head  rather 
flat.  Mouth  indicated,  but  not  eyes.  Ears 
rudimentary.  No  mane.  Base  of  fl&tiron  shape, 
plain  on  top.  Bottom  has  one  lengthwise  line 
a  little  to  right  of  centre,  also  some  irregular 
lines  at  front  and  back  and  irregular  diamond 
pattern  at  centre.  Head,  back,  and  body  of 
fi-ee  geometric  style.  Neck  shows  naturalistic 
influences.  Rase  probably  geometric,  although 
the  rude  engraving  might  belong  to  any  time.' 

16.  Horse  with  base.  From  Northwest  Build- 
ing, 1894.  Bits  of  legs  and  tail  broken  off.  Solid. 
Height,  0.03  m.  Length,  0.055  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.032  m.  AVidth,  0.016  m.  Body  short 
and  cylindrical,  swelling  quickly  into  shoulders 
and  hips.  Crupper  high  and  round.  Shoulders 
and  hips  attached  as  in  Nos.  10  and  U,  but  more 
freely.  Hips  light  as  compared  with  shoulders. 
Knees  shown  by  bend ;  hocks  indicated  plas- 
tically. Botly  not  undercut  in  front,  but  cut 
out  broadly  between  hind  legs.  Sex  not  shown. 
The  animal  is  shown  as  looking  forward  and 
down.  Neck  nearly  cylindrical.  Ears  project 
forward  and  up.  Eyes  formed  by  two  holes 
close  together.  Mouth  ojien,  and  on  left  side 
are  notches,  probably  to  imitate  teeth.  Notches 
not  so  plain  on  right.  Upper  side  of  base  plain. 
Bottom  ornamented  with  transverse  zigzags 
arranged  to  make  double  line  of  arrowheads. 
No  border.  Base  is  geometric ;  botly  and  legs 
also  of  less  severe  type  (b).  Neck  and  head 
naturalistic.^ 

Plate  LXXIV. 

17.  Horse  with  base  detached.  Found  below 
east  end  of  Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Legs  and 
tail  broken,  stubs  remaining  on  base.  Badly  pre- 
served. Solid.  Height,  with  base,  0.068  m. 
Length  of  base,  0.0515  m.  Body  cylindrical, 
but  short.  Crupi)er  fairly  high.  Neck  attached 
angularly.  Fore  quarters  heavy,  showing  con- 
siderable attempt  to  imitate  nature.  Hind 
quarters  lighter.  Hocks  carefully  motleled. 
Body  not  undercut  in  front,  and  but   slightly 

»  Cf.  animals  of  st>-called  terra-cotta  style  ;  (Mifmpia, 
Nos.  128,  130,  135,  etc. 

-  Style  not  paralleletl  at  Olympia,  but  cf .  with  Olympia, 


between  hind  legs.  Sex  not  indicatetl.  Neck 
flat,  but  not  thin ;  only  slightly  curved.  Mane 
not  indicated.  Head  short.  Eyes  shown  by 
two  holes  ^  boretl  from  sides.  Beneath  eyes 
and  running  back  are  the  ears.  Upper  side  of 
base  has  row  of  dots  at  back  near  edge,  and 
apparently  a  tlouble  row  on  right  side.  Bottom 
divided  by  line  made  by  cutting  either  side  of 
it  into  lengthwise  fields,  each  of  which  is  en* 
graved  with  two  parallel  zigzag  lines.  These 
lines  prtxluce  effects  of  zigzag  in  relief,  with  line 
of  tooth-ornament  also  in  relief  at  either  side. 
In  this  figure  the  freer  and  more  natural  sha])e 
of  botly  and  shoulders,  lack  of  undercutting, 
antl  greater  thickness  of  neck  are  marks  of 
emancipation  from  the  geometric  style,  which, 
however,  is  still  shown  in  the  base,  and  in  the 
flatness  of  neck. 

NATURALISTIC   STYLE. 

Plate  LXXIV. 

1&  Horse  (uncertain  whether  originally  with 
base).  Provenience  unknown.  Ears,  legs,  antl 
tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.057  m.  Length, 
0.08  m.  Body  full,  tends  to  cyliiitlrical  form. 
Back  terminates  in  ridge  from  tip  to  tail.  litnly 
long,  crupper  slight.  Shoulders  slight,  but  full 
in  front.  Hips  carefully  marketl.  Hock  indi- 
cated. Cut  roughly  between  hintl  legs,  but  not 
undercut.  No  mark  of  sex.  On  mitldle  of 
back  two  short  cuts,  antl  three  at  base  of  neck, 
which  is  short  and  thick.  Neck  thicker  behind 
than  in  geometric  types,  and  has  sort  of  dewlap 
in  front.  Head  short  and  thick.  Eye  indi- 
cated by  circle.  Forehead  between  eyes  high, 
and  marked  by  arrowhead  over  nose.  This 
animal  shows  no  true  geometric  influence,  but 
imitates  nature  in  manner  of  early  archaic 
perifMl,  scarcely  any  detail  being  correct. 

2.    DEER. 

GEOMETRIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.    Rigid. 
Pl.\te  LXXIII. 

19.  Deer  with  antlers,  on  base.  From  north- 
west comer  of  West  Building,  1894.  Fair  pre- 
servation. Solid.  Height,  0.0525  m.  Length, 
0.037  m.  Length  of  base,  0.021  m.  Width  of 
base,  0.0135  m.     Botly  short  and  rather  flat. 

Nos.  181  ff.,  regarded  by  Furtwftngler  us  geometric  of 
exceptional  uaturalism.     For  base,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  217  a. 
*  Now  appear  aa  groove,  owing  to  bad  preservation. 


Slight  rise  over  hips.  Legs  flat,  and  slightly 
wider  at  top  to  indicate  shoulders  and  hips. 
Knees  antl  htKsks  unindicated.  Legs  under- 
cut, but  not  deeply.  No  mark  of  sex.  Ears 
and  mouth  not  shown.  Uncertain  whether 
eyes  were  represented.  Horns  rise  in  upright 
branches,  each  having  short  projecting  prong 
near  tt)p  and  longer  prong  at  bottom.  Rec- 
tangular base,  worketl  to  represent  frame,  in- 
closing zigzag  shapetl  like  a  three-stroke  sigma. 
Body,  neck,  and  legs  indicate  geometric  style 
of  severer  tyi^e. 
Tjrpe  b.  Lass  rigid. 

20.  Deer  with  base.  From  northwest  side  of 
Upper  Terrace,  1891.  Fair  preservation.  Solid. 
Height,  0.041  m.  Length,  0.045  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.029  m.  Width  of  base  (front),  0.0165  m. 
Width  of  base  (back),  0.018  m.  Body  nearly 
cylindrical  at  shoulder.  Slopes  towartl  crupiMjr 
like  a  cone.  Crupi)er  high  and  pointed.  Upper 
front  legs  heavy.  Hips  not  shown.  No  under- 
cutting, but  legs  well  separatetl.  No  mark  of 
sex.  Neck  (almost  cylindrical)  rises  nearly 
straight,  but  increases  slightly  toward  heatl  and 
bod  v.  Head  broad  and  flat.  No  ears  or  mouth. 
Uncertain  whether  eyes  were  indicated.  Right 
horn  projects  up  and  back.  Left  horn  broken. 
Top  of  base  has  zigzag  across  ends  and  diagonal 
cross  from  leg  to  leg.  Bottom  has  rudely  cut 
intaglio  figure  of  uncertain  significance,  around 
which  is  a  zigzag.  Neck,  bt)dy,  and  hind  legs 
mark  less  rigitl  tyi>e. 

EARLY  NATURALISTIC   STYLE. 

Plate  LXXIV. 

21.  Deer  (uncertain  whether  with  base). 
Found  1891.  Condition  poor.  Solid.  Height, 
0.096  m.  Length,  0.1185  m.  Body  long  and 
nearly  cylindrical,  swelling  and  rising  slightly 
towartls  crupper,  which  is  long  and  high.  Hintl 
legs  are  naturally  attached.  Hock  shown  by 
swelling  and  bentl  of  leg.  Front  legs  drawn 
up  for  a  spring.  Manner  of  drawing  up  and 
attachment  of  front  legs  stiff  and  awkward. 
Back  of  front  legs  are  deep  holes.  Neck  round- 
ish. Head  roughly  triangiUar.  Ear  projects 
straight  out,  and  slightly  downwanl   and  for- 

»  In  Brit.  Mns.,  First  Vase-room,  Case  E,  is  a  bronze 
statuette  of  goat  from  Canurus,  similar  to  above  speci- 
nieu,  but  with  geometric  elements  slightly  more  marked. 

*  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  214. 

»  Cf.  cow  in  Nat.  Mub.,  Athens,  No.  7392.  Head 
shows  similar  eyes  and  rosette,  but  simpler.     Bursian  and 


ward.  Eyes  set  slanting,  nearly  in  line  with 
axis  of  head,  and  somewhat  protuberant.  Mouth 
probably  indicated.  This  animal  falls  not  far 
from  end  of  geometric  period,  of  which  holes 
between  legs  and  distance  between  hind  legs 
are  a  reminder.  Eyes  probably  also  in  that 
style.  Remainder  of  figure  naturalistic,  but  there 
is  a  slight  stiffness  throughout,  marking  the  re- 
cent emancipation  from  geometric  forms.* 

3.  SHEEP. 
EARLY   NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

22.  Kam  (probably)  with  base.  From  North- 
west Building,  1894.  Preservation  fair.  Solid. 
Height,  0.014  m.  Length,  0.0235  m.  Length 
of  base,  0.0145  m.  Width  of  base,  0.0075  m. 
Btnly  short  and  rounded,  but  higher  than  wide, 
rather  flat  on  bottom.  Legs  short,  thick,  antl 
without  joints.  No  shoulders,  but  clumsy  trace 
of  hips.  Crupper  fairly  high.  Neck  short  and 
thick ;  hole  through  base.  No  certain  indica- 
tion of  mouth  or  eyes.  Not  undercut  between 
legs.  Hind  legs  not  completely  separated.  Base 
plain  on  top.  Below,  divided  by  two  engraved 
lines  running  lengthwise.  Contemporary  with 
geometric  work,  which  is  shown  by  rudeness  of 
base,  but  rather  naturalistic  in  style.^ 

4.  CATTLE. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Geometric  influence. 
Plate  LXXV. 

23.  Head  of  cow.*^  Attached  figure.  From 
northwest  of  West  Building,  1894.  Condition 
good  (except  for  loss  of  left  ear).  Head  solid; 
neck  hollow.  Length  of  top  from  rim  to  fore- 
head, 0.0435  m.  Length  of  bottom  from  rim  to 
nose,  0.0435  m.  Attached  to  slightly  convex 
surface  by  thin  rim  at  base.  Neck  of  natural 
shai)e,  lower  side  representing  folds  of  dewlap. 
Al>ove,  neck  distinguished  from  head  by  line 
drawn  back  of  horns,  which  line  forms  base  of 
triangle,  apex  being  0.005  m.  from  rim.  Within 
triangle  are  eight  lines  drawn  from  base  toward 
ai^ex.     Cheeks  ornamented  with  engraved  line,* 

Rangabe  found  "una  piceola  testa  di  bue  veduta  dalla 
parte  d'  innanzi  che  senibra  esser  stata  affissa  a  qualche 
parete  a  guisa  d'anatema."     Bull.  d.  Inst.  1854,  p.  xvi. 

♦  Here  and  elsewhere  in  this  object  probably  executed 
in  the  model  rather  than  in  the  cast  bronze. 


»:, 


202 


THE  BRONZES 


LIONS,  RODENT,  FROG 


203 


I'l 


close  to  edge  around  curve,  and  by  seven  lines 
drawn  from  it  diagonally  downward.  Ear  simi- 
lar  to  No.  21,  but  hollowed  out  more  on  under 
side.  Horns  0.064  m.  between  tips.  Engraved 
lines  on  front  of  forehead  continued  over  top  to 
line  behind  ears.  Eyes  set  almost  vertically. 
Consist  of  nearly  round  ball  with  oblong  lids 
meeting  in  acute  angles.  Between  eyes  rosette 
and  half -diamond.^  From  lower  corners  of  eyes 
three  parallel  lines  run  towanl  end  of  nose. 
Mouth  shown  by  engraved  line.  Nostrils  shown 
by  curved  lines  at  outer  corners  of  upper  jaw 
ami  by  slight  swelling.  End  of  nose  covered 
with  irregular  punch-marks.  On  sides  of  nose 
one  row  of  marks  to  show  nasal  swelling  and 
lower  jaw.  Length  of  face,  0.05  m.  Geometric 
influence  seen  in  angular  lines  of  head,  eyes, 
and  ornamentation.  Modeling  and  style  natu- 
ralistic. 

Type  b.  Geometric  and  Oriental  inflnence. 
24.  Bull.     From  Northwest  Building,  1894. 
Legs  broken.  Solid.    Height,  0.033  m.    Length, 
0.0685  m.    Body  motleled  with  skill  and  fidelity 
to  nature.     Knees  and  hocks  indicated.    Shoul- 
ders indicated  by  bands  running  toward  middle 
of  back.      Hips   more   successful,   though   too 
prominent.  Left  fore  leg  ends  in  swelling,  which 
was  probably  attached  to  base.     Hind  legs  per- 
forated lengthwise,  just  back  of  and  above  hock. 
In  left  leg  the  pin  remains  by  which  leg  was 
fastened  to  base  or  other  object.     Tail  bent  un- 
der.    Dewlap  carefully  motleled.     Head  distin- 
guished  from  neck  on  top  by  ridge  of  horns. 
Horns  0.021  m.  between  tips.   Between  them,  in 
front,  engraved  ^  lines.     Eyes  vertical,  made  by 
punched  ring.    No  ears.     Nose  and  mouth  care- 
fully motleled.  Above  end  of  nose,  two  engraved 
lines  cross  face.    Nostrils  shown  by  swelling  and 
on  end  of  nose  by  slight  oblong  holes.   The  eyes 
and  engraving  are  geometric.    Term  Oriental  is 
here    used   for   a  certain  softness  of  modeling 
found  in  figures  of  animals,  especially  lions  (cf. 
Nos.  29,  720,  946),  which  belong  to  species 
which  began  to  be  employed  after  Oriental  de- 
signs had  been  introducetl.     Neither  technique 
nor  subject  is  due  to  that  influence.^ 
Type  c.   Oriental  influence   (to   be   under- 
stood as  above). 

25.  Head  of  ox   or  cow.     Attached   figure.* 
From  south  slope,  southwest  corner,  1895.   Pi-e- 

>  Mr.   D.   O.    Hogarth   suggests   that  the   engraving 
represents  ornamental  fillets  and  frontlet  for  sacrifice. 
»  As  No.  23  (p.  201,  note  4). 


servation  fair.  Solid.  From  behind  seems  to 
be  cast  in  two  pieces,  but  welding  so  skillful  that 
this  does  not  show  in  front.  Length,  0.052  m. 
Width,  0.088  m.  Height,  0.0525  m.  Horns 
between  tips,  0.043  m.  Attached  to  convex  sur- 
face by  triangular  plate.  Holes  for  fastening 
at  comers.  Around  the  edges  is  lead.  Short 
neck,  nearly  round,  but  broatler  in  upper  part. 
No  dewlap.  Head  not  distinguished  from  neck, 
except  by  horns  and  nose.  From  top  of  fore- 
head, between  horns,  hangs  sort  of  forelock : 
height,  0.014  m. ;  width,  0.0175  ra.  Horns  curl 
forward  and  slightly  upward.  Eyes  very  con- 
ventional, indicated  merely  by  slightly  oblong 
swellings.  No  mouth  or  nostrils.  No  trace  of 
geometric  influence.  Naturalistic  style,  but  con- 
ventionalized for  decorative  purposes. 
Type  d.  Naturalistic. 

26.  Cow,  uncertain  whether  originally  with 
base.  Found  1892.  Preservation  poor.  Solid. 
Height,  0.074  m.  Length,  0.113  m.  The  animal 
was  shown  as  walking.  Botly,  legs,  hips,  and 
shoulders  rendered  with  skill  and  fidelity  to  na- 
ture. Knees  shown  by  carefully  modeled  swell- 
ing. Hocks  by  modeling.  Neck  slightly  convex 
on  top,  full  and  deep,  with  carefully  motleled 
dewlap.  Horns  short,  curved  out  and  up.  Ridge 
between  horns  engraved  in  front  and  on  top  with 
fine  wavy  lines.  Eyes  made  with  simple  punched 
circle.  Over  the  eyes  are  swellings  of  frontal 
bone,  each  with  two  engravetl  lines  in  plane  of 
face.  Between  these,  rosette  of  fine  lines  radiat- 
ing irregularly.  Nostrils  indicated  by  two  slits. 
Mouth  closed.  This  cow  shows  entire  freedom 
from  conventionality  or  stylistic  influence  and  is 
based  simply  upon  study  of  nature.  It  is  some- 
what plainer  than  No.  27,  especially  in  treatment 
of  neck,  and  does  not  show  quite  the  same  sure- 
ness  of  technique. 

27.  Cow,  without  base.  From  south  slope, 
1895.  Condition  \wor.  Legs,  tail,  ears,  and 
horns  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.111  m.  Length, 
0.217  m.  Botly  somewhat  long,  but  modeled 
after  nature  with  care  and  skill,  as  seen  in  treat- 
ment of  shoulder-blades,  hips,  and  flanks.  Knees 
indicated  by  swelling;  hock  by  careful  motlel- 
ing.  The  tail  broader  at  top  than  bottonu 
Upper  part  jierhaps  engraved.  Bag  large.  Neck 
high  and  narrow.  Dewlap  carefully  renderetl, 
\^ith  clearly  marked  folds,  reaching  on  right  to 

^  For  a  somewhat  different  view,  see  Bather,  /.  H.  S. 
XIII.  (1892-3),  p.  232. 
*  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  877. 


line  between  ear  and  mouth.  On  back  of  neck, 
irregular  marks  and  indentations,  possibly  of  an 
inscription.  Between  horns  in  front  and  on  top 
of  head,  engraving  to  represent  hair.  Transi- 
tion from  ridge  of  horns  to  face  better  than  in 
No.  26.  The  ears  were  correctly  placed.  Eyes 
consist  of  two  curves,  the  upi>er  larger,  its  ai-c 
passing  that  of  the  lower  at  lower  corner  of  eye. 
Ball  of  eye  rounded.  Length  of  eye,  0.006  m. 
Width,  0.005  m.  In  front  of  eyes,  prominent 
folds  of  skin,  marked  also  by  two  engraved  lines. 
Between  eyes,  rosette  of  convex-concave  lines 
radiating  from  centre.  Nostrils  and  upper  lip 
indicated  and  with  great  care.  Mouth  closed 
and  indicated  by  line  on  back  side  of  face  as  in 
No.  26.  Distinction  between  head  and  neck  along 
angle  of  jaw  modeled  without  any  harshness. 
Mistakes  shown  in  this  part  of  No.  26  avoided. 
Animal  was  represented  moving,  probably  walk- 
ing.    Of  early  part  of  classical  period. 

28b  Foot  of  ox  or  cow.  Fi-om  south  slope. 
Badly  oxidized.  Solid.  Length,  0.047  m.  Hoof 
broad  and  flat.  Probably  cloven,  though  slightly. 
Above  hoof,  concave  band,  running  all  round. 
Above  this,  raised  ring  around  three  sides,  ter- 
minating in  low  protuberances,  higher  up  on  one 
side  of  leg  than  on  the  other.  Probably  left  leg. 
Lower  part  at  very  low  angle,  suggesting  rearing 
animal  or  animal  crushed.  Work  of  good  pe- 
riod. 

6.  LIONS. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Oriental  influence. 
Plate  LXXVI. 

29.  Lion  on  base,  to  which  is  attached  long 
iron  bar.  Provenience  unknown.  Condition  fair. 
Cast  hollow  and  bar  inserted.  Height,  0.186  m. 
Length  of  bar,  0.134  m.  Length  of  figure, 
0.035  m.  Width  of  bar  at  top,  0.0165  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0075  m.  Lion  seated  u])right,  tail  over 
back.  Botly  simple  but  correct.  Hips  prominent. 
Paws  heavy  and  toes  marked.  Tail  indicated  by 
ridge  along  back.  Breast  and  neck  marked  off 
by  heavy  modeling  of  neck  along  line  drawn  from 
front  legs  over  shoulders  to  tip  of  tail.  No  mane. 
From  ears  to  lower  edge  of  lower  jaw  is  a  raised 
ring ;  this  is  flattened  below  ears  and  heaviest 
back  of  month.  Ears  slightly  indicated.  Nose 
and  eyes  marketl  off  from  top  of  head  by  raised 
modeling  of  latter  between  ears.  Eyes  set  at 
upper  back  side  of  lai^e  sockets,  which  are  wide 

*  For  another  example  of  this  type,  cf.  fibula.  No.  946. 


and  deep  in  front  of  eyeball.  Nose  short  and 
thick ;  no  nostrils.  Mouth  ojien,  showing  four 
teeth  at  corners.  Front  and  hind  legs  connected 
by  flat  base  that  hides  the  insertion  of  bar.  Up- 
I)er  part  of  base  projects  over  lower,  forming  sort 
of  cornice.  The  iron  bar  much  corrotled,  and 
shape  thereby  altered.  It  seems  to  have  been 
insei'ted  into  some  wooden  object,  such  as  staff 
or  sceptre.  Style  in  general  true  to  nature  but 
somewhat  conventionalized  for  decorative  pur- 
]K)ses.  Modeling  soft ;  all  sharp  outlines  avoided.* 
Type  b.  Purely  naturalistic  conventional- 
ized for  decorative  purposes. 
Pin-head,  No.  720,  and  attached  figure.  No. 

2204. 

6.  RODENT. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE  —  DECORATIVE. 

30.  Mouse  on  human  right  forearm  attached 
to  iron  rod.  From  West  Building.  Condition 
fair.  Arm  cast  hollow  for  insertion  of  rod. 
Entire  length,  0.114  m.  Length  of  mouse, 
0.034  m.  Height  of  mouse,  0.021  m.  Mouse 
crouches  on  upper  side  of  arm,  tail  extended 
toward  hand.  Body  full  and  rounded.  Hind- 
quarters shown  with  low  modeling.  Shoulders 
scarcely  indicated,  toes  not  at  all.  Head  sepa- 
rated from  body  by  low  groove.  Cheeks  full. 
Ears  drawn  back  over  groove  in  neck  shown  in 
low  relief,  slightly  undercut.  Eyes  round, 
slightly  raised.  Mouth  indicated.  Arm  and 
hand  less  carefully  done ;  wrist  poor.  At  junc- 
tion with  rod  a  raised  ring  circ.  0.004  m.  broad, 
rudely  done.  Hand  closed.  Fingers  poor,  and 
no  nails.  Through  hand  passes  round  hole  in 
which  was  once  some  object  held  by  the  hand. 
Shai)e  of  iron  rod  uncertain,  but  probably  rec- 
tangular. 

7.  FROG. 
NATURALISTIC  STYLE  —  DECOR ATIVE. 

31.  Provenience  unknown.  Condition  poor. 
Feet  broken  and  surface  abraded.  Solid. 
Length,  0.046  m.  Length  of  tail,  0.009  m.  Fig- 
ure worked  only  on  back  and  sides,  flat  below. 
Body  tapers  slightly  to  waist,  between  which 
and  lower  hind  legs  two  wrinkles  on  each  side. 
These  form  the  hips.  No  details  except  en- 
graved '  lines  diagonally  over  ends  of  legs,  per- 
haps to  indicate  toes.  Head  flattened  from  back 
to  front.  No  mouth.  Eyes  oblong  and  raised. 
Round  hole  pierced  through  tail.  —  Much  con- 

2  Cf.  No.  23  (p.  201,  note  4). 


204 


THE  BRONZES 


ventionalized  for  decorative  purpose.     Perhaps 
attached  or  suspended  by  hole  in  tail.' 

8.   SERPENTS. 
GEOMETRIC   INFLUENCE  -DECORATIVE. 

32.  Head  attached  to  bronze  tube.  Proveni- 
ence unknown.  Condition  fair.  Hollow.  Length, 
0.052  in.  Diameter  of  tube  inside,  0.0095  ni. 
Head  shaped  like  truncated  cone,  but  top  slightly 
convex.  Corners  on  lower  side  beveled.  Bot- 
torn  and  sides  plain.  Mouth  given  by  straight 
line.  Eyes  of  two  concentric  circles,  above 
which  raised  lid  inclosed  by  two  lines.  Top  of 
head  engraved  with  double  crescent  at  back  and 
down  centre  oblong  ornament  of  two  elliptical 
lines.  Space  between  the  parallel  lines  en- 
graved with  oblique  strokes,  giving  rope  effect. 
Midway  between  eyes  and  end  two  crescents  open 
outwanl,  one  on  each  side.  They  are  formed 
of  two  lines  running  to  edge  of  top.  Mouth 
round.  Head  and  tube  hollow  for  passage  of 
water,  forming  small  spout. 

33.  Serpent,  attached.  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Preservation  goo<l.  Length,  0.1215  m. 
Width,  0.045  m.  Body  and  lower  neck  plain. 
Nine  lines  on  upper  neck.  Head  tapers  to  a 
rounded  point  and  flattens  from  back  to  front. 
Sides  and  bottom  of  head  plain.  On  top,  four 
half-circles,  turned  outward,  two  on  each  side. 
Each  consists  of  two  lines.  No  indication  of 
mouth.  Probably  not  much  of  original  figure 
lost,  as  serpent  seems  to  have  been  intended  to 
project  from  behind  aegis  or  part  of  clothing  of 
statue,  e.  g.  Athena.  Technique  (hammering) 
and  engraving  are  geometric,  but  figure  is  prob- 
ably not  of  geometric  periotl,  but  of  archaic  art 

NATURALISTIC   STYLE. 

Type  a.  Decorative. 

34.  Head  of  serpent.  Formerly  attached.  Pro- 
venience unknown.  Preservation  poor.  Length, 
0.0265  m.  Sides  and  bottom  plain.  Ridge  along 
top.  Traces  of  two  circles  near  mouth,  one  on 
each  side.  Probably  not  meant  for  eyes.  Mouth 
large  and  open.  Line  round  inside  of  lower  jaw, 
probably  only  fissure  in  bronze.  Hollow.  Servetl 
as  spout. 

1  Cf.  Frankel,  'Geweihter  Frosch,'  Jahrfi.  d.  Inst.  I. 
pp.  50  ff.     Somewhat  similar  is  Hrit.  Mm.  Cat.  of  Bronzes, 

No.  1902. 

2  For  use,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  816  a,  De  RitUler,  Bronzes 
de  r.icropole,  No.  .V>8.  Projecting  protome,  probably  from 
ring  of  support  of  kettle.     Cf.  also  Brit.  Mus.,  Bronze 


Type  b.  Purely  naturalistic. 

35l  Serpent.  Provenience  unknown.  Body 
broken  close  to  neck.  Preservation  poor.  Solid. 
Length,  0.04  m.  Neck  and  botly  plain.  Head 
broad  and  fiat  and  at  back  stands  out  prominently 
from  neck.  Eyes  prominent,  set  at  forward 
corners  of  rectangle  of  head.  Probably  formed 
by  single  ring,  over  which  rises  the  puffy  eyelid. 
Mouth  open.  Line  round  inner  edge  of  upper 
jaw.  Probably  work  of  archaic  or  classical 
period.' 

9.  BIRDS. 
GEOMETRIC  STYLE  -  CONVENTIONALIZED. 

I.    AQUATIC. 

Type  a.  Qeometric. 

36.  From  West  Building,  1893.  Condition 
fair.  Solid.  Height,  0.0525  m.  Length,  0.030  m. 
lfc<ly  flat,  plain  underneath.  On  top  slightly 
rounded.  Legs  bend  slightly  forward,  are  plain, 
and  of  uniform  size.  Neck  rises  from  lower  edge 
of  body.  At  base  of  neck,  hole,  for  susj^ension, 
0.003  m.  in  diameter.  Head  about  at  right  angles 
with  neck.  No  eyes  or  mouth.  Probably  had 
base,  to  judge  from  roughness  at  end  of  left  foot.'' 

37.  Bird  on  standanl.  Probably  originally 
on  base.  From  l)elow  Cyclopean  wall  and  above 
Stoa.  Preservation  ]>oor.  Legs  and  standard 
broken.  Head  and  tail  damaged.  Solid. 
Height,  0.03G  m.  Length,  0.034  m.  Adjoining 
legs,  but  separate,  a  round  standard.  It  is  placed 
between  legs,  slightly  forward,  and  comes  through 
to  upper  side  of  back,  where  it  is  raisetl  slightly 
above  surface.  Legs  straight  and  round.  Neck 
somewhat  elliptical.     Probably  had  no  eyes. 

3a  Bird  on  standard.    Probably  ornamental 
stud  or  nail,  but  jwssibly  attached  to  ba.se.  Un- 
cleanetl.    Preservation  bad,  and  badly  oxidized. 
Solid.     Height,   0.03G   m.     Length,   0.027    m. 
Height  of  standard,  0.0195  m.   Round  body,  like 
nail-head,  with  narrow  extension  at  back,  which 
may  be  either  body  or  tail.    Eyes  marked  by  two 
pointed  projections.     From  eyes,  head  sharpens 
to  iwint,  in  three  planes  on  upper  side  and  one 
convex  plane  below.    No  decorations.   Shai>e  of 
neck  and  addition  of  eyes  mark  this  as  more  ad- 
vanced than  preceding  number. 
Room,  Centre  Cases  C. :  circular  bronze  dish ;  on  handles 
male  and  female  figures  reclining  ;  four  serpents  attached 
beneath  rim,  with  heads  projecting  over  rim  toward  inside. 
Castellani  (1562). 

•'  For  style  (flat  wide  tail  and  beak,  and  long  legs),  cf. 
Oiympia,  No.  210,  with  base. 


II       IMft 


BIRDS 


205 


39.  Complex  of  two  birds,  attached  to  base. 
Found  in  bank,  east  of  chambers  (III),  just 
above  jwros  wall,  1894.  Preservation  fair. 
Base  rough  at  back  as  though  broken.  Solid. 
Height,  0.036  m.  Length,  0.041  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.028  m.  Width  of  base,  0.0055  m.  So 
constructetl  that  right  legs,  whicli  are  very  large, 
serve  as  standards,  keeping  the  poise  of  whole 
figure,  and  left  legs  and  bodies  so  combined  that 
bodies  seem  to  be  a  continuous  bar  attached  to 
short  left  legs ;  portions  of  bar  belonging  to 
each,  marked  by  obtuse  angle  clo.se  to  right  leg 
of  rear  bird.  In  front  figure,  bar  projects  nearly 
to  front  of  right  leg.  Heads  have  small  projec- 
tions for  eyes.  Beaks  rounded,  slightly  thicker 
than  wide.  Base  rectangular.  Has  round  hole, 
0.0123  m.  from  front  end,  0.0019  m.  in  diameter. 
Seems  like  hole  for  suspension,  but  slant  of  figure 
toward  left  makes  possible  to  drive  nail  through 
from  right  side. 

40.  Bird  with  base.  Provenience  unknown. 
Preservation  good.  Solid.  Height,  0.035  m. 
Length,  0.0325  ra.  Height  from  centre  of  base 
to  centre  of  body,  cire.  0.025  m.  Base,  0.013  m. 
square.  Body  has  hole  diagonally  through  from 
base  of  neck  to  front  just  above  standard.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0018-0.003  m.  Back  of  botly  shows 
two  bands  of  two  lines  each,  on  top  and  sides. 
Base  of  head,  similar  band  of  two  lines.  Tail 
fan-shai)ed ;  nicke<l  along  back  edge.  Head 
flat  but  slightly  rounded.  No  eyes  or  other 
details.  Standard  ornamented  with  three  raised 
rings  just  beneath  body.  Below  these,  rounded 
swelling.  Line  of  top  of  base  projects  slightly, 
forming  ridge,  and  on  bottom  is  indented  s(juare, 
cire.  0.007  m.  on  a  side.  Outside  this,  another 
square.  Space  inside  smaller  square  sunk  more 
deeply  than  space  between  squares.  First  ex- 
ample so  far  with  ornamentation,  though  form 
is  very  primitive  or  conventionalize<l.' 

41.  Bird  on  standard,  probably  originally  with 
base,  similar  to  No.  40.  Provenience  unknown. 
Badly  preserved.  Solid.  Height,  0.032  m. 
Length,  0.024  m.  Body  shows  no  details,  but 
seems  to  have  had  three  lines  at  top  of  neck. 
Similar  ornament  perhaps,  at  base  of  tail.  Hole 
in  neck,  similar  to  preceding.  Standard  has  nar- 
row swelling  immediately  beneath  body,  followed 
by  a  wide,  full  band.  Probably  belongs  with 
preceding,  though  shape  of  head  may  have  been 
different. 

•  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  418. 


Plate  LXXVII. 

42.  Bird  with  base,  which  is  circular  and 
perforated.  Provenience  unknown.  Preservation 
fair.  Solid.  Height  above  base,  0.04  ni.  Di- 
ameter of  base,  0.028  m.  Hole  in  neck  of  bird. 
Diameter,  0.0045  m.  Body  has  prominent  breast, 
but  short  back.  Eyes  prominent.  Bill  long  and 
clearly  marked.  Standard  nearly  round.  Base 
flat  on  top,  but  slightly  hollowed  below,  leaving 
uneven  rim  around  the  edge.  Neck,  eyes,  heatl, 
and  bill  the  most  advanced  so  far.  In  these 
points  and  in  short  body  resembles  No.  38,  in 
which,  however,  body  has  different  shape.'"^ 

43.  Bird  with  standard,  resting  on  perforated 
circular  base.  Provenience  unknown.  Preser- 
vation fair.  Base  less  well  preserved.  Solid. 
Height,  0.04  m.  Length,  0.042  m.  Length  from 
neck  to  end  of  tail,  0.0265  m.  Diameter  of  base, 
0.035  m.  Diameter  of  hole  in  body,  cire.  0.004  m. 
Prominent  breastbone.  Body  tapers  above  and 
below  toward  tail.  Standard  circular,  swelling 
where  it  joins  base,  which  is  plain  on  top,  and 
below,  the  rim  taking  form  of  a  roll. 

T3rpe  b.    Naturalistic  influence. 

44.  Duck.  From  cutting  at  east  end  of  Upper 
Temple,  toward  the  tents.  Preservation  fair. 
Cast  hollow.  Height,  0.019  m.  Length,  0.045  m. 
Body  rounded,  of  natural  shape.  Wings  indi- 
cated by  line  down  back,  from  upper  end  of  which, 
0.05  m.  from  base  of  neck,  are  drawn  lines  to 
show  curve  of  wings.  Curve  of  neck  slightly  stiff 
and  too  small.  Eyes  almond-shaped,  slightly  con- 
vex, surrounded  by  engraved  line.  Bill  rather 
flat.  Inside,  partially  filled  with  some  dark  sub- 
stance, uncertain  whether  core  or  dirt.  Behind 
hole  in  breast  are  shown  the  flippers.  No  cer- 
tain mark  of  attachment  below,  though  less  care- 
fully finished.  Work  of  considerable  skill. 
While  more  naturalistic  than  geometric,  belongs 
to  a  period  before  naturalism  became  a  style. 

II.    LAND-BIRDS,   CHIEFLY   COCKS. 

Tjrpe  a.    Purely  geometric. 

45.  Body  of  bird.  Solid.  Provenience  un- 
known. Badly  preserved.  Head,  neck,  legs, 
and  tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.014  m. 
Length,  0.0425  m.  Tail  spade-shaped.  Resem- 
bles more  a  peacock  with  folded  tail.  More 
primitive  than  No.  46,  as  shown  by  rectangular 
lines  of  body  and  neck. 

46.  Cock.    Provenience  unknown.    Preserva- 

*  With  this  and  No.  43,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  210  b,  which 
has  round  perforated  base  and  is  also  similar  in  style. 


206 


THE  BRONZES 


tion  poor.  Solid.  Had  no  legs,  but  possibly 
staudanl,  through  vertical  hole  in  body. 
Height,  0.023  m.  Length,  0.039  m.  Diameter 
of  hole,  on  top,  0.003  ni.  Neck  deeper  than 
wide.  On  both  sides  of  comb,  circle  inclosing 
dot.  At  base  of  comb,  two  parallel  lines.  Eyes 
uncertain,  but  probably  given.  Each  side  of 
tail  has  two  circles  surrounding  dots.*  At  base 
of  tail,  four  lines  of  engraving  on  each  side. 
Neck  better  than  No.  47,  but  body  less  good. 
Probably  had  no  standard,  but  was  a  pendant. 

47.  Cock.  Provenience  unknown.  Preser- 
vation poor.  Ring  or  contrivance  on  back 
broken.  Large  irregular  hole  in  left  side  of 
body,  showing  inside  to  be  hollow.  Height, 
0.055  m.  Length,  0.0995  m.  Height  of  body 
and  knot  on  back,  0.026  m.  On  top  of  body, 
vertical  hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter,  through  to 
interior.  In  middle  of  back,  piece  of  uncertain 
purpose,  jjerhaps  part  of  suspension  ring.  Legs 
about  0.008  m.  long.  Bottom  slightly  concave. 
Body  rises  at  either  end  in  two  spouts  toward 
neck  and  tail.  Not  certain  whether  hollow  en- 
tire length.  On  inside,  reed  or  tongue-like  strip 
of  metal,  0.0035  m.  wide,  and  0.0004  m.  thick, 
projects  from  about  centre  of  right  side  horizon- 
tally across  body.  At  base  of  tail,  two  raised 
rinsfs.  Leujrth  of  tail,  0.032  m.  Ornamented 
on  each  side  with  five  sets  of  concentric  circles, 
three  of  which  are  larger,  and  consist  of  small 
round  hole,  surrounded  by  two  circles,  the  outer 
fainter  than  the  inner.  Above  these,  a  dot  sur- 
rounded by  circles.  Upper  circles  are  fainter 
than  lower.  At  upper  end  of  neck,  two  raised 
rings.  Eyes  raised.  Beak  round  and  ta))ers  to 
point.  Convex  above,  concave  below.  On  each 
side  of  comb,  dot  inclosed  by  two  circles,  as  on 
tail.  Between  these  and  top  of  comb,  on  each 
side,  five  dots  each  in  circle. 

T3rpe  b.  Naturalistic  influences. 

48.  Cock.  Provenience  unknown.  Condi- 
tion rather  jjoor.  Probably  hollow,  as  it  seems 
too  light  for  solid  mass.  Height,  0.0445  m. 
Length,  0.0472  m.  Body  roundetl,  broad  across 
bottom,  pot-shaped.  On  back,  sort  of  dowel, 
which  seems  to  have  terminated  in  an  eye,  now 
broken.  It  seems  to  have  been  let  into  the 
body,  not  cast  with  it.  On  right  side  of  botly 
two  dots,  each  surrounded  by  circle.  Same 
on  left,  where  between  circles  is  pierced  hole. 
On  lower  part  of  breast,  to  right  and  left  of 

'  Owing  to  frequency  of  this  decorative  motive  in  early 
Greek  and  other  arts,  it  would  forna  here,  as  well  as  in 


legs,  two  similar  dots  and  circles.  At  rear 
end  of  body,  in  centre,  a  similar  dot  and  circle. 
Straight  legs  attached  to  outer  comers  of  body. 
I^ttom  of  feet  slightly  concave.  Lines  on 
outer  side  of  legs.  Two  lines  on  back  end  of 
body  on  right  side,  run  from  circle  towanl 
base  of  tail.  Similar  on  left  side.  Round  base 
of  tail  on  body,  four  lines,  discernible  on  right ; 
faint  traces  on  left.  Tail  semicircular.  Each 
side  has  three  dots  inclosed  by  circles.  Lines 
from  base  of  neck  run  diagonally,  three  from 
one  side  and  two  from  the  other,  joining  on  ceiK 
tre  of  breast.  Beneath  these  another  line  on 
each  side.  Top  of  neck  on  right  side  has  traces 
of  three  lines.  Eyes  round  projections.  Not 
certain  whether  originally  had  comb.  Botly  and 
legs  show  advance  over  No.  47  in  naturalism. 
Neck,  head,  and  tail  as  gootl.  Ornamentation 
rather  more  elaborate. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

T]rpe  a.  G^eometric  influence. 

49.  Tail  of  bird.  Provenience  unknown. 
Preservation  fair.  Solid.  Extreme  length, 
0.053  m.  Width,  0.052-0.089  m.  Thickness, 
0.004-0.0065  m.  Upper  side  slightly  convex  in 
both  directions.  At  end,  nine  scallops.  Per- 
forate<l  near  centre,  toward  base.  Upper  side 
engraved  with  two  lines  of  feathers,  ending  in 
before-mentioned  scallops.  Engraver  worked 
from  left  to  right,  as  shown  by  miscalculation 
for  commencement  of  dividing  line  between 
feathers  of  back  row.  Each  feather  dividetl  by 
quill :  sides  engraved  with  slanting  lines.  Geo- 
metric influence  in  stiff  angularity  in  form  and 
decoration. 

Tjrpe  b.  Naturalistic. 
Platk  LXXVHL 

50l  Head  and  neck,  probably  of  swan.  Pro- 
venience unknown.  Preservation  fair.  Solid, 
except  for  depth  of  0.022  m.  from  lower  end. 
Height,  0.098  m.  Length,  0.092  m.  Circum- 
ference of  neck  at  base,  0.096  m.  Neck  without 
ornamentation.  Head  differentiated  plastically 
from  neck.  Sides  of  head  concave  in  region  of 
eyes.  Eyebrow  projects  sharply.  Top  of  head 
somewhat  concave,  especially  between  eyes,  and 
narrows  rapidly  from  back  to  front.  Eyes,  in 
clearly  marked  sockets,  consist  of  elliptical  ring 
rising  from  bed  of  socket.  Inside  ring,  promi- 
nent eyeball.    Projecting  corners  of  head  above 

Nos.  47,  48,  ati  unsafe  basis  for  identification  with  pea- 
cock.  Cf.  Hebn,  Kulturpjiatizen  und  Hatuthiere*,  pp.342  ff. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


207 


eyes  distinguished  as  eyebrows  plastically  and 
by  engraving.  Fleshy  parts  of  heatl  separated 
from  bill,  on  under  side,  by  depression  of  plane 
for  the  bill  and  slight  change  in  direction.  On 
sides  of  head,  distinction  is  made  by  a  band,  sep- 
arated from  behind  by  engraved  line  and  in 
front  by  a  difference  of  plane.  Feathers  on 
head  indicated  by  engraving.  Toward  back 
they  are  fainter  than  in  front.  They  are  not 
perfectly  regular  in  shape,  size,  or  arrangement. 
Bill  is  modeled  with  care.  Upi>er  and  lower 
mandibles  separated  by  sharply  marked  groove. 
Nostrils  suggested  by  bulge.     On  lower  half  of 


upper  surface  of  bill,  on  each  side,  are  two  or 
three  very  shallow,  slightly  diagonal  grooves. 
Work  of  severe  style,  of  much  skill  and  care ; 
probably  late  archaic  or  transitional,  possibly  of 
early  classical  period. 
Plate  LXXVII. 

5L  Feather  of  bird.  From  West  Building. 
Preservation  fair.  Solid.  Length,  0.074  m. 
Back  and  sides  plain.  Divided  into  three  divi- 
sions, which  taper  to  tip,  two  outer  divisions 
sloping  slightly  inward.  Three  divisions  cov- 
ered by  cross-lines.  Belongs  probably  to  ar- 
chaic period. 


IV.   ORNAMENT   AND  TOILET 


1.  PINS. 

A.    STRAIGHT. 

T]rpe  a.  Simple,  plain  head. 

Pins  of  this  type  sometimes  difficult  to  distin- 
guish from  ends  of  spits.  Head  and  body  one 
piece  of  metal.^ 

Form    1.    Body      round     throughout. 
Head  A  simi'le  knob. 
Plate  LXXVIU. 

52.  Provenience  unknown.  Preservation  fair. 
Length,  0.0838  m.  Head  oblate.  Sides  roughly 
rounded.  Head  separated  from  body  by  shallow 
groove.     Point  dull.^ 

Form   2.    Body   rectangular    in    upper 

PART,   ROUND    BELOW.      HeaD   8IMPLE   AN- 
GULAR   KNOB.* 

Class  a.    Undecorated  body. 

53.  Well  preserved.  Length  (as  bent),  0.08  m. 
Round  part  begins  0.005  m.  from  }K>int,  which  is 
dull.    Neck  slightly  pinched  in. 

64.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.111  m.  Round 
part  begins  0.09  m.  fi-om  head.  Heatl  flat  on 
top,  perhaps  broken.  Neck  sharply  pinched 
in. 

65.  Poor.  Broken  and  oxidized.  Length, 
0.06  ni. 

66.  Poor.  Broken  and  oxidized.  Length, 
0.185  m.     Head  pointed  at  top. 

67-61.  Heads  blunt.  AU  are  poor,  being 
broken  and  oxidized.  Length,  resp.  0.235, 
0.142,  0.141,  0.18,  0.232  m. 

'  The  simple-beaded  pins  from  Troy,  No.  4339,  Atliens 
Mus.,  Schmidt,  5cA/temann'«  Sammlung  Trojan.  Altertiimer, 
Nos.  G262  ff.,  are  not  exact  parallels  to  this  type,  but 
are,  for  the  most  part,  ruder  and  more  primitive. 

3  Cf.  Schmidt,  op.  cU.  No.  6266. 


Class  p.  Rectangular  jtart  of  body  deco- 
rated. 
62.    Point  gone ;  upper  part  oxidized.  Length, 
0.123  m.     Decorated  probably  with  zigzag  on 
all  four  sides. 

63-66.  Similar  to  No.  62.  Lengths,  0.116  m.; 
0.222  m. ;  0.06  m. ;  0.0915  m.  No.  63  from  back 
of  South  Building,  No.  66  from  West  Building. 

67.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.22  ni. 
Rounds  circ.  0.037  m.  from  head.  Transition 
plain  and  abrupt.  On  all  four  sides  decorated 
with  zigzag. 

68.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.083  m. 
Rounds  gradually  circ.  0.043  m.  from  head.  Col- 
lar at  top  of  body.  Broad  zigzag  on  all  four 
sides. 

69.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.099  m. 
Rounds  gradually.  Zigzag  on  all  four  sides. 
Collar  as  in  No.  68. 

70.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Rounds  abruptly.  Zigzag  on  all  four  sides. 
Collar  as  in  No.  68,  color  medium. 

71.  Point  gone.  Much  oxidized.  Length, 
0.068  m.  Rounds  abruptly  at  0.029  m.  from 
head.     Zigzag  on  all  four  sides.     Small  collar. 

Class  y.    Rectangidar  and  round  part  of 
body  decorated. 

72.  Point  dull.  Condition  fair.  Length, 
0.168  m.  Rounds  at  0.117  m.  from  head.  Traces 
of  zigzag  on  upper  part  on  all  four  sides ;  round 
part  engraved  to  represent  broadly  threaded 
surface  ;  the  threads  break  irregularly. 

^  With  this  form  compare  an  Italic  type  with  round 
shaft  ornamented  with  two  rings  near  head;  Montelius, 
Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  42,  7  (col.  229),  from  Moncucco  near 
Como.  For  heads,  cf.  Schmidt,  op.  cit.  Nos.  6321  ff.,  and 
note  1  above. 


208 


THE    BRONZES 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


209 


i.    I 


73-86.  Fragments  resembling  No.  72.^ 
Form  3.  Head    with    ornamental    con- 
tinuation ABOVE  KNOB.     EXAMPLES  UN- 
CERTAIN. 

87.  Entl  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.104  ni. 
Rounds  abruptly  at  0.03  m.  from  neck.  Zigzag 
on  rectangular  part.  At  transition  to  round 
part,  three  fine  lines.  Collar  at  neck.  From 
head  rises  short  iwint  like  end  of  wire ;  if  due 
to  corrosion,  probably  not  a  pin. 

88.  Broken  and  oxidized.  Length,  circ. 
0.023  m.  Rectangular  bwly  with  collar.  Un- 
certain whether  ornamented.  Above  head,  ta- 
pering blunt  stub,  as  in  No.  87. 

89.  Broken  near  head.  Oxidized.  Length, 
circ.  0.038  m.  Body  round,  with  collar.  Not 
decorated.  Head  oblong  spheroid.  Small  stub 
of  uncertain  character  above. 

Form  4.  Knob  reduced   to  thick  disk, 
with  collar  above  and  below. 

90.  End  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.0545  m. 
Above  and  below  head,  collar.  Above  upper  col- 
lar, short  rounded  stub. 

91.  Similar  to  No.  90.     Length,  0.147  m. 
Form  5.   Head   truncated   cone.    Body 

CORRUGATED      IN      UPPER      PART.        HeAD 
CONICAL. 

92.  End  gone.  Much  corro<led.  Length, 
0.0455  m.  Top  of  head  uneven.  Sides  con- 
cave. Body  has  four  corrugations  of  different 
sizes  in  upper  part. 

93.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.076  m.  Head  a 
low  cone.     Beneath  head,  two  corrugations. 

Form  6.  Wide,  flat  head. 

94.  From  south  sloi)e.  Somewhat  oxidized. 
Length,  0.09  m.  Head  slightly  concave.  On 
inside  line  of  engraving  from  bottom  up- 
ward. 

Type  b.  Flat  head,  corrugated  or  beaded 
body.  Head  small  and  rather  thick.  Usu- 
ally appreciably  larger  than  body.  Some- 
times not.    Some  possibly  headless.- 

FORM  1.    Two    BEADS. 

95.  Head  probably  gone.  Otherwise  condi- 
tion fair.  Length,  0.1095  m.  Below  beads, 
rectangular  block  surmounted  by  low  collar. 
Point  sharp.     Filed :  color  medium. 

1  No.  73  from  upper  terrace  toward  tents;  Nos.  75  and 
86  from  south  slope. 

•^  Cf.  headless  ivory  pins  from  Mycenae  (outside  of 
tumbs),  with  corrugations,  No.  256o,  and  from  Tiryns, 
No.  1&46;  also  from  Troy,  No.  4413.     Those  under  No. 


Form  2.  Three  beads. 

Clatts  a.  IleadltsH,  ht/  accident  or  design. 

96.  Point  gone.  Con-otled.  Length,  0.527  m. 
Filed  :  color  medium.^ 

97.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.10.  Commencement  of  botly  rectangular. 
Point  sharp.     Filed  ;  color  medium. 

98.  End  gone.  Much  corrotled.  Length, 
0.0475  m.  Top  uneven.  Sharply  defined  rec- 
tangular block  with  heavy  collar.  Filed  :  color 
slightly  reddish. 

CIa»8  p.   With  heads. 

99.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.114  m. 
Botly  round  from  start.  Color  light.  Head  has 
form  of  half  corrugation. 

100.  End  gone.  Conwled.  Length,  0.047  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0069  m.  Color  medium, 
with  trace  of  red. 

Form  3.  Four  beads. 
Class  a.  Without  heads. 

101.  End  gone,  length,  0.058  m.  Clearly 
marked  rectangular  block. 

102.  End  gone.  Somewhat  corro«led.  I^ength, 
0.045  m.  Upper  bead  complete.  Sharply  definetl 
rectangular  block  with  collar. 

Class  fi.    With  heads. 

103.  Head  mostly  destroyed.  Length,  0.113  ra. 
First  corrugation  slight,  with  long  neck  al>ove. 
Clearly  marked  rectangular  block  with  collar. 

104.  Much  corroded.     Length,  0.0265  m. 
10&  End  gone.  Oxidize<l.  Length,  0.0805  ra. 

Diameter  of  head,   0.008  m.     Beads  uneven  in 
size. 

106.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.064  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.007  m.     Color  medium. 

107.  From  south  sIojm?.  End  gone.  Some- 
what oxidized.  Length,  0.076  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0085  m. 

108.  Corrotletl.  Broken.  Length,  0.048  ra. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  ra. 

109.  From  south  slope.  Broken.  Length, 
0.036  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  m. 

110.  From  cutting  east  of  U]>i>er  Temple  to- 
ward tents.  Broken.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0085  m. 

111.  Broken.  Length,  0.0415  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0085  m.     Etlge  of  head  grooved. 

1060  (outside  of  tombs)  have  three  to  six  corrugations. 
All  in  National  Mus.  at  Athens. 

•  Cf.  somewhat  similar  pin,  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It. 
col.  177,  pi.  32,  fig.  5.  The  Italian  specimen  has  no 
block,  but  appears  to  have  slight  ornamentation  of  shaft ; 
Bronze  Age. 


112.  From  south  slope.     Broken.     Much  cor- 
roded.    Length,  0.045  m.      Head  small. 

Form  4.  Five  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless,  probably  htj  accident. 

113.  From  south  slope.     Broken.     Oxidized. 
Length,  0.074  m. 

114.  Broken.    Oxidized.     Length,  0.0245  ni. 
Transition  to  shaft  rectangular. 

115.  Broken.     Oxidized.    Length,  0.0565  m. 
Transition  as  in  No.  114. 

Class  p.    With  heads. 


116.  From  south  slope.    Corroded.     Length,     gular  block. 


152.  Point  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.147  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Above  rectangular 
block,  grooved  collar.  On  one  side  of  block,  en- 
graved cross.     Head  grooved. 

Form  6.  Seven  beads. 
Solid  body.^ 

163-156.  Fragments.  No.  153  from  West 
Building.     Diameter  of  heads,  0.003-0.01  m. 

157.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.09  m. 
Head  grooved.     Diameter,  0.0085  m. 

15a  End  gone.     Length,  0.082  m.     Rectan- 


0.068  m.  Long  neck.  Body  rectangular  at 
beginning. 

117.  Corroded.  Length,  0.08  m.  Upper  part 
of  botly  rectangular. 

118-120.  Fragments  of  similar  pins.  No.  120 
from  south  slope. 

121.  Length,  0.11  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.006  m. 

122-132.  Similar.  Nos.  123, 125  from  south 
slope.  Lengths,  0.0487-0.117  m.  Diameter  of 
hea<ls,  0.0065-0.0095  m. 


159.  F'rom  south  slope.  End  gone.  Corroded. 
Length,  0.0602  m.  Head  grooved.  Diameter, 
0.009  m. 

Separable  body.  Head,  beads  and  rec- 
tangular block  beneath.  Round  part 
inserted  into  hole  in  bottom  of  block. 

160.  Fragment.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.03  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.01 ;  grooved. 

161.  Fi-agraent.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0275  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.007.     Collar  above  block. 

162.  Pin  gone.     Corrotled.     Length,  0.03  m. 


133.  Fragment.     Beneath  lowest  bead,  three     Diameter  of  head,  0.0125.     Rectangular  block 
narrow  rings.  with   diagonal    cross  engraved   on    each   side. 

134.  Fragment.    At  transition  to  body,  block.      Above  and  below  block,  heavy  collar. 


above  which  narrow  groovetl  collar. 

135.  From  West  Building.  Fragment.  Head 
gr(X)ved.  Block  with  grooved  collar,  as  in  No. 
134. 

136.  Fragment.  From  south  slo])e.  Length, 
0.04  m.  Doubtful  whether  collar  shoultl  be 
classed  as  one  or  two  separate  beads. 

Form  5.  Six  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless,  by  accident. 
137-139.  Fragments.     Rectangular  block  at 
transition  to  botly,  surmounted  in  Nos.  138, 139 
by  heavy  collar. 

Class  fi.    With  heads. 

140.  Point  injured.  Length,  0.094  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.005  ni. 

141.  Length,  0.1035  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.006  m. 

142-149.  Fragments.  Nos.  142,  149  from 
south  slope.     Diameter  of  heads,  0.007-0.01  m. 

150.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.07  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m. 

151.  Broken.  Oxidizetl.  Length,  0.044  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Beneath  corruga- 
tion, rectangular  block,  on  which  five  engraved 
lines,  and  sixth  separating  block  from  round  part 
of  IxKly. 


Form  7.  Eight  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless,  by  accident  and  design. 
Solid  botly. 

163.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Oxi- 
dized. Length,  0.076  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  diagonal  cross  on  each  side. 

Separable  btxly. 

164.  From  West  Building.  Pin  mainly  gone. 
I.<ength,  0.054  m.  Cross  on  top.  Rectangular 
block.  Each  side  ornamented  with  three  circles, 
having  dot  in  centre.     Pin  of  iron. 

Class  /8.    With  heads. 
Solid  body. 
166.  Fragment.     Length,  0.0375  m.     Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0095  m. 

166.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.092  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0075  m.  On  top,  cross  from 
side  to  side. 

167.  Fragment.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.057  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Beginning  of  bt)dy 
rectangular.  Head  grooved.  Top  ornamented 
with  dots  in  circles,  probably  five,  though  only 
four  show. 

Separable  bt)dy. 

168.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
gone.     Oxidized.      Length,   0.034   m.      Diam- 


>  Cf.  pin  from  Mycenae  (outside  of  shaft-graves)  in  Athens  Mus.,  No.  4546. 


210 


THE  BRONZES 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


211 


■  I 


eter  of  head,  0.01  m.     Rectangular  block  with 
rouiul  hole.     Above  block,  grooved  collar. 

169.  From  West  Building.  Similar  to  No. 
16a  Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  ni.  Head  grooved.  Cross  on  head.  Rec- 
tangular block,  above  which  grooved  collar. 

Form  8.   Nine  beads. 

170.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.118  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m. 

171.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0085  m.  Head  seems  to  have 
had  ornament  like  No.  167. 

172.  Pin  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.065  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.007  m.  Beginning  of  pin 
rectangular.  Sides  with  engraved  lines.  On 
top  of  bead,  two  dotted  circles. 

Form  9.  Ten  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless,  by  accident. 
Separable  body. 

173.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0445  m.  Rec- 
tangular block  with  double  collar.     In  bottom 


Form  13.  Seventeen  beads. 

181.  Fragment.     Length,  0.055  m. 
Form  14.  Twenty  beads. 

182.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0605  m.  Slit 
block  surmounted  by  low  collar. 

Form  15.  Twenty-two  beads. 

183.  Fragment.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.083  m.  Rectangular  block  with  double  grooved 
collar.  In  bottom  hole,  0.0032  m.  in  diameter. 
On  sides,  cross.  On  three  sides,  dot  in  circle 
between  upper  limbs  of  cross.  Traces  of  dot  in 
circle  between  lower  limbs  of  cross  on  one  side. 

Form  16.  Twenty-six  beads. 

Head  double.      Upper  part    as    usual. 
Lower  part  a  large  truncated  cone. 
184.^  Eight  beads.    Head  similar  to  that  of 
No.   184   a.     Rectangular  block   with  double 
collar.     Inserted  iron  pin. 
Plate  LXXIX. 

184  a.  From  West  Building.  Corro<led. 
Length,  0.127  m.     Head  consists  of  truncated 


hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter.      Pin  probably  of     cone,  with  round  lower  e<lges,  surmounted  by  low 
iron.     Traces  of  engraving  on  block.  inverted  truncated   cone.     Top   has   ten-barred 

cross.  Block  slit  entire  length,  with  rivet  holes 
in  lower  part.  Pin  of  iron,  as  remaining  portion 
shows.     Cross  carved  on  two  sides  of  block. 

Addenda.  The  following  probably  accident- 
ally headless  pins  could  not  be  arranged  under 
the  above  forms,  because  of  danger  of  fallacious 
conclusions  respecting  introduction  of  ornament. 
Solid  botly. 
185u  Fragment.  Length,  0.105  m.  Rectan- 
gular block,  on  all  four  sides  of  which  cross. 

186.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Rectan- 
gular block  with  heavy  grooved  collar.  All 
four  sides  have  cross. 


Class  /8.    Witfi  heads. 
Separable  body. 

174.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.062  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  Large  cross  on 
top  of  head.  Pin  was  riveted  into  slit  in  block. 
In  slit  traces  of  iron  pin  remain.  On  two  sides 
of  block,  cross. 

Form  10.   Eleven  beads. 
Solid  body. 

175.  Pin  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.077  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Rectangvdar  block 
with  collar,  sharply  distinguished  from  pin.  In 
centre  of  head,  dot  in  circle.  On  each  side 
of  block,  three  dots  in  circles,  one  alx>ve  the 
other. 

Separable  body. 

176.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.0575  m. 

177.  Pin  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.06  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Slit  block  with 
riveted  pin.     In  slit  traces  of  bronze  pin. 

Form  11.   Fourteen  beads. 

178.  From  West  Building.  Pin  broken  at 
block.  Length,  0.067  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0105  m.  On  each  side  of  block,  dot  in 
circle. 

179.  Fragment.     Length,  0.034  ra. 
Form  12.  Fifteen  beads. 

180.  Fragment.     Length,  0.0385  m. 


187.  Fragment.  Length,  0.051  ni.  Short 
rectangular  block  with  deep  cross  on  each  side. 

188,  189.  Fragments.  No.  189  has  on  sides 
of  block  dots  inclosed  in  double  circles. 

190.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.19  m.  Rectangu- 
lar block  with  double  groove<l  collar.  On  sides 
of  block,  cross  in  circle.  On  pin  next  to  block, 
six  grooves. 

Separable  bodies. 

191.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Grooved 
block.     Dots  in  circle. 

192.  193.  Fragments.  Grooved  blocks  with 
traces  of  engraving. 

194.  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  of  Lower 
Terrace,  1893.  Slit  block  with  remains  of  iron 
pin. 


*  Inserted  here  inconsistently  because  of  siniilaritv  to  No.  184  a. 


Uncertain  object. 
196.  Pin  or  end  of  spit.     Uncertain  whether 
complete. 

Thirty-three  fragments  discarded. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

195  a.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.0375  m. 

T]rpe  c.  Pins  with  large,  flat,  thin  head  and 
corrugated  or  beaded  upper  part  of  body. 
Form  1.  Solid  8tem  and  pin.    Head  some- 
times attached  to  ste.m. 
Class  a.   Two  corrugations. 

196.  Fragment.  Length,  0.074  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0125  m. 

Plate  LXXIX. 

197.  From  West  Building.  Point  gone.  Head 
damaged.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.     Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

19a  Length,  0.116  m.     Diameter  of  heatl, 
0.013  m.      Corrugations    .slight.      Underneath, 
about  seven  fine  grooves  very  close  together. 
Class  p.    Three  corriKjntions. 

199.  Head  about  two  thirds  gone.  Length, 
0.12  m. 

Class  y.  Four  corrugations. 

200.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.053  m.    Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m. 

201.  Fragment.  Length,  0.083  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0095  m. 

202.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0375  in.  Diam- 
eter of  hea<l,  0.0085  m. 

203.  Fragment  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.05  m. 

204.  Fragment.     Length,  0.0565  m. 

205.  Fragment.  From  above  east  end  of  Stoa, 
under  Cycloi)ean  wall,  1893.  Length,  circ. 
0.09  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Block- 
like beginning  of  body. 

206.  Fragment.  Length,  0.087  m.  Body 
begins  as  in  No.  205. 

207.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.027  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Short 
rough  block. 

208.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0725  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.013  m.    Short  i-ectangular  block. 

209.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  heatl,  0.015  m.  Rectan- 
gidar  block. 

210.  Fragment.  I.«ength,  0.046  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.014  m.     Rectongidar  block. 

211.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  T.«ength, 
0.104  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Rectangu- 
lar block. 


212-215.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.009-0.0115  m.     Rectangular  blocks. 

216.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Rectan- 
gular block. 

217.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  in. 
Rectangular  block. 

218-220.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.012,  0.013  m.     Rectangular  blocks. 

221.  Fragment.  Length,  0.021  m.  Rectan- 
gular block. 

222.  Fragment.  From  south  slojje.  Length, 
0.018  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Slight 
rectangular  block. 

223.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m. 
Rectangular  block. 

224.  226.  Fragments.  From  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.015,  0.012  m.  Rectangu- 
lar blocks,  that  of  No.  225  with  collar. 

226.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m. 
Rectangular  block  with  heavy  collar. 

227.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build- 
ing. Length,  0.128  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m. 
Rectangular  block  with  collar.  In  centre  of  top 
of  head  slight  depression,  corresponding  to  i)lace 
of  attachment.  Fii-st  case  in  this  type  where 
this  is  plain. 

228.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135 
m.  Rectangular  block  with  overhanging  col- 
lar. 

229.  Fi-agment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.108  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  i-'harply 
cut  corrugations  on  slender  stem.  Short  rec- 
tangular block  with  collar  marked  off  by 
groove. 

230.  231.  Fragments,  From  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.01,  0.011  m.  Blocks  as  in 
No.  229. 

232.  Fragment.  From  West  Building.  Block 
as  in  No.  229. 

233.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Block 
as  in  Nos.  229  and  228. 

234.  235.  Fragments.-  Diameter  of  head, 
0.009,  0.0115  m.  Blocks  with  collar  as  in  Nos. 
229,  233,  respectively. 

Class  S.  Five  corrugations. 

236.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0785  m.  Diam- 
eter of  heml,  0.0125  m.  Elementary  rectangular 
block. 

237-240.  Injured  and  fragmentary.  No. 
239  from  West  Building.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.01-0.013  m.     Rectangular  blocks. 


^ 


212 


THE  BRONZES 


24L  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.122  in. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Short  rectangular 
block. 

242-244.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.012-0.013  m.     Rectangular  blocks. 

245.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Short 
heavy  rectangular  block. 

246.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build- 
ing, Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Short  i-ectan- 
gular  block. 

247-250.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.011-0.012  m.  Rectangular  blocks,  which  in 
Nos.  249,  250  have  overhanging  collar. 

251.  Fragment.  From  south  sloj^e.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0135  ra.     Rectangular  block. 

252.  Fragment.  Rectangular  block  with 
small  collar. 

253.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.012  m.     Block  as  in  No.  252. 

254.  Length,  0.118  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Rectangular  block  with  small  col- 
lar. 

255.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build- 
ing. Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  Rectangidar 
block  with  projecting  collar. 

256.  Point  and  part  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.063  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Block 
with  projecting  collar. 

257.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  ni. 
Block  as  in  No.  256. 

258.  259.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.013,  0.011  m.     Blocks  as  in  No.  256. 

260.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build- 
ing. Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Block  tapers 
toward  top.     Heavy  projecting  collar. 

261.  Fragment.  Block  similar  to  that  of  No. 
260. 

262.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Block 
as  in  No.  255.  Cross  on  all  four  sides.  Proba- 
bly also  on  head. 

263.  264.  Fragments.  Diameters  of  heads, 
0.015,  0.01  m.     Blocks  as  in  No.  255. 

265.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build- 
ing.  Diameter  of  head,  0,012  m.  Grooved 
collar  on  block. 

266.  Fragment.  Rectangular  block,  with 
collar  separated  by  groove. 

267.  Fragment.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length, 
0.0715  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Rectan- 
gular block  with  projecting  grooved  collar. 

268.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0105,     Block  as  in  No.  267. 


269.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.0515  m.  Rectangidar  block  with 
grooved  collar. 

l>ucarded :  one. 

Class  e.  Six  corrugations. 

270.  Head  and  ]H)int  broken.     Length,  0.088 
Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m.     Three  lower 


m 


corrugations   small   and    separated   by  shallow 


rmgs. 


271,  272.  Fragments.  272  from  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0,0075,  0,0115  m, 

273.  Point  bluntetl.  Length,  0,1215  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0,01  m. 

274.  I^ength,  0.145  ra.  Diameter  of  head 
(nicked),  0.0125  m.  Rectangular  block.  Cor- 
rugations not  strung. 

275.  Condition  |HX)r.  Point  gone.  Length, 
0.0615  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Rec- 
tangular block.     Corrugations  sharply  defined. 

276-278.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.0105-0,012  m.    Blocks. 

279.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.084  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.012  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
raised  collar. 

280.  From  back  of  South  Building,  Frag- 
ment. Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Rectangular 
block  separated  from  pin  by  groove.  Raised 
collar. 

281-285.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0,009-0,014  m.  Rectangular  blocks  tapering 
towartl  raised  collar. 

286.  Fragment  from  south  slope.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.011  m.     Block  as  in  Nos,  281  ff, 

287.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0,017 
m.  Long  rectangular  block  with  raised  grooved 
collar. 

288.  Fragment  from  back  of  South  Building. 
Diameter  of  head,  0,01  m.  Short  rectangular 
block  with  grooved  raised  collar. 

Class  C   Seren  corrxtgations. 

289.  Point  and  most  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.09  m.  Rectangidar  block  with  collar.  Traces 
of  cross  on  sides  of  block. 

Class  f).  Eight  corrugations. 

290.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0915  ra.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.011  m.  Corrugations  elongated 
with  shallow  grooves  between. 

291.  Length,  0.127  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Rectangular  block,  separated  from  ])in 
by  slight  groove  with  raised  grooved  collar. 
Possibly  traces  of  cross  on  sides. 

Of  this  form  nine  fragments  were  discarded,  including 
one  from  south  slope. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


213 


Form  2.  Separable  pin.  Pin  inserted  in 
rectangular  block,  beneath  corruga- 
tions,    head  attached  like  rivet.* 

Inserted  pins  are  later  than  introduction  of 
rectangular  block.     No  ])in-shafts  preserved. 
Class  a.  Fice  corrugations. 

292.  Head  broken.  Length,  0.027  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.014  m.  Rectangular  block 
broken  at  lower  end.     Has  slit  instead  of  hole. 

293.  Length,  0,027  ra.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.     Stem  shows  plainly  on  top.     Block, 

294.  Fragment  from  West  Building.  Slight 
remains  of  iron  pin.     Block. 

295.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0263  m.  Diam- 
eter  of  head,  0.0215  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
small  raised  grooved  collar.  In  bottom,  hole, 
0.003  m,  across. 

296.  From  south  .slope.  Head  mostly  gone, 
length,  0.03  m.  Stem  shows  above  head. 
Rectangular  block  with  raised  grooved  collar. 
Traces  of  iron  pin. 

Class  /3.  Six  corrugations. 

297.  Fragment.  From  south  slo})e.  Length, 
0,03  m.  Rectangular  block  with  slight  groove 
near  top.     Pin  probably  of  iron. 

296.  From  south  8loi)e.  Length,  0,031  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0,019  m.  Slight  trace  of  stem 
on  top.  Rectangular  block  with  slightly  grooved 
collar.     Pin  of  iron. 

299.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0,029  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Top  of  head  has 
row  of  dots  inclosed  by  circles  close  to  edge. 

300.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0,032  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m.  Trace  of  stem  on 
to]).  Dots  in  ciix;les  same  as  in  No.  299.  Pin 
probably  of  iron. 

30L  Length,  0.029  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0,022  m.  No  trace  of  stem.  Pin  of  iron.  Dots 
in  circles  as  above,  and  one  where  stem  should 
api)ear. 

Class  y.  Seven  corrugations. 

302.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.0365  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.017  m.  No  trace 
of  stem  oil  top.  Pin  probably  of  iron.  Dots 
in  circles  on  head  round  edge. 

303.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.036  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  slight  grooved  collar.  Pin  probably  of 
iron. 

304.  Length,  0.031  m.     Diameter  of  head, 

•  With  this  form  ef.  pin-head  from  Lusi,  Jahreshefle, 
IV.  p.  55,  fig.  97  (Reichel  and  Wilhelm). 

'  Cf.  bronze  pin  of  tack-form  with  large  flat  head  and 


0,016  m.     Dots  in  circles  on  head.    Rectangular 
block  with  raised  grooved  collar.     Pin  of  iron. 

305.  Fragment.  Length,  0.035  m.  Rectan- 
gular block  with  heavy  collar.  Pin  probably  of 
iron. 

Class  8.  Eight  corrugations. 

306.  Fragment,  Length,  0,041  m.  Rectan- 
gular block  with  raised  collar.  Iron  pin. 
Bronze  when  filed  showed  reddish. 

307.  Fragment.  Two  rows  of  dots  in  circles 
on  head. 

Class  c.  Nine  corrugations. 

308.  Head  mostly  gone.  Length,  0,042  m. 
Dots  in  circles  on  head.  Pin  probably  of  iron. 
Fine  groove  on  block. 

309.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Diameter  head, 
0.0215  m.  No  trace  of  stem  on  top.  Rectan- 
gular block  with  raised  collar.  Pin  probably 
of  iron. 

Class  t,.  Eleven  comtgations. 

310.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0,039  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0,0125  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  slightly  raised  grooved  collar.  Pin  prob- 
ably of  iron. 

311.  Head  mostly  gone.  Length,  0,054  m. 
Dots  in  circles  on  head.  Slight  rise  at  centre 
of  head  above  stem.  Rectangular  block  with 
grooved  collar,  probably  ornamented  on  all  sides 
with  dots  in  circles. 

Class  7].  Fourteen  corrugations. 

312.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0135  m.  No  certain  trace  of 
stem  on  top.  Rectangular  block  ornamented  on 
all  sides  with  cross ;  raised  grooved  collar.  Pin 
probably  iron. 

Class  6.  Sixteen  corrugations. 

313.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0,04  m.  No 
certain  trace  of  stem  on  top  of  head.  Dots  in 
circles  on  edge  of  head.  Rectangular  block  with 
raised  grooved  collar.  Pin  of  iron.  Bronze 
when  filed  showed  medium  color. 

Of  this  form  four  fragments  were  discarded. 

Form  3.  Body    solid,   with     alternate 

BROAD   AND   NARROW    SWELLINGS.      HeAD 
ATTACHED. 

314.  Fragment.  Length,  0,028  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Stem  shows  in  centre  of 
head.^ 

Addenda.  The  following  (Nos.  315-317)  are 
of  too  uncertain  character  to  treat  as  a  separate 

small  corrugated  body  from  Menidhi,  Athens  Mas.,  No. 
1928. 


fl 


1 


214 


THE  BRONZES 


type,  inasmuch  as  the  length  being  unknown, 
they  may  be  rivets.    Not  corrugated.* 

315.  End  gone.     Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m. 
Stem  shows  on  top  of  head. 

316.  End  gone.     Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m. 
Stem  projects  thi-ough  head.     Body  rectangular. 

317.  Similar  to  No.  316.    Diameter  of  head, 
0.02  m. 

Type  d.  Pins  usually  with  conical  head 
and  solid  body,  of  which  upper  part  is 
ornamented  with  threading  and  bead- 
like corrugations,  or  -with  a  disk  substi- 
tuted for  a  corrugation. 
Form  1.  Threading  and  corrugations. 
Class  a.   One  corrugation. 


318.  End  gone. 


Length,  0.074  m.    Thread- 


ing faint. 

319.  Length,  0.117  m.     Screw  threading. 

320.  Head  partly  gone.  Length,  0.152  m. 
Traces  of  threading  between  head  and  corruga- 
tion. 

Class  fi.  Two  corrugations. 
32L  From  south  slope.      Broken.     Length, 
0.096  m.    Coarse  screw-threading  between  head 
and   first  corrugation.     Rectangular  beginning 
of  pin. 

322.  End  gone.  Length,  0.102  m.  Screw- 
threading  between  head  and  corrugation.  Be- 
ginning of  pin  rectangular. 

323.  Head  and  point  gone.  Length,  0.128  m. 
Plain,  coai-se  threading  between  top  and  first 
corrugation.     Rectangular  beginning  of  pin. 

324.  Head  gone.  Length,  0.12  m.  Rather 
fine  screw-threading  above  first  corrugation. 
Reetangidar  beginning  of  pin. 

325.  From  West  Building.  Point  broken. 
Length,  0.073  m.  Threading  above  first  corru- 
gation.    Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

326.  From  "West  Building.  End  broken. 
Length,  0.1105  m.  Above  upper  corrugation, 
fine  threading. 

327.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.108  m.  Screw- 
threading  between  head  and  first  corrugation. 

328.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.155  m.  Coarse 
screw-threading  between  head  and  first  corruga- 
tion. 

329.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.084  m.  Fine 
threading  between  head  and  first  corrugation. 

330.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.198  m.  Top 
of  head  rounded.  Irregular  screw-threading  be- 
tween head  and  lower  corrugation. 

1  Cf.  flat-headed  bronze  tacks  from  Mycenae  (outside 
tombs),  .Athens  Mus.,  No.  32G1. 


331.  Broken.  Length,  0.097  m.  Medium  ir- 
regular screw-threading  from  head  to  lower  cor- 
rugation. 

332  Length,  0.208  m.  Medium  screw-thread- 
ing beneath  head  and  between  corrugations. 
Above  upper  and  beneath  lower  corrugations, 
grooves,  forming  in  each  case  a  small  corrugation. 

333.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.1 8G5  m. 
Threading  fine  from  head  to  lower  corrugation. 
Secondai'y  corrugations  as  in  No.  332.  Begin- 
ning of  pin  rectangular. 

Under  side  of  upper  corrugation  flat. 

334.  I^ength,  0.12  m.  Head  to  first  corruga- 
tion, 0.0155  m.  Medium  coarse  screw-threading 
between  head  and  first  corrugation.  Second  cor- 
rugation smaller  than  first.  Above  it  small  cor- 
rugation, as  in  No.  332. 

335.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Above  first  corrugation,  coarse  plain  threading. 
Second  corrugation  smaller  than  first.  Begin- 
ning of  pin  rectangular. 

Class  y.  More  than  tico  corrugations. 
Group  i.  Under  side  of  main  corrugation 
flat. 

336.  Fragment.  Length,  0.072  m.  Between 
corrugations,  rather  fine  threading.  Beginning 
of  body  rectangular. 

Group  ii.  More  elaborate. 

337.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.187  m. 
From  top  to  second  corrugation  (reckoning  from 
the  top),  probably  coarse  threading.  Second 
and  third  and  third  and  fourth  seem  divided  by 
two  grooves.  lielow  fourth  ring,  i)erhaps  origi- 
nally disk.  Between  ring  and  fifth  corrugation,  a 
very  low  corrugation,  which  probably  has  groove 
in  middle.  Above  and  below,  coarse  threading. 
Ifelow  fifth  corrugation,  clearly  marked  rectangu- 
lar block,  ta|)ering  to  pin.' 

Form    2.   Threading   and  corrugation; 

WITH  disk  substituted  FOR  CORRUGATION, 
USUALLY    UPPER   ONE. 

Class  a.    Disk  and  one  corrugation. 

338.  IV)th  ends  gone.  Length,  0.116  m.  Un- 
certain whether  upper  part  threaded.  Disk  larger 
than  corrugation.     Beginning  of  pin  rectangular. 

330.  Fragment.  Top  and  most  of  body  gone. 
Above  disk,  four  small  corrugations.  Lower  one 
grooved.     Beginning  of  pin  rectangular. 

340.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Grooved  above  disk,  forming  four  small  corru- 
gations. 

-  Of  this  form,  seven  were  discarded,  of  which  six  were 
uf  two  corrugations  and  ouu  uncertain. 


'i 


M 


PINS:   STRAIGHT 


215 


343-  Top  and  most  of  body  gone.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Above  disk,  irregular  screw  and  plain 
threading.  Below  disk,  a  narrow,  then  a  longer 
lower  corrugation,  followed  by  two  rings.  Be- 
ginning of  pin  rectangular. 

The  following  liave  two  or  more  plain  raised 
surfaces  above  disk,  which  in  some  cases  a}>- 
proach  character  of  subordinate  corrugations. 

3tt.  End  gone.  Length,  0.07  m.  Between 
head  and  disk,  two  low  corrugations  separated  by 
threading,  which  continues  to  head.  Below  disk, 
plain  space,  then  low  corrugation,  then  ring. 
Prominent  rectangular  beginning  of  pin. 

343.  Fragment.  Length,  0.062  m.  Above 
disk,  stem  tapers,  and  is  ornamented  with  convex 
plain  surfaces  and  four  groups  of  three  rings. 
Between  disk  and  corrugation,  similar  surface 
with  rings. 

344.  End  gone.  Length,  0.089  m.  Raised 
surface  close  to  collar  of  disk.  Space  above  di- 
vided into  three  parts,  sepai-ated  by  two  raised 
surfaces.  Fine  threatling.  Ring  above  corruga- 
tion.    Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

345.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.13  m.  Above 
disk,  stem  tapers  in  four  rai.seil  surfaces,  divided 
by  rings.  Below  disk,  plain  convex  surface  be- 
tween group  of  three  rings.  Rectangular  begin- 
ning of  pin,  with  groove  at  top. 

Class  p.  Disk  and  two  corrugations  beneath. 
Plate  LXXIX. 

346.  End  gone.  Length,  0.096  m.  Head 
has  rounded  top.  Upper  part  probably  had  plain 
surfaces  and  rings. 

347.  Head  and  most  of  body  gone.  Length, 
0.042  m.  Beneath  corrugation,  rectangular  piece. 
Above  disk,  screw-threading.  Rings  between 
disk  and  first  corrugation,  and  between  corruga- 
tions. 

348.  Perhaps  belongs  to  Class  y.  Most  of 
boily  gone.  Length,  0.074  m.  Between  head 
and  disk,  coarse  screw-threading.  Between  cor- 
rugations, single  low  ring.^ 

Class  y.  Disk  and  more  than  two  corruga- 
tions^ of  which  the  one  beneath  disk  is 
slightly  larger. 

349.  End  gone.    I.«ngth,circ.  0.155  m.    Head 

>  Cf.  the  fragment,  Olympia,  No.  11^4  (upside  down), 
said  by  Furtw&ngler  to  be  completely  preserved. 

•  Type  found  at  Tiryns  (No.  1387),  and  at  Heraeum 
tomb  (No.  3325);  Athens  Museum.  Possible  also  that 
Olymp'm,  No.  431  b,  belongs  here  (though  not  stated  that 
head  has  hole  for  sliaft),  rather  than  to  pendants,  as 
Furtwftngler  takes  it.     With  this  type  may  be  compared, 


to  disk  threaded  downwanl  from  right  to  left. 
Beneath  corrugations,  small  ring,  then  rectangu- 
lar block,  beneath  which  round  body  of  pin. 
Space  between  disk  and  lowest  corrugation  plain. 

Of  this  form  two  were  discarded. 

Addenda.  The  following  two  may  be  of  either 
form. 

350.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  m.  Head  and 
fourteen  corrugations.  Bottom  filed.  Solid. 
Color  medium. 

351.  From  West  Building.  Lower  end 
broken.  Length,  0.054  m.  Entire  length  from 
head  to  last  corrugation  with  fine  threading. 

Six  unclassified  discards. 

T3rpe  e.  Pins  ixrith  body  similar  to  preced- 
ing (Tjrpe  d,  Form  1),  and  oblong  rivet- 
shaped  head,  usually  with  conical  top. 
Pin  inserted  into  middle  of  rivet  bar. 
Ends  of  heads  attached,  except  perhaps 
in  No.  352."^ 

Class  a.  All  or  part  of  body  preserved.^ 
Grou])  i.  Body  has  threading  and  one  corru- 
gation. 

Plate  LXXX. 

352.  Head  damaged.  Length,  0.0988  m. 
Length  of  head,  0.013  m.  Pin  top  shows  on 
upper  side  of  head,  which  has  four  grooves  on 
each  side.  Next  head,  two  small  threads.  Then 
convex  surface,  beneath  which  screw-thread  to 
corrugation.  Beneath  corrugation,  beginning  of 
body  rectangular.    Here  two  threads. 

353.  Possibly  belongs  under  ii.  Broken  at 
base  of  corrugation.  Length,  0.019  m.  Length 
of  head,  0.0205  m.  Top  of  pin  shows.  Ends  of 
head  convex  and  rounded.  Shaft  finely  threaded 
to  ends  on  both  sides,    llesul  to  corrugation  also. 

Group  ii.  Botly  has  threading  and  two  corru- 
gations. 

354.  Ends  of  head  and  of  pin  gone.  Length, 
0.059  m.  Length  of  head,  0.028  m.  Coarse 
screw-threading  on  both  sides  of  head.  From 
head  to  lower  corrugation  rather  fine  irregular 
screw-threading.  Beginning  of  pin-shaft  rec- 
tangular. 

355.  From  northeast  part  of  excavation,  near 
Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  End  of  pin  and  head 
gone.      Length,  0.075  ni.      Length   of  head, 

in  general,  a  silver  pin  with  eyelet  above  bar,  but  other- 
wise similar  in  shape  to  simpler  Greek  forms,  from 
Remedello,  prov.  of  Brescia.  (Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It. 
p.  196,  fig.  13,  pi.  36.)     Italian  specimen  one  piece. 

'  Though  degree  of  preservation  is  not  a  proper  basis 
for  classification,  it  is  adopted  here  because  corresponding 
in  the  main  to  the  material  employed,  i.  e.  bronze  or  iron. 


I 

I 


t  'J 

f 


I 


t 


216 


THE   BRONZES 


0.0215  m.  Pin  shows  on  top  of  stem  of  head. 
Threading  of  head  similar  to  that  of  No.  354. 
Finer  between  corrugations.  Beginning  of  pin 
rectangular. 

356.  Broken  at  base  of  second  corrugation. 
Head  ends  injured.  Length,  0.037  m.  Length 
of  head,  0.0275  ra.  Stem  shows  on  top.  Ends 
of  head  hollow,  thin,  and  originally  quite  large. 
Space  circ.  0.005  m.  each  side  of  centre  has 
screw-threading  from  right  to  left.  Between 
head  and  second  corrugation,  slightly  finer 
threading  from  right  to  left. 

Class  p.  Head  only  preserved. 
Group  i.    Stem  threaded;    with    break  in 
threading  at  centre. 

357   [on   Plate  wrongly  numl)ered  367] . 
Len«Tth,  0.019  m.  Ends  rounded.  Screw  threaded. 
Diameter  of  pinhole,  0.0015  m.  Nos.  367  a,  b,  c, 
fra'^ments :  latter  two  from  south  slope.     Form 
series  leading  to  conical  ends  in  No.  358. 

35a  Both  ends  injured.  Length,  0.025  m. 
More  damaged  end  seems  to  show  the  construc- 
tion, the  conical  end  of  stem  being  covered  with 
thin  conical  cap.     Medium  fine  threading. 

369.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
injured.  Length,  0.027  m.  Fragment  remains 
of  pin,  probably  of  iron. 

360.  From  cutting  above  Upper  Temple  to- 
ward tents.  Ends  injured.  Length,  0.025  ra. 
Meilium  screw-threading.  Fragment  of  probable 

iron  pin. 

361.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0265  m. 
Medium  screw-threading. 

362.  Ends  much  injured.  Length,  0.027  ra. 
Medium  threading. 

363.  Ends  injured.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Character  of  threading  uncertain. 

364.  Corro<led.  Length,  0.034  m.  Stem  with 
three  grooves  on  one  side  and  six  on  other. 
Coarse  screw-threading.  Remains  of  pin,  proba- 
bly iron. 

365.  Corroded.  Length,  0.0335  ra.  Traces 
of  fine  threading  of  uncertain  character. 

366.  From  south  slope.  Much  corro<led. 
Length,  0.0315  m.  Threading  coarse,  and  of 
uncertain  character. 

367.  From  cutting  alcove  Upper  Temple  to- 
ward tents.  Much  corroded.  Length,  0.039  m. 
Coarse  screw-threading.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

368.  From  south  slope.  Much  corroded. 
Length,  0.036  m.    Threading  rather  fine. 

369.  From  northeast  comer  between  Cyclo- 
pean  wall  and   Stoa,  1893.      Much  corroded. 


Length,  0.0405  m.  Ends  solid,  one  larger  than 
the  other.  Slight  traces  of  fine  threading.  Re- 
mains of  iron  pin. 

370.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Medium 
threading. 

Group  ii.  Stem  threaded.  Ends  ornamented 
with  grooves. 

371.  Fi-om  northeast  corner  below  Cycloi)eau 
wall,  1893.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.026  m. 
Line  engraved  on  each  end.  Medium  threading 
from  right  to  left.    Remains  of  pin,  ])robably  iron. 

372.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Ends  solid  ;  diam- 
eter, 0.021  m.  Groove  on  each  head.  Fine  screw- 
threading. 

373.  Injured.  Length,  0.038  m.  Groove  on 
each  end.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

374.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0465  m. 
Three  grtwves  on  ends.  At  either  side  of  pin- 
hole, fine  screw-threading.   Remains  of  iron  pin. 

375.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.042  m.  Four 
i^rooves  on  one  end.  and  three  now  visible  on 
other ;  ])robably  had  four.  Remains  of  bronze 
pin.     Medium  fine  threading. 

376.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.05  m.  On 
each  end  six  grooves.  Medium  fine  threading  of 
uncertain  character  on  shaft. 

377.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.051  m.  Traces 
of  grooves  on  end.  Fine  threading  of  uncertain 
character  on  shaft.     Pin  probably  bronze. 

37a  Poor  condition.    Length,  0.055  m.  Three 
t'rooves  on  ends.     Medium  threading  of  uncer- 
tain  character  on  shaft.     Pin  pi-obably  iron. 
One  was  discarded  from  each  of  tlie  above  groups. 
Group  iii.  Ends  round  and  thick  at  edge. 
Bo<ly  tends  to  rectangidar  form. 

379.  Much  corroiled.  Length,  0.024  m.  Di- 
ameter of  ends,  0.012  ra.  Stera  seems  inset 
into  ends.  Pin  iron.  This  pin  is  between  tyi)0 
of  Nos.  357  and  380,  but  closer  to  No.  357. 

380.  Poor  condition.  One  head  gone.  Length, 
0.029  m.  Thickness  of  ends,  0.006  ra.  Thread- 
ing not  certain. 

38L  From  West  Building.  Much  corroded. 
Length,  0.032  ra.  Diaraeter  of  ends,  0.013  ra. 
Stem  rectangidar,  with  rounded  sides.  Traces 
of  threading. 

Clasit  y.  Misrellaneous. 

382.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Diaraeter  of  ends.  0.019  ra.  Stera  rectangular, 
with  one  side  broader  than  the  other.  Metal 
dark  reddish  brown,  probably  copper. 

383.  Frora  West  Building.     See  No.  2217. 
Of  this  Clan*  y,  one  was  discarded. 


4 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


217 


Type  f.  Pins  often  with  separable  heads. 
Heads  flat,  and  upper  part  of  body  com- 
pound, consisting  of  one  main  corrugation, 
flanked  on  each  side,  but  especially  be- 
low, by  narrow  bands  and  rings,  which 
develop  into  one  or  more  subordinate 
corrugations.* 

Form  1.  Upper  part  of  body  elongated 
and  usually  with  large  thin  head." 
Cluss  a.  No  ornament,  or  sitn file  threading 
at  sides  of  cor  rur/ at  ion.    Body  solid. 

384.  Frora  south  slope.  One  fourth  head 
and  end  of  point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.095 
ra.     No  ornament.    Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  m. 

385.  Head  nicked.  Oxidized.  Length,  O.OSGm. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0075  ra.  Above  corruga- 
tion, groove. 

386.  Slightly  corrodetl  and  oxidized.  Length, 
0.091  ra.  Diameter  of  head,  0.000  m.  Above 
corrugation,  three  sraall  rings.  Beginning  of  pin 
below  corrugation  rectangular. 

387.  Head  nicked.  Corroded  and  oxidized. 
Length,  0.083  ra.  Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m. 
Above  corrugation,  five  sraall  rings  separated 
by  irregular  grooves  only  a))parently  resembling 
screw. 

388.  End  gone.  Somewhat  corroded.  Oxi- 
dized. Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0065  ra.  Above  and  below  corrugation,  low 
ring  or  minor  corrugation. 

Class  /8.  At  either  side  of  comtgation,  or 
at  least  on  under  side,  is  rise  to  sort  of 
ring,  falling  off  ahrnptly  on  outside,  be- 
ing beginning  of  subordinate  corrugation. 
Group  i.  No  ornamentation  at  ends  or 
centre. 

389.  Frora  south  slojie.  End  gone.  Oxidized. 
Length,  0.034  ra.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m. 
Stem  projects  through  head  circ.  0.001  m.  Di- 
ameter of  stem,  0.0019  ra.     Round  edge  a  row 

'  Cf.  bronze  pins  from  Myceuae  (outside  shaft-graves) 
with  flat  head  and  single  ball  or  swelling  (Athens  Mus., 
No.  2558).  A  more  advanced  type,  of  ivory,  with  two 
balls  and  double  rings  between  convex  spaces,  ibid.  Xo. 
2G08.  Hronze  pin  with  Hat  head  with  small  corrugation, 
at  either  side  of  which  grooved  or  double  ring,  and  simple 
jacket-effect  beneath,  from  above  the  palace  at  Mycenae 
(Tsountos,  'E^/i.  'Apx- 1887,  col.  109,  No.  19,  fitK6tni  xoAit^ 
*ifr)9f'i<ra  rts  rk  iivJtrt  pa  arpttfiara  riav  iiri  rov  Vlfyipov 
ipttwlmr,  pi.  13).  Cf.  No.  400.  Simple  and  jacket  forms 
from  Tiryns,  Athens  Mus.,  No.  158G.  Tlie  pins  from  the 
Dictaean  cave  published  by  Hogarth,  Atinual  of  British 
School  at  Athfftf,  VI.  p.  112  resemble  those  of  this  type 
chiefly  in  the  cap.    Cf.  Nos.  507,  510.     Pins  somewhat 


of  inclosed  dots.  Beneath  corrugations,  sort  of 
jacket,  0.003  m.  in  length,  rising  toward  lower 
end.  Corrugations,  jacket,  and  pin  probably 
one  piece. 

390.  From  south  slope.  Pin  mostly  gone. 
Present  point  not  original.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Beneath  corruga- 
tions, raised  grooved  ring.  Pin  stem  projects 
through  head,  diameter,  0.0019  m. 

391.  End  gone.  Slightly  oxidized.  Length, 
0.03  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  ra.  Diameter 
of  projecting  stem,  circ.  0.0008  m.  Probably 
two  parts,  head  and  stem. 

392.  Corroded.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diaraeter 
of  head,  0.007  m.  Jacket  consists  of  central 
corrugation,  and  ring  at  either  side.  Probably 
one  piece  with  pin.  Head  thin,  i)erhaps  sep- 
arable. 

Group  ii.  Lower  or  upjier  ring  grooved. 
Central  knob  plain. 

393.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.077  m.  Diara- 
eter of  head,  0.0115  m.  Beneath  knob,  grooved 
ring.  Between  knob  and  ring,  pin  thins  to  less 
diaraeter  than  it  has  farther  down.     Thin  head. 

394.  Bad  condition.  Length,  0.074  m.  No 
jacket.  Beneath  knob,  high  grooved  ring.  Head 
thin. 

395.  Length,  0.0G5  ra.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  ra.  Round  edge,  row  of  inclosed  dots. 
No  jacket.  Below  knob,  gi'ooved  ring.  Head 
thin.     Two  i)arts,  probably. 

396.  Length,  0.084  ra.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.009  m.  Round  edge  row  of  inclosed  dots. 
Edge  of  head  grooved.  Above  knob,  ring ;  below, 
grooved  ring.     Probably  two  parts. 

397.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.027  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0115  m.  On  top,  undercut 
knob  intended  to  represent  projecting  stem.  Be- 
neath knob,  grooved  ring.  Above  corrugation, 
upward  increase  in  diaraeter  of  jacket  to  head. 

like  this  type,  especially  elementary  forms,  from  lakes 
Neucbatel  and  Bienne,  in  Brit.  Mus. 

^  To  this  form  belongs  a  silver  pin  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, said  to  have  come  from  Argolis.  Jahrb.  1897,  Anz. 
p.  196.  Inscription  C.  I.  G.  P.  I.  No.  508.  Added  here 
by  kind  permission  of  Dr.  A.  S.  Murray. 

Plate  CXXXVII.  Condition  good.  Length,  0.116  m. 
Similar  in  shape  to  pins  of  Class  y,  Group  vi.,  but  the  ring 
development  resembles  rather  that  of  Group  ix.  Bead 
striated  vertically  as  in  Form  2,  Class  n.  No.  511,  or  Class  0, 
No.  512.  Three  rings  under  head,  the  topmost  being 
largest.  Single  notched  ring  at  either  side  of  principal 
bead.  Two  rings,  or  rather  single  ring  with  accentuated 
approach  at  either  side  of  smaller  bead.  On  top  of  head, 
and  on  under  side,  rosettes.     Cf.  No.  667. 


I 


II 


218 


THE  BRONZES 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


219 


y\<< 


396.  From  south  slope.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.049  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  Pro- 
jecting stem.  Head  and  both  rings  grooved. 
Inclosed  dots  round  edge  of  head. 

Group  iii.  Central  corrugation  has  an  or- 
nament (plain  or  grooved  ring)  at 
either  side.  Otherwise  similar  to 
Groups  i.  and  ii. 

399.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.06  m.  Di- 
ameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Stem  projects.  Head 
grooved.  Grooved  ring  below  corrugations.  On 
upper  side  of  corrugations,  single  ring.  On 
lower  side,  two.  Head  seems  one  piece  with 
stem. 

400.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.035  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0125  m.  Stem  projects.  Low 
double  ring  on  both  sides  of  corrugations. 
Thence  on  upper  side  gradual  rise  to  join  head. 
On  lower  side,  rise  to  grooved  ring.  On  top 
of  head,  rosette.  Groove  on  edge  of  head. 
Filed  ;  color  medium. 

401.  From  south  slope.  Rad  condition. 
Length,  0.031  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m. 
Undercut  knob  on  top  representing  stem.  Head 
groovetl.  Corrugation  large,  with  grooved  rings 
at  either  side.  Below,  effect  of  jacket  inclosing 
stem,  but  probably  all  of  one  piece. 

402.  Bad  condition.  Length,  0.034  m.  Di- 
ameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Two  grooves  in  edge 
of  head.  Ring  on  either  side  of  corrugation. 
Uncertain  whether  coiTugation  and  rings  are 
one  piece  with  stem.  Head  possibly  separate, 
in  which  case  projecting  knob  goes  with  it. 

403.  Bad  condition.  Length,  circ.  0,083  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m.  Stem  projects. 
Edge  of  head  grooved.  Ring  on  either  side  of 
corrugation.  Stem  on  both  sides  of  corrugation 
smaller  than  beginning  of  pin.  Beneath  corru- 
gation, double-grooved  ring.  Head  j^erhaps  sep- 
arate.    Rest  of  one  piece. 

404.  Length,  0.088  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0095  m.  Small  knob  on  top  of  head.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  On  either  side  of  corrugation, 
grooved  ring,  of  one  piece  with  corrugation. 
Grooved  ring  beneath  head.  Below  corrugation, 
two  rings.  Lower  slightly  larger  and  grooved. 
Head  perhaps  separate.  Rest  perhaps  one 
piece.  Waist  in  stem  above  and  below  corru- 
gation. 

405l  Broken.     Length,  0.0635  m.    Diameter 

1  Probably  not  like  Naue,  Rev.  Arch.  XXVII  (1895), 
p.  58,  No.  41. 

2  Cf.  piu  from  Megara  Hyblaea,  published  by  Orsi, 


of  head,  0.0125  m.  Grooved.  Knob  small. 
Groovetl  ring  on  either  side  of  corrugation  and 
joined  to  it.  Beneath  head,  small  swelling. 
Below  corrugation,  two  rings,  upi)er  larger  and 
grooved.  Head  perhaps  separate.  Rest  of  one 
piece. 

406.  From  south  slope.  Head  broken. 
Length,  0.0975  m.  At  top,  a  disk.  Beneath, 
grooved  ring,  divided  by  low  ridge  around 
centre.^ 

Class  y.  Central  corrugation  ornamented  at 
side.  Under  head,  one  or  more  rinf/x, 
sometimes  thick  enoiif/h  for  a  Kvhordinate 
corrugation.  Beneath  main  corrugation, 
subordinate  one,  of  varying  sizcjfanked  by 
a  ring,  which  may  or  may  not  he  grooved 
at  either  side. 

Group  i.     Much  elongated.     Two  rings 
under  head.     Lower  corrugation  nar- 
row, resembling  more  prominent  ring  ; 
flanked  at  either  side  by  single  ring. 
407.    Condition    poor.      Length,    0.099    m. 
Diameter   of   head,  0.012   m.     Edge   grooved. 
Knob  on  top  undercut.     Under  head,  grooved 
ring.     Single  ring  either  side  of  corrugation. 
Parts  are  head  with  knob,  stem,  and  jacket. 

40a  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0915  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0165  m.  Thin.  Knob  under- 
cut. Jacket  probably  separable.  Lower  of  rings 
beneath  head  and  ring  just  above  corrugation 
are  ends  of  same  piece  of  bronze.  So  also  the 
ring  at  under  side  of  corrugation  and  that  above 
lower  corrugation  ring.  Knob  goes  with  head. 
Remainder  looks  as  though  strung  .separately  on 
stem,  but  probably  one  piece,  except  i^erhaps 
head  and  knob.^ 

409.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.104  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.015  m.  No  knob.  Seems  to 
have  same  parts  as  No.  406,  but  more  crowded 
and  probably  all  of  one  i)iece  (i.  e.  all  i)arts  of 
jacket).  Lowest  ring  plain.  Filing  on  broken 
head  showed  no  lines  of  8ei)aration.  Parts 
probably  head,  jacket,  stem,  pin. 

Group  ii.   Elongated  jacket;    like  pre- 
ceding, but  more  elaborate,  and  with 
more  rings  under  head  or  about  lower 
corrugation. 
ttO.  From  south  slo]>e.    Pin  gone.   Corrotled. 
Len<^h,  0.028  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m. 
Knob  low  and  undercut.     Resembles  No.  40^ 

Mm.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  816.  This  example  is  similar  in 
style,  but  has  small  attached  ring  at  either  side  of  main 
corrugation  and  under  head. 


but  second  ring  from  top  and  rings  on  either  side 
of  head  grooved.  Broad  secondary  corrugation 
with  raised  ring  in  centre  and  grooved  ring  on 
either  side.  Filing  showed  color  medium.  Prob- 
ably all  one  piece  except  perhaps  head  and  knob. 

411.  Broken,  condition  bad.  Length,  0.0715, 
m.  Similar  to  No.  410.  Pin  probably  one 
piece. 

412.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.083  m.  Di- 
ameter  of  heatl,  0.0127  m.  Knob  small  and 
undercut.  Head  thin.  Similar  to  Nos.  408-411, 
but  more  elaborate  and  finished.  Jacket  divided 
into  six  paHs.     Pin  probably  one  piece. 

413.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.043  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.023  m.  Knob  low.  Similar 
to  No.  412.  At  top  of  stem,  however,  three 
rings.  Bead  and  lower  connecting  block  one 
piece.  Probable  that  grooved  ring  at  lower  end 
of  upper  connecting  block  belongs  with  it.  Cer- 
tainly belongs  with  bead.  Filing  showed  core 
yellow,  with  redder  metal  outside.  This  per- 
haps due  to  oxidation.  Jacket,  except  lowest 
ring,  probably  one  piece,  and  no  separate  stem 
running  through.  Head  thin ;  knob  probably 
end  of  stem.     Rosette  on  top  of  head. 

414.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0,067  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0,015  m.  Knob  undercut.  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  412.  Divided  by  slightly  deeper 
grooves  into  upi)er  connecting  block  with  both 
rings,  bead,  lower  connecting  block  with  both 
rings,  lower  corrugation,  gi-ooved  ring,  plain 
ring.  Pin  probably  one  piece,  except  perhaps 
head  and  knob. 

415.  Condition  jwor.  Length,  0.055  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.018  m.  Filing  showed  head 
and  jacket  of  one  piece. 

416.  Length,  0.074  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0125  m.  Undercut,  low  knob.  Head  grooved 
on  edge.  Ring  beneath  head  and  at  either  side 
of  bead  vertically  notched.  A  slightly  larger 
similar  ring  forms  lower  corrugation.  Beneath 
this,  grooved  ring,  then  smaller  notched  ring. 
Pin  probably  solid,  except  i)erhaps  head  and 
knob.  Parts  mentioned  separated  by  clearly 
marked  grooves.     Lowest  ring  goes  with  pin. 

Group  iii.  Central  corrugation  plain,  with 
ring  on  each  side.  Just  under  head,  a 
single  ring.  Corrugations  plain.  Rings 
small.  Lower  corrugation  usually  nar- 
row and  with  ring  on  each  side. 

417.  Condition  ])oor.  Length,  0.038  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0185  m.     Knob  low ;  slightly 

»  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  482,  which  is 


undercut.  Parts  separated  by  shallow  grooves. 
Pin  probably  one  piece,  except  perhaps  head  and 
knob.^ 

418.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.039  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.023  m.  Small  knob.  Pin  of 
one  piece  and  head  as  in  No.  417.  Possibly,  but 
improbably,  from  same  factory  as  No.  417. 

419.  Length,  circ.  0.135  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.019  m.  Knob  not  undercut,  and  very 
possibly  genuine  stem.  Lower  corrugation  only 
a  heavy  ring.     Pin  and  head  as  No.  417, 

420.  Condition  jwor.  Length,  0.037  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0,02  m.  Low,  undercut  knob. 
Undercut  effect  perhaps  due  to  hammering.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417.  Very  possibly  from 
same  factory  as  No.  419. 

421.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
broken.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0205  ra.  Knob  small  and  undercut.  Similar 
to  No.  420,  except  ring  above  corrugation  is 
grooved.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Pin  and  head 
as  No.  417. 

422.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Similar 
to  No.  42L 

423.  Bad  condition.  Length,  0.024  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.019  ra.  Similar  to  No.  421. 
Filing  showed  medium  light  color. 

424.  From  south  slope.  Condition  bad. 
Length,  0,032  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0,023  m. 
Similar  to  No,  421. 

425.  From  south  slope.  Condition  bad. 
Length,  0,0375  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0,0195  m. 
Similar  to  No.  424,  and  possibly  from  same  fac- 
tory. 

426.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0485  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0205  m.     Similar  to  No.  425. 

427.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.018  m.  Upper  four  rings  belong 
structurally  to  connecting  blocks.  Upper  ring 
of  each  pair  the  larger.    Pin  and  head  as  before. 

428.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0415  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.019  m.  Top  i-ing  largest.  Pin 
and  head  as  before. 

Group  iv.  Similar,  but  with  larger  rings, 
especially  at  top. 

429.  Pin  gone.  Condition  bad.  Length, 
0.025  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0,017  m.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Head  probably  separate  and 
knob  part  of  stem. 

430.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.065  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.     Knob 

smaller  but  of  same  general  design. 


(     j 

I 


'i 


am 


gig^ 


220 


THE   BRONZES 


slightly  undercut.  Row  of  dotted  circles  rouud 
top  of  bead.  Edge  groovetl.  Lowest  two  rings 
rope-threaded.     Pin  and  he.ad  as  in  No.  417. 

431.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0535  ni.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.018  ni.  Rim  on  top  of  head 
slightly  raised.  Edge  has  two  grooves.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

432.  Condition  poor.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0415  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m. 

433.  Condition  jwor.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.051  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m. 

434.  Pin  mostly  gone.  Length,  0.029  m. 
Diameter  of  heatl,  0.015  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
tln-ee  grooves.     Lowest  ring  forms  toj)  of  pin. 

435.  Condition  jwor.  Length,  0.0355  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0175  m.  Edge  of  head 
grooved.  Looks  as  though  the  j)arts  were,  (1) 
head,  (2)  knob,  (3)  stem  and  i>in  with  gi-ooved 
ring,  and  (4)  rings  with  corrugation,  but  possibly 
whole  pin  of  one  piece. 

436.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.025  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Edge  of  head  has  raised 
band  in  centre.  Looks  separable  like  No.  435, 
but  probably  as  in  No.  417.  Possibly  from  same 
factory  as  No.  435. 

437.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  (corro<led).  Edges 
of  upper  four  rings  had  vertical  lines.  Whole 
pin  probably  one  piece. 

438.  Most  of  head  and  pin  gone.  Length, 
0.032  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.003  m.  Filing 
showed  color  medium.     Pin  as  in  No.  437. 

439.  End  gone.  Length,  0.058  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.019  m.     Edge  of  head  has  two 


442.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0855  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.021  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Rings  at  either  side  of  main  corrugation  grooved. 
Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

443.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.037  ni. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0235  m.  Row  of  dots  near 
edge  on  top  of  head.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Corrugations  larger  than  in  No.  442,  but  arrange* 
ment  similar.     Both  j)robably  from  one  factorj'. 

Group  vi.  Similar  to  Groups  iii.  and  iv., 
but  with  two  rings  just  under  head. 

444.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.075  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Raised 
rim  round  upper  edge  of  head.  Grooved  ring 
beneath  head.  Below  main  corrugation,  shaft 
smaller  than  at  beginning  of  pin.  Pin  and  head 
as  in  No.  417.' 

446.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0185  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Beneath,  two  rings,  the  upper  one  being  the 
larger.  Filing  showed  color  medium  light.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

446.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.016  m.  Slight  rim  round  top  of  head. 
Edge  of  head  grooved.  Rings  beneath  head  as 
in  No.  445.     Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

447.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.  Slight 
rim  on  toj)  of  head.  Two  grooves  rountl  edge 
of  head.  Ring  nearest  head  largest.  Pin  probar 
bly  one  piece. 

448.  Point  gone.  Condition  jwor.  Length, 
0.095  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Top 
ring  largest.    Lowest  ring  goes  with  pin.    Head 


gi'ooves.     Pin  looks  separable,    into  (1)   head,     and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 


(2)  upi)er  pair  of  rings,  (3)  lower  pair,  (4)  cor- 
rugations, (5)  lowest  ring,  (6)  stem,  knob,  and 
j)in,  but  probably  all  one  piece. 

440.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.03  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0245  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two  bands. 
Only  one  ring  above  upper  corrugJition.  Filing 
showed  iron  pin.  Color  of  bronze  medium. 
Head,  knob,  and  jacket  probably  one  piece. 

Group  V.  Ring  under  head  increased  in 
size  to  nearly  that  of  subordinate  cor- 
rugation. 
Plate  LXXXL 

441.  Length,  0.113  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.     Head  thin,  outer  rim  slightly  raised 

Five  rings.     Top  one  separated  from 
shallow 


449.  Condition  })oor.  End  gone  and  most 
of  head.  Length,  0.045  m.  Rings  beneath 
head  as  in  No.  446.  Filing  showed  color  me- 
dium light.    AVhole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

450.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0315  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0165  ni.  Rim  round  top 
side  of  head.  Raised  band  round  centre  of  edge 
of  head.  Head  and  pin  as  in  No.  417.  Perhaps 
from  same  factory  as  No.  449. 

461.  End  gone.  Length.  0.05  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0195  m.  Edge  grooved.  Conical  knob. 
Rim  (raised)  round  edge  top  side  of  head.  En- 
tire i)in  probably  one  piece. 

452.  End  gone.     Condition  poor.     Length, 


on  to]), 
head   by 
piece. 


groove. 


0.05  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m.     Traces 
Pin   probably  one     of  groove  on  edge  of  head.     Pin  and  hea<l  as 

in  No.  417. 
*  "Very  similar  to  pin  from  Lusi,  Jahreshe/te,  IV.  p.  54,  No.  96  (Reichel  and  Wilhelm). 


I'l 


I  •  / 


w 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


221 


From  south  8loi>e.  End  gone.  Condi- 
tion poor.  Length,  0.042  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0175  m.  Knob  high  and  undei-cut.  Ed<>-e  of 
head  grooved.     Pin  and  heatl  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  vii.    Similar  to  Group  vi.,  but  with 

apparently   comix)und   jacket,  caused 

by  deeper  grooves  between  the  parts  ; 

perhaps  all  from  one  factory. 

454.  Most  of  pin  and  head  gone.     Length, 

0.029  m.    Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m.    Edge  of 

head   grooved.      Top  ring  closely  attached   to 

head.      This  pin  differs  from   preceding  class 

only  in  greater  depth  of  groove.     Pin  and  head 

as  in  No.  tt7. 

456l  End  gone.  Length,  0.049  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Raised  rim  round  top  side  of 
head.  Raised  baud  round  edge  of  head.  Riii<rs 
similar  to  No.  454.  First  and  third  from  top 
about  equal  and  larger  than  others.  Lowest  three 
rings  smaller  than  second.  Pin  and  head  as  in 
No.  417. 

456.  Fragment.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.023  m.  Slight  raised  rim  around  top 
of  head.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Seems  separa- 
ble into  (1)  head,  (2)  three  rings  with  connect- 
ing parts,  (3)  corrugation,  (4)  ring,  (5)  stem 
and  knob,  but  probably  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  viii.  Similar  to  Group  v.,  but  with 
grooved  rings  just  under  head,  the 
upper  one  being  largest.  Probably 
from  same  factory  as  Group  v. 

Length,  0.0685  m.     Diame- 


457. 


End  gone. 


ter  of  head,  0.017  m.     All  parts  separated  by 
slight  grooves.    Entire  pin  probably  one  piece. 

Length,  0.028  m.     Diam- 


468. 


Pin 


gone. 


eter  of  head,  0.0195  m.     Jacket  same  as  No. 
457. 

The  following  have  two  rings  under  main 
corrugation  and  two  at  each  side  of  lower  cor- 
rugation, and  are  very  i)robably  from  same 
factory. 

459.  End  gone.  Condition  ]>oor.  Length, 
0.0505  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0235  m.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Raised  rim  on  upper  side. 
Rings  next  to  corrugation  grooved.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

460.  End  gone.  Length,  0.062  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  Considerable  raised  rim  on 
top  of  head.     Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves. 

461.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.0635  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0228  m.  Raised  rim  round  top  of  head.  Edge 
of  head  probably  grooved.     Head  trifle  thinner 


than  those  of  Nos.  459,  460.    Top  ring  larger 

than  in  No.  460. 

Group  ix.  Two  or  more  narrow  sharply 
cut  rings  just  under  head,  and  two  sim- 
ilar rings  on  one  or  both  sides  of  either 
or  both  corrugations. 

462.  Length,  0.138  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.015  m.  Slight  raised  rim  round  head.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Above  each  corrugation, 
grooved  ring.  Beneath,  plain  ring.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

463.  End  gone.  Condition  iK)or.  Length, 
0.076  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Grooved  ring  just  beneath  head. 
Smaller  grooved  rings,  one  at  either  side  of  each 
corrugation.  Parts  crowded  together.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

464.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.027  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.  Slight  raised  rim 
round  top  of  head.  Beneath  head,  four  rings,  or 
one  ring  with  three  grooves.  Grooved  ring  either 
side  of  main  corrugation.  Plain  ring  either  side 
of  lower  corrugation.  Whole  pin  probably  one 
l)iece. 

465.  Condition  poor.  End  and  most  of  head 
gone.  Length,  0.0555  m.  Grooved  ring  either 
side  of  main  corrugation  and  on  upper  side  lower 
corrugation.  Ring  on  lower  side  lower  corruga- 
tion probably  simple.  Filing  showed  color  me- 
dium light.     Whole  pin  one  piece. 

Group  X.  Similar  to  Groups  iii.  and  iv., 
but  with  projecting  edge  or  band  about 
centre  of  main  corrugation. 

466.  Pin  mainly  gone  and  about  one  fourth 
of  head.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0235  m.  Head  thin.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

467.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  pin  and  lower 
corrugation  gone.  Length,  0.044  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0219  m.  Slight  raised  rim  on  head. 
Edge  of  head,  two  grooves.  Similar  to  No.  466. 
Possibly  from  same  factory,  though  heads  of  dif- 
ferent style. 

468.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.098  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.017  m.  Slight  raised  rim  round 
head.  Head  rather  thin.  Whole  pin  probably 
one  piece. 

Group  xi.  Similar  to  Groups  iii.,  iv.,  v., 
but  with  raised  grooved  ring  about  cen- 
tre of  corrugation. 

469.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Point 
gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.148  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.     Small  ring  above  corrug^ 


II 


f 


{t\ 


I'  j 

I 


I* 


222 


THE   BRONZES 


tions.  All  grooves  shallow,  except  that  next  to 
head,  which  is  of  moderate  depth.  Slight  raised 
rim  around  heatl.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves. 
Traces  of  groove  round  centre  of  lower  corruga- 
tion.    Pin  probably  one  piece. 

470.  From  West  Building.  Most  of  pin 
gone.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0405  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.021  m.  Slight  raised  rim. 
Traces  of  two  grooves  round  edge  of  head.  Up- 
per corrugation  has  three  gi-ooves.  Separating 
grooves  all  rather  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as  in 
No.  417. 

471.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0415  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m. 
Possible  traces  of  gi-oove  on  edge  of  head.  Also 
of  raised  rim.  Main  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Lower  corrugation  plain.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

472.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.025  m.  Slight  raised  rim. 
Edge  grooved.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Lower  corrugation  plain.  Head 
and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

473.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.025  ra.  Raised  rim  round  head. 
Two  grooves  in  edge  of  head.  Upper  corruga- 
tion has  raised  band  with  two  grooves.  Lower 
corrugation  has  raised  band  with  one  groove. 
All  rings  have  fine  rope-threading.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  tt7. 

474.  End  gone.  Condition  ix)or.  Length, 
0.0965  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0205  m.  Raised 
rim  around  head,  which  has  two  grooves  round 
edge.  Upper  corrugation  with  raised  grooved 
band.  Lower  corrugation  plain.  Ring  beneath 
head  has  fine  oblique  threading.  Grooved  ring 
at  either  side  of  secondary  corrugation.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

475.  End  and  part  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.057  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Rather 
high  knob.  Grooves  shallow.  Raised  grooved 
band  around  main  corrugation.  Lower  corruga- 
tion plain.     Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  xii.     Similar  to  Groups  vi.  and  x. 

476.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  pin  gone. 
Length,  0.027  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m. 
Groove  round  edge  of  head.  About  centre  of 
corrugation  narrow  raised  band.  All  grooves 
shallow.     Head  and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

477.  End  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.019  ni.  Rounded  knob.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.    Three  rings  between  head  and  cor- 


rugation.    Corrugation  has  narrow  raise<l  band. 
Grooves  shallow.     Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

478.  End  gone.  Length,  0.06  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Flat  undercut  knob.  Top  of 
head  slightly  concave.  Edge  grooved.  Corru- 
gation has  narrow  raised  band.  Lower  corruga- 
tion plain.  Grooves  plain  but  not  deep.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  xiii.  Similar  to  Groups  vi.  or 
vii.,  and  xi. 

479.  End  gone.  Head  abraded.  Length, 
0.0365  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  Low 
rounded  knob,  slightly  undercut.  Main  corru- 
gation with  prominent  raised  grooved  band. 
All  grooves  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

480.  End  gone.  Condition  iK)or.  Length, 
0.058  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0185  m.  Low 
rounded  knob.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Both 
corrugations  have  raisetl  grooved  band.  All 
grooves  shallow.     Head  and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  xiv.  Two  rings  just  beneath  head. 
One  or  two  rings  at  each  side  of 
the  corrugations.  Raised  grooved  band 
which  may  also  ornament  the  lower 
corrugation. 

481.  Pin  gone.  Condition  poor.  T^ength, 
0.0315  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Low 
knob.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Lower  corrugation  with  band, 
with  trace  of  groove.  Grooves  all  shallow.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

482.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Condi> 
tion  poor.  Length,  0.032  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0165  m.  Rim  of  head  raised.  Groovetl  ring 
beneath  head  and  at  either  side  of  each  corruga- 
tion.    Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

483.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0435  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0165  m.  Low  knob.  Lower 
corrugation  plain.  Grooved  ring  at  either  side 
of  both  corrugations.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

484.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0225  m.  Knob 
flat.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave.  Edge  of 
head  has  two  grooves.  Between  head  and  cor- 
rugation three  rings.  Each  corrugation  has  two 
raised  rings.     Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

485.  Point  damaged.  Head  half  gone.  Length, 
0.0915  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0185  m.  Rounded 
undercut  knob.  Each  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Filing  showed  color  medium 
light. 


I'l 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


223 


486. 


Group  zv.  Three  rings  of  unequal  size 
beneath  head.  Single  ring  at  each 
side  of  corrugations.  Grooved  band 
on  main  corrugation  and  sometimes  on 
lower  one. 

Most  of  pin  gone.  Condition  ix)or. 
Length,  0.036  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0205  m. 
Low  undercut  knob.  Eklge  of  head  grooved. 
First  two  rings  beneath  head  larger  than  third. 
Lower  corrugation  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in 
No.  417. 

487.  End  gone.  Length,  0.108  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0219m.  Low  undercut  knob.  Rim 
of  head  raised.  Edge  of  head  gi-ooved.  Lower 
corrugation  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  tt7.' 
48&  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.175  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0295  m.  Slight  raised  rim. 
Rather  high  round  knob.  Raised  grooved  bands 
on  both  corrugations.  Whole  pin  probably  one 
piece. 

Group  xvi.  Double  groove  about  main 
corrugation. 

489.  Point  and  part  of  neck  gone.  Length, 
0.023  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.022  m.  Low 
undercut  knob.  Rim  of  head  raised.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Single  ring  beneath  head  and  at 
either  side  of  main  corrugation.  Head  and  pin 
as  in  No.  417. 

490.  End  gone.  Length,  0.075  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  Round  undercut  knob.  Rim 
of  heatl  raised.  Edge  of  heatl  has  raised  band, 
with  fine  threading.  Main  corrugation  has 
raised,  double-grooved  band.  Lower  corruga- 
tion has  raisetl  grot)ved  band.  Beneath  head 
thick,  broatl  ring  with  vertical  threading.  Single 
ring,  with  threatling  on  each  side  of  each  corru- 
gation, (irooves  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as 
in  No.  tt7.     Cf.  Group  viii. 

Form    2.    Moke    advanced.     Elongated 
JACKET.     Head  large  or  medium  size, 

AND  usually   thick. 

Class  a.  TlPO  plain  corruffations  with 
single  rintj  at  either  side  of  each.  Two 
grooves  vnder  head.  Represented  only 
by  No.  491. 

491.  Heatl  gone.  Length,  0.151  m.  Rec- 
tangular knob  at  top  for  insertion  into  head. 
Groove  near  ring.  Whole  fragment  probably 
one  piece,  though  possibly  pin  inserted. 

»  Olytnpia,  No.  485,  is  quite  similar,  except  that  it  has 
double  ring  at  each  side  of  main  corrugation. 

«  Cf.  archaic  Greek  pin  with  three   plain  knobs,  of 


Class  /S.   Tim  large  rather  thin   corruga- 
tions^ with  clearly  defined  ring  at  either 
side  tending  to  he  completely  separated 
from  corrugations.     JSingle  similar  ring 
under  head. 

492.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m. 
Low  slightly  undercut  knob.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grtwves.  Rim  of  head  raised.  Rings  and 
corrugations  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

493.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.0725  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0275  m. 
Knob  rather  high  and  untlercut.  Edge  of  head 
has  two  grooves;  rim  raised.  Two  rings  be- 
neath lower  corrugation.  Lowest  ring  and  ring 
above  each  corrugation  antl  bantl  between 
grooves  on  edge  of  head  have  fine  oblique  thread- 
ing. Pin  seems  to  be  inserted  in  jacket,  which 
seems  of  one  piece  with  head,  but  this  not  cer- 
tain.    Possibly  from  same  factory  as  No.  492. 

494.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0385  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.031  m.  Rather  high  undercut  knob. 
Edge  of  head  has  two  grt)oves ;  rim  raised.  Top 
of  head  decorated  with  two  bands  of  curved 
meander  pattern,  separated  by  band  of  circles. 
Rings  and  band  between  grooves  on  edge  of 
head  obliquely  threaded.  Heatl  antl  jacket  seem 
one  piece.     Pin  probably  of  iron. 

Class  y.  Two  or  more  large  j)lain  corruga- 
tions of  nearly  equal  size,  icith  single  ring 
on  either  side? 

Group  i.  No  special  ring  beneath  head, 
there  being  only  one  between  corruga- 
tion and  head. 

495.  Fragment   of   top. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.034 
knob  with  three  grooves, 
raised  band ;  rim  raised, 
to  be  of  separate  piece  from  jacket. 

Group  ii.  Single  small  ring  beneath  head. 

496.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.044  m.  Rim  of  head  raised ;  edge 
grooved.  Two  rings  between  corrugations.  Pin 
of  bronze,  probably  inserted.  Head  and  knob 
with  first  ring  probably  separate  piece  from 
jacket.^ 

497.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.101  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.     Knob 

which  middle  one  is  largest,  from  Megara  Hyblaea,  pub- 
lished by  Orsi  in  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  809. 

•  Somewhat  similar  are  two  pins  in  museum  at  Florence 
(Vitrine  V),  from  Borgo  S.  Sepolcro,  1888. 


Length,  0.024  m. 
m.      High  undercut 

Edge  of  head  has 
Filinjr  showed  stem 


1 11 


\ 


1 


Vl»» 


224 


THE   BRONZES 


undercut.     Rim  of  head  raised ;  edge  has  three  with  three  rings  above,  the  middle  one  being 

grooves.     Whole  pin  probably  one  piece.  largest,  and  three  below,  the  lowest  being  largest. 

Group  iii.  Two  rings  imder  head,  upper  Top  of  head  slightly  concave.   Three  grooves  on 

larger.      Cf.  Form  1,  edge.     Band   between   two  upper   grooves  has 


one  being  the 


vertical  thread.  Same  on  all  rings  except  bot- 
tom one.  Pin  of  iron.  Probably  head  and  jacket 
one  piece. 

CUt»»  €.  Similar  to  8,  but  iPith  closely  en- 
(/raved  lines  on  one  or  more  corruyations 
and  rimjs. 
50&  Pin  gone.     Length,  0.034  m.    Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.    Knob  conical,  undercut.    Edge 
of  head  with  three  grooves.     Band  between  two 
upper  has  fine  horizontal  and  oblique  nicking. 
Raised  rim.     Neck  straight.     Round  centre  of 
main  corrugation  raised  nicked  band.    Rings  be- 
Pin  is  inserted.    Jacket  thin.     Head  and  jacket     tween  corrugations  nicked.   Sloping  surface  con- 


Glass  y.  Group  viii. 

496.  From  cutting  above  Old  Temple  toward 
tents.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.027  m.  High  undercut  knob. 
Rim  of  head  raised  ;  edge  has  two  gi-ooves.  The 
two  rings  above  corrugations  have  fine  threading. 
Probably  lower  corrugation  and  its  rings  were 
strung  on  stem. 

499.  End  gone.  Length,  0.135  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.037  m.  Knob  undercut.  Rim  of 
head  raised  and  beveled  inside.  Edge  has  three 
grooves.    All  small  rings  have  vertical  threading. 


probably  all  one  piece,  though  perhaps  jacket 
separates  from  head  beneath  large  top  ring.* 

Class  8.  Tteo  plain  corruffations  with  ring 
above  top  of  one  and  between  them,  ^'ext 
to  head,  plain  neck.  Beneath  rorruf/a- 
tions,  sloping  surface,  upper  end  of  which 


vex.    At  bottom,  two  rings.    Head  and  jacket 


probably  one  piece.    Pin  of  iron. 

506.  Head  and  pin  gone.     length,  0.036  m. 
Two  large  corrugations,  each  with  raised  nicked 
band.     Between  and  above  corrugations  single 
nicked  ring.     Sloping  surface  has  nicked  ring 
rises  ubriipthj.     Below  this  slope,  one  or     at  bottom,  and  nicking  at  ui)i)er  edge.     Jacket 
more  rings.  probably  one  piece.    Pin  of  iron.    Filing  showed 

500.  Pin    gone,   bottom   of    jacket    injured,     medium  color. 
Length,  0.026  m.    Diameter  of  head,  0.0165  ra.         507.  Pin   gone.      Length,  0.049  ra.     Diam- 
Grooves  on  edge  cut  unevenly,  so  one  does  not     eter  of  head,  0.0255  m.   Conical  undercut  knob, 
go  all  round.     Lower  coriiigation  slopes  oif  on      Edge  of  head  has  three  grooves.     Upj^er  band 
lower  side.    Pin  was  of  iron.     Head  and  jacket     nicked.    Raised  rim.    Band  in  corrugations  and 


probably  one  piece. 

501.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  In  edge  of  head,  two  grooves. 
Raised  rim.  Long  neck.  Sloping  surface  short, 
followed  by  ring.  Pin  of  iron.  Head  and 
jacket  probably  one  piece. 

502.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.037  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0215  m.  In  edge  of  head,  two  grooves. 
Raised  rim.  Ring  below  sloping  surface  followed 
by  straight  surface,  with  ring  in  middle  and  he- 
low.     Pin  of  iron.     Head  and  jacket  one  piece. 

503.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.039  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0215  m.    In  edge  of  head,  two  grooves. 


rings  above  sanie  nicked.  Sloping  surface  has 
nicked  upper  edge  and  nicked  ring,  below  which 
two  other  rings.  Head  and  jacket  probably  one 
piece.     Probable  traces  of  iron  pin. 

Class  C  Similar  to  Class  8,  but  with  cor- 
rugations ornamented.  Upper  one  by 
heavy  oblique  grooves,  arranged  in  groups 
of  three.     Loicer  one  by  antithetic  semi- 


circles. 
508.  Pin  gone, 
of  thread,  0.029 
Surface    of    top 
round  edge  nicked 


Length,  0.048  m.    Diameter 

m.     Knob  conical,  undercut. 

convex.     Raised   rim.     Band 

Iron  pin.     Head  and  jacket 


Raised  rim.     At  base  of  sloping  surface,  ring,     probably  one  i)iece. 


followed  by  low  convex  surface,  ending  in  small 
ring.  Pin  of  iron.  Head  and  jacket  probably 
one  piece. 

Addendum.  The  following  number  may  per- 
haps be  placed  here. 

504.  From  cutting  above  Upper  Temi)le  to- 
ward tents.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0205  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.     One  corrugation 


Class  7].  Similar  to  Class  (,  but  with  deep 
perpendicular  lines  in  corrugations,  and 
tcith  one  or  more  rings  under  head. 
Group  i.  One  ring  under  and  probably 
attached  to  head. 
Plate  LXXXII. 

509.  Pin  gone.    Length.  0.042  m.    Diameter 
of   head,   0.0255   m.      Round    undercut   knob. 


'  Pill  confused  in  photograph  witli  head  of  No.  531. 


'I 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


225 


Edge 


has   three   rings.     Raised  rim.     Within  Filing  showed  medium  light  color,  and  no  trace 

each  of  grooves  on  corrugations  are  three  finer  of  composite  structure. 

grooves,  sometimes  four.     Pin  probably  of  iron.  5ia  From  south  slope.    End  gone.     Length, 

Group  ii.  Two  rings  under  head,  of  which  circ.  0.145   m.     Diameter  of   head,  0.0155  m. 

upper  is  larger.    Probably  not  attached.  Slight  groove  below  lowest  ring,  as  though  pin 

510.  End  gone.      Length,  0.073  m.     Diam-  were  inserted  there, 

eter  of  head,  0.037  m.     Knob  made  of  two  su-  519.  Length,  0.143 


ni. 


Diameter  of  head, 
0.021  m.  Grooves  oblique.  Lowest  ring  seems 
to  go  with  pin. 

520.  End  gone.    Length,  0.05  m.    Diameter 
of  head,  0.0135  m.     Grooves  slightly  oblique. 


perposed   cones   with    cylindrical  cap.     Upper 

cone  has   grooves   radiating   from   cap.     Each 

groove  surrounded  by  line.     Lower  part  of  knob 

has  fine  lines.     Top  of   head  slightly  concave. 

Raised  rim  on  lower  side  of  head  also.     Edge  Lowest  ring  belongs  to  pin 

has  band  roinid  centre,  from  which  run  toward  52L  From  West  Building.   Length,  0.155  ra. 

each   rim   grooved    ornament.      Below   second  Diameter  of  head,  0.022  m.     Unbroken. 

ring,  short  neck,  followed  by  line  of  cleavage,  (6'.)  Two  rings  beneath  corrugations. 

showing  jacket  separable  at  this  jxyint.     Corru-  622.  From    West     Building.       End    gone. 

gations  as  in  No.  509.     Sl(^ing  surface  slightly  Length,  0.1015  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m. 

concave.     Ornamented  with  pattern  similar  to  Grooves   slightly   oblique.     Ring   below   lower 

knob.     Pin  of  iron.  corrugation  faintly  grooved. 

511.  Pin  and  head  gone.     Length,  0.0465  m.  523.  End  gone.     Condition   poor. 

Similar  to  jacket  of   No.  510  below  division.  0.143  m.    Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m 


Pin  probably  of  bronze. 

Class  6.  Ttco  comigations  with  vertical 
lines.  Above,  between  head  and  corru- 
gations, two  small  rings.  Between  cor- 
rugations, two  similar  rings.  Beneath, 
one  or  two  rings.  Rim  as  before.  Head 
grooved. 
Group  i.  Head  has  two  grooves. 

(«'.)  One  ring  beneath  corrugations. 
S12.  From  south  sloi)e.  Length,  circ.  0.155  m. 
Dianieter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Knob  deeply  un- 
dercut. Raised  rim.  On  main  corrugation, 
grooves  in  groups  of  three.  On  lower,  in  groups 
of  two. 


Length, 
Grooves 
oblique. 

Group  ii.    Head  has  three  grooves.   Rim 
raised  and  beveled. 

(a'.)  One  ring  beneath  lower  corruga- 
tion. 

524.  End  gone.  Length,  0.088  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0205  m.  Grooves  on  corrugations 
in  groups  of  three,  one  group  of  four  on  lower 
corrugation. 

525.  From  West  Building.  Endgoue.  Length, 
0.08  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Lowest 
ring  seems  to  belong  to  pin. 

526.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.026  m.  Diam- 
eter  of  head,  0.021  m.     Grooves  in  groups  of 


613.  From  south  slope.    End  gone.    Length,     three,  one  group  of  two  on  upper  corrugation. 


0.067  m.    Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.    Grooves 
on  both  corrugations  in  groups  of  two. 

614.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0265  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0235  m.  Grooving  coarse.  Pin  was 
inserted. 

616.  Point  and 
Length,  0.141  m. 
Grooving  coarse. 

616.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0965  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0217  m.  Lines 
on  corrugations  oblique  from  right  to  left. 
Lowest  ring  part  of  same  piece  with  pin.  Cor- 
rugations appear  as  though  strung. 


lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m. 


Pin  seems  to  have  been  of  copper. 

527.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0865  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Lower 
ring  seems  to  belong  to  pin. 

528.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.087  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m. 

529.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.072  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.022  m. 

530.  End  gone.  Length,  0.111  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.29.    Rings  have  fine  vertical  cuts. 

531.  Cf.  No.  499,  note.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.147  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.04  m.  Pin  has 
slight  groove  at  joining  with  lowest  ring  and 


517.  From  south  slope.    Pin  and  lower  part  of     seems  separate.^ 
head  gone.    length,  0.02  m.    Diameter  of  head,         532.  End  gone.    Length,  0.075  m.    Diameter 
0.0215  m.    Grooving  oblique  from  right  to  left,     of  head,  0.017  m. 

^  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  481,  for  form  and  size. 


\ 


226 


THE  BRONZES 


533.  End  gone.  Length,  0.073  in.   Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m. 

534.  End  gone.    Length,  0.094  m.   Diameter 
of  head,  0.025  m. 

535.  End  gone.  Length,  0.044  m.    Diameter 
of  head,  0.0185  m. 

536.  End  gone.  Length,  0.115  m.    Diameter 
of  head,  0.0235  m.     Rings  have  oblique  thread- 


ing. 


537.  End  gone.  Length,  0.068  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0175  ra.  Lowest  ring  seems  to  go 
with  pin. 

538.  End  gone.  Length,  0.11  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.016  m.  Lowest  ring  seems  to  go 
with  pin.  Grooves  on  lower  corrugations  closer 
than  on  upper. 

539.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.138 
m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  ra.  Top  of  head 
slightly  concave. 

540.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes  with 
pin. 

541.  End  gone.  Length,  0.095  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes 
with  pin. 

542.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0425  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0195  m. 

543.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0765  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.019  m. 

544.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0835  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0165  ra.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes 
with  pin. 

545.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0705  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.017  m.  Top  ring  larger  than  usual 
and  shows  trace  of  groove. 

546.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0875  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m. 

547.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  gone. 
Knob  injured.  Length,  0.028  ra.  Diaraeter  of 
head,  0.019  m.     Pin  probably  was  of  iron. 

548.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.15  ra.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  ra. 
Lowest  ring  probably  goes  with  pin. 

549.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.0825  m.  Diaraeter  of  head, 
0.0205  ra.     Corrugations  rather  thick. 

550.  End  gone.  Length,  0.083  ra.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  ra. 

551.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone,  also  part  of 
head.  Length,  0.0255  ra.  Diaraeter  of  head, 
0.0185  m. 

1  With  the  following  cf.  Olympia,  No. 


552.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.063  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m. 

55a  Pin  corrodetl.  Length,  0.173  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0205  ni.  Rira  has  convex 
beveling.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes  with  pin, 
and  possibly  pin  inserted  into  lowest  corruga- 
tion. 

554.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Knob  undercut  and  resting  on 
a  raised  base.  Low^est  ring  seems  to  go  with 
pin. 

555.  From  West  Building.  Present  point 
not  original.  Length,  0.118  m.  Diaraeter  of 
head,  0.0175  m.  Only  one  ring  between  corru- 
gations. 

(6'.)  Two  rings  beneath  corrugation. 
Only  one  uncertain  example. 

556.  From  south  slope.  Pin  and  about  half 
of  head  gone.  Length,  0.03  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.022  m.  Filing  showed  color  medium 
light,  and  no  trace  of  composite  structure. 

Group  iii.    I  lead  has  four  grooves. 

557.  End  and  lower  i)art  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.022  m.     Diaraeter  of  head,  0.026  ra. 

Addenda.      Pins  of  this  class   with   heads 
broken  off.  One  ring  beneath  lower  corrugation. 
Lower  corrugation  only  preserved. 

558.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.156  m.     Filing  showed  color  niediuin  light. 

559.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0825  ra.  Ring 
beneath  corrugations  double  usual  width. 

560.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.1145  m. 

561.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.0985  m. 
Ik)th  corrugations  preserved.* 

562.  Point  gone.  Preserved  through  first 
ring  above  upper  corrugation.     Length,  0.05  m. 

563.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.086  m. 

564.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.083  ra. 

565.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.111  m. 

566.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.085  m. 

567.  Point  gone.     Length,  0.0975  m. 
Form    3.     Advanced.       Rather     short 

CROWDED    JACKET.       LaRGE,    RELATIVELY 
THIX  HEAD. 

Class  a.  Two  plain  eomif/ations ;  vpper 
with  ring  on  lower  sides  ;  loirer  has  ring 
on  each  side.  Beloit^  foot  with  slitjht 
concavity  in  middle. 

568.  Pin  gone.     Length,  0.0205  ra.  Diaraeter 
of  head,  0.02  m.     Low   flat    rim,   groove    near 
edge  on   top.     Edge  of  heatl  grooved.     Upper 
corrugation  the  largest.     Traces  of  iron  pin. 
487,  which  is  not  said  to  be  headless. 


1 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


227 


Class  p.  Two  plain,  hro<td,  sVujhtly 
rounded  corrtujations.  Between  head 
and  vpper  corrur/atioti,  three  rings  {or  a 
fiat  corrugation  icith  tico  f/rooves).  Be- 
tween corrugations,  two  rings  of  similar 
construction,  and  two  similar  rings  be- 
neath loicer  corrugation.  In  highest 
group  of  rings,  grooves  less  deep  than  in 
tujo  lower  groups. 

569.  From  West  Building.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.038  m.  Diaraeter  of  head,  0.0325  m.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 
Jacket  probably  all  one  piece. 

Class  y.  Two  corrugations  with  fiat  raised 
ring  about  centre  and  ring  (attached)  at 
either  end.  Edge  of  head  recedes  down- 
ward in  two  steps. 

570.  Lengtli,  0.144  ra.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0225  m.  Rim  raised  very  little.  First  step 
(next  head)  on  lower  side  head  higher  than 
second.  Both  are  notched  obliquely  on  edge. 
Neck  between  head  and  first  corrugation  thicker 
than  neck  between  the  corrugations.  Upper  cor- 
rugation continued  beyond  its  lower  ring.  Edges 
of  rings  and  bands  on  corrugations  notched. 
Head  and  upper  corrugation  seem  one  piece. 
Possible  that  pin  passes  through  lower  corru- 
gation into  upper  one ;  also  possible  that  jacket 
is  of  one  piece. 

Class  8.  One  or  two  ornamental  corruga- 
tions. Knob  conical. 
Group  i.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
ring  at  centre.  Ring  between  head  and 
corrugation.  Beneath  corrugation,  two 
rings.  Below,  small  plain  corrugation, 
followed  by  ring. 

571.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Diaraeter 
of  head,  0.025  ra.  Raised  rim.  Lower  edge  of 
head  notched.  Upper  three  rings  and  band  on 
corrugations  notched.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

Group  ii.  Up|)er  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  ring  and  ring  at  either  side. 
Lower  corrugation  has  raised  ring  and 
ring  at  either  side.  Beneath,  a  broad 
and  a  narrow  ring.  Probably  all  from 
the  same  factory. 

572.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.038  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.036  ra.  Raised  rim.  Lower  edge  of 
head  notched.  Lower  corrugation  much  smaller 
than  upper.  Bands  on  corrugations  and  all  rings 
except  top  one  notched.  Pin  probably  was  of 
iron.     Head  and  jacket  probably  one  piece. 

573.  Pin  gone.    Length,  0.033  m.    Diameter 


of  head,  0.031  ra.  Raised  rim.  Lower  edge  of 
head  notched.  Jacket  similar  to  that  of  No.  572, 
but  lower  corrugation  larger.  Pin  probably  of 
iron. 

574.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.035  ra.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0335  m.  Inside  beveled  rira  of  head, 
a  notched  band.  Top  of  head  slightly  convex. 
Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Jacket  sirailar 
to  that  of  No.  573.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

575.  From  cutting  upon  hill  toward  tents 
above  Old  Temple.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.036  ra.  Rim  and  band  on 
head  similar  to  No.  574.  Edge  has  two  grooves 
with  band  between  notched.  Jacket  sirailar  to 
that  of  No.  574.  All  rings  notched.  Pin 
probably  of  iron. 

Form  4.  Pins  of  various  stages  of  devel- 
opment, USUALLY  WITH  SHORT  CROWDED 
JACKET   AND   THICK   HEAD. 

Class  a.  With  one,  two,  or  three  plain  cor- 
rugations. Beneath  these  usually  one  or 
more  rings. 

Group  i.  Simple  style,  with  two  plain  cor- 
rugations. With  or  without  ring  or 
rings  beneath. 

576.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Di- 
araeter of  head,  0.009  ra.  Knob  on  head  looks 
like  projecting  stera,  but  under  side  of  head 
looks  like  one  piece  with  neck.  Corrugations 
and  pin  probably  one  piece. 

577.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0765  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.011  ra.  Round  edge  on  top 
row  of  dot  in  circles.  Edge  grooved.  Ring 
grooved.  Head  seems  of  one  piece  with  pin. 
Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

The  two  following  fragments  probably  belong 
here. 

578.  Head  gone.     Length,  0.041  m. 

579.  Head  and  end  gone.  Length,  0.057  m. 
Two  small  rings  between  corrugation. 

Group  ii.  One  corrugation.  Beneath,  two 
or   more   rings.      Head   usually   only 
slightly  larger  than  corrugation  and 
rings, 
(a'.)  Rather  crowded. 

580.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.067  m. 
Diaraeter  of  head,  0.0065  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves.  Filing  showed  medium  color. 
Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

581.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.031  ra.  Diaraeter  of  head,  0.0085  m.  Traces 
of  four  grooves  on  edge  of  head. 

582.  End  gone.     Length,  0.038   ra.     Diam- 


i 


Di 


'I 


i 


} 


'f 


i 


ill 


I  > 


228 


THE  BRONZES 


Edge  of  head  has  two 


\\t> 


eter  of  head,  0,009  m 
grooves. 

(f.)  Less  crowded. 

583.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0275  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  O.OG  m. 

584.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0C2  ni.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0095  m.  Rim  slightly  raised.  On 
top  marks  that  look  like  letters,  but  probably 
not.     Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.    Whole  pin     Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 


(6'.)  With  one  ring. 

593.  End  gone.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0075  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove 
(l)erhaps  two).  Ring  about  half  as  large  as 
lower  corrugation.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than 
pin,* 

594.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0055  m.     Edge  of  head   has  three  grooves. 


probably  one  piece. 

585.  Length,  0,0987  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.011  m.  Low  raised  rim  beveled  inside.  Edge 
of  head  has  one  groove.  Corrugation  ring  has 
two  grooves. 

586.  Point  gone.  length,  0.127  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.012  m.     Edge  of  head  has  five 

Corrugation   ring  has  three  grooves. 


grooves. 


595l  End  gone.  Length,  0.022  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.009  m.  Edge  of  head  has  at  least 
two  grooves.  Lower  corrugation  smaller  than 
upper.     Stem  of  jacket  larger  than  i)in. 

596.  End  gone.  Length,  0.058  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.014  m.  Edge  of  head  has  three 
(perhaps  four)  grooves.  Lower  corrugation  has 
two  grooves  and  band  between  of  rectangles. 


Head   and  jacket    tai>er   downward.     Possibly     Jacket  and  stem  tai)er  downward  from  head. 


head  and  beads  are  strung. 

Group  iii.  One  plain  corrugation,  be- 
neath which  one  or  more  rings.  Head 
broader,  pi-oportionally,  than  in  (iroup 
ii. 

587.  Length,  0.09G  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.008  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Two 
rings  below  corrugation. 

588.  Tip  gone.  Length,  0.0G2  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0,0094  m.  Slightly  raised  rim.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Beneath  corruga- 
tion, three  rings,  the  lowest  being  raised  end  of 
pin. 

589.  Bent.  Length.  0.097  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0085  m.  Head  has  four  grooves.  lielow 
corrugation,  grooved  ring  and  two  plain  rings. 
Whole  pin  probably  solid. 

Group  iv.  Similar  to  Group  iii.,  but  with 
two  corrugations,  usually  with  ring  or 
rings  beneath. 

(«'.)  Without     rings.       Corrugation 
plain. 

590.  Length,  0.085  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.007  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves. 
Space  between  head  and  upper  corrugation  nar- 
row. Lower  corrugation  smaller  than  upper. 
Perhaps  belongs  to  Group  iii. 

591.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0225  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves.     Corrugations  look  separable. 

592.  Present  end  not  original.  Length, 
0.044  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m.     Edge 


(c'.)  With  two  rings  (really  j)erhap8  a 
grooved  corrugation). 

597.  End  gone.  Length,  0.059  ni.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.011  m.  Grooving  on  e<lge  of  head 
doubtful.  Beneath  lower  corrugation  grooved 
ring,  of  which  lower  part  forms  end  of  pin. 
Jacket  tapers  downwani  and  has  stem  larger 
than  top  of  \nu.    Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

598.  End  gone.  Length,  0.069  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.012  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves. 

599.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0123  m.  Edge 
has  two  grooves.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than 
head  of  pin  and  tapers. 

600.  Head  of  pin.  Length,  0.0135  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.013  m.  Two  grooves  in  edge. 
Under  side  of  head  convex.     Traces  of  iron  pin. 

601.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.018  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Two  grooves  in 
edge.  Pin  of  bronze.  Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin. 

602.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.071  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0145  m.  Top  of  head  slightly 
concave :  rim  raised.  Edge  of  head  tapers 
downwani,  and  has  two  grooves.  Stem  of  jacket 
larger  than  pin.  Head  and  jacket  taper  con- 
cavely. 

603.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0205  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Top  of  head  concave.  Knob 
on  low  base  and  outside  it  l)and  of  small  circles. 
Edge   of   head   tajiers,   and    has   two  grooves. 


of  head  has  two  grooves.     Stem  of  jacket  larger     Jacket  tapers  (slightly  concave).     Pin  of  iron, 
than  pin  at  toj).  604.  Pin  gone.    I^ength,  0.0155  m.    Diameter 

>  Cf.  the  somewhat  similar  bronze  pin  from  Villanova  (iron  age),  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  91,  fig.  5. 


1^ 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


229 


of  head,  0.019  m.  Around  knob,  band  of  spiral 
maeander.  Top  of  head  concave.  Edge  of  head 
tapers  concavely  and  has  two  grooves.  Lower 
etlge  finely  notched.  Lowest  ring  notched  on 
upper  etlge.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

605.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  gone. 
Length,  0.0185  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m. 
Around  bottom  of  knob,  band  of  circles.  Top  of 
head  concave,  with  slight  rise  in  centre.  Edge 
of  head  tapers  downward,  and  has  two  grooves. 
Head  and  jacket  tai>er  concavely.  Remains  of 
iron  j)in.  Probably  from  same  factory  as  No. 
606. 

606.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0215  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0188  m.  Knob  rests  on  base,  on  which 
band  of  circles.  Edge  of  head  tapers  down- 
ward, and  has  two  grooves.  Head  and  jacket 
taper  concavely.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

607.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.022  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0185  m.  Top  of  head  concave,  with 
rise  in  centre.  Edge  of  heail  stepped.  Remains 
of  iron  pin. 

608.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Top  of  head  concave.  In 
edge,  two  grooves.  Band  between  them  notched. 
Corrugations  have  oblique  grooves.  Head  and 
jacket  probably  one  piece. 

In  the  following  number  the  second  corruga- 
tion and  the  grooved  ring  have  changed  places. 

609.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0155  m.  Diameter 
of  heatl,  0.012  ni.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave. 
In  edge,  two  grooves.  Jacket  tapers  irregularly. 
Remains  of  bronze  pin.     Color  medium. 

(<?'.)  With  raised  band  between   the 
two  rings. 

610.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.016  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0105  m.  Knob  nearly  cylindrical  with 
gnwve  across  toj).  Top  of  head  concave  ;  edge 
has  three  grooves  and  perhaps  four.  Head  and 
jacket  taper.  Stem  of  jacket  tai)ers.  Color 
medium. 

^1  Most  of  i)in  gone.  Length,  0.0335  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0122  m.  Rim  of  head 
raised.  In  edge,  two  grooves.  Band  between 
them  nicked.     Lower  ring  nicked. 

Group  V.  Three  corrugations  and  grooved 
ring.     Corrugations  plain. 
Platk  LXXXIII. 

612.  Frombackof  South  Building.  End  gone, 
length,  0.064  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m. 
Edge  of  head  one  groove.  Taper  downward 
from  middle  corrugation. 

613.  Pin  gone.    Length,  0.027  m.    Diameter, 


of  head,  0.0205  m.  Top  of  head  concave,  with 
slight  rise  in  centre.  Edge  of  head  stepped,  as 
in  No.  607.  Corrugations  decrease  in  size  down- 
wani. Remains  of  iron  pin.  Probably  from 
same  factory  as  No.  607. 
Addenda. 

614.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0165  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.016  m.  Top  of  head  concave,  with 
raised  rim.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove. 
Middle  corrugation  thickest.  Edges  of  all  cor- 
rugations notched.    Remains  of  iron  pin. 

615.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  gone, 
length,  0.016  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m. 
Top  slightly  concave.  Edge  of  head  tapers  down- 
wani, and  has  two  grooves.     Pin  of  iron. 

Class  /3.   One  or  more  broad  corruyations 

tcith  rings. 

Group  i.  Simple.     One  bi-oad  plain  cor- 
rugation, with  one  or  two  rings  (or 
grooved    ring-corrugation)    at    either 
side.     Some  of  the  heads  thin. 
(«'.)  Upper  ring  single. 

616.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0555  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head  (corroded),  0.055  m.  One  ring 
above  corrugation,  grooved  ring  below.  Groove 
at  top  of  pin  where  it  joins  grooved  ring. 

(6'.)  Both  rings  double. 

617.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
bent.  Length,  0.0885  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.007  m.     No  knob.     Edge  of  head  grooved. 

618.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0165  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Band  of  dotted 
circles  on  top  of  head  at  edge. 

619.  End  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0115  m.     Faint  groove  in  edge. 

620.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.066  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0105  m.  Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin. 

621.  End  gone.  Length,  0.053  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0105  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Jacket  tapers  downward  from  upper  ring. 

Group  ii.  Kindred  miscellaneous  forms. 

622.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.09  ra.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.01  m.  Rim  of  head  rai.sed; 
edge  grooved  and  lower  edge  notched.  Two 
plain  corrugations,  of  which  the  upper  is  the 
larger.  It  has  notched  ring  on  either  side. 
Small  ring  beneath  lower  corrugation. 

623.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0785  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0145  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves.  One  large  spherical  corrugation,  above 
which  heavy  ring.  Below,  two  groups  of  rings, 
the  upper  of  three,  the  lower  of  two.     Stem  of 


II 


230 


THE  BRONZES 


«w. 


jacket  larger  than  pin.     Whole  pin  seems  to  be 
of  one  piece. 

624.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.018  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove. 
Under  side  of  head  has  flat,  slightly  elevated 
surface.  Two  corrugations ;  upjier,  the  larger, 
with  raised  grooved  ring.  Ring  on  either  side 
of  each  corrugation. 

Group  iii.  Two  corrugations,  of  which  one 
or  both  is  thick.  Usually  ornamented 
with  raised  bands,  which  may  be 
grooved.  Rings  above,  below,  and 
between. 

(a'.)    Both    corrugations   ornamented 

with  raised  band.     Above  upi>er  and 

beneath  lower  corrugation,  and  also 

between  corrugations,  a  single  ring. 

62Sl  From  south  slope.     Pin  gone.     Length, 

0.0255  m.    Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.    Knob 

conical.   Top  of  head  deeply  concave,  with  centre 

raised  above  rim.    Edge  of  head  grooved.  Lower 

edge  notched,  as  also  bands  on  corrugations  and 

lowest  ring.     Remains  of  iron  pin.     Head  and 

jacket  seem  one  piece. 

626.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0275  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0215  m.  Knob  cylindrical.  Etlge 
of  head  has  two  grooves,  with  band  between 
notched  vertically.  All  bands  and  rings 
notched.  Remains  of  bronze  pin.  Head  looks 
welded  to  jacket. 

(6'.)  Two  plain  corrugations,  with  sin- 
gle ring  al>ove  and  below  each. 

627.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0865  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.009  m.  Top  of  head  con- 
cave. Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves,  with  band 
between  notched. 


Possible  traces  of  notching 


on  nngs. 


(c'.)   Upper    corrugation  has    raised 
band.     Otherwise  same  as  above. 

628.  End  gone.  Length,  0.046  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0127  m.  Top  of  head  slightly 
concave.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove  and 
tapers  downward. 

629l  Point  gone, 
ter  of  head,  0.013 
raised  and  edge  has 
forms  top  of  pin. 

630.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Head 
damaged.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head 
0.011  m.  Upper  corrugation  about  twice  the 
size  of  lower  and  has  low  raised  band. 

631.  End  gone.     Length,  0.05  m.     Diameter 

*  Very  similar, 


Length,  0.094  m.  Diame- 
m.  Rim  of  heail  slightly 
two  grooves.     Lowest  ring 


of  head,  0.014  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove 
and  tapei-s  downwartl ;  rim  beveled.  Lower  rim 
of  head  notched,  as  also  band  on  corrugation, 
and  rings. 

632.  Length,  0.128  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0115  m.  Head,  corrugations,  and  rings  same 
as  in  No.  631. 

633.  Pin  gone.  Head  damaged.  Length, 
0.0225  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Top 
of  head  depressed.  Knob  on  base.  Head,  cor- 
rugations, and  rings  probably  same  as  in  No.  631. 
Remains  of  iron  pin. 

(d'.)  Similar.  Upper  corrugation  has 
raised  grooved  band,  lower  has  plain 
band. 

634.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.069  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Band  between  has 
fine  notching.     Stem  much  larger  than  jacket.^ 

(e'.)  Similar.  Both  coiTugations  have 
raised  grooved  band. 

635.  Pin  gone.  Head  much  corroded.  Length, 
0.03  ni.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0215  m.  Rim  of 
head  raised  and  top  concave.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves.  Uncertain  whether  pin  of  bronze 
or  ii-on. 

636.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.042  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0255  m.  Top  of  head  has  two  con- 
cave cii-cular  surfaces.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
gi'ooves.  Beneath  lower  ring  of  lower  corruga- 
tion, another  ring  and  small  corrugation.  Re- 
mains of  iron  pin. 

The  following  may  belong  with  either  (</')  or 

637.  Pin  and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.021  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.025  m. 
Edge  of  head  has  three  grooves;  lower  band 
notched.  Ring  on  either  side  of  corrugation. 
Bands  on  corrugation  notched. 

638.  From  West  Building.  IMn  and  lower 
part  of  jacket  gone.  Length,  0.002  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.0265  m.  Edge  of  top  tapei-s  and 
has  two  gi-ooves  with  notched  band.  Band 
on  corrugation  notched.  Filing  showed  color 
medium. 

(f.)  Two  plain  corrugations,  with  ring 
at  either  end  of  each  and  another 
ring  just  under  head. 
630.  End   gone.     Head   corroded.     Length, 
0.0425  m.     Edge  of  head  has  one  groove. 

640.  Most    of    pin    gone.     Head   corroded. 
I^ength,  0.0235  m.   Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m. 
Olympia,  Nu.  484. 


Ill 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


231 


Filing  showed  color  medium.     Pin  probably  all 
one  piece. 

641.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
three  grooves. 

(</'.)  Similar.  Upper  corrugation  has 
raised  grooved  band.  Lower  has 
plain  raised  band. 

642.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.035  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves. 

643.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0635  m.  Diameter  of  heatl,  0.0215  m.  Rim 
raised.  Eidge  of  head  has  two  grooves  with 
notched  band.  All  rings  and  bands  notched. 
Pin  was  inserted. 

(A'.)  Similar.  Both  corrugations  have 
raised  grooved  bands. 

644.  End  gone.  Length,  0.082  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0155  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves  with  band  jierhaps  notched. 

The  following.  No.  645,  jxissesses  an  elemen- 
tary form  of  the  head-ring,  and  may  be  placed 
under  either  (f/')  or  (/t'). 

645.  Pin  and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.025  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.026  m. 
Rim  raised  ;  edge  of  head  has  two  grooves  with 
notched  band.     Filing  showed  color  medium. 

(i'.)  Similar.  Upper  corrugation  has 
raised  double  groove  ;  lower  corruga- 
tion has  raised  single  groove. 

646.  End  gone.  Length,  0.088  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0215  m.  Knob  on  notched  base.  Edge 
of  heat^l  has  two  grooves  and  notched  band. 

Class  y.  One  rather  large  corrugation. 
Above^  a  single  ring  or  ring-corrugation, 
which  may  be  gn)Oved.  Beneath,  two  or 
more  rings  or  ring-cornigations. 
Group  i.  Single  ring  between  corruga- 
tion and  head. 

(a'.)  Single  grooved  ring  beneath  cor- 
rugation. Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Corrugation  plain. 

647.  From  south  slo))e.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.056  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0105  m.  Edge 
grooved. 

648.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  ni.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0117  m.  Row  of  dotted  circles  on  top 
of  bead.     Edge  grooved. 

(6'.)  Corrugation  with  raised  notched 
band.  Beneath,  small  plain  corruga- 
tion with  heavy  ring  at  each  side. 

649.  From  back  of  South  Building.   Pin  gone. 


Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m. 
Top  of  head  concave,  and  lower  rim  probably 
notched.  Under  side  of  head  stepped.  Upper 
and  lowest  ring  have  notches  on  both  edges. 
Remains  of  iron  pin. 

(c'.)  Corrugation  plain ;  beneath,  three 

rings,   the    middle    being    thickest 

and  grooved. 

650.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.158  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Top  of 
head  concave.  Edge  of  head  tapers  downward 
concavely  and  has  four  grooves.  Rest  of  jacket 
tapers  convexly.  Traces  of  notching  on  the  three 
single  rings. 

Group  ii.  With  double  or  grooved  ring 
between  corrugation  and  head. 
The  following,  Nos.  651,  652,  have  only  one 
ring  beneath  corrugation,  but  the  genei"al   ap- 
pearance and  style  resemble  the  others.     Corru- 
gation plain. 

651.  End  and  most  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.0335  m.  Small  knob  resembling  end  of  stem. 
Filing  showed  color  medium. 

652.  End  gone.  Length,  0.032  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0095  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Stem 
about  same  size  as  pin.     Probably  all  one  piece. 

The  following.  No.  653,  has  beneath  corru- 
gation a  grooved  ring  above  rectangular  block. 

653.  From  south  slope.  End  and  part  of 
head.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0095  m.  Stem  about  same  size  as  pin.  Rec- 
tangular block  has  grooved  collar. 

(a'.)  Simple.    Plain  corrugation  with 

grooved  ring  above  and  below. 

654  End  gone.    Point  not  original.    Length, 

0.049  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0095  m.     Edge 

of  head  grooved.     Stem  of  jacket  about  same 

size  as  pin.     Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

655.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.064  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m. 

656.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0475  m.     Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m. 

657.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0705  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0108  m.  Edge  of  heatl  grooved, 
and  on  top  ring  of  dotted  circles. 

(6'.)  Similar,  but  more  advanced,  and 
with  single  ring  added  undei'neath. 

658.  End  gone.  Length,  0.061  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.014  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves.  Jacket  tapers  downward.  Stem  of 
jacket  larger  than  pin. 

659.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.022  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.     Edge  of  head 


*•! 


I     * 


232 


THE   BRONZES 


Tooved.  Jacket  similar  to  that  of  No.  658. 
Stem  of  jacket  slightly  larger  than  pin.  Filing 
showed  color  medium. 

(c'.)  Similar  to  last,  but  with  two  rings 

underneath.    Second  ring  small  and 

grooved. 
660.  End  gone.  Point  not  original.  Length, 
0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Jacket  tapers  down- 
ward convexly.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than  pin. 
Pin  probably  one  piece. 

(fZ'.)  Beneath  corrugation,  smaller  one 

with  plain  ring  on  either  side.     (Cf. 

No.  649.)    Uppermost  ring  grooved 

as  before. 
66L  End  gone.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.01G5  m.  Top  of  head  slightly  con- 
cave. Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  First 
three  members  of  jacket  have  nearly  same  di- 
ameter; last  two  taper.  On  lower  side  of  top 
ring,  and  on  first  ring  beneath  main  corrugation, 
and  on  bottom  ring,  traces  of  notching.  Pin 
seems  inserted  into  lowest  ring.  Probably  from 
same  factory  as  No.  662. 

662.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  ra.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0165  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
srrooves,  with  notched  band  between.  Jacket 
similar  to  that  of  No.  661. 

Class  8.  Head  assimilated  to  jacket^  which 
{includinff  head^  consists  of  two  or  three 
members  placed  close  together^  and  ta^yers 
downward  slightly. 

Grouj)  i.  Two  members  in  jacket.  Up- 
per thin  and  plain.  Lower  thicker  and 
with  two  grooves. 

663.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0805  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Stem 
projects  through  top. 

Group  ii.  Three  members  tajiering  slight- 
ly downward.     Upper  and  lower  ones 
grooved. 
(«'.)  Middle  member  plain,  top  plain. 

664.  End  gone.  Condition  jKwr.  Length, 
0.0425  m.  Diameter  of  head,  O.Ol  m.  Edge  of 
head  has  three  grooves. 

(6'.)  All     three    members     grooved. 
Knob  on  top. 

665.  From  south  sloi>e.     Most  of  pin  gone. 


Length,  0.018  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0105  m. 
Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Second  and 
third  members  also  two  each. 

(c'.)  Middle   member   plain.     Eyelet 
on  top. 

666.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.114  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Height 
of  eyelet,  0.0025  m.  Head  has  four  grooves. 
Lowest  member  two.  Pin  probably  separate 
from  jacket. 

Unclassijied  addenda  to  Type  f. 

667.  From  south  slope.  Head  and  corruga- 
tions preserved.  Length,  0.0215  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  In  centre  of  top  of  head,  rec- 
tangular oj)ening  as  though  punched  through 
from  below.  Stem  projects.  On  top  surface 
of  head,  rosette.  Rim  raised.  Close  to  rim, 
very  fine  zigzag.  Stem  and  corrugation  are  of 
iron.' 

668.  From  south  slope.  End  and  head  gone. 
Length,  0.118  m.  Cf.  Nos.  460  and  48&  In 
top,  hole,  looking  as  if  upjier  part  of  jacket  Ijad 
been  fitted  to  it. 

669.  Most  of  pin  gone,  and  perhaps  a  head 
also.  Length,  0.0295  m.  Stem  projects  through 
top.  Lowest  ring  has  traces  of  notching.  Jacket 
seems  to  be  of  one  piece. 

Dincarils  of  Type  f:  sixty -five,  of  which  two  from  back 
of  South  Building,  and  one  from  south  slope. 

Type  g.  Headless.  Jacket  of  two  corrnga- 
tions,  one  or  both  of  which  are  orna- 
mented, and  have  on  either  side  a  ring.- 
On  top,  an  eyelet. 

Form  1.  Ornamentatiox   encircles   cor- 
rugations HORIZONTALLY. 
Class  a.   Upper    corrugation    has    raised 
band. 

Group  i.  Lower  corrugation  plain. 
(//'.)  All  rings  and  bands  plain. 

670.  Eyelet  broken.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.051  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation, 
0.013  m.     (Cf.  No.  699.) 

671.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0235  m. 
Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  ni. 

672.  Point  probably  gone.  Length,  0.1055  ra. 
Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  ni. 

(6'.)  All  rings  have  fine  notching. 

673.  Length,  0.144  m.     Diameter  of  upper 


1  For  more  elaborate  rosette,  cf.  Orsi,  '  Necropolis  del  the  gold  rosette  from  a  tholos  tomb  at  Praesos,  ibid. 

Fusoo,'  Not.  degli  Scan,  1895,  p.  169.     Orsi  sees  (note  2)  VIII.  p.  243  (Bosanquet). 

reminiscence  of  Mycenaean  style.     Tomb  early  archaic.  ^  With  this  type  may  be  compared  Olympia,  No.  488, 

Cf.  rosettes  on    bone   objects  from    the    Dictaean   cave,  which  is  different  in  style  (has  vertical  grooves  and  coni- 

BrUiah  Schooi  Annual,  VI.  p.  113,  fig.  49  (Hogarth),  and  cal  apex),  and  is  said  by  Furtwangler  to  be  of  later  date. 


1 


'11 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


233 


corrugation,  0.015  m.     Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin. 

674.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.1275  m.  Di- 
ameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.017  m.  Pin 
]x>ssibly  inserted. 

Group  ii.  Both  corrugations  have  raised 
grooved  band. 

675.  End  gone.  Eyelet  broken.  Length, 
0.076  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012 
m.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than  pin,  which  is  pos- 
sibly inserted. 

676.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0625  m.  Di- 
ameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0105  m.  Stem 
of  jacket  larger  than  pin,  which  is  possibly  in- 
serted. 

677.  Length,  0.123  m.  Diameter  of  upjier 
corrugation,  0.013  m.  Stem  about  same  size  as 
top  of  pin. 

Class  p.    Upper    corrugation   has    raised 
double  (or  grooved)  band. 
Group  i.  Lower  corrugation  plain. 

678.  End  gone.  Length,  0.037  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upi>er  corrugation,  0.012  m.  Stem  between 
corrugations  smaller  than  top  of  pin. 

679.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.081  m.  Diameter  of  upper  cor- 
rugation, 0.0115  m. 

Group  ii.  Lower  corrugation  has  raised 
band.  Bands  and  rings  notched  in 
almost  every  case. 

680.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0675  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upi)er  corrugation,  0.0125  m.  Stem  same 
size  as  pin,  which  looks  inserted. 

681.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0395  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upper  corrugation,  0.0123  m.  Stem  same 
size  as  pin,  which  is  perhaps  inserte<l. 

682.  From  .south  slo^ie.  Point  gone.  Length, 
0.117  m.  Diameter  of  upjier  corrugation, 
0.012  m. 

683.  Point  probably  not  original.  Length, 
0.095  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012 
ra.  Steuj  larger  than  pin.  Top  of  head  has 
grooves  from  centre  to  rim. 

684.  Most  of  pin  gone.  I^ength,  0.0385  m. 
Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.013  m.  Same 
grooves  on  top  as  in  No.  683. 

685.  End  gone.  Length,  0.081  m.  Diam- 
eter of  upper  corrugation,  0.013  m.  Head  as  in 
No.  68a 

686.  From  south  slope.  En<l  gone.  Length, 
0.098  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0125 
m.     Head  as  in  No.  68a     Pin  perhaps  inserted. 

687.  Most  of  pin  gone.     length,  0.047  m. 


Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0135  m.     Head 
as  in  No.  683. 

688.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.057  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0165 
m.  Stem  larger  than  pin.  Upper  part  of  pin 
round.     Below,  rudely  diamond-shaped. 

689.  End  gone.  Length,  0.072  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upi)er  corrugation,  0.016  m.  Head  as  in 
No.  68a     Stem  larger  than  pin. 

The  following  three  have  or  had  pins  of  iron. 

690.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0195  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upper  corrugation,  0.013  m.  Top  as  in 
No.  68a     Stem  larger  than  pin. 

691.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.022  m.  Diameter  of  top  corrugation,  0.015  m. 
Top  as  in  No.  68a     Stem  larger  than  pin. 

692.  Length,  0.023  m.  Diameter  of  top  corru- 
gation, 0.0155  m.  Head  similar  to  that  of  No. 
683,  but  gi-ooves  fewer.  On  under  side  of  lower 
corrugation,  low  flat  ring. 

The  following  number  has  two  rings  above 
upper  corrugation. 

69a  End  gone.  Length,  0.099  m.  Diame- 
ter of  top  corrugation,  0.0115.  Lower  corruga- 
tion somewhat  larger.  Head  as  in  No.  68a 
Stem  larger  than  pin. 

Class  y-  Upper  corrugation  has  raised  band 
with  double  grooves. 
Group  i.  Lower  corrugation  plain. 

694.  End  gone.  Length,  0.064  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upper  corrugation,  0.011  m. 

695.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0645  m.  Diame- 
ter of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  m.  On  upper 
and  lower  halves  of  corrugation  leaf  ornament. 
Pin  perhaps  inserted. 

Group  ii.  Lower  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band. 

696.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Diameter  of  upper 
corrugation,  0.0115  m.  Head  as  in  No.  68a 
Stem  larger  than  i)in. 

Group  iii.  Lower  corrugation  has  double 
grooved  band.  Double  ring  beneath 
lower  corrugation. 

697.  Present  point  probably  not  original. 
Length,  0.092  m.  Diameter  of  upjier  corruga- 
tion, 0.012  m.  On  both  halves  of  upper  corruga- 
tion, leaf  ornament  as  in  No.  695.  All  rings 
notched. 

Form  2.  Ornamentation  of  corrugations 
vertical. 

698.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,   0.134    m.     Diameter    of    upper    cor- 


i 


r 


i 


234 


THE  BRONZES 


vv 


V' 


rugation,  0.014  m.  Both  corrugations  have 
light  double  vertical  grooves,  and  on  upper  side 
of  top  corrugation  circles  between  grooves. 

Addenda  to  Type  g.  In  the  following  the  eye- 
lets, if  such  existed,  have  been  lost.  This  fact, 
and  their  peculiar  form,  renders  their  classifica- 
tion uncertain,  although  they  probably  belong  to 
this  type. 

699.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.056  m.  Diameter  of  upper 
corrugation,  0.011  m.  Kings  small.  Upper  cor- 
rugation plain.^ 

Discards  q/'Type  g:  seven,  of  which  one  from  south 
slope. 

Type  h.  Iron  pins  with  round  rectangular 
and  polygonal  bronze  heads. 
Form  1.  Pin  inserted  directly  into  head 
without  any  neck. 

700.  Pin  mostly  gone.  Length,  0.024  ra.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.019  m.  Possibly  not  a  pin, 
but  iron  rod  with  knobs. 

The  following  numbers  are  of  more  uncertain 
classification. 

701.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0135  m.  Diameter,  0.014  m.  Pierced  by  rec- 
tangular hole,  in  which  are  remains  of  iron  pin 
or  rod. 

702.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0135  m.    Diameter,  0.0135  m. 

Form  2.  Pin  inserted  into  projection  on 

lower  side  of  head. 
Pin  gone  in  all  examples  of  Classes  a,  fi,  y,  8. 

Class  a.  Round  plain  heads,  mostly  with 
ornament  at  top. 

703.  Length,  0.0125  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.01  m.  Length  of  neck,  0.004  m.  Top  of  head 
broken  as  though  ornament  had  been  lost.  Neck 
has  two  grooves.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

704.  From  south  slope.  Ornament  on  head 
injured.  Length,  0.019  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0125  m.  Ornament  consists  of  four  petals 
about  a  low  stem.^     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

705.  From  south  slope.  Ornament  injured. 
Length,  0.021  ra.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m. 
Filing  showed  color  medium. 

Class  /3.  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  vnth  poly- 
gonal heads. 
Group  i.  Hexagonal. 

706.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Orna- 
ment injured.  Length,  0.019  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.015  m.     Lower  neck  has  three  rings,  of 

1  Perhaps  No.  670  should  be  put  here. 

^  Professor  Norton  regards  these   heads  with  flower 


which  centi-al  one  is  notched.    Remains  of  iron 
pin. 

Group  ii.  Pentagonal. 

707.  Ornament  injured.  Length,  0.018  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Filing  showed  color 
medium. 

708.  From  south  »\o\^.  Length,  0.022  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  O.OIG  m.  Ornament  of  five 
petals  about  a  stem.  Lower  neck  has  four  rings, 
of  which  second  from  top  is  notched.  Sides  of 
polygon  separated  by  segments  of  original  cir- 
cumference. 

Class  y.  Similar^    hut    with    rectangular 
heads. 

709.  Length,  0.017  m.  Ornament  injured. 
Has  five  petals. 

710.  Length,  0.018  m.  Ornament  of  five 
petals  injured.  Ring  beneath  notched.  Neck 
has  three  rings. 

711.  LengUi,  0.022  m.  Flower  of  four  petals. 
Heavy  ring  with  notching  beneath.  Neck  has 
three  rings.     Traces  of  iron  pin. 

712.  Length,  0.0225  ni.  Flower  injured ;  of 
six  petals.  Ring  beneath  notched.  Neck  has 
three  rings. 

In  the  two  following  numbers  the  flower  is 
moilified. 

713.  Ornament  not  divided  (the  present  fis- 
sures due  to  corrosion).  Length,  0.0205  m. 
Neck  has  three  rings.     Traces  of  iron  pin. 

714.  Length,  0.0175  m.  Ornament  injured. 
Neck  has  three  rings.     Remains  of  iron  pin. 

Class  L  Hound   and  conical  heads   with 
sides  ornamented.     Top  with  or  without 
ornaments. 
Group  i.  With  fluted  sides. 

715.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter,  0.0155  m. 
Originally  probably  had  ornament.  Sides  di- 
vided by  five  grooves.  Neck  has  three  rings. 
Pin  probably  of  iron. 

716.  Originally  probably  had  ornament.  Sides 
divided  by  seven  grooves.  Neck  has  large  corru- 
gation, with  ring  on  either  side.  Corrugation 
has  eight  grooves.     Traces  of  iron  pin. 

In  the  following  number  the  grooving  is  con- 
tinuous through  head  and  neck,  which  is  not 
sharply  marked  from  head. 

717.  Top  injured.  Length,  0.014  m.  Diame- 
ter, 0.011  m.  In  top  round  hole,  in  which  ap- 
pears short  stub  as  of  stem.  Head  divided  into 
five  main  segments.     Of  these  two  in  the  lower 

ornament  at  top  as  imitations  of  pomegranates,  and  refers 
to  Pausanias,  II.  xvii.  4. 


'H 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


235 


part  and  one  in  the  upper  are  subdivided  each 
into  two  smaller  segments. 

Group  ii.  With  engraved  sides. 

(a'.)  Rounded. 
7ia  Length,  0.0155  m.  Diameter,  0.0085  m. 
Head  divided  into  thi*ee  parts  by  zigzags  from 
top  to  bottom.  Neck  has  three  rings,  of  which 
the  upper  two  are  notched,  and  below  these  two 
others,  of  which  the  upper  one  is  notched. 

(6'.)  Conical. 

719.  Length,  0.0245  m.  Diameter,  0.012  m. 
Head  divided  into  four  segments.  On  these, 
on  lower  half,  run  dotted  lines  meeting  at 
acute  angle  just  above  middle.  Dotted  circle  at 
base  of  each  segment.  Neck  has  three  rings; 
centre  one  notched.  Filing  showed  medium 
color. 

Type  L  Head  separate   and  has  form  of 

animal  (lion). 
Plate  LXXXIV. 

720.  From  West  Building.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0425  m.  Below  lion's  head  are  corrugations 
sejjarated  from  it  by  deep  grooves,  in  the  bottom 
of  which  low  ring.  Forehead  of  lion  full,  with 
heavy  furrow  down  centre.  Eye  sockets  round, 
with  prominent  brows.  Nostrils  marked.  Muzzle 
marked  with  grooves.*  Lower  part  of  pin  head 
has  five  corrugations,  tai>ering  concavely,  and 
below  these  a  rectangular  block. 

Tjrpe  j.  Ring  headed. 

721.  From  south  sloi)e.  Length,  0.1165  m. 
Outer  diameter  of  ring,  0.015  m.  Bar  of  ring 
diamond-shai)ed  in  section.  Pin  broad  and  flat 
at  junction  with  ring.* 

Type  k.  Head  consists  of    disk,  with   or 
without  prolongation  above,  and,  at  some 
distance  beneath  it,  one  or  two  balls,  or 
beads.'^ 
Form  1.  No  prolongation  of  stem  above 

DISK. 

Group  i.  Upper  part  of  shaft  round. 

722.  Length,  0.299  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0195  m.  Length  of  neck,  0.044  m.  Much 
copj>er  in  pin,  shown  by  color  and  flexibility. 

»  For  classification  see  III.  5,  Type  b  (p.  203,  above). 

•  Similar  (but  for  swelling  of  shaft),  Montelius,  Civ. 
Prim.  It.  pi.  15,  No.  12,  from  Terramare  of  Campeg- 
giiie  of  Keggfio  iiell'  Emilia.  Age  of  Bronze.  Cf.  also 
Olympia,  No.  492,  which  diflFers  in  having  end  of  ring 
bound  about  shaft. 

■  Pins  of  this  type  numerous  at  Tegea.  Cf.  Milchhofer, 
Athen.  Mitth.  V.  p.  67.  Milchhofer  regards  them  as 
"  Heftnadein  oder  Werkzeuge  f Ur  Handarbeit."  He  seems 
to  consider  these  and  the  spits  (according  to  him  spindles) 


Group  ii.  Upper  part  of  shaft  rectangu- 
lar. 

723.  End  gone.  Length,  0.138  m.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  circ.  0.011  m.  Length  of  neck, 
0.034  m.     Ball  oblong. 

724.  End  gone.  Length,  0.185  m.  Length 
of  neck,  0.036  m.  Head  concave  in  centre.  Ring 
at  either  end  of  ball  nearly  rectangular. 

Discard  of  Group  ii.  :  one  fragment. 

Form  2.  Shaft     has     short     extension 

ABOVE  disk.* 

Class  a.  One  ball. 
Group  i.  Entire  shaft  round. 

Extension  above  disk  sliort,  and  so  far 
as  preserved  consisting  of  single  sec- 
tion. 

725.  End  broken.  Length,  0.078  m.  Ex- 
tension, 0.005  m.  Neck,  0.015  m.  Extension 
rather  thick.  Neck  smaller  than  body.  Ball 
nearly  round,  with  ring  at  either  side. 

726.  Present  jwint  probably  not  original. 
Length,  0.112  m.  Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck, 
0.016  m.  Extension  rather  flat.  Neck  smaller 
than  shaft.     Ball  elongated. 

727.  Condition  poor.  Shaft  and  extension 
both  bi-oken.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Neck,  0.015  m. 
Neck  slightly  thicker  than  shaft.  Ball  nearly 
round,  with  ring  at  either  side. 

Group  ii.  Neck  round.     Upper  part  of 
shaft  beneath  ball  rectangular, 
(a'.)  Thick  extension,  of  one  section, 

rounded  at  the  top,  and  resting  on 

low  base. 

728.  Condition  poor.  Shaft  mostly  gone. 
Length,  0.054  ni.  Extension,  0.0075  m.  Neck, 
0.019  m.     Ball  oblate,  with  ring  at  either  side.^ 

(b'.)  Extension  which  rests  on  base, 
with  flat  cap  on  top  which  overhangs 
the  tapered  upper  portion  of  the  ex- 
tension. Rectangular  part  of  shaft 
usually  ornamented  with  engraved 
zigzag  and  separated  from  round 
part  by  one  or  more  grooves. 

729.  End   gone.     Condition   poor.    Length, 

as  essentially  the  same  class  of  object.  —  A  pin  of  this  type 
is  in  the  museum  at  Eleusis  and  a  bundle  of  them  in  Nat. 
Mus.,  Athens,  No.  10081.  Example  of  Forms  1  and  2 
are  in  the  museum  at  Sparta. 

*  The  example  from  Boeotia  now  in  Berlin  (Boehlau, 
Jahrb.  III.  p.  363  g)  differs  in  details  from  Argos  speci- 


mens. 


*  Cf.  Athen.  Mitth.  V.  pi.  iv.  (lower  right-hand  cor- 
ner), from  Tegea  (MUchhiifer). 


236 


THE   BRONZES 


|! 


cire.  0.205  m.     Extension,   0.008    m.     Neck, 

0.019  ni.     Ball  oblate,  with  ring  at  each  side. 

Shaft    beneath,   rectangle,  then     two    shallow 

grooves,   then   rounded.     Traces  of  zigzag  on 

rectangular  part  of  shaft. 

730.  End  gone.     Condition  poor.     Length, 

0.108  m.     Extension,  0.007  m.     Neck,  0.024  ni. 

Ball  round,  with  rings.     Details  as  in  No.  729. 
73L  Length,  0.316  m.    Extension,  0.0155  m. 

Neck,  0.024  m.     Ball  with  ring  at  either  side. 

Zigzag  on  rectangular  part. 

Group  iii.  Transition  at  neck,  which  is 
generally  rectangular  in  form,  but  with 
rounded  corners.  Extension  like 
Group  ii.,  (6). 

732.  Length,  0.227  m.  Extension,  0.0065  ni. 
Neck,  0.019  m.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 
Ball  slightly  elongated.  Material  largely  cop- 
per. 

733.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.237  ni. 
Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck,  0.019  m.  Possible 
traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle.  Material  mainly 
copper. 

734.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.209  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.0235  m. 
Sides  of  rectangle  have  ziffzajr. 

736.  Length,  0.0233  m.  Extension,  0.0065 
m.  Neck,  0.0235  m.  Neck  octagonal.  Ball 
round.     Probably  traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 

Group  iv.  Rectangular  neck,  usually  with 
corners  somewhat  rounded, 
(a'.)  Extension  has  rounded  top  with- 
out cap. 
73a  Length,  0.131  m.     Extension,  0.004  ni. 
Neck,  0.013  m.     Ball  oblate,  with  ring  at  either 
end. 

737.  Condition  poor.  Pin  gone.  Disk  dam- 
aged. Length,  0.085  ni.  Extension,  0.0075  m. 
Neck,  0.022  ni.     Ball  with  ring  at  either  end. 

The  following,  Nos.  738-741,  have  ornamen- 
tation on  both  neck  and  rectangle. 

738.  Length,  0.139  m.  Extension,  0.0045  ni. 
Neck,  0.023  m.  Two  sides  of  neck  have  zigzag. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle.  Goo<l  deal  of 
copper  in  pin. 

73a  Point  injured.  Length.  0.228  m.  Ex- 
tension, 0.006  m.  Neck,  0.033  m.  Zigzag  on 
two  sides,  and  also  on  three  sides  of  rectanirle. 
Pin  mainly  of  copper. 

The  two  following,  Nos.  740,  741,  are  less 
certainly  to  be  put  here,  on  account  of  j)oor  con- 
dition of  extensions. 

740.  Poor  condition.    Length,  0.175  m.    Ex- 


tension, 0.0078  m.  Neck,  0.023  m. ;  has  on  two 
sides  traces  of  zigzag.  On  all  sides  of  rectangle 
traces  of  zigzag.     Pin  mainly  of  copper. 

741.  Most  of  pin  and  disk  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.092  m.  Extension,  0.008  m. 
Neck,  0.034  m.  Has  on  all  sides  zigzag,  as  also 
rectangle.     Pin  mainly  of  copper. 

(6'.)  Extension  has  cap  and  usually  a 
base. 
(1'.}  Single  plain  cap. 

(a'.)  Neck    plain.      Rectangular 
part  of  boily  ornamented. 

742.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0234  m.  Exten- 
sion, 0.008  m.  Neck,  0.0245  m.  Traces  of  zig- 
zag on  rectangle.     Pin  of  copper. 

743.  End  and  most  of  disk  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.186  m.  Extension,  0.002  m. 
Neck,  0.0165  m.    Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 

744.  Condition  poor.  length,  0.057  m.  Ex- 
tension, 0.008  m.  Neck,  0.021  ra.  Zigzag  on 
rectangle. 

745.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.144  m.  Extension,  0.006  m.  On  rectangle, 
traces  of  lines  close  to  edges,  with  zigzag  between. 
Probably  largely  of  copper. 

746.  Bent  into  coil.  Extension,  0.008  m. 
Neck,  0.014  m.  Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at 
end  and  on  one  side  three.  Sides  have  frame 
of  two  lines,  one  close  to  each  edge,  with  zigzag 
between. 

747.  End  gone.  Length,  0.138  m.  Exten- 
sion, 0.0085  ni.  Neck.  0.0275  m.  Rectangle 
has  two  grooves  at  end  and  traces  on  two  sides 
of  zigzag. 

(/8'.)  Neck   and    rectangle   orna- 
mented, 
(i'.)  Extension  without  base. 

748.  End  and  most  of  disk  gone.  Condition 
poor.  length,  0.125  m.  Extension,  0.0055  m. 
Neck,  0.024  m.  Has  on  two  sides  traces  of 
zigzag.  Rectangle  terminates  with  two  grooves; 
on  sides  traces  of  zigzag. 

749.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.1825  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.022  m., 
with  traces  of  zigzag  on  all  sides.  Rectangle 
with  grooves  at  en<l  and  traces  of  zigzag. 

(ii'.)  Extension  has  no  base, 
but  has  a  double  link. 
760.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.099  m.  Extension,  0.009  m.  Neck,  0.02  m. 
Rectangle  has  probably  two  grooves  at  end. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  two  sides  of  neck  and  rec- 
tangle. 


PINS  :  STRAIGHT 


237 


760  a.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.045  m.  Extension,  0.0085  m.  Neck, 
0.019  m.  Sides  ta|)er  slightly  toward  top. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  three  sides  of  neck,  also  on 
three  sides  of  rectangle. 

(,iii'.)  Extension  has  base,  link, 
and  cap. 

761.  End  gone.  Condition  iK)or.  Length, 
0.133  m.  Extension,  0.006  m.  Neck,  0.0235  m., 
with  sides  tapering  toward  top.  Probably  double 
groove  at  end  of  rectangle,  sides  of  which  taper 
downward.  Ti-aces  of  zigzag  on  neck  and  rec- 
tangle.    Pin  mostly  of  copper. 

762.  End  gone.  Condition  |)oor.  Length, 
0.187  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.022  m., 
with  sides  increasing  towartl  either  end,  and  zig- 
zag on  all  four.  Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at 
end,  and  zigzag  on  sides. 

753i  Most  of  shaft  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.083  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck, 
0.032  m.,  with  zigzag  on  sides  and  line  along 
edge ;  and  on  one  side  part  way  down  centre. 
Sides  of  rectangle  taper  downward.  Traces  of 
zigzag. 

764.  End  gone.  Condition  })oor.  Length, 
0.169  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.028 
m.,  with  traces  of  zigzag  on  three  sides.  Rec- 
tangle has  two  grooves  at  end,  and  lines  around 
e<lges  of  sides,  inclosing  zigzag. 

766.  From  above  last  part  of  Stoa,  under 
Cyclo|)ean  wall,  1893.  Point  injured.  Length, 
0.26  m.  Extension,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.0265  m., 
with  sides  tapering  toward  top.  Pi-obably  traces 
of  zigzag  on  one  side.  Rectangle  has  groove  at 
end,  and  zigzag  on  all  sides.  Material  mainly 
copper. 

756  End  gone.  Length,  0.209  m.  Exten- 
sion, 0.008  m.  Neck,  0.003  m.,  tapering  slightly 
upwartl,  with  zigzag  on  sides,  and  ti*aces  of  fram- 
ing line  along  edges.  Rectangle  has  three 
grooves  at  end  and  zigzags,  with  framing  line  as 
on  neck.     Material  mainly  copper. 

767.  Point  dull.  Length,  0.2635  m.  Ex- 
tension, 0.0085  m.  Neck,  0.0275  m.,  with  zigzag 
on  sides,  and  traces  of  framing  line.  At  end  of 
rectangle,  two  grooves.  Sides  of  rectangle  taper 
downward  and  have  zigzag  and  traces  of  fram- 
ing line.     Material  largely  copper. 

768.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.142  m.  Extension,  0.028  m.  Neck, 
0.017  m.,  with  sides  tapering  toward  top,  and 
traces  of  zigzag.  Rectangle  with  sides  tapering 
downward,  and  traces  of  zigzag. 


769.  End  gone.  Length,  0.157  m.  Exten- 
sion, 0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.022  m. ;  tapers  slightly 
upward ;  traces  of  zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers 
downward  ;  traces  of  zigzag. 

760.  Point  injured.  Length,  0,192  m.  Ex- 
tension, 0.009  m.  Neck,  0.0195  m. ;  tapers 
slightly  toward  top.  Traces  of  zigzag.  Rec- 
tangle tapers  downward;  has  traces  of  zigzag. 
Material  largely  copper. 

761.  Point  injured.  Length,  0.212  m.  Ex- 
tension, 0,0065  m.  Neck,  0.0315  ra.,  with  traces 
of  zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers  downward,  with 
traces  of  zigzag.     Material  largely  copper. 

762.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.233  m.  Extension,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.031  m., 
tai)ering  toward  centre  from  both  ends,  and  with 
traces  of  zigzag.  Rectangle  has  groove  at  end, 
and  zigzags. 

763.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.235  m. 
Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.022  m.,  tapering 
from  top  for  short  distance.  Zigzag  on  all  sides. 
Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at  end  and  zigzag  on 
all  sides. 

764.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  shaft  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.067  m.  Extension, 
0.0085  m.  Neck,  0.0215  m.  Tapers  upward. 
Zigzag  on  sides,  also  on  sides  of  rectangle. 

765.  Length,  0.319  m.  Extension,  0.0105 
m.  Neck,  0.035  m.,  tapering  from  ends  towai-d 
centre,  with  zigzag  on  sides.  Same  ornament 
on  sides  of  rectangle.  Material  largely  cop- 
per. 

766.  Point  injured.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.262  m.  Extension,  0.01  uj.  Neck,  0.026  m., 
tapers  fi-om  ends  to  centre,  with  zigzag  on  sides. 
Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at  end  and  zigzag  on 
sides.     Material  largely  copper. 

767.  End  gone.  Length,  0.2  m.  Extension, 
0.0095  m.  Neck,  0.0315  ra.,  tapering  from 
bottom  UJ),  and  witli  zigzag  on  sides.  Rectangle 
has  two  grooves  at  end,  and  zigzag  on  sides. 
Material  largely  copper. 

768.  End  gone.  Length,  0.169  m.  Exten- 
sion, 0.0095  m.  Neck,  0.033  ra.,  tapers  upwai*d 
from  base.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  two  sides.  Rec- 
tangle has  zigzag.     Material  largely  copper. 

769.  End  coiled,  but  pin  complete.  Exten- 
sion, 0.01  m.  Neck,  0.0365  ra.,  tapering  from 
ends  to  centre.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  sides,  also 
on  rectangle.     Material  as  above. 

770.  Length,  0.342  m.  Extension,  0.0175  m. 
Neck,  0.034  ra.,  with  zigzags.  Zigzags  also  on 
rectangle. 


(  I 


t 


238 


THE  BRONZES 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


239 


771.  Pin  mainly  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.098  m.  Extension,  0.011  ni.  Neck, 
0.035  m.,  tapers  from  ends  to  centre,  with  traces 
of  zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers  downward,  traces 
of  zigzag. 

772.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.265  m.  Extension,  0.0125  m.  Neck,  0.039  m., 
tapers  from  top  toward  centre,  with  traces  of 
zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers  downward,  with  traces 
of  zigzag.     Material  largely  copper. 

773.  End  gone.  Length,  0.205  m.  Exten- 
sion,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.033  m.,  tapers  from  ends 
toward  centre.  Rectangle  tapers  downwartl. 
Both  neck  and  rectangle  with  zigzags.  Material 
largely  copper. 

774.  End  coiled,  like  No.  746.  Extension, 
0.012  m.  Neck,  0.03  m.,  with  zigzags,  as  also 
rectangle,  which  tapers  downward.  Material 
largely  copper. 

The  following  number  has  double  ring  on 
each  side  of  ball. 

77&  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.302  m.  Extension,  0.0065  m.  Neck,  0.027  m. 
The  rings  farthest  from  ball,  on  each  side,  form 
ends  of  neck  and  rectangle,  which  tapers  down- 
ward. Zigzags  on  neck  and  rectangle.  Two 
grooves  at  end  of  rectangle. 

(iv').  Extension  has  base  and 
cap. 

776.  Most  of  shaft  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck, 
0.0305  m.,  tapers  from  ends  to  centre.  On  neck 
and  rectangle,  traces  of  zigzags.  Material  mostly 
copper. 

777.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.085  m.  Extension,  0.0085  m.  Neck, 
0.033  m.,  tapers  from  ends  toward  centre.  Traces 
of  zigzag,  as  also  on  rectangle,  which  tapers 
downward.     Material  mostly  copper. 

Undeaned  addenda  to  (1'). 

778.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.12  m.  Extension  has  base,  two  links,  and  cap. 
Length  of  extension,  0.011  m.  Neck,  0.029  m., 
tapers  toward  top.  Rectangle  tapers  down- 
ward. 

779.  End  gone.  Condition  \wot.  Length, 
0.137  m.  Extension,  0.0182  m.,  has  base,  three 
links,  and  cap.  Neck,  0.025  m.  Rectangle 
tapers  downward. 

780.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.177  m.  Extension,  0.016  m.,  consists  of  base, 
two  or  three  links,  and  cap.  Neck,  0.038  m., 
with  centre  smaller  than  ends. 


(2'.)  Double  cap,  also  base,  link 
(or  links). 

Both  neck  and    rectangle  orna- 
mented. 

781.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.217  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.0235  m. 
Cap  double  or  grooved.  Rectangle  has  traces 
of  zigzag. 

782.  Length,  0.133  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m. 
Neck,  0.023  m.,  tapers  from  bottom  upward. 
Rectangle  tapers  downward,  with  groove  at  lower 
end.  Neck  and  rectangle  have  zigzags.  Material 
largely  copper. 

783.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.159  m.  Extension,  0.0095  m.  Neck,  0.029  m. 
Rectangle  tapers  downward,  has  two  grooves  at 
lower  end.  Neck  and  rectangle  have  zigzag 
within  frame.     Material  largely  copi>er. 

The  following  three  numl)ers  probably  belong 
here,  though  they  could  possibly  go  with  fol- 
lowing Class  /8. 

784.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  shaft  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.052  m.  Extension, 
0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.024  m.  Zigzag  (traces)  on 
neck  and  rectangle  (broken). 

785.  Broken  at  neck.  Condition  bad.  Length, 
0.036  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.026  m. 
Traces  of  zigzag. 

786.  From  West  Building.  Broken  at  lower 
end  of  ball.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.061  m. 
Extension,  0.013  m.  Neck,  0.035  m.  Exten- 
sion has  double  ring  between  base  and  link. 
Two  rings  above  the  ball,  of  which  upper  is  end 
of  neck.     Traces  of  zigzags. 

Undeaned  addendum  to  (2^).     Doubtful. 

787.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Exten- 
sion, 0.0175  m.,  consists  of  base,  four  small  cor- 
rugations, and  cap.  Neck,  0.035  m.  Rectangle 
tapers  down. 

(3'.)  Triple  cap. 

788.  Undeaned.  Broken.  Condition  bad. 
Length,  0.09  m.  Extension,  0.0088  m.  Neck, 
0.021  m.     Double  ring  on  each  side  of  ball. 

Class  p.   Two  halls. 
Group  i.      Neck    and  section  between 
balls  round.     Beneath  lower  ball  rec- 
tangle. 

Extension  with  base,  link,  and  cap. 

789.  Point  probably  not  original.  I^ength, 
0.289  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Upper  neck 
round,  with  length,  0.023  m.  I^wer  neck  has 
six  unequal  sides,  0.011  ni.  Ring  at  either  side 
of  each  ball.     Grooved  at  lower  end  of  rec- 


tangle.    Traces  of  engraved  lines  on  sides  of 
rectangle. 

Group  ii.  Both  necks  rectangular.     Be- 
neath lower  ball,  rectangle. 

Extension  with  base,  link,  and  cap. 

790.  End  gone.  Length,  0.22  m.  Exten- 
sion, 0.0075  m.  Upper  neck,  length,  0.0235  m. 
Tapers  for  short  distance  from  bottom.  Lower 
neck,  0.0145  m.  Ring  on  each  side  of  balls. 
Rectangle  below  lower  ball  tapers.  Traces  of 
zigzag  on  one  side  of  upi)er  neck,  and  of  frame 
and  zigzag  on  lower  neck.  Material  chiefly 
copper. 

791.  Pin  mainly  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.11  m.  Extension  has  link  also  above  ring; 
length,  0.012  m.  Upper  neck,  length,  0.034  m. 
Lower  neck,  0.012  m.  Rectangle  tapers  down- 
ward. No  trace  of  ornament  left  on  necks; 
trace  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 

Addenda  to  Tjrpe  k  (Nos.  792-«07). 

i.  The  following  cleaned  fragments  are  inter- 
esting chiefly  because  the  provenience  of 
many  is  known. 
(</'.)  Disk  preserved. 

792.  From  south  slope.  Extension,  disk,  and 
neck.  Length,  0.04  m.  Length  of  extension, 
0.0065  m.     No  certain  traces  of  ornament. 

793.  Broken  at  bottom  of  ball.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Length  of  extension,  0.0065  m.  Length 
of  neck,  0.023  m.     Traces  of  zigzag  on  neck. 

794.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Broken 
at  neck.  Length,  0.024  m.  Length  of  exten- 
sion, 0.0115  m. 

795.  From  West  Building.  Broken  at  neck. 
Condition  i)oor.  Length,  0.026  m.  Length  of 
extension,  0.0105  m. 

(6'.)  One  ball  with  piece  at  each  side.  — 
While  a  doubt  is  possible  whether  these 
pieces  belong  here  rather  than  under 
spitSy  they  are,  mainly,  quite  certainly 
pins,  because  of  the  relative  smallness  of 
the  necks  as  compared  with  the  rectangle. 

796.  Fragment  of  neck,  ball,  and  rectangle. 
Length,  0.086  m.  Elongated  ball.  Rectangle 
has  groove  at  lower  end,  and  zigzag  on  sides. 
Material  largely  copper. 

797.  Fragment  as  No.  796.  Length,  0.074  m. 
Oblong  ball  with  ring  at  each  side.  Rectangle 
tapers  down,  and  has  traces  of  zigzag  on  all  sides. 

798.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  as  No.  796. 
Length,  0.088  m.  Ball  elongated.  Rectangle 
tapers  down,  and  has  traces  of  zigzag.  Material 
largely  copper. 


799.  Fragment  as  No.  796.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Ball  has  ring  at  each  side.  Rectangle  tapers 
for  short  distance  down.  Zigzag  on  rectangle ; 
probably  also  on  neck.  * 

800.  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  of  ter- 
race below  Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Fragment 
as  No.  796.  Condition  bad.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Ball  has  ring  at  either  side.  Rectangle  has  three 
grooves  at  end.     No  trace  of  ornament  remains. 

801.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment as  No.  796.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.061  m.  Ring  above  ball.  Probable  traces  of 
zigzag  on  neck. 

802.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  as  No. 
796.  Length,  0.054  m.  Ball  elongated  with 
ring  at  either  end.  Two  grooves  at  lower  end 
of  rectangle.  Traces  of  zigzag  within  frame  on 
neck  and  rectangle. 

803.  Fragment  as  No.  796.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  circ.  0.185  m.  Slightly  oblate  ball 
with  ring  at  either  side.  Rectangle  ended  by 
groove  and  tapers  slightly  downward.  No  cer- 
tain traces  of  ornamentation  on  neck.  Traces 
of  frame  on  rectangle.    Material  largely  copper. 

ii.  The  following  undeaned  pieces  probably 
belong  under  Form  2,  Class  a,  Group  iv. 

804.  Extension,  disk,  and  piece  of  neck. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.035  m.  Extension 
has  three  grooves  near  bottom,  with  coarse  screw- 
threading  above.  Length  of  neck,  0.016  m. 
Owing  to  small  size,  probably  had  one  ball. 

805.  Extension,  disk,  and  piece  of  neck.  Con- 
dition poor.  Extension  has  horizontal  threading 
at  bottom,  and  coarse  screw-threading  above. 
Length,  0.017  m.  Length  of  neck,  0.016  m. 
Sides  of  neck  taper  for  a  little  way  from  top, 
and  then  enlarge.  Owing  to  small  size,  prob- 
ably had  one  ball. 

806.  Extension,  disk,  and  part  of  neck.  Con- 
dition poor.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Neck,  0.028  m. ; 
probably  had  one  ball.  Extension  consists  of 
base,  3.V  corrugations  (lowest  runs  only  half- 
way round),  and  cap.     Length,  0.0175  m. 

807.  End  gone.  Disk  injured.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.168  m.  Extension  consists  of 
base,  three  links,  and  cap.  Between  links  a 
single  ring  (two  rings  in  all).  Length,  0.017  m. 
Length  of  neck,  0.0285  m.  Ball  with  ring  at 
either  side.  Rectangle  tapers  slightly  down- 
ward. 

Discards  of  Type  k  :  cleaned  pieces  and  fragments, 
fifteen,  of  which  three  from  south  slope;  undeaned  pieces 
and  fragments,  one  hundred  and  sixty-two. 


>t 


240 


THE  BRONZES 


\'i' 


B.  SAFETY-PINS. 
DIVISION   I.    SIMPLE   HEAD.^ 

Type  a.  High    bow.      Short   foot   (^simple 
hook). 

808.  Uncleaned.  Foot  and  end  of  pin  gone. 
Condition  jxjor.  Lengtli,  0.078  m.  Height, 
0.0G2  m.  Consists  of  single  piece  of  heavy 
bronze  wire.  Pin  tai)ers  gradually.  Twists  in 
wire  accidental.  Originally  probably  end  of 
spit,  but  use  as  safety-pin  indicated  by  shape. 
Somewhat  doubtful  owing  to  shortness  of  pin. 

809.  Uncleaned.  Pin  broken.  Condition  poor. 
Wire  slightly  thicker  at  head  and  foot  than  else- 
where. Never  hatl  coil.  Distance  between  legs 
(outside),  0.035  m. 

Type  b.  Medium    high    bow.    Long    pin. 
Somewhat  doubtful. 

810.  End  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Most  of  hook  gone.  Length,  0.057  m.  Height, 
0.0189  ni.  Pin  projects  beyond  foot.  Of  single 
piece  of  wire.  Probable  use  as  fibula  shown  by 
shape  of  bow. 

DIVISION    II.     SPIRAL   HEAD. 

Tjrpe  c.  Flat  bow.    Plain.^ 

811  Uncleaned.  Fragment  of  bow  and  coil. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0833  m.  Wire  in 
head  much  smaller  than  in  bow. 

Somewhat  doubtful  whether  the  following 
number  belongs  here. 

812.  Uncleaned.    End  of  bow  and  part  of  coil 
gone.     Length,    0.0605   m.     Bow    rectangular 
near  coil.     Wire  of  coil  smaller  than  bar. 
Type  d.  Flat  bow  of  sheet  bronze  to  which 

some  object  was  formerly  attached.^ 
Form  1.  With  hook  at  foot. 

813.  Complete  except  for  the  loss  of  orna- 
ment.    Length,  0.052  m.     Height,  0.0101    m. 

1  An  analogy  to  this  form  of  head  may  be  seen  in  cer- 
tain bronze  fibulae  from  Bologna  (Benacci  II.)  of  homed 
snake  type,  in  which  head  is  represented  only  by  a  swell- 
ing or  knob.  These,  however,  stand  at  the  end  of  a  de- 
velopment, not  at  the  beginning.  Montelins,  Civ.  Prim.  It. 
pi.  79,  figs.  13,  15, 16.  Similar  with  disk  instead  of  ring, 
ibid.  pi.  83,  figs.  20,  21  (Arnoaldi).  A  closer  parallel  is 
offered  by  a  pin  of  fibula  bent  to  form  safety-pin  from 
Sikel  village  near  Matera  in  Apulia,  published  by  Patroni, 
Man.  Ant.  Line.  VIII.  col.  497, 507,  fig.  107.  Other  fibulae 
without  coil,  partly  of  secondary  use,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  of 
Bronzes,  Xos.  1944  f .,  1935. 

»  Cf.  fibulae  from  Mycenae,  chamber  tombs.  *E<^iu.  'Apx- 
1888,  col.  167,  pi.  9,  Xos.  1, 2  (Tsountas). 

»  With  Type  d,  cf.  Montelins,  Civ.  Prim.  lu  pi.  8,  Xos. 
.■>-7,  from  late  dwelling  of  Peschiera.     These,  however. 


Near  end  of   flat  piece,  two  rivets,  projecting 
above  slightly,  but  flatteneil  to  under  surface. 
Material  largely  copper.* 
Form  2.  With  disk  at  foot. 

814.  Coil  broken.  Disk  injured.  Length, 
0.0t>95.  Rivets  as  in  No.  813.  Disk  seems  to 
have  been  leaf-shai)ed  and  convex. 

Type  e.  Flat  bow,  consisting  of  broad  band. 

815.  Coil  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.071  m.     Material  largely  copper. 

816.  Band,  with  foot  and  coil  mainly  gone. 
Length,  0.025  m.  Pi-obably  a  simpler  form  of 
l)ins  of  following  type.** 

Type  f.  Flat  bow,  which  consists  of  two 
connected  spirals. 

817.  Condition  bad.  From  south  slope,  below 
Second  Temple,  1893.  Broken.  Pin  gone. 
Length,  0.075  m- 

Plate  LXXXV. 

818.  From  cutting  above  LI'pper  Temple,  to- 
ward tents,  1893.  Part  of  pin  now  gone. 
Length,  0.1245  m.  Entire  pin  made  of  single 
piece  of  wire,  which  is  diamond-shajwd  except 
hook  an«l  bar.  These  latter  are  round  Mate- 
rial largely  copiier.^ 

Plate  LXXXIV. 

819.  Only  coil  of  foot  preserved.  Length, 
0.0235  m. 

820.  From  West  Building.  Foot  only  pre- 
served. Wire  is  diamond-shapetl.  Length, 
0.029  m. 

821.  From  West  Building.  Only  a  fragment 
preserved.     Wire  diamond-shaped. 

822.  From  northwest  corner  of  Old  Temple, 
1893.     Only  a  fragment  preserved. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  following  numbers 
belong  here. 

823.  From  West  Building.  Condition  poor. 
Wire  diamond-shaped." 

have  no  attached  ornament,  and  arc  otherwise  somewhat 
different.     Flat  bow,  Olympia,  pi.  xii.  No.  343. 

«  Very  like  fibula  from  \Mt\,JahresK.  IV.  p.  52,  No.  76 
(Reichel  and  Wilhelm).  Cf.  fibula  from  Suessula,  ibid. 
VI.  p.  113,  fig.  r>8  (Hadaczek). 

*  Perhaps  Nos.  815  and  816  are  to  be  regarded  as 
ornamental  strips  of  sheet  bronze,  e.  g.  diadems.  Cf. 
Olijmpin,  Nos.  313  and  31.'5  if. 

«  Cf.  Montelins,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  21,  No.  283,  from 
southern  Italy.  Exactly  similar  in  shape,  but  to  judge 
from  drawing,  made  of  rounded  wire.  Cf.  also  Olympia, 
No.  359,  and  Boehlau,  Jahrh.  III.  p.  363  b,  from  Boeotia. 
Double-coiled  spiral  fibula,  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  8196. 

'  Cf.  coils  from  Sikel  >-illage  in  Apulia.  Mon.  Ant. 
Line.  VIII.  col.  471  (Patroni). 


1 


SAFETY-PINS 


241 


Plate  LXXXV. 

824.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.125  m. 
Wire  diamond-shaped.     Color  medium. 

825.  Fragment.  Not  certain  that  it  is  piece 
of  a  fibula.  Condition  poor.  Small  coil  of  wire, 
oval  in  .section. 

Type   g.  Plain  rounded  high  bow.    Foot  a 
narrow  hook. 
FoR.M  1.  Transitional     modification    of 

STRAIGHT    bow. 

826.  From  south  slo))e.  Foot  and  point  gone, 
length,  0.04G  m.  Entire  pin  of  one  bit  of 
round  wire  of  nearly  uniform  size. 

Form  2.  High  bow. 

827.  End  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.079  m. 
Height,  0.0535  m.  Of  one  bit  of  metal.  Bow 
oval  and  uniform  in  size. 

Form  3.  Low  bow. 

ClasH  a.  Bow  of  uniform  size. 

828.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0615  m.  Height,  0.0305  m.  Of  one  bit  of 
metal.  Bow  of  wire  slightly  oval  in  section. 
Foot  forms  triangular  blade. 

829.  From  West  Building.  Fragment. 
Length,  0.375  m.  Height,  0.0215  m.  One  bit 
of  metal.     Wire  of  uniform  size. 

83a  Still  flexible.  Length,  0.038  m.  Height, 
0.017  m.  Bow  uniform  in  size  and  of  wire 
slightly  oval  in  section.  Wii-e  of  pin  larger 
than  in  spiral.     Hook  low  and  open.' 

Clas»  P-   Sliijht  swelling  in  arch  of  how. 

83L  Fragment.      Length,    0.054    m.      Has 
hook  on  left^  side.     Swelling  in  bow  to  left  of 
centre.     Color  dark.'* 
Type  h.  High  bow.    Long  foot  coming  to 

a  point. 

Form  1.  Rounded  wire. 

Class  a.  Uniforndy  thick  wire. 

The  following  is  of  transitional  type,  the  foot 
being  as  yet  only  partially  developed. 

832.  Uncleaned.  Most  of  foot  and  pin  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0G25  ra.  Height, 
0.025  m.     Form  of  foot  uncertain. 

Class  /8.  Sow  thickens  toward  centre. 

833l  Foot  gone.     Length,  0.081  m.     Height, 

'  Cf.  fibula  from  Lusi,  published  by  Reichel  and  Wil- 
helm, Jahresh.  IV.  p.  52,  No.  75. 

3  Left  as  one  holds  fibula  with  head  toward  one. 

»  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  5,  No.  41,  from 
Chiusi,  and  pi.  50,  No.  2,  from  Este  (period  I.).  The 
latter  has  ring  passing  through  head. 

«  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  8,  No.  85  (Villa- 
nova). 

»  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  /<.pl.8.  No.  84  (Villanova). 


0.0315  m.     Single   piece   of  metal.     Hook  on 
left  side.     Bar  oval  in  section,  the  broad  sur- 
faces being  on  sides  near  foot,  but  on  top  and 
bottom  near  head.* 
Form  2.  Rectangular  wire. 

834.  Found  west  of  Second  Temple.  Length, 
O.0OG5  m.  Height,  0.0215  m.  Foot  a  long  thin 
blade  with  left  side  bent  up  to  form  hook. 
Color  medium  dark.'^ 

835.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  jwor. 
Length,  0.0865  m.     Hook  on  left  side. 

Type  i.  High  bow.    Rectangular  blade  at 
foot  forming  one  piece  with  bar.     Bar 
rounded. 
Form  1.  Bar  of  uniform  size. 

836.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.066  m. 
Height,  0.039  m.  Bar  oval,  with  broad  surface 
at  side.     Hook  on  right  side. 

Form  2.  Bar   thicker   at   middle.    Bow 
somewhat  lowered. 

837.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.07.     Bar  as  that  of  No.  836. 

Addenda.  It  is  uncertain  to  which  of  the 
T3rpe8  g,  h,  i,  the  following  belong. 

838.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Shape 
of  bow  indicates  it  is  a  fibula.    Length,  0.054  m. 

839.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Wire 
slightly  oval. 

840.  Fragment  of  coil  and  bow.  Length, 
0.031  m. 

841.  Fragment  shown  by  shape  to  be  fibula. 
Length,  0.0665  m. 

842.  Fragment.    Length,  0.061  m.   Oval  wire. 

843.  Fragment.  Length,  0.06  m.  Centre  of 
bow  broad  and  thick.  Three  grooves  on  either 
side  of  centre. 

Type  j.  High  bow.    Rope  wire.^ 

844.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.07  m. 
Height,  0.05  m.  Grooves  in  wire  broad  and 
shallow.' 

845.  Most  of  pin  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.047  m.  liow  has  four  screw-threadings.  Wire 
flattens  where  it  passes  into  coil.  Head  on 
right  side.     Bow  of  uniform  size. 

846.  Uncleaned.    Pin  and  foot  gone.  Length, 

'  Cf.  the  very  similar  Italian  type,  Montelius,  Civ. 
Prim.  It.  pi.  5,  No.  40  (Bismantova). 

^  Cf.  twisted  bronze  wire  used  in  straight  fibula  from 
Mycenae  (outside  shaft-graves),  No.  2563.  'E^^.  'Apx- 
1888,  pi.  9,  No.  1  (Tsountas).  Similar  pins  from  Lusi, 
Jahresh.  IV.  p.  52,  Nos.  78,  79  (Reichel  and  Wilhelm), 
and  from  Kavousi,  from  tomb  of  first  part  of  the  iron  age, 
A  m.  Jour,  of  A  reh.  Second  Series,  V.  p.  136  (Harriet  A. 
Boyd). 


M 


242 


THE  BRONZES 


SAFETY-PINS 


243 


0.071  m.     Height,  0.0275  m.     Bow  of  uniform 
size,  with  four  threadings.     Hea»l  on  right  side. 
Type  k.  High  bow  with  one  or  more  loops. 
Form  1.  One  loop. 

Class  a.  Plain  round  bar} 
847.  Uncleaned.      Pin     complete.      Length, 
0.058  m.     Height,  0.032  m.     Of  single  piece 
of  round  wire,  which  flattens  at  foot  and  tapers 
at  point.     Hook  low. 

Class  p.  Bo  I'  partially  rectangular. 
Group  i.  Rectangular  swelling  near  foot, 
or  head,  or  both. 
84ft  Uncleaned.     Head  and  foot  gone.    Con- 
dition poor.   Length,  0.0585  m.    Height,  0.0325 
m.     Loop  in  bar  near  head ;  between  loop  and 
foot,  bar  swells. 

849.  Uncleaned.  Head  gone,  foot  injured. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0595  m.  Height, 
0.043  m.  Bar  round,  with  loop  slightly  for- 
ward  of  centre,  swelling  near  head.  Another 
swelling  between  loop  and  hook. 

Group  ii.  Bow  in  part  rectangular  and 
in  part  round,  with  screw-threadings. 

850.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  i>oor. 
Length,  0.0475  m.  Height,  0.031  m.  Bar  with 
four  threads.  On  shorter  side  of  loop,  bar  rec- 
tangular. Not  certain  this  is  fibula,  but  proba- 
ble from  shape. 

Group  iii.  Wire  rectangular  in  loop ;  else- 
where round.  Only  example  uncertain. 
Plate  LXXXVI. 

851.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.031  m.  Height,  O.OGl  m.  Nearly 
uniform  rounded  wire,  becoming  rectangular  at 
0.017  m.  from  top.  Head  large  and  rudely 
coiled ;  owing  to  bend  of  wire  at  rectangular 
part,  uncertain  that  pin  belongs  in  this  type. 
Possibly  it  compares  with  the  others  as  the  head 
in  Division  I.  with  that  of  the  other  Divisions. 

Form  2.  Double  loop. 

852.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0665  ra.  Rounded  wire  with  slight 
swelling  just  back  of  loops,  perhaps  due  to  ox- 
idation.    Upper  loop  largest. 

Type  L  More   advanced.      Sharp  in^vard 
bend  from  angle  of  bow.    Bar  has  three 

*  With  this  form  in  general,  cf .  the  essentially  different 
Italian  style.  Moutelius,  Cii\  Prim.  It.  pi.  16,  No.  219; 
also  ibid.  pi.  72,  No.  17,  from  Bologna  (S.  Francesco). 
The  example  Olympia,  No.  353,  is  more  like  the  Italian. 

2  Cf.  Montelius,  ibid.  pi.  17,  No.  242  (S.  Francesco, 
Bologna).  Curve  of  pin  probably  different.  Somewhat 
similar,  Olympia,  No.  356,  with  two  pairs  of  horns. 


reinforcements  on  each  side,  opposite 
each  other,  one  pair  at  each  of  the  onter 
curves  and  one  at  the  inner  angle. 

853.  Foot,pin,and  part  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.06  m.  Bar  consists  of  two  arches,  the  angle 
of  connection  being  nearly  right  angle.  Ori- 
ginally probably  two  full  rings  in  coil.  Coil  and 
bar  i)robably  one  piece.  After  forwanl  rein- 
forcement, the  broader  side  of  bow  becomes  the 
narrower,  and  rice  versa,  indicating  commence- 
ment of  foot. 

Type  m.  Similar,  but  one  of  reinforcements 
has  form  of  dumb-bell. 

854.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Two 
arches  connected  by  heavy  inverted  arch.  At 
top  of  left  arch  dumb-bell,  liar  between  here 
and  coil,  oval  in  section.  The  right  or  foot  end 
seems  to  have  a  groove  on  top.  Resembles  ser- 
jwnt's  head,  but  probably  accidental.' 

Type  n.  Single  arch,  having  form  of  in- 
verted boat.  Oeometric  ornamentation. 
Form  1.  S<*lid. 

855.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Head, 
]>in,  and  part  of  foot  gone.  Length,  0.0245  m. 
The  metal  oval-shaped,  broad  side  being  up. 
Sides  have  cleft  between,  which  leads  one  to 
suspect  that  pin  may  not  be  solid.  Top  of  pin 
engraved  with  fine  and  rather  faint  diagonal 
lines  arranged  in  three  fields,  centre  and  ends. 

Form  2.  Hollow. 

856.  Head  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.025  m. 
Opening  in  under  side  roughly  triangular.  Top 
engraved  with  diagonal  lines  running  from  cen- 
tre rib,  starting  on  each  side  of  middle  of  bow, 
which  is  left  plain.^ 

857.  Head  and  foot  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0335  m.  Commencement  of  tail  lead- 
ing to  coil  is  preserve<l.  Engraved  with  lines 
running  fi-om  central  rib  to  sides. 

Type  o.  Sail  or  saucer  pattern.^ 

858.  From  east  of  Temple,  1894.  Fragment. 
Length,  0.077  m.  Bow  of  three  nearly  round, 
shallow  connected  saucers,  having  their  longer 
axis  in  line  with  axis  of  bow.  Very  slightly 
raised  narrow  band  runs  along  the  longer  axis. 
Commencement  of  blade  of  foot. 

•  Cf.  Oiympin.  pi.  xxi.  No.  350. 

*  I.^rge  engraved  example  of  this  type,  Oiymjna,  No. 
3(>4.  Another  in  Berlin  from  Boeotia,  Jahrh.  III.  p.  362 
(Boehlaii),  with  engraved  plate.  Another,  ibid.  p.  363 
(c),  without  pinching  of  bow,  i.  e.  navictUa. 


The  following  numbers  are  fragments  of  pins 
of  this  type,  and  of  types  more  or  less  similar 
as  regards  the  general  shape  of  the  bow. 

859.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0365  m. 
Bur  flat  and  diamoud-shajMid.  Tapers  down- 
wai-d.    Part  of  coil  preserved. 

860.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  ra. 
Bar  diamond-sha{)ed  in  section.  At  upper  end, 
knob  attached  to  stem  by  short  thick  neck. 

861.  Part  of  upright,  with  short  piece  of 
bow.  Length,  0.052  m.  Five  low  raised  rings 
at  I>end. 

862.  Upright,  commencement  of  i*oil,  and  be- 
ginning of  bow.  Length,  0.0G55  m.  Upper  side 
has  fine  engraving. 

863.  Fragn)ent.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Diamond- 
shaped  in  section,  tapering  downward. 

864.  Fragment.  Upright,  with  beginning  of 
head  and  1m>w.  Length,  0.094  m.  Diamond- 
8hai)ed  in  section,  and  tai)ers  downward.  Outer 
side  of  upright  engraved  in  geometric  style,  with 
zigzags  and  diamond-patterns  in  fields.  Neck 
between  upright  and  bow.  Commencement  of 
bow  engraved  with  straight  and  zigzag  lines 
running  lengthwise. 

865.  From  West  Building.  Fragment,  as  No. 
864.  Length,  0.122  m.  Diamond-shaped  up- 
right, tapering  downward.  Between  upright  and 
bow,  neck,  similar  to  but  smaller  than  that  of 
No.  864.  ]^w  engraved  similarly  to  that  of 
No.  864,  as  is  also  outer  side  of  upright. 

866.  Fragment.  Piece  of  upright  and  bow 
fprobably).  Length,  0.043  m.  Upright  round. 
l^p{)er  i)ortion  of  bar  rectangular.  Bow  flat  and 
flaring. 

867.  Fragment.  Part  of  bow  and  foot.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Bow  engraved  on  upper  side.  Neck 
similar  to  that  of  Nos.  864  and  865.  Blade  en- 
graved on  both  sides  with  geometric  patterns, 
inclosed  in  fields. 

868  End  of  bow  and  most  of  foot  preserved. 
Length,  0.0G9  m.  Middle  portion  of  upper  side 
of  bow  ornamented  with  straight  lines.  Edge 
seems  to  have  had  similar  engraving.  Neck 
with  usual  form.  Blade  of  foot  attached  nearly 
at  right  angles.  Both  sides  engraved  with  geo- 
metric designs  inclosing  a  principal  field,  in 
which,  on  one  side,  head  and  neck  of  horse,  on 
the  other,  probable  traces  of  head.* 

*  Cf.  Olympia,  Nos.  302,  302  a,  with  engraved  geome- 
tric designs.  Jahrh.  III.  p.  2.j0  (Furtwanjjler),  and  pp. 
301  ff.  (Boehlau),  £4.11^.  A^X-  18*2,  pl-  xJ-  No.  1  a  (Wol- 
ters). 


Type  p.  Ball  and  hook.    Hook  flat. 
FoR.M  1.  One  ball.'-' 

Class  a.    Upright  round  throughout. 

869.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Length,  0.052  m. 
Height,  0.033  ni.  Ball  slightly  oblong.  Upright 
joined  to  ball  by  ring  and  groove.  Upright  has 
four  grooves  in  middle  and  others  next  head. 
Wire  flat  in  coil.  Possible  that  this  pin  belongs 
under  the  following  T3rpe  q. 

870.  This  probably  belongs  here,  though  not 
certain,  as  end  of  upright  is  gone.  Length, 
0.042  m.  No  neck  between  ball  and  upright, 
which  has  fine  grooving.  Foot  attached  to  ball 
directly,  and  at  end  has  three  grooves. 

Class  p.  Upper  part  of  upright  round, 
lower  part  rectangular  or  diamond- 
shaped. 

Group  i.  Hound  part  plain,  faintly  grooved 
or  jointed. 

871.  Pin,  part  of  foot  and  coil  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.055  m.  Small  ring  on  either 
side  of  ball.  Coil  and  upright  of  one  piece.  A 
rivet-headed  iron  nail  passes  through  coil,  but  is 
broken  on  each  side. 

872.  Fragment.  End  of  foot  and  of  upright 
gone.  Length,  0.0715  m.  Upright  tapers  down- 
ward, and  has  four  slight  grooves  0.003  m.  from 
ball.  On  shoulder  four  more,  and  four  more  at 
end  of  foot. 

873.  Fragment.  Pin,  coil,  and  part  of  foot 
gone.  Length,  0.086  m.  Height,  0.051  m.  On 
right  side  of  ball  a  round  ojjening,  with  central 
part  sunk  much  more  deeply  than  outer  part; 
also  edge  of  central  hole  narrower  than  diameter 
of  hole  itself.  Depth  of  hole,  0.0075  m.  Proba- 
bly served  for  insertion  of  ornament.  Upright 
plain,  except  for  raised  narrow  ring  near  shoul- 
der.   Similar  ring  on  other  side  of  ball.^ 

Group  ii.  Round  part  of  bow  corrugated. 

874.  Fragment.  Pin,  coil,  and  most  of  foot 
gone.  Length,  0.0365  m.  Oblong  rounded 
swelling,  with  sides  meeting  in  obtuse  angle. 
On  bow,  at  each  side'  of  swelling,  eight  small 
corrugations. 

87&  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment as  No.  874.  Length,  0.0685  m.  On  head 
side  of  bow  twelve  corrugations,  that  nearest  ball 
being  high  and  narrow  and  serving  as  collar ;  the 
rest  diminish  irregularly  downward.    Small  col- 

2  Cf.  fibulae  from  Thera,  Ath.  Mittk.  XXVIII.  p.  232 
(Pfuhl). 

'  Very  similar  to  Olympia,  No.  308,  which  has  ball  with 
disk  at  either  side. 


l! 


244 


THE   BRONZES 


lar  at  beginning  of  rectangle,  while  at  lower  end 
the  rectangular  portion  curves  and  flattens  to 
form  coil.  On  foot  side  of  bow,  four  corrugations, 
of  which  outer  two  are  thinner  and  serve  as  collar 
next  to  ball  and  flat  part  of  foot. 

Addendum  to  Form  1.  It  is  not  certain  to 
which  class  of  the  above  the  following  belongs, 
owing  to  its  poor  condition. 

876.  From  south  slope.  Fragment.  Ball, 
short  piece  of  foot,  and  bar  on  head  side  pre- 
served.    Length,  0.026  m. 

Form  2.  Three  balls. 

877.  From  West  Building.  Fragment  of  bow. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0565  m.  Oblate 
ball  with  much  smaller  ball  on  either  side.  Two 
small  rings  between  balls.  On  head  side  of  bar 
four  rings,  above  which  the  upright  has  diamond- 
shaped  section,  and  tapers  down.  The  upper 
(outer)  surface  is  worked  flat.  Near  coil  is  a 
rivet.  Probably  coil  was  separate  piece.  Foot 
is  connected  with  balls  by  neck  and  rings.  — 
It  is  quite  possible  that  this  pin  belongs  under 
the  following  Type  q.^ 

878.  ITragment  of  bow.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.046  m.  Balls  oblate,  with  ring  between 
them.  Upright  has  small  ring  next  to  ball  and 
eight  corrugations  beyond,  —  whether  there  were 
more  originally  is  uncertain.  Corrugations  taper 
down  in  diameter,  but  thickness  remains  constant 
except  of  lowest,  which  is  thinner.  Flat  part  of 
foot  begins  at  ball.  —  Possible  that  this  pin  be- 
longs under  the  following  Type  q. 

T]rpe  q.  Ball  and  blade,  which  is  a  develop- 
ment of  the  flat  hook  of  the  preceding 
Type. 

879l  From  cutting  above  Upper  Temple  toward 
tents,  1893.  Nearly  perfect,  though  corroded. 
Length,  0.087  m.  Height,  0.052  m.  Hook  on  left 
side.  Ball  oblate.  Upper  side  of  bar  a1)ove  ball 
has  five  ridges  and  is  of  oval  form.  Coil  of  two 
twists,  and  on  bar,  at  beginning  of  coil,  five  faint 
grooves.  Between  ball  and  blade,  eight  ridges  on 
upper  side  of  bar.  Hook  formed  by  roll  of  lower 
edge  of  blade.  Height  of  blade  on  inner  e<lge, 
0.043  m.,  outer  edge,  0.0495  m.  Width,  0.04  m.* 
Type  r.  Three-sided  solid  body  with  hook. 
Hook  flat 

880.  From  southwest  of  Second  Temple  near 
wall.    Coil,  pin,  and  foot  gone.    Ijength,  0.052  m. 

*  Simpler  but  similar  is  Olympia,  No.  367. 

3  Other  fibulae  of  this  shape  from  temple  of  Athena 
Cranaea  near  Elateia.    B.  C.  H.  XII.  pp.  .'.7  ff.  (P.  Paris). 

•  Cf.  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  of  Bronzes,  No.  Ii30. 


Body  solid,  with  upper  sides  convex  and  lower 
side  concave.  From  middle  of  top  projects  small 
broken  knob.  Raised  ring  at  each  end  of  body, 
that  on  head  side  having  oblique  threading. 
Body  projects  beyond  head-ring  and  has  end 
worked  down  to  form  beginning  of  coil.  Foot 
consists  of  round  block  and  thin,  flat  commence- 
ment of  hook.  —  Fact  that  coil  seems  to  begin  so 
close  to  boily  renders  it  unlikely  that  the  hook 
had  developed  into  the  large  blade  of  the  follow- 
ing type. 

Type  s.  Three-sided  solid  body  with  blade. 
Plate  LXXXVII. 

881.  Coil,  pin,  and  hook  gone.  Body  probably 
solid,  with  lines  of  top  and  bottom  nearly  straight. 
From  centre  body  tapers  toward  either  end. 
Upper  surface  of  sides  concave,  lower  surface 
slightly  convex.  On  plain  oval  standanl  on 
centre  of  top  stands  a  conventionalized  bird.' 
The  upright,  rectangular  in  section,  with  outer 
sides  concave  and  inner  sides  convex.  Three 
grooves  on  outer  sides  at  top.  I^low,  three  simi- 
lar grooves,  below  which  the  metal  is  worketl  thin, 
and  in  the  thin  part  small  hole  with  trace  of  a 
second.  Uncertain  how  long  this  thin  part  was, 
but  to  it  the  head  and  pin  were  riveted.  The  i-ec- 
tangular  blade  joins  body  directly,  the  join  being 
marked  by  a  ring  :  height,  0.048  ni.,  width,  0.028 
m.  At  outer  top  corner,  an  elliptical  standard  of 
two  rings  and  a  l>ead  on  which  stands  a  bird. 
T3rpe  t.  High  bow,  corrugated,  tapering  to- 
ward head  and  feet. 

882.  Head,  pin,  and  most  of  foot  gone. 
Length,  0.057  m.  Height,  0.039  m.  Corruga- 
tions about  same  size  except  at  centre,  which  has 
one  wider  with  two  narrower  on  each  side.  In 
head  end  of  Ik)w,  hole  for  insertion  of  wire  coil.* 
Type  XL  High  bow  ornamented  with  corm- 

gation  bands  and  rings.    Inserted  heads. 
Form  1.  Round  corrugations  and  RiN(is 

UNDECORATED. 

Class  a.    Corrufjatifjns  and  rintjs  in  three 

f/ronpi*,  one  at  centre  and  one  at  either 

end  of  bote. 

Group  i.  Wide  top  of  foot.  At  head 
and  centre,  groui»  of  two  corrugations 
and  three  rings,  at  foot  three  corruga- 
tions with  ring  above. 

From  east  of  Temple,  1894.     Length, 


*  Differs  somewhat  from  fibulae  of  mnguUuga  type,  e.  g. 
Monteliiis,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  75,  Nos.  1,  2.  (Bolojjna, 
Bemicci  I.)  Cf.  Mycenae,  outside  tombs.  No.  1319,  with 
ribbed  high  bow. 


SAFETY-PINS 


245 


0.07  m.     Height,  0.049  m.     Wire  of  head  flat- 
tened   slightly   in    coil.      Groove    along  each 
shoulder  of  bow,  and  two  lower  rings  at  head 
grooved.     In  back  of  hook,  two  vertical  grooves. 
Right  side  of  pin  less  carefully  finished  than  left. 
Group  ii.  Masses  at  centre  and  head  have 
two  corrugations  with  ring  at  either 
side ;  at  foot,  one  corrugation  with  ring 
at  each  side.     Foot  broad. 

884.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0575  m. 
Height,  0.032  m.  All  corrugations  have  oblique 
threading,  and  all  rings  grooved.  Traces  of 
iron  rust  in  hole  in  head.  Lower  edge  of  foot 
uninjured  in  central  part.  Outer  edges  broken 
about  rivet-holes,  between  which  is  a  rivet,  prob- 
ably for  the  attachment  of  hook. 

Group  iii.  Bands  with  rings  at  either  side. 
Foot  about  same  width  as  bar. 

885.  Half  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Height,  0.037  m.  The  raised  bands  divided  into 
broader  central  one,  with  two  outer  narrower 
ones ;  at  foot,  three  outer  ones  below.  Back  of 
foot  ornamented  with  line  on  each  side  conver- 
ging toward  bottom.  Hook  on  right.  For  band 
between  grooves,  cf.  No.  569. 

Group  iv.  Each  ornament  consists  of 
raised  corrugation-band  with  grooved 
ring  at  either  side.    Top  of  foot  wide. 

886.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.034  m. 
Height,  0.0265  ni.  Projecting  top  of  foot  turns 
down  at  ends.  Grooves  in  rings  of  head  and 
foot  heavier  than  in  centre.  Two  vertical 
grooves  on  back  of  foot.  Ornament  at  centre  of 
bow  and  at  heatl  not  carefully  finished ;  on  left 
side  some  of  engraveil  lines  not  carried  through. 

887.  From  below  Upper  Temple,  east  of  Cham- 
bers, 1894.  Pin  gone.  Rings  at  sides  of  cen- 
tre corrugation  have  three  grooves ;  those  at 
foot  and  head  only  two.  The  left  side  of  all 
not  carefully  finisheil.  Foot  has  wide  top,  and 
two  vertical  lines  on  back  near  edge.  Hook 
was  on  left.  (For  band  and  rings  cf.  Nos.  569 
and  666.) 

888  Length,  0.0511  m.  Height,  0.0415  m. 
Completely  preserved  but  corroded.  Central 
band  at  top  has  fine  cross-grooving,  and  rings 
at  side  two  grooves  each.  Similar  at  head  and 
foot.  Pin  inserted  into  hole  in  hea<l,  but  hole 
is  too  big,  so  pin  is  wedged  in ;  or  else  end  of 
pin  is  bent  back  so  as  to  form  wedge.  Coil  has 
two  twists.  Hook,  which  is  on  right,  has  exten- 
sion at  top  and  two  vertical  grooves  at  back. 
Pin  seems  less  carefully  finished  on  right. 


Group  v.  Ornaments  consist  of  central 
band,  with  heavy  ring  at  either  side. 
Rings  higher  than  band.  Bow  be- 
tween ornaments  has  fine  threading. 

889.  Fragment.  Length,  0.028  m.  Thread- 
ing seems  to  be  confined  to  left  side,  which  indi- 
cates that  hook  was  on  right. 

Class  /3.  Main  ornaments  as  in  Class  a, 
but  with  one  or  more  rings  or  subsidiary 
corrugations,  or  both,  between  central  and 
end  ornaments. 

Group  i.  Secondary  ornaments  consist 
of  single  ring  at  each  side  of  central 
ornament,  which  consists  of  two  or 
more  ring-corrugations  side  by  side 
with  ring  outside  of  each.  End  orna- 
ments have  also  ring  between  the  cor- 
rugations. 

890.  From  south  slope,  1894.  Length, 
0.043  m.  Height,  0.0355  m.  Ornamentation 
less  careful  on  right  side,  where  is  also  hook, 
which  has  usual  grooving. 

Group  ii.  Secondary  ornament  like  that 
of  Group  i.,  but  main  ornament  like 
that  of  Class  a,  Group  iv. 

891.  Most  of  foot  and  end  of  pin  gone. 
Length,  0.036  m.  Height,  0.0285  m.  Central 
ornament  consists  of  broad  ring-corrugation,  with 
double  grooved  ring  at  each  side.  Ornaments  at 
head  and  foot  similar.  Right  side  less  carefully 
finished  than  left.  Foot  had  extension  at  top, 
and  two  grooves  at  back. 

Group  iii.  Principal  ornament  similar  to 
that  in  Group  ii.  Secondary  ornar 
ment  consists  of  two  rings  side  by  side, 
on  either  shoulder  of  bow. 

892.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.046  m.  Height,  0.0305  m.  Hook  on  right 
side,  which  was  not  carefully  finished.  Foot 
probably  had  extension,  but  at  present  it  pro- 
jects only  very  slightly.  Back  of  foot  has  usual 
grooves. 

Group  iv.  Secondary  ornament  consists 
of  narrow  roundetl  corrugation  with 
rings  attached  at  either  side.  Main 
ornaments  consist  of  bunches  of  rings 
(single  or  grooved). 

893.  Coil,  pin,  and  part  of  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0435  m.  Height,  0.0325  m.  Central  orna- 
ment is  of  single  ring,  with  grooved  ring  on  each 
side.  (Cf.  No.  657.)  Ornament  at  head  is  of 
three  grooved  rings ;  at  foot  similar,  but  lower 
rinff  sinjrle.    Unfinishetl  on  left  side.     Head  and 


246 


THE   BRONZES 


SAFETY-PINS 


247 


foot  somewhat   flat.     Pin  was  iron.     Foot  has 
extension,  and  hail  grooves  on  back.^ 

(Jroup  V.  Between  central  ornament  and 
bottom  ornaments  on  each  side,  a 
group  of  three  rings,  between  which 
and  principal  ornament  at  either  side 
is  a  single  ring.  Principal  ornaments 
of  type  of  Class  o,  Gi-oup  iv. 

894.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.048  m. 
Height,  0.0355  m.  Central  ornament  of  corru- 
gation with  grooved  ring  on  each  side.  At  head 
and  foot,  similar  ornament.  Secondary  ornament 
similar,  but  rings  not  grooved.  Left  side  not 
carefully  finished.  Pin  was  })robably  iron.  Foot 
has  wide,  thin  extension,  and  grooves  at  back. 

FoR3i  2.  In  midst  of  corrugations  at  head 

AND  FOOT  IS  LARUE  RECTANGULAR  BLOCK, 
TENDING  TO  GIVE  LOWER  END  FLAT  APPEAR- 
ANCE.   Corrugations  and  rings  at  head 

AND  foot  somewhat  FLATTENED. 

Class  a.    Centre  of  bow  plain? 

895.  Coil,  pin,  and  most  of  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0605  m.  Height,  0.05  m.  Rings  at  head  and 
foot  grooved.  Trace  of  bronze  pin  in  head.  Two 
small  holes  on  right  side  of  block  at  head,  of  un- 
certain purpose.  Foot  has  slight  extension  and 
usual  grooves.     Hook  was  on  right. 

Class  fi.  Centre  of  bote  ornamented. 

896.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.062  in. 
Height,  0.055  m.  At  centre,  two  corrugations 
between  three  rings.  At  head,  rectangular  block, 
above  which  two  rings,  corrugation  and  ring  of 
decreasing  diameter;  below  block,  two  rings, 
corrujiation  and  rounded  surface  with  engraved 
radial  lines.  On  right  side,  hole  connecting  with 
the  hole  for  insertion  of  pin.  Cf.  No.  895l  Sim- 
ilar ornament  at  foot,  which  is  of  usual  shai>e. 
Hook  on  right,  and  this  side  less  carefully  fin- 
ished than  left.^ 

Form  3.    Ornaments  of  bow  have  form 
of  solid  blocks  slightly  grooved  to 
represent  corrugations  and  rings. 
Class  a.  Blocks  round. 

897.  Coil,  pin,  and  part  of  foot  gone.  From 
West  Building.  Length,  0.07  m.  Height, 
0.0375  m.  Blocks  at  centre  and  ends  all  en- 
graved with  central  band,  with  ring  at  each  side 
and  at  ends.     Space  between  the  rings  filled  by 

*  Cf.  the  somewhat  similar  pin,  Olijmpia,  Xo.  371. 
-  Cf.  G.  and  A.  Kbrte,  from  (tordion,  Jahrb.  Erydn- 
zungsh.  V.  p.  78,  figs.  66,  67. 

^  Form  of  bow  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Olgmpia, 


four  dotted  rings.  In  bottom  of  head,  remains 
of  bronze  pin.  The  extension  piece  seems  to  be 
inserted  in  bottom  of  foot. 

898.  Fragment  of  foot  ornamented  with  two 
rings  at  edges  and  five  dotted  bands  between. 
All  grooves  shallow. 

Class  p.  Blocks  rectangular  and  flat. 

899.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.055  m. 
Height,  0.038  m.  Hook  on  right.  The  blocks 
have  on  left  side  three  dotted  bands,  separated 
by  two  bi'oad  bands,  and  at  outer  edges  two  nar- 
row bands,  which  alone  are  carried  round  other 
side  of  block.  At  foot,  which  is  wider  below 
than  above,  the  lower  outer  ring  coincides  with 
extension  piece.  Stub  of  wire  of  pin  visible  at 
head. 

Class  y.  Blocks  of  similar  shape  to  those 
of  Class  /8,  but  bowy  which  sags  at  cen- 
tre, j)€rhaps  had  more  than  three. 

900.  Fragment  of  foot  and  bow.  Length, 
0.0335  m.  Height,  0.043  m.  Hook  on  left. 
Bow  bends  down  at  centre,  and  it  seems  as 
though  there  had  been  a  second  block  there. 
Left  side  and  both  narrow  sides  of  blocks  have 
fine  irregular  criss-cross.  Right  side  of  top 
block  has  three  peri)endicular  and  two  horizontal 
lines ;  on  lower  block,  five  horizontal  lines.  No 
extension  on  foot,  which  is  wider  below  than 
above. 

Tjrpe  V.  High  flat  bow.  Inserted  pin  (un- 
certain whether  always  so  or  not).* 
90L  Head  injured,  pin  gone.  From  first 
chamber  at  east  end  below  Cycloj)ean  wall,  1893. 
Length,  0.065  m.  Height,  0.058  m.  Hook  on 
right.  Edges  of  bow  rounded.  At  foot  and 
head  bow  is  wider  and  thicker,  thus  imitating 
the  ornaments  of  preceding  types.  These  wider 
parts  are  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  ring,  repre- 
sented on  the  left  by  deep  notches  at  the  ends 
and  by  grooves  along  the  left  side,  while  on  the 
right  the  upper  and  lower  parts  each  have  groove 
down  centre.  Each  of  these  grooves  has  three 
holes;  in  one  (upper  inside  of  head  end)  re- 
mains of  bronze  rivet.  At  head  is  pi*ojection. 
At  foot,  narrow  extension  on  inside.  Two  grooves 
on  back  of  hook,  and  hole  near  top. 

The  following  objects  are  somewhat  uncertain, 
but  probably  are  a  simpler  form  of  same  type. 

No.  370,  which  appears,  however,  to  have  had  a  double 
spiral.     See  Furtwangler,  s.  n. 

*  Several  fibulae  of  this  type  from  necropolis  of  Gordion 
(tumuli  III.,  IV.).  G.  aud  A.  KurUs,  Jahrb.  Erganzungih. 
V.  pp.  78,  102. 


902.  Fragment  of  bow.  Length,  0.047  ni. 
Thin  bronze  plates  attached  by  rivets  to  one  side 
of  foot.  Bow  perforated  with  holes  about  0.01  m. 
apart ;  mostly  filled  up.  On  lower  part  of  foot, 
extension  with  hole  at  either  end.  Perhaps  this 
and  No.  901  had  bar  attached  at  base  and  head 
by  rivets,  and  running  across.     Cf.  No.  905. 

903l  Fragment  of  bow.  Length,  0.05  m.  No 
holes.     Perhaps  not  fibula,  but  ring. 

904.  Fragment  of  bow.  Length,  0.0385  m. 
Three  holes ;  in  one  at  end,  rivet.  Trace  of 
fourth  hole  in  right  end. 

division    III.      PIVOT   HEAD. 

Type  w.  High  bow  with  three  corrugation 
ornaments.  Fin  plajrs  on  rivet,  pass- 
ing through  head  from  side  to  side. 
Across  bottom,  transverse  bar. 

905.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Height,  0.039  m.  Hook  on  right.  At  top, 
head,  and  foot,  corrugatiou,  with  ring  each  side  ; 
rings  at  head  and  foot  grooved.  (For  lower 
ornaments  cf .  No.  658. )  Cross-bar  looks  as  if  of 
same  piece  with  head  and  foot.  Pin  was  attached 
to  right  side.^ 

Type  X.  Rather  low  bow  with  three  or 
four  corrugations,  each  with  ring  at 
either  side. 

Form  1.  Pin  inserted  into  slit  in  head 
and  fastened  by  rivet. 
Class  a.   Three  corrugations. 
Group  i.  Central  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.   Other  corrugations  have 
raised  band. 
Plate  LXXXVIIL 

906L  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Height,  0.024  m.  (For  combination  of  corru- 
gations cf .  Nos.  634  and  682.  The  corrugations 
are  also  themselves  of  similar  form.) 

Group  ii.  All  three  corrugations   have 
grooved  bands. 

907.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  and 
hook  gone.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Height,  0.0205 
m.  Hook  probably  on  left  at  head,  socket  for 
pin  is  an  eyelet  attached  to  end  of  bow.  Hole 
filled  with  iron,  consisting  of  rivet  and  probably 
small  piece  of  pin. 

908.  Pin  gone,  heatl  injured.     Length,  0.0455 

»  Similar  cross-bar,  Olympia,  No.  376.  In  No.  377  bar 
is  connected  with  centre  of  bow  by  perpendicular  bar. 
Front  of  Olympia  specimens  ornamented  with  knobs.  For 
a  closer  parallel  cf.  fibula  from  In^,  A  then.  Mitlh.  XII.  p. 
11  (Studuiczka). 


m.  Height,  0.0265  m.  Hook  on  right.  At 
foot  is  addetl  shaft  (of  same  piece  with  bow), 
consisting  of  heavy  and  light  ring,  into  which  is 
inserted  the  hook.  On  front  of  hook,  thi-ee  slight, 
straight,  perpendicular  grooves.  On  both  sides 
of  grooved  band  on  corrugations,  row  of  dotted 
circles.  For  corrugations  cf .  Nos.  635  ff.  For 
somewhat  similar  ornamentation  of  corrugation, 
No.  695. 

In  the  following  number  rings  and  raised  bands 
have  fine  oblique  notching. 

909.  Pin  and  pai-t  of  head  and  foot  gone. 
Poor  condition.  Length,  0.03G5  ra.  Height, 
0.0225  m.  Bronze  rivet  remains.  At  foot,  a 
broad  and  narrow  ring,  the  latter  gi'ooved. 

Class  /3.  Four  corrugations,  all  of  which 
have  raised  grooved  bands. 

910.  Length,  0.063  m.  Height,  0.035  m. 
Hook  on  right.  Between  middle  corrugations 
low  raised  convex  band,  with  ring  at  either  side. 
Band  has  cross-grooves  in  groups  of  two.  Foot 
flat  and  long,  perhaps  inserted,  but  probably 
not.     Rivet  bi-onze. 

Form  2.  Pm  attached  to  short  round 
shaft,  projecting  down  from  head 
end  of  bow.  Motion  of  pin  is  thus 
lateral. 

Class  a.   Tliree  corrugations. 
Group  i.  Central  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.   Side  corrugations  have 
raised  band. 

911.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.034  m.  Height,  0.017  m.  At  head, 
second  narrow  ring,  slightly  smaller  in  diameter, 
beneath  lower  side  ring ;  and  beneath  this,  round 
shaft,  to  which  is  attached  small  piece  of  iron 
pin. 

The  following  two  numbers  have  oblique  notch- 
ing on  some  or  all  rings. 

912.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.037  m.  Height,  0.024  m.  Hook  was 
on  right.  Heatl  same  as  that  of  No.  911.  Pin 
was  of  iron.* 

913.  Pin  and   most  of  foot  gone.     Length, 

0.036  m. 

Group  ii.  All   corrugations  with  raised 
grooved  bands. 

914.  Pin  and  most  of  foot  gone.     Condition 

^  Olympia,  No.  372,  has  bow  of  same  shape  and  orna- 
ment, and  appears  to  agree  with  this  form  in  manner  of 
attachment  of  pin.  Regarding  this  method  of  attach- 
ment, Furtwangler  makes  no  statement. 


\] 


I 


I  ' 


248 


THE   BRONZES 


poor.  Length,  0.037  m.  Height,  0.021  in. 
Traces  of  notching  on  upper  band  of  foot  cor- 
rugation. Remains  of  iron  pin.  Foot  was 
inserted. 

915l  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  and 
part  of  foot  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Height, 
0.0235  m.  Remains  of  oblique  notching  on  all 
rings  and  bands.  Knob  for  pin  attached  directly 
beneath  lower  side  ring. 

Class  p.  Four  corrugations. 

916.  Pin  and  part  of  foot  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.042  m.  Traces  of  notching 
on  lower  ring  of  foot  corrugation.  Possible 
traces  on  bands  of  all  corrugations.  At  foot, 
rectangular  hook-shaft  inserted  directly  into 
bottom  of  ornament. 

917.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.045  ra.  Traces  of  oblique  notching  on  lower 
side  ring  and  band  of  head  corrugation.  Beneath 
lower  ring  of  head  corrugation,  round  exten- 
sion followed  by  knob  for  pin. 

9ia  Pin  gone.     Length,  0.048  m.     Height, 
0.025  m.     Hook  on  right.     Ti-aces  of  oblique 
notching  on  all   bands  and  rings.     Hook-shaft 
inserted  directly  into  lower  ring  of  corrugation. 
Tjrpe  y.  Ring  safety-pins.    Head  and  foot 
inserted.     Attachment  of  pin,  so  far  as  pre- 
served, as  in  Form  2  of  T3rpe  x. 
Form  1.  Rounded  bar. 

Class  a.  Bar  slUjIithj  elliptical  in  section. 

919.  Pin,  foot,  and  head  gone.  Length  (i.  e. 
outside  diameter  of  ring  in  axis  of  pin),  0.0245  m. 
Height,  0.023  m. 

920.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.026  m.  Height, 
0.0255  m.  Hook  probably  on  left  side.  Rivets  * 
of  head  and  foot  show  on  upper  side. 

921.  Pin  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Height,  0.028  m. 

922.  From  West  Building.  Pin  and  hook 
gone.  Length,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.031  m. 
Head  and  foot  rivets  inserted,  but  do  not  show 
on  top.  Above  hook,  rectangular  shaft.  Hook 
was  on  left. 

923.  Fragment.  Length,  0.024  m.  Hook 
probably  on  left. 

924.  From  south  slope.  Pin  and  head  and 
foot  gone.  Length,  0.034  m.  Height,  same. 
In  one  rivet-hole,  remains  of  iron  shaft. 

925i  From  beneath  Cyclopean  wall  above 
Stoa,  1893.  Pin  and  most  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.035  m.     Height,  same.     Pin  was  of  bronze. 

926.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
'  To  be  anderstood  here,  and  in  the  following 


gone.  Length,  0.0385  m.  Height,  same.  Rivets 
show  on  top.  Head  formed  of  rectangle  with 
knob.  Upper  part  of  foot  rectangular,  hollowed 
to  form  hook.  On  outside  of  hook,  three  grooves. 
Hook  on  left. 

927.  Pin  and  part  of  head  and  foot  gone. 
Length,  0.042  m.  Height,  same.  Rivets  show 
on  top. 

928.  From  West  Building.  Pin  and  head 
gone.  Length,  0.046  m.  Height,  0.045  m. 
Foot  rivet  shows  on  top.  Hole  for  head  rivet 
pierced  through.  Under  side  of  foot  rectangular. 
Hook  on  left. 

Class  fi'  Elliptical  bar.  (^Forms  transition 
to  follow  in  (J  form  s. ) 

929.  Pin  and  part  of  head  and  foot  gone. 
Length,  0.029  m.  Height,  0.0285  m.  Head  and 
foot  rivets  show  on  top. 

990.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.      Length  and 
height,  0.035  m.     Bit  of  iron  in  one  rivet-hole. 
Form  2.  Upper   side   of    bar    rounded, 
lower  side  flat. 

931.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0315  m.  Height,  0.031  m.  Bits  of  iron  in 
rivet-holes. 

932.  Photograph  shows  under  side.  Pin,  head, 
and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.034  m.  Height, 
0.0335  m. 

Form  3.  Upper  and  lower  sides  of  bar 
FLAT.    Other  two  sides  rounded. 
Class  a.  Sides  rounded  as  though  part  of 
circle. 

933.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.024  m.  Height,  0.0235  m.  Ring  flattened  at 
holes  on  top  and  bottom. 

Class  p.  Sides  consist  of  more  or  less  angu- 
lar combinations  of' surfaces, 

934.  Complete  and  in  working  condition. 
Length,  0.031  m.  Height,  same.  Outer  side 
of  ring  convex,  terminating  in  rounded  obtuse 
angle  at  centre.  Two  grooves  along  rim.  In- 
ner side  consists  of  two  convex  surfaces  meeting 
at  obtuse  angle  slightly  below  centre.  Rivets 
show  on  top.  Rectangle  of  head  has  three 
grooves.  Rectangle  of  foot  has  two  grooves. 
Hook  on  left  side. 

Form  4.  Bar  rectangular. 

Class  a.  Bar  thin.     Edges  plain. 
935l  Pin  gone.     Length,  0.026  m.     Height, 
same.    Top  of  ring  has  engraved  circles.  Rivets 
appear  on  top.     Fragment  of  foot  (?)  left. 

936.  Fragment.  Height,  0.031  m.  Has 
fibulae  of  this  type,  of  the  tops  of  the  shafts. 


SAFETY-PINS 


249 


row  of  dotted  circles  near  each  edge  of  top. 
Rivet  of  foot  shows  on  top.  Hook  on  left.  Upper 
part  of  foot  round,  and  hook  formed  by  cutting 
away  on  left  side. 

937.  From  east  end  of  Stoa  (III).  Pin,  head, 
and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.031  m.  Height, 
0.035  m.  On  top,  three  concentric  circles  of 
dots. 

938.  Pin  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Height  0.032  m.  Ornamented  with  two  bands  of 
circles.     Head-shaft  has  slightly  rounded  top. 

939.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  and 
part  of  hook  gone.  Length,  0.032  m.  Height, 
0.0315  in.  Top  covered  with  irregular  punch- 
marks.    Rivets  show  on  top.    Hook  on  left  side. 

940.  Pin  and  head  gone.  Length,  0.0435  ni. 
Height,  same.  Top  has  row  of  circles.  Rivet  of 
foot  shows  on  top.  Upi>er  part  of  foot  below  is 
rectangular. 

Class  p.  Bar  usually   thicker^   and  with 
grooved  outer  edge. 

9tt.  From  south  sloi>e.  Most  of  pin  and 
part  of  hook  gone.  Length,  0.029  m.  Height, 
0.0285  m.  Uncei-tain  traces  of  ornament  on 
top.  Heavy  groove  on  rim.  Length  of  head, 
0.0044  in.  Piece  of  pin  adheres  to  stub.  Upper 
part  of  foot  rectangular.      Hook  on  left  side. 

942.  Pin  and  head  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Height,  0.028  m.  Rivets  show  on  top.  Foot 
formed  of  rectangle.  Top  of  ring  covered  with 
punch-marks  in  three  irregular  circles. 

94a  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0295  m.  Height,  0.029  m.  On  top,  three 
irregular  circles  of  punch-marks.  Rivets  show 
on  top. 

944.  From  south  slope.  Pin,  head,  and  foot 
gone.  Length,  0.0464  m.  Height,  0.0469  m. 
Upper  side  has  horseshoe  ornament.  Rim  has 
three  grooves.  Rivet-holes  pierced  through  ;  in 
one,  fragment  of  bronze.  In  other,  fragment  of 
iron. 

Addendum  to  Form  4.  Uncertain  to  which 
class  following  fragment  belongs,  but  probably 
to  Class  a. 

94&  From  south  slope.  Foot  and  fragment  of 
ring.  Length,  0.017  m.  Outer  edge  covered 
with  fine  irregular  grooves.  On  inside  same, 
probably  due  to  corrosion.  Hook  on  right  side. 
Type  z.  Bow  has  form  of  lion. 

946.  From  behind  South  Building,  1894.  Pin 

>  For  style  of.  Olympia,  No.  966.  According  to  Furt- 
wiingler,  the  two  ends  have  apotropaic  sense.  The  Olym- 
pia specimen  has  two  rolls  under  fore  feet,  but  hook  under 


and  hook  gone.     Length,   0.068   m.     Height, 
0.043  m.     Lion  represented   lying   down  with 
fore  feet   stretched  out  and  head  up.     Mouth 
open.     Line  of  back  rises  from  withers  to  hips. 
No  engraving  used  to  indicate  muscles  of  body, 
but  modeling  broad  and  careful.     Four  claws 
on  each  fore  foot ;  three  on  hind  feet.     Hips 
spread  far   from   body.     Muscles   of  the  hind 
fore  legs  indicated  by  two  grooves.     Tail  pro- 
jects well  out  from  body  turning  over  back,  to 
which  it  is  joinetl,  in  S  shape,  and  ending  in 
bearded  snake's   head.     Groove   along  top  of 
snake's  head.     Eyes  indicated  by  ridge.     Beard 
of  snake  broken ;  originally  bent  forward,  fol- 
lowing curve  of  tail.    Mane  represented  broadly, 
the  metal  rising  sharply  from  behind  eyes  in 
oval  round  face.     Faint  engraved   line   round 
edge  of  ears.     Forehead  full  over  eyes.     Nos- 
trils slight,  with  raised  line  between  reaching  to 
mouth.     From  this  raised  line  branch  others  to 
sides.     Eyes  oblong,  with   upi>er   lids   plainly 
marked.     Teeth  represented  by  ridge.     Tongue 
marked.     Bottom  of  animal  in  two  planes,  run- 
ning  from  fore  feet  and  tail  toward  centre  of 
body.     Body  is  hollow,  but  head,  limbs,  and  tail 
solid.    Head  of  fibula  consists  of  two  roll-like 
blocks  beneath  front  paws ;  they  are  connected 
by  round  shaft  passing  from  end  to  end.     Each 
roll  has  five  slight  grooves.    Centre  of  shaft  sur- 
rounded  by  remains  of  iron  pin.     Foot  of  fibula 
just    forward  of   root  of  tail.^     For  style,   see 
under  III.  5,  a  (p.  203,  above). 

Addenda  to  Fibidae.  The  following  were  dis- 
carded :  Type  X,  Group  i..  Class  a,  three  of  un- 
certain form.  Of  Group  ii.,  one  from  south 
slope.  Form  1,  Class  a,  one.  Form  2,  Class 
a.  Group  i.,  one.  Probably  of  Class  /?,  one.  Tjrpe 
y,  Form  4,  Class  a,  one.  All  the  above  were 
mere  fragments.  Also  four  broken  pieces  of 
the  pins  (including  one  from  south  slope),  and 
six  unclassified  fragments. 

C.  PSEUDO-SAFETY-PINS. 

Probably  to  be  regarded  as  decorative  straight 
pins  with  ring  hea<ls.  Cf.  Nos.  2081  ff.  Not 
classed  as  buckles,  because  for  such  use  No. 
947  is  ineffective,  and  No.  948  difficult. 

947.  Pin  very  loose  on  ring.  Diameter  of 
ring,  0.029  m.  Length  of  pin,  0.031  m.  Ring 
made  of  piece  of  elliptical  wire,  of  which  ends 

hind  feet  is  double.  It  is  more  likely  a  fibula  than  an 
attached  figfure  with  something  hung  to  the  hooks,  as 
Furtwangler  takes  it. 


250 


THE   BRONZES 


RINGS,  BRACELETS 


251 


overlap  and  each  after  a  single  twist  turns  twice 
around  the  other.  Rough  threading  on  wire 
put  on  before  the  ends  were  twisted.' 

948.  From  West  Buikling.  Diameter  of  ring, 
0.02  m.  Length  of  pin,  0.037  m.  Head  flat, 
encircling  ring  once.  Ring  of  elliptical  wire. 
Pin  plays  over  whole  circumfei*ence  of  ring.* 

2.  NEEDLE. 

949.  Not  cleaned  because  patinated.  From 
northeast  corner  near  Cyclopean  wall,  1893. 
Length,  0.1565  m.  Flattens  at  top  for  eyelet, 
but  elsewhere  nearly  round. 

3.   RINGS. 
A.  FINGER-RINGS. 

Type  a.  Plain  convex  bar. 
Form  1.  Rounded  convexity. 
Class  a.   Closed. 

950.  From  West  Building.  Bar  worn  on  one 
side.  Diameter  (outside),  0.0205  m.  x  0.0196  m. 
Height,  0.003  m. 

951.  Diameter  (outside),  0.0245  ra.  x  0.023  m. 
Height,  0.0088  m.3 

Class  P-   Open. 

952.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.022  m.     Height,  0.0004  m. 

953.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  x  0.021  m.  Height, 
0.0067  m. 

964.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0245  ra.  x 
0.0225  m.     Height,  0.0057  m. 

Form  2.  Angular  convexity. 
Examples  open  or  fragmentary. 

965.  From  south  slope.  Fragment.  Diame- 
ter, 0.022  m.     Height,  0.004  m. 

956.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0225  m.  X  0.0215  m.  Height,  0.0048  m. 

957.  Fi-om      West  Building.       Diameter, 
0.0257  m.  X  0.025  m.  Height,  0.0065  m.* 
Type  b.  Band  rings. 

Form  1.    Band   has  on  outside  raised 

MOULDING  at  TOP  AND  BOTTOM. 

95a  Fragment.     Height,  0.0073  m. 
959.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Height, 
0.0055  m. 

•  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1146.  More  bnckle-shaped,  Ces- 
nola,  Salaminla  (Italian  ed.),  p.  69,  No.  79. 

2  Cf.  Ridgeway,  Early  Age  of  Greece,  I.  p.  591,  fig.  150. 

'  Plain  closed  gold  ring  from  Mycenae,  fourth  grave. 
No.  299.  Heavy  bronze  rings  with  convex  ontside,  in- 
side uncertain,  still  with  bones   in  them  from   Salamis 


Form  2.  Band  ornamented  outside  with 
parallel  horizontal  grooves. 

960.  Fnmi  West  Buihling.  Diameter,  0.02  m. 
Height,  0.006  m.  One  edge  thinner  than  other. 
Band  has  thi-ee  shallow  grooves. 

961.  Condition  |)oor.  Open.  Diameter,  0.0205 
m.  X  0.018  m.  Height,  0.0072  m.  Five  grooves 
on  outside.  Ridges  formed  by  grooves  have 
zigzag. 

Form  3.  Outside  of  band  grooved  and 
threaded.     EIdge  grooved. 
Plate  LXXXIX. 

962.  From  West  Building.  Fragment.  Length, 
0.0185  m.  Height,  0.0025  m.  Single  groove 
round  each  edge.  Outside  of  bar  has  two  fine 
grooves,  with  band  l>etween  plain,  but  outer 
bands  have  slight  oblique  notching. 

963.  From  West  Building.  Fragment.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0199  m.  Height,  0.00265  m.  Orna- 
ment same  as  that  of  No.  962. 

Form  4.  Band  inscribed  on  either  side  of 
engraved  ornament. 

964.  Ring  broken.  Oxidized  and  considera- 
bly coiTOile<l.  Bent.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.  x 
0.0184  m.  Height,  0.0035-0.0038  m.  Thick- 
nes8,  0.0006-0.0009  m.  Ornament:  small  ai*c 
of  circle  ending  with  little  circle  at  each  end. 
Between  ornament  and  beginning  of  inscription 
at  right,  space  of  0.003  m.,  much  corroded.  At 
left,  between  ornament  and  last  trace  of  letter, 
space  of  0.002  m. 

For  inscription,  see  Ajtjten(li.r  (p.  332). 
Type  c.  Rings  with  solid  seal. 

Form  1.  Plain  rectangular  seal. 

965i  From  Northwest  Building.  Ring  cracked 
apart,  opposite  seal.  Diameter,  0.0235  x  0.023  m. 
Length  of  seal,  0.012  m.  Bar  oval,  with  inner 
side  naiTOW  and  sides  partially  flattened.  Seal 
seems  to  l>e  plain.  Crack  in  ring  may  be  inten- 
tional as  surfaces  are  smooth. 

FoR3i  2.  Oval  seals,  with  intaglio  orna- 
ment. 

966.  From  Wlow  Cyclo{)ean  wall  al)0ve  Stoa 
(III).  Diameter,  0.0222  m.  x  0.022  m.  Bar 
oval,  with  inner  side  the  broader.  Seal  thinner 
in  centre.  Length  of  seal,  0.0215  m.  Width  of 
seal,  0.0108  m.     On  seal  is  figure  of  lion  seated 

(Mycenaean  period),  Athens  Mas.  Nos.  3585,  3586,  3591. 
Small  plain  bronze  ring^  from  Lion  tomb  at  Cbaeronea, 
Athens  Mus.,  No.  9793.  Cf.  Zannoni,  Scavi  della  Certota, 
p.  67,  pi.  XV.  No.  30  (silver),  still  inclosing  bon«. 

*  The  above  rings  were  assigned  to  this  type  and  put 
with  finger-rings,  because  of  plain  smooth  finish  inside. 


to  left.  Beneath  lion,  a  groove  slanting  upward 
to  right.  Tail  curleil  back  and  up.  Mane  in- 
dicateil  by  vertical  wavy  grooves.  Ear  indicated. 
Eye  uncertain.  Jaw  clearly  marked.  Figure 
shows  Oriental  influence.  Aljove  head  three 
slight  indentations,  perhaps  merely  meant  to 
bound  fleld,  perhaps  the  petals  of  a  flower.^ 

967.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  x  0.02  m.  Bar  oval ; 
inside  the  narrower.  Length  of  seal,  0.012  m. 
Width,  0.009  m.  Groove  and  line  of  dots  about 
edge.  Design :  shallow  cup  with  projecting  rim. 
Over  this  three  trilobate  figures. 

Form  3.  High  circular  seal,  with  intag- 
lio ornament. 

96&  From  West  Building.  Diameter,  0.02  m. 
X  0.025  m.  Bar  of  ring  decreases  in  size  down- 
ward ;  is  slightly  oval,  with  broad  inside.  Orna- 
mented with  grouj>8  of  three  grooves.  Seal  a 
low  truncated  cone.  Slight  distance  above  bot- 
tom, a  groove  which  seems  to  have  containetl 
band  of  whitish  metal,  probably  electrum.  De- 
sign uncertain  :  perhaps  rosette  or  lieetle. 
Tjrpe  d.  Rings  with  swivel  seals. 

Form  1.  Seal  of  ivory. 

969.  From  southeast  sloi)e,  1894.  When 
found,  fragment  of  ivory  seal  was  attached.  Bar 
round,  with  wire  coil  at  each  side  of  seal.  Diam- 
eter, 0.031  m.  Bar  oval  in  section,  with  narrow 
side  to  finger. 

Form  2.    Seal  of  bronze. 

970.  Fi-om  back  of  South  Building  near  re- 
taining wall,  1894.  Diaraeter,0.025m.  X  0.027  m. 
Bar  slightly  elliptical,  with  narrow  edge  inside. 
Ends  near  seal  have  fine  wire  coil,  of  nine  or  ten 
turns.  Seal  a  short  cylinder.  Diameter,  0.0122  m. 
Under  side  plain  and  slightly  convex.  Edge  di- 
vided by  two  heavy  gi-ooves.  Each  band  outside 
of  these  has  fine  gi*oove.  Design :  groove  next 
to  e<lge,  within  which  a  fly  in  intaglio;  work 
careful.  Both  pairs  of  wings  have  fine  oblique 
grooving  from  top  down  and  outwai-d.  Ti-aces 
of  antennae.     Legs  shown. 

Addendum  to  Type  d. 

970  a.  Fragment  which  had  swivel  seal  of 
unknown  substance.  Wire  coils  at  each  side  of 
seal.     Diameter,  0.0225  m. 

*  Cf.  lion  with  flower  in  mouth  on  gold  breastplate,  from 
Regiilini-Galassi  tomb  at  Cervetri.  Museo  Gregoriano, 
A  I  pi.  28  (=  Grifl,  Monumenti  di  Cere  Antica,  pi.  I). 

*  Cf.  bracelet  from  Amorgos  (pre-Mycenaean),  'E^m- 
•Apx-  1898,  col.  15.">,  pi.  8,  No.  2  (Tsountas). 

^  At  Mycenae,  outside  of  tombs,  plain  round,  appar- 
ently solid  gold  rings  ;  bar  slightly  elliptical ;  Nos.  975- 


Plate  CXXXVII. 

970  b.  Fragment  of  similar  ring.    Diameter, 

0.035  m. 

B.   BRACELETS. 

Plate  LXXXIX. 
Type  a.  Plain  coiL 

971.  Ends  broken.  Much  corroded.  Outside 
diameter,  0.064  ni.  Plain  bar,  slightly  elliptical. 
T]rpe  b.  Ornamented  coiL 

972.  One  end  injured.  Much  corroded.  Di- 
ameter, 0.08  m.  Bar  has  fine,  close,  uneven  screw- 
threading.  On  uninjured  end  is  roll,  followed 
by  five  small  con-ugations  or  rings.  Probably 
other  end  was  treated  in  same  way. 

Type  c.  Plain  bar  open,  with  ends  slightly 
ornamented. 

972  a.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diam- 
eter, 0.042  m.  Ends  have  slight  ridge  at  tip  ex- 
cept on  inside.  Bar  becomes  slightly  smaller  as 
it  appi*oaches  ends.  Bar  somewhat  like  that  in  C, 
T3rpe  a,  Form  2  (pp.  253  ff.).  On  outer  edges 
of  each  end  two  dents  probably  for  eyes  of  ser- 
pent's head.  Perhaps  bracelet  of  statuette. 
Plate  CXXXVII. 

972  b.     Diameter,     0.036   m.      Bar    grows 
smaller  toward  ends,  which  terminate  in  thin 
flat  disks  at  nearly  right  angles  with  ring.    Ends 
0.0125  m.  apart.2 
Plate  LXXXIX. 

Type  d.  Hooked  wire,  with  hollow  hemi- 
spherical beads. 

973.  Diameter,  0.065  m.  Plain  wire,  tapering 
at  ends  to  fonn  hook.  On  wire,  strung  through 
small  holes,  two  beads.  Although  of  same  size, 
no  sign  that  they  were  ever  joined.  The  beads 
made  of  strip  of  metal,  having  ends  joined  to- 
gether. 

974.  Diameter,  0.0075  m.  Wire  plain,  taper- 
ing at  hooks.  Beads  similar  to  those  of  No.  973. 
Their  arrangement  has  l)een  disturbed.  Weld- 
ing of  edges  of  bead  almost  imperceptible. 

C.  RINGS,  MAINLY  DECOR.\TIVE,  OF  VARIOUS 
FORMS  AND  SIZES. 

Tjrpe  a.  Plain  rounded  bar,  usually  ellip- 
tical in  section.^ 

977,  979  ;  994  of  silver  ;  978,  of  gold,  has  inside  flattened. 
For  examples  of  decorative  use  ef.  British  Museum,  Ex- 
cavations in  Cyprus,  p.  102,  No.  30,  pi.  xiv.,  fibula  with 
rings  on  bow  from  Amathus.  So  frequently  in  Iron  Age 
graves  in  Italy.  Open  rings,  sometimes  linked  together, 
e.g.  in  Brit.  Mus.,  Gold  Room,  Case  T,  from  tomb  in  one 
of  the  Greek  islands,  —  five  open  plain  gold  rings  linked 


I    1 


252 


THE   BRONZES 


Form   1.    Inside  and    outside    of    bar 
treated  alike. 

Group  i.    Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.  to 
0.025  m. 
075.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  x  0.022  m.    Width 
of  bar,  0.018  m.      Bar   horizontal   ellipse   ap- 
proaching to  rectangle. 

The  following  have  bar  of  same  shape  unless 
otherwise  stated. 

976.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0207  m.     Width,  0.0013  m.-0.002  m. 

977.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0024  m. 

978.  Diameter,  0.0237  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

979.  Diameter,  0.0247  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

980.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 
Bar  nearly  round. 

981.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

982.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

983.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.003  m. 

984.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 
Width,  0.0028  m.-0.0034  m.  Bar  as  that  of  No. 
980. 

986.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.   Width,  0.0035  m. 

986.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.   Width,  0.0038  m. 

987.  Diameter,  0.0244  m.  Width,  0.0025  ra. 
-0.0038  m. 

988.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
-0.0038  m. 

989.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.   Width,  0.0045  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.  to 

0.03  m. 
(a'.)  Closed. 

990.  Diameter,  0.0254  m.  Width,  0.0017 
m.-0.0025  m. 

991.  Diameter,  0.027  m.    Width,  0.0025  ra. 

992.  Diameter,  0.025  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

993.  Diameter,  0.02G  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

994.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 
-0.0029  m.     Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

995.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.   Width,  0.003  m. 

996.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.     Width,  0.003  m. 

997.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.     Width,  0.003  m. 

998.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0031  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 


999.  From  back  of  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.0255  m.    Width,  0.003  m. 

1000.  Diameter,  0.025  m.   Width,  0.0033  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1001.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0025  m.- 
0.0035  m. 

1002.  From  south  slope.   Diameter,  0.0252  m. 
Width,  0.0028  m.-0.0035  m. 

1003.  Diameter,  0.0286  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 
ttsLT  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1004.  From  south  slope.   Diameter,  0.025  ni. 
Width,  0.0036.     Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1005.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.003  m.- 
0.0036  ra.     Rir  as  that  of  980. 

1006.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.   Width,  0.0029  m. 
-0.0037  ra.     liar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1007.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.0034  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  980. 

1008.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.   Width,  0.0033  m. 

1009.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0025  m.- 
0.0043  ra. 

1010.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.   Width,  0.0027  m. 
-0.0043  m. 

1011.  From  back  of  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.0257  m.    Width,  0.0025  m.-0.0043  ra. 

1012.  From  back  of  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.025  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

Plate  XC. 

lOia  Diameter,  0.0287  m.   Width,  0.004  m. 

1014.  From  back  of  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0275  m.     Width,  0.0049  m. 

lOlSi  Diameter,  0.0292  m.   Width,  0.0065  m 
(6'.)  Open. 

1016.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.   Width,  0.0023  m 
Ends  fit  closely. 

Group  iii.    Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 
0.035. 

1017.  Diameter,  0.034  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1018.  Diaraeter,  0.0315.     Width,  0.0026  m. 

1019.  Diameter,  0.0325  m.   Width.  0.0029  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  980. 

102a  Diaraeter,  0.03  ra.     Width,  0.005  m.- 
0.0062  m. 

Group  iv.  Outside  diameter,  0.035  m.- 
0.04  m. 
(«'.)  Closed. 
1021.  Diameter,  0.0354  m.   Width,  0.004  m. 


together  ;  ends  of  rings  smaller  than  centre.  Similar 
group  of  rings  from  Enconii.  Cf.  Excavations  in  Cyprus, 
pi.  ix.  Xos.  288-295.  Possibility  that  some  of  the  open 
rings  with  bar  tapering  towanl  ends  may  be  earrings  ;  cf- 
Myres  and  Ohnefalsch-Riehter,  Cyprus  Miueum  Cat.  p. 


123;  Orsi,  }f(m.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  8(>3,  Mpolturn  clxvi. 
from  Megara  llyblmea,  and  IX.  c<»U.  74,  75,  fig.  27,  from 
Pantalica.  0|>eu  ring  with  crossed  ends  from  Sikel  vil- 
lage  near  Matera,  Apulia,  published  by  Patroni,  Aloti.  Ar^. 
Line.  VIII.  coll.  497,  507,  iig.  108,  as  finger-ring. 


k-^i^lMiHIaklUa 


imlMm^M 


mim 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


253 


1022.  Diameter,  0.0394  m.  Widtl^  0.0039 
m.-0.005  m. 

(6'.)  Oi)en. 

1023.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0037  m. 
Bar  round. 

1024.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 
0{)ening  looks  accidental. 

Group  V.  Outside  diameter,  0.04  m.,  or 
more. 

(a'.)  Closetl. 
1025i  Diameter,  0.0444  ra.   Width,  0.0034  ra. 

1026.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.049  ra.     Width,  0.0058  ni.-0.0069  ra. 

1027.  Diameter,  0.0505  m.  Width,  0.0055 
m.-0.0069  m. 

(b'.)  Open. 

102a  Diaraeter,  0.043  m.  Width,  0.0055  m. 
Opening  looks  accidental. 

Addenda  to  Form  1.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
the  openings  in  the  following  are  intentional  or 
accidental. 

1029.  Diaraeter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.0015  ra. 
Bar  round.  Edges  of  ojiening  rough  ;  hence 
probably  accidental. 

1030.  Diaraeter,  0.0216  ra.  Width,  0.0018  m. 
E<lges  of  opening  fairly  smooth.     Bar  round. 

1030  a.  Diameter,  0.0213  m.   Width,  0.009  m. 
Form  2.    Inside   surface  less    rodnded 
than  outside.    Division  between   sur- 
faces NOT  distinctly  INDICATED. 

Group  i.  Outside  diaraeter  less  than 
0.02  ra.  Unless  otherwise  stated,  all 
the  following  to  No.  1099  liave  nearly 
round  bar. 

1031.  Diaraeter,  0.0165  ra.   Width,  0.0035  m. 

1032.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.017  m. 
AVidth,  0.0038  m. 

1033.  Diaraeter,  0.0193  m.  Width,  0.0009  ra. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,   0.02    ni.- 

0.025  m. 

1034.  Diameter,  0.021  ra.  Width,  0.0013  ni. 
(Condition  so  poor  as  to  make  classification  un- 
certain.) 

1035.  Diameter,  0.022  ra.    Width,  0.0018  m. 

1036.  Diameter,  0.0232  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 
1087.  Diameter,  0.0239  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1038.  Diameter,  0.0231  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1039.  Diaraeter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 

1040.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0015 
ni.-0.0028  m.  Bar  higher  than  wide  in  some 
places. 

1041.  Diameter,  0.0216  m.  Width,  0.0017 
m.-0.0028  m. 


1042.  Diameter,  0.0235  ra.    Width,  0.002  ra. 

1043.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0245  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1044.  Diameter,  0.0238  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

1045.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0029  m. 

1046.  Diaraeter,  0.0228  ra.  Width,  0.0024 
ra.-0.0034  m. 

1047.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.  Width,  0.0024 
m.-0.0034  m. 

1048.  From  behind  South  Building.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0237  ra.   Width,  0.0025  m.-0.0035  ra. 

1049.  Diaraeter,  0.0222  ra.  Width,  0.0023 
m. -0.0035  m.  Poor  condition  renders  classi- 
fication uncertain ;  perhaps  this  sjjecimen  belongs 
under  Form  4. 

1050.  Diaraeter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0015 
m.-0.0037  ra.  (Difference  due  to  oxidation.) 
Perhaps  belongs  under  FoR>i  4. 

1051.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.024  m.    W^idth,  0.0027  m.-0.004  ra. 

1052.  Frora  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.003  ra.-0.004  m. 

1053.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0243  ra.     Width,  0.0027  ra.-0.004  m. 

1054.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.    Width,  0.0032  m. 
Group  iii.    Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.003  m. 

1055.  Diaraeter,  0.025  ra.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

1056.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.025  m.     Width,  0.0025  m. 

1057.  Frora  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.025  ra.     Width,  0.0023  m. 

1058.  Diaraeter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1059.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0028  ra. 

1060.  Diameter,  0.025  ra.     Width,  0.0028  ra. 

1061.  Diameter,  0.025  ni.  Width,  0.0024  m.- 
0.0035  m.     (Difference  due  to  oxidation.) 

1062.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0035  ra. 

1063.  Diaraeter,  0.0255  m.   Width,  0.0029  ra. 

1064.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0028  m.- 
0.0038  m. 

1065.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0024  m.- 
0.0038  ra. 

1066.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0027 
m.-0.0038  m. 

1067.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0028 
m.-0.0038  m.  About  one  half  of  ring  larger 
than  the  other.     Perhaps  finger-ring. 

1068.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.003  m. 

1069.  Diaraeter,  0.0258  m.   Width,  0.003  m. 

1070.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.026  m.     Width,  0.0028  m.-0.0038  m. 


254 


THE  BRONZES 


1071.  Diameter,  0.0257  in.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Bar  slightly  elliptical. 

1072.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1073.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0255  m. 
Width,  0.003  m.-0.0042  m. 

1074.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.026  m.     Width,  0.0035  m. 

1075.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0034  m.- 
0.0045  m. 

1076.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0035 
m.-0.0049  m. 

1077.  Diameter,  0.0285  m.    Width,  0.005  m. 

1078.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0285.     Width,  0.0055  m. 

1079.  Diameter,  0.02G5  m.  Width,  0.0045 
m.-0.0065  m. 

Group   iv.     Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 
0.035  m. 

1080.  Diameter,  0.03  m.     Width,  0.0034  m. 

1081.  Diameter,  0.032  m.     Width,  0.0036  m. 

1082.  Diameter,  0.0323  m.   Width,  0.0045  m. 

1083.  Diameter,  0.032  m.    Width,  0.0045  m. 

1084.  Diameter,  0.034  m.    Width,  0.0045  m. 
1086.  Diameter,  0.031  m.    Width,  0.0047  m. 

1086.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.03  m.     Width,  0.0043  m.-0.0058  m. 

1087.  Diameter,  0.0335  m.  Width,  0.0043 
m.-0.006  m.     Bar  elliptieaL 

1088.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0335  m.     Width,  0.0045  m.-O.OOG  m. 

1089.  Diameter,  0.032  m.     Width,  0.008  m. 
Group  V.  Outside  diameter,  0.035  m.- 

0.04  m. 

1090.  Diameter,  0.035  m.    Width,  0.0045  m. 

1091.  Diameter,  0.0365  m.  Width,  0.004  m.- 
0.0055  m. 

1092.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.034  m.     Width,  0.005  m.-0.006  m. 

1093.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0055 
m.-0.0065  m. 

1094.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Width,  0.005  m.- 
0.0068  m. 

1095l  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Width,  0.0075  m. 
Group  vi.  Diameter,  0.04  +  m. 

1096.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.041  m.     Width,  0.008  ra.^ 

Addenda  to  Form  2.  The  openings  in  the 
following  are  partially  due  to  accident,  whether 
they  were  originally  intended  to  be  open  or  not. 

Group  ii.  1097.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width, 
0.003  m.     One  end  smooth,  other  end  rough. 


Group  iii.  1098.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Width, 
0.0034  m.   Both  ends  corroded. 

Group  iv.  1099.  From  behind  South  Build* 
ing.  Diameter,  0.031  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.- 
0.006  m.     Both  ends  corroded. 

Form  3.  Inside    surface    less    rounded 

THAN  OUTSIDE.  On  TOP  AND  BOTTOM 
FLAT  PLANE  CONNECTING  INSIDE  AND 
OUTSIDE. 

Class  a.  Inside  surface  rounded  slightly 
in  continuous  curve. 

Group  i.   Outside    diameter,    0.02    m.- 
0.025  m. 

1100.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0249  m.     Width,  0.003  m. 

Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 

1101.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.0035  m. 

1102.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0025  m.- 
0.004  m. 

1103.  Diameter,  0.025  ra.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1104.  Diameter,  0.027  m.    Width,  0.0049  m. 
Group  iii.   Outside  diameter,  0.03   m.- 

0.035  ni. 

1105.  Diameter,  0.03  m.     Width,  0.006  m. 
Class  p.  Inner  convexity  consists  of  two 

surfaces  which  meet  in  rounded  obtuse 
angle. 

Group   i.  Outside    diameter,    0.02    m.- 
0.025  m. 
(«'.)  Closed. 
IIOR  Diameter,  0.02  m.     Width,  0.001  m. 
(Half  of  one  side  is  of  Form  4.) 

1107.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0018  m. 

1108.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 

1109.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0237  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 

1110.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.024  m.     Width,  0.0024  m. 

mi    Diameter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0023  ra. 

1112.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0235  m.     Width,  0.0025  m. 

1113.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0027  m.- 
0.004  m. 

(6'.)  OiJen. 

1114.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.03  m. 

1115.  Diameter,  0.025  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 
Addenda  to  Form  3.  In  the  following  the 

width  of  the  original  opening  is  uncertain. 


^  For  example  of  such  rings  used  m  bandies,  see  Orsi,  M<m.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  801. 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


255 


Class  a.  Group  i. 
1116.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0023  m.- 
0.0037  m.     Ends  corroded. 

Group  iii.  1117.  From  behind  South  Building. 
Diameter,  0.03  m.    Width,  0.0031  m.-0.0057  m. 
(Oxidized.) 
Form  4.  Similar  to  Form  3  except  that 
inside  and  outside  surfaces  meet  on 
top  and  bottom  '  edge  of  ring. 
Class  a.  Inner  convexity  rounded  in  con- 
tinuous curve. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.015   m.- 
0.02  m. 
ma   Diameter,  0.0176  m.    Width,  0.013  m. 

1119.  Diameter,  0.018  m.  Width,  0.001  m.- 
0.003  m. 

Group   ii.   Outside   diameter,   0.02   m.- 
0.025  m. 
(a'.)  Closed. 

1120.  Diameter,  0.02  m.  Width,  0.0014  m. 
This  and  1121  and  1122  are  perhaps  finger- 
rings. 

1121.  Diameter,  0.0234  m.     Width,  0.001  m. 

1122.  Diameter,  0.021  m.    Width,  0.0014  m. 

1123.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

1124.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.   Width,  0.0018  m. 

1125.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0227  m.    Width,  0.0014  m. 

1126.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.   Width,  0.0013  m. 

1127.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.0015  m. 

1128.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.022  m.     Width,  0.0017  m. 

1129.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.022  m.     Width,  0.0017  m. 

1130.  Diameter,  0.0229  m.   Width,  0.0016  m. 

1131.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.0015  m. 

1132.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.0016  m. 

1133.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

1134.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

1135.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0224  m. 
Width,  0.0017  m. 

1136.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

1137.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.   Width,  0.0015  m. 

1138.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.   Width,  0.0017  m. 

1139.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

1140.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0015  m. 

1141.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0014  m.- 
0.0027  m. 

1142.  From  West  Building.  Diameter,  0.021m. 

Width,  0.0018  m. 

1143.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.0019  m. 

1  The  nngs  have  neitber  '  top '  uor  '  bottom,'  but  tbese 


1144.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.0018  m. 

1145.  Diameter,  0.0236  m.   Width,  0.0015  m. 

1146.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0223  m.     Width,  0.0025  m. 

1147.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1148.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.    Width,  0.0022  m. 

1149.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1150.  Diameter,  0.0222  m.  Width,  0.0015 
m.-0.003  m. 

1151.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.028  m. 
Width,  0.0015  m.-0.003  m. 

1152.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0205  m.     Width,  0.0013  m. 

1153.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0019  m. 

1154.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.    Width,  0.0026  m. 

1155.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1156.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.0017  m. 

1157.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 
1168.  Diameter,  0.0206  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 

1159.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0017  ra. 

1160.  Diameter,  0.0232  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1161.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0033  m. 

1162.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0024  m. 

1163.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.   Width,  0.0027  m. 

1164.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0035  m. 

1165.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.   Width,  0.0023  m. 

1166.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam- 
eter, 0.0244  m.     Width,  0.0023  m.-0.0035  m. 

1167.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.0023  m.-0.0036  m. 

1168.  Diameter,  0.0224  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0037  m. 

1169.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0038  m. 

1170.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0025 
m.-0.004  m. 

1171.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0027 
m.-0.004  m. 

1172.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.002  m. 

(6'.)  Open. 

1173.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 
Ends  close  together ;  opening  diagonal  and  prob- 
ably intentional. 

1174.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 
Opening  prolwibly  accidental. 

Group  iii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 

1175.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

words  are  perhaps  more  intelligible  than  '  plane  of  the 
diameter '  or  a  similar  expression. 


256 


THE   BRONZES 


1176.  Diameter,  0.026  m.   Width,  0.0022  m. 

1177.  Diameter,  0.025  m.   Widtb,  0.0025  m. 

1178.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    Width,  0.0022  m. 

1179.  From     West     Building.        Diameter, 
0.0255  m.     Width,  0.003  ra. 

1180.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0032  m. 

1181.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0015  m.- 
0.004  m.     (Corroded  and  oxidized.) 

1182.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0026  m. 
Width,  0.0022  m. 

1183.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0033  m. 

1184.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.    Width,  0.0029  m. 
1186.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.0265  m. 

Width,  0.0037  m. 

1186.  From     West     Building.        Diameter, 
0.0285  m.     Width,  0.0045  m. 

1187.  From    West     Building.       Diameter, 
0.028  m.     Width,  0.0027  m. 

Group  iv.  Outside    diameter,  0.03    m.- 
0.035  m. 

1188.  From    West     Building.         Diameter, 
0.0325  m.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1189.  Diameter,  0.032  m.     Width,  0.0049  m. 

1190.  South    slope.       Diameter,     0.034    m. 
Width,  0.0065  m.-0.009  m. 

Group  V.    Outside  diameter,  0.035  m.- 
0.04  m. 

1191.  Diameter,  0.036  m.    Width,  0.0053  m. 
Class  p.  Inner  conrevitij  consists  of  two 

surfaces  tcfiich  meet  in  a  rounded  obtuse 

angle. 

Group  i.    Outside   diameter,   0.02  m.- 

0.025  m. 

(a'.)  Closed. 

1192.  Diameter,  0.0208  m.  Width,  0.0011  m. 
USa  Diameter,  0.0217  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 
1194.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 
1196.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.0017  m. 

1196.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.0018  m. 

1197.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     AVidth,  0.0018  m. 

1198.  From     West     Building.        Diameter, 
0.02  m.     Width,  0.0018  m. 

1199.  From  south  slope.     Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.0019  m. 

1200.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.    Width,  0.0019  m. 

1201.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.0019  m. 

1202.  Diameter,  0.0217  m.   Width,  0.0019  m. 

1203.  Diameter,  0.0209  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1204.  Diameter,  0.0204  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 
1206.  Diameter,  0.0218  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 

1206.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1207.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1208.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 


1209.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.0021  m. 

1210.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.0021  m. 

1211.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.0022  m. 

1212.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.0022  m. 

1213.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0022  m. 

1214.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0022  m. 
1216.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    Wiilth,  0.0022  m. 

1216.  Diameter,  0.0224  m.    Width,  0.0022  m. 

1217.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.0022  m. 

1218.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.0022  m. 

1219.  Fi-om      West      Building.       Diameter, 
0.0249  m.     Width,  0.0022  m. 

1220.  Diameter,  0.0232  m.   Width,  0.0022  m. 

1221.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0023  m. 

1222.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1223.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

1224.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0228  m.     Width,  0.0025  m. 

122Si  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

1226.  From  south  8loi>e.    Diameter,  0.023  m. 
Width,  0.0025  m. 

1227.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1228.  From     West      Building.      Diameter, 
0.0217  m.     Width,  0.0025  m. 

1229.  Diameter,  0.023  ni.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1230.  Diameter,  0.0217  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1231.  Diameter,  0.0213  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1232.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1233.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.   Width,  0.0025  m. 

1234.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0025  ra. 
1236.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0025  m. 

1236.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0025  ra. 

1237.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0027  ra. 

1238.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0027  ra. 

1239.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.   Width,  0.0027  ra. 

1240.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0027  m. 

1241.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.    Width,  0.0028  m. 

1242.  From     West     Building.      Diameter, 
0.024  m.     Width,  0.0029  m. 

1243.  Diameter,  0.0225  ra.   Width,  0.0029  m. 

1244.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0029  m. 
1246.  Diameter,  0.023  ra.   Width,  0.0029  m. 

1246.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.024  ra. 
Width,  0.003  m. 

1247.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Width,  0.003  m. 

1248.  Diameter,  0.024  ra.     Width,  0.003  ra. 

1249.  Frora  behind  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.021  ra.     Width,  0.003  m. 

125a  Diameter,  0.021  m.     Width,  0.003  ra. 

1261.  Diameter,  0.0233  m.    Width,  0.003  ra. 

1262.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.003  ra. 

1263.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.003  ra. 
1254.  Diameter,  0.024  ra.     Width,  0.003  nu 


\ 


DECORATIVE   RINGS 


267 


1265.  Diameter,  0.024  ra.     Width,  0.003  m. 

1266.  Diameter,  0.0243  ra.    Width,  0.003  m. 

1267.  Diameter,  0.0245  ra.    Width,  0.003  m. 

1268.  From  l)ehind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0234  ra.     Width,  0.003  ra. 

1269.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0032  ra. 

1260.  Diameter,  0.024  ra.    Width,  0.0032  m. 

1261.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Widtli,  0.0032  m. 

1262.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0035  ra. 

1263.  Diameter,  0.0242  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1264.  Diameter,     0.022x0.03   ra.     Width, 
0.0035  in. 

1266.  Frora  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.024  ra.     Width,  0.0035  m. 

1266.  Diameter,  0.0249  ra.   Width,  0.0036  ra. 

1267.  Frora  south  sIojmj.  Diameter,  0.0232  ra. 
Width,  0.0036  m. 

1268.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.    Width,  0.0036  m. 

1269.  From  south  sIo^h;.    Diameter,  0.0243  ra. 
Width.  0.0036  m. 

1270.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.    Width,  0.0036  m. 

1271.  From  south  sloi)e.    Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.0039  ra. 

1272.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0039  m. 

1273.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.004  m. 

1274.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.    Widtli,  0.004  m. 
1276.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.004  m. 

1276.  From     West     Building.        Diameter, 
0.0243  m.     Width,  0.004  ra. 

1277.  Diameter,  0.0249  m.   Width,  0.004  m. 

1278.  Diameter,  0.024  ra.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1279.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1280.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.   Width,  0.0042  m. 

1281.  From  south  slo))e.    Diameter,  0.0248  m. 
Width,  0.0049. 

(6'.)  Open,  but  o|)ening   in  all  eases 
probably  accidental. 

1282.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0017  m. 

1283.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0023  m. 

1284.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0023  m. 
1286.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    AVidth,  0.0023  m. 

1286.  From  scmth  slope.    Diameter,  0.022  ra. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 

1287.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.004  m. 

1288.  Frora  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0245  m.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1289.  Diameter,  0.0214  m.    AVidth,  0.004  m. 
Group  ii.     Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.03  m. 
(a'.)  Closed. 

1290.  Diameter,  0.0254  m.  AVidth,  0.0025  ra. 

1291.  Diaraeter,  0.0258  ra.  Width,  0.0025  ra. 


1292.  Diaraeter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0026  m. 

1293.  Diameter,  0.025  ra.   Width,  0.0026  m. 

1294.  From  behind  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.025  m.     AA'idth,  0.0026  m. 

1295.  Diameter,  0.025  m.   AVidth,  0.0027  m. 

1296.  Diameter,  0.0282  m.   Width,  0.0028  m. 

1297.  Diaraeter,  0.0257  m.    Width,  0.0029  m. 

1298.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.    Width,  0.003  ra. 

1299.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0283  m.    AVidth.  0.003  m. 

1300.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    AVidth,  0.0033  m. 

1301.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0034  m. 

1302.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.   AVidth,  0.0034  m. 

1303.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.   AVidth,  0.0034  m. 

1304.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0263  m.     AVidth,  0.0034  m. 

1305.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    AVidth,  0.0034  m. 

1306.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.    AVidth,  0.0034  m. 

1307.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.   Width,  0.0035  m. 

1308.  Diameter,  0.0278  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1309.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    Width,  0.0035  ra. 

1310.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.    AVidth,  0.0035  m. 

1311.  From  south  sloi)e.    Diameter,  0.0263  m. 
AVidth,  0.0035  m. 

1312.  From  south  slope.   Diameter,  0.0255  ra. 
Width,  0.0035  m. 

1313.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1314.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.   Width,  0.0035  m. 

1315.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    Width,  0.0036  m. 

1316.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.   Width,  0.0037  m. 

1317.  Diameter,  0.0263  m.   Width,  0.0038  m. 

1318.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    AVidth,  0.004  m. 

1319.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.026  m. 
AVidth,  0.004  m. 

1320.  Diameter,  0.026  m.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1321.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.025  m. 
AVidth,  0.004  m. 

1322.  Diameter,  0.026  m.     AA^idth,  0.004  m. 

1323.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    Width,  0.0043  m. 

1324.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.    Width,  0.0043  m. 

1325.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0253  m.     Width,  0.0043. 

1326.  Diameter,  0.0264  m.   Width,  0.0043  ra. 

1327.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 

1328.  Diameter,  0.027  m.    Width,  0.0044  m. 

1329.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.026  m. 
AVidth,  0.0044  m. 

1330.  Diameter,  0.026  m.   Width,  0.0044  m. 

1331.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    AVidth,  0.0044  m. 

1332.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    AVidth,  0.0044  m. 

1333.  From     AVest     Building.        Diameter, 
0.026  m.     Width,  0.0044  m. 

1334.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.   Width,  0.0044  m. 


258 


THE   BRONZES 


1335.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.026  m. 
Wi.ltli,  0.0044  m. 

1336.  I  )iameter,  0.0275  m.    Width,  0.0047  iii. 

1337.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.    Width,  0.0049  m. 

1338.  Diameter,  0.0299  in.    Width,  0.0049  m. 

1339.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0285  m.     Width,  0.005  m. 

1340.  Diameter,  0.0277  m.    AVidth,  0.0051  m. 
(5'.)  Oi)en  ;  but  probably  owing  to  ac- 
cident. 

1341.  Diameter,  0.026  m.    Width,  0.0014  m. 

1342.  Diameter,  0.0252  m.    Width,  0.0023  uj. 

1343.  Diameter,  0.0264  m.    Width,  0.0046  m. 

1344.  Diameter,  0.0278  m.    Width,  0.0055  m. 
Addenda  to  Form  4,  ClaifS  yS.  In  the  follow- 
ing original  width  of  break  is  uncertain. 

1346.  Diameter,  0.0188  m.    Width,  0.0013  m. 
(J roup  i. 

1346.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.   Width,  0.0015  m. 

1347.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.    Width,  0.0015  m. 

1348.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0019  m. 

1349.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.    Width.  0.0023  m. 

1350.  Diameter,  0.022  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1351.  Diameter,  0.023  ui.    Width,  0.0021  m. 

1352.  Diameter,  0.023  m.   Width,  0.0024  m. 
In  following  numbers,  bent  examples,  the  ends 

overlap. 

1353.  Diameter,  0.02  m.     Width,  0.0019  m. 

1354.  Diameter,  0.022  m.   Width,  0.0027  m. 
(Jroup  ii. 

1355.  Diameter,  0.0278  m.    Widtli.  0.0029  m. 

1356.  Diameter,  0.026  m.   Width,  0.006  m. 
Form  5.  Tkaxsitioxal,  similar  to  Form  4, 

but  inside  and  outside  are  formed  each 
of  three  flat  i'laxe  surfaces,  that  is, 
a  central  band  with  a  sloping  bevel 
at  either  side. 

1357.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.029  m.     Width,  0.0043  m. 

Discanh  of  Type  a: 

Form  1,  (Jroup  i.:  oue,  complete,  from  West  Building; 
antl  three  fragments,  of  which  one  from  south  slope. 

Form  ti.  Group  ii.:  three  fragments,  of  which  one  from 
south  slope.  Group  iii. :  two  complete  and  two  fragments. 
Group  iv.:  one  fragment. 

F«>RM  .'5,  Clm.*  a.  Group  i.:  one  fragment  from  south 
slope.    Cfaits  $:  oue  complete. 

Form  4,  Cla!>K  o.  Group  ii. :  eleyen  fragments,  of  which 
one  from  West  Building,  one  from  south  slope,  one  from 
east  end  of  Second  Temple.  Group  iii.:  one  complete  and 
one  fragment.  Cinss  fl,  Group  i.:  three  complete  and 
thirteen  fragments,  of  which  one  from  West  Building, 
one  from  south  slope,  and  two  from  behind  South  Build- 
ing.   Group  ii.:  four  fragments. 


Also  fourteen  complete,  and   forty-three   incomplete 
pieces,  unclassified. 

Type  b.    Large  rings,  of  forms  analogons 
to  those  of  Tjrpe  a. 
Form  1.  Combination  of  two  rings,  one 

LARGER    AND    OPEN,    SIMILAR   TO    TjrpO    a, 

Form    1 ;    the    other    being    smaller 

AND   also  closed,  SIMILAR  TO  Type  a, 

Form  2. 
135&  From  l>ehind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter of  larger  ring,  0.0435  m.  Wi«lth,  0.0047  ni. 
0|)ening  diagcmal  and  probably  original.  Diam- 
eter of  smaller  ring,  0.032  m.  Width  of  the 
same,  0.0042  m. 
Form  2.  Single  rings.   Somewhat  similar 

to  Type  a,  Form  2. 

1359.  Much  worn.  Diameter,  0.059  m. 
Width.  0.0085  m. 

Form  3.   Somewhat  similar  to  Tjrpe  «, 
Form  3,  Class  »..  but  flatter. 

1360.  Fnun  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0563  m.     Width.  0.0032  m. 

136L  Diameter,  0.0805  m.  Width,  0.0067  m. 
Surfaces  nearly  flat. 

Form  4.  Somewhat   similar  to  Tjrpe   a, 
Form  4,  Cla»i<  a. 

1362.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.071 5  m.  Width, 
0.005  m.  On  one  side,  uncertain  traces  of 
oblique  lines. 

Type  c.   Outside  and  inside  convex,  con- 
sisting of  two  flat,  or  nearly  flat,  surfaces 
meeting  at  an  angle.' 
Form  1.  Angles    of    upper   and   lower 
SIDES    PLAIN.      Inner    convexity    less 

THAN    OUTER. 

Group  i.   Outside      diameter,      0.02    m.- 
0.025  m. 

1363.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0238  m.     Width,  0.0028  m. 

1364.  Diameter,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.003  n». 
1366.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    Width,  0.003  m. 

1366.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0032  m. 

1367.  Diameter,  0.023  m.   Width,  0.0037  m. 

1368.  Diameter,  0.0237  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 

1369.  Diameter,  0.0223  ni.   Width,  0.0044  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside     diameter,     0.025    m.- 

0.03  m. 

1370.  Diameter,  0.027  m.    Width,  0.0029  ni. 

1371.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.0032  m. 

1372.  From  l>ehind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0274  m.     Width,  0.0039  m. 

1373.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.   Width,  0.0039  m. 


1  With  this  type,  of.  specimen  from  Novilara,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  V.  col.  140  (Brizio). 


DECORATIVE   RINGS 


259 


1374.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0049  m. 
1376.  From  Iwhind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0265  m.     Width,  0.0049  m. 

1376.  Diameter,  0.0297  m.   Width,  0.0064  m. 

1377.  Diaiueter,  0.029  m.     Width,  0.007  m. 
Group  iii.   Outside     diameter,    0.03     m.- 

0.035  m. 

1378.  Diameter,  0.031  m.    Width,  0.007  m. 
Group  iv.    Outside    diameter,    0.035    m.- 

0.04  m. 


1407.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1408.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0245  m.     Width,  0.004  m. 

1409.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.    Width,  0.004  m. 

1410.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.    Width,  0.0047  m. 

1411.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.0045  m. 
The  following  numbers  are  ornamented. 

1412.  Diameter,  0.0227.  Width,  0.003  m. 
On  one  side  of  outer  convexity,  at  inner  and 
outer  edge,  row  of  short  oblique  lines  close  to- 


1379.  From  south  slope.     Diameter,  0.037  in.     gether.     Traces  of  similar  lines  on  other  si<le 


0.02    m.- 


Width,  0.008  m. 

Group  V.  Outside  diameter  over  0.04  m. 
138a  Diameter,  0.041  m.    Width,  0.008  m. 
Form  2.  Inner    surf.vces    carried    past 

JUNCTION-POINT   WITH    OUTSIDE  SURFACES, 

thus  making  inside  apparently  thicker 

THAN  outside  AND  OF  ABOUT  EQUAL  AND 

sometimes  greater  width.* 
Group  i.    Outside     diameter, 
0.25  m. 
(a'.)   Closed. 
Pl.\te  XCI. 

1381.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 

1382.  Diameter,  0.021  m. 

1383.  Diameter,  0.0215  m. 

1384.  Diameter,  0.0205  m. 
1386.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
1386.  Diameter,  0.0227  m. 


Width,  0.0024  m. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 


1387.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0027  m.- 

1388.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0028  m. 

1389.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.    Width,  0.0028  m. 

1390.  From  south  slope.   Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.003  m. 

1391.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Width,  0.0027  m. 

1392.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.    Width,  0.003  m. 

1393.  Diameter,  0.0239  m.    Width,  0.003  m. 

1394.  Diameter,  0.0221  m.    Width,  0.003  m. 
Possible  traces  of  row  of  dots. 

1396.  Diameter,  0.023  m.    Width,  0.0033  m. 

1396.  Diameter,  0.0233  m. 

1397.  Diameter,  0.023  m. 

1398.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 

1399.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 

1400.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.   Width,  0.0034  m. 

1401.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0035  m. 

1402.  Diameter,  0.023  m.   Width,  0.0035  m. 

1403.  Diameter,  0.0244  ui.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1404.  Diameter,  0.024  m.    Width,  0.0036  m. 
1406.  From     West     Building.        Diameter, 

0.0245  m.     Width,  0.0036  m. 

1406.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.   Width,  0.0039  m. 


Width,  0.0033  m. 
Width,  0.0033  m. 
Width,  0.0033  m. 
Width,  0.0034  m. 


1413.  Diameter,  0.0234.  Width,  0.0033  m. 
Ornament  similar  to  that  of  No.  1412.  Many 
of  the  lines  have  arrowhead  form. 

1414.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Ornamentation  similar. 

1416.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 
Ornamentation  similar. 

1416.  Diameter,  0.0249  m.  Width,  0.0043  m. 
Ornamentation  similar. 

1417.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.0043  m.     Ornamentation  similar. 

(6'.)  Open. 
14ia  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Width,  0.0035  m. 
Break   probably  intentional.      Faint   traces  of 
same  decoration. 

Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,   0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 
(«'.)  Closed. 

1419.  Diameter,  0.026  m.     Width,  0.0035  m. 

1420.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1421.  From  behind  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.0255  m.    Width,  0.0035  m. 

1422.  Diameter,  0.0256  m.    Width,  0.0036  m. 

1423.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 

1424.  Diameter,  0.0257  m. 
1426.  Diameter,  0.0252  m. 

1426.  Diameter,  0.0259  m. 

1427.  Diameter,  0.0254  m. 

1428.  Diameter,  0.0255  m. 

1429.  From  south  slope. 
Width,  0.0047  m. 

1430.  Diameter,  0.025  m.    Width,  0.0047  m. 

1431.  From  behind  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.0264  m.     Width.  0.0047  m. 

1432.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.0049  m. 

1433.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0258  m.     Width  0.0052  m. 

1434.  From  behind  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.0258  m.     Widtli,  0.0053  m. 

1436.  Diameter,  0.028  m.    Width,  0.0055  m. 
The  following:  are  ornamented. 


Width.  0.0038  m. 
Width,  0.0038  ni. 
Width.  0.0042  m. 
Width,  0.0047  m. 
Width,  0.0047  m. 
Width,  0.0047  m. 
Diameter,  0.025  m. 


»  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  443. 


2G0 


THE   BRONZES 


DECORATIVE   RINGS 


261 


143&  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 
Both  sitles  have  two  rows  of  fine  lines. 

1437.  Diameter,  0.0252  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Both  sides  have  two  rows  of  fine  iri-egular 
hooked  lines.     Cf.  No.  1413. 

1438.  Diameter,  0.0251  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 
On  one  side,  inner  band  of  short  parallel  oblique 
lines.  On  other  side,  traces  of  same  on  both 
edges. 

1439.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0265  m. 
Width,  0.004  m.  One  side  has  outer  row  of 
lines  and  inner  row  of  dots ;  on  other  side,  outer 
lines  visible,  but  dots  uncertain. 

1440.  Diameter,  0.0255  ui.  Width,  0.004  m. 
One  side  similar  to  No.  1436. 

1441.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0254  m. 
Width,  0.004  m.    lk)th  sides  similar  to  No.  1436. 

1442.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0043  n\. 
Ornament  similar  to  that  of  No.  1436^  but  lines 
oblique. 

144a  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 
On  one  side,  groove  at  outer  edge  and  row  of  ob- 
lique lines  at  inner  edge  with  zigzag  connecting 
the  two. 

1444.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 
Ornament  similar  to  that  of  No.  1442. 

1445.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.00245 
m.  Ornament  probably  sunilar  to  that  of  No. 
1442,  but  one  row  on  one  side  doubtful. 

1446.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.025  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.  Ornament  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  No.  1436. 

1447.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.  Ornament  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  No.  1442. 

1448L  From  south  sloj)e.  Diameter,  0.0265  m. 
Width,  0.0047  m.  Ornament  similar  to  that  of 
No.  143^  but  lines  shorter. 

1449.  From  south  slo])e.  Diameter.  0.027  m. 
Width,  0.0057  m.  On  l)oth  sides,  row  of  short 
oblique  lines  at  inner  angle,  and  of  dots  just  out- 
side centre. 

(6.)  Open. 

1450.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.026  m.  Width,  0.005  m.  Edges  of  opening 
close.  Traces  of  ornament  like  preceding  nwu- 
bers. 

Form  3.  Edges  flattened,  sometimes  with 

CONVEXITY  like  A  ROLL. 
CIa:<f<  a.    Outer  conrej-itt/  similar  to  that  of 
preceding  Form  2. 

Group  1.   Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 


(«'.)  Closed. 

1451.  Diameter,  0.026  m.     Width,  0.0045  m. 

1452.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.    Width,  0.0052  m. 

(6'.)  Open  (apparently). 

1453.  Diameter,  0.0276  m.  Width,  0.005  m. 
0})ening  joined  at  bottom :  )>erhaps  due  to  oxida- 
tion. 

Group  ii.    Outside   diameter.  0.03  m.- 
0.035  m. 

1454.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.0051  m. 
Groove  round  about  half  ring  on  outer  edge  of 
one  flange. 

Cla»»  P-  At  either  side  of  outer  angle  of 
outer  convexity,  a  gnjf^ve. 
1465.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Width,  0.005  m. 
Traces  of  notching  on  band  between  grooves. 
Class  y.  liaised  band  at  outer  tingle  of 
outer  convexity  is  grooved. 

1456.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0085  m. 
Raised  band  low  and  slight. 

Addendum  to  FoRM  3. 

1457.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 
TyjHi  doubtful.  Ends  overlap,  lioth  surfaces 
of  outer  convexity  have  band  of  arrowheads. 
Near  ends  are  grooves  encircling  bar,  two  on 
one  end,  three  and  a  half  on  other. 

Dinmrih  of  Type  c: 

Form  1,  (iruiip  i.:  two. 

FoKM  'J.  Group  1.:  one  complete  and  twelve  broken, 
of  which  one  from  behind  South  Uuihling  and  two  from 
south  slope.  Group  ii.:  three  complete  and  nine  broken, 
of  which  two  from  behind  South  Building. 

FoKX  3,  Clwsn  a,  Group  i.:   two  nearly  complete. 

Combinations  of  Types  a  and  c. 

1458.  Ring  of  Type  a,  Form  4,  Class  p. 
Group  ii.,  {a')  oxidized  together  with  one  of 
Tjrpe  c,  Form  2,  (iroup  ii.,  (//').  First:  diam- 
eter, 0.025  m.  Width,  0.0023  m.  Second: 
diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.,  with  ti-aces 
on  each  side  of  line  of  dots.  Oxidation  prevents 
certainty  as  to  original  condition. 

1459.  Ring  of  Type  a,  Form  4,  Clag$  a. 
Group  ii.,  (a')  joined  by  wii-e  to  one  of  Tjrpe  C, 
Form  2,  Group  i.,  («').  First :  diameter,  0.022  m. 
Width,  0.0024  m.  Second  :  diameter,  0.0233  m. 
Width,  0.0034  m.  Connecting  wire  round  and 
of  shape  like  No.  810. 

T3rpe  d.  Bar  nearly   rectangular.      Plain 
open  rings. 

1460.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
Ends  show  slight  ta|>er  and  overlap. 

1461.  Diameter,  0.0304  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 
£aids  taper  and  overlap. 


Type  e.  Plain.    Bar  flat  on  under  side,  but 
rounded  on  top  and  sides. 

1462.  From  south  sloi>e.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.0033  m.   Groove  on  bottom  near  inner 

e<lge. 

Type  f.  Plain,  slightly  eUiptical  bar.  Ring 
open  and  end  coiled. 

1463.  One  end  broken.     Diameter,  0.026  m. 
Width,  0.0037  m. 
Type  g.  Threaded  elliptical  bar.    Open. 

1464.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0265  m.  Width,  0.0030  m.  Four  parallel 
threads. 

Type  h.  Band  rings  (plain)  of  nearly  uni- 
form thickness;  inside  flat  or  very  slightly 
convex ;  outside  slightly  convex. 

1465.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.    Width,  0.002  m. 

1466.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.  Width,  0.0008  m. 
Type  i.  Plain  solid  band  rings  with  inside 

flat,  outside  convex,  and  thin  edges.' 
Form  1.  Outer  surface   ik)f>  not  have 

POINT  OF  GREATEST  CONVEXITY  PROMI- 
NENT. 

(«'.)  Closed. 

1467.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
tvr  (inside),  0.019  m.     Height,  0.0105  m. 

146a  Diameter  (inside),  0.0193  ni.     Height, 
0.0114  m.     On    inside,  thin   metal   baud   runs 
around  with  ends  overlapping. 
(&'.)  Oi>en. 

1469.  Diameter  (inside),  0.019  m.     Height, 

0.0123  m. 
Form  2.  Point   of  greatest  convexity 

prominent. 

1470.  Diiuneter  (inside),  0.0185  m.  Height, 
0.0099  m. 

1471.  From  .south  sioyte.    Diameter  (inside), 
0.0194  m.     Height,  0.01  m. 

1472.  Diauicter  (inside),  0.018  m.     Height, 
0.0113  m. 

1473.  Diameter  (inside),  0.018  m.     Height, 

0.012  m. 

1474.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0195  m.    Height, 

0.0125  m. 

147&  Diameter  (inside),  0.0205  m.    Height, 

0.0128  m. 

1476.  Diameter  (inside).  0.0205  m.    Height, 

0.013  m. 

1477.  From  West  Building.     Diameter  (in- 
side), 0.017  m.    Height,  0.014  m. 

«  With  this  type  cf.  (^fimpia,  Nos.  434-436,  especially 
last,  which  is  coiniiion  there,  according  to  Fiirtwaiigler. 


1478.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0185  m.    Height, 
0.0145  m. 

1479.  Diameter  (inside),  0.022  m.     Height, 

0.017  m. 

1480.  From  West  Building.     Diameter  (in- 
side),  0.02  m.     Height,  0.02  m. 

Discards  :    Fokm  1,  one  fragment. 

Type  i  Similar  to  preceding,  but  edges  are 
broader  and  protrude  over  inside,  ^vhich 
thus  becomes  concave.  One  example 
ornamented.^ 

1481.  Diameter  (outside),  0.025  m.  Height, 
0.0055  m. 

1482.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.028  m.  Height,  0.0155  m.  Ornamented 
with  engraved  line  around  centre  and  irregular 
ziiizag  at  each  side.^ 

Type  k.  Similar  to  tjrpe  i.  Exterior  con- 
vex, though  portions  between  either  edge 
and  line  of  greatest  convexity  are  con- 
cave. 

(a'.)  Closed. 

1483.  Diameter  (inside),  0.019  m.  Height, 
0.0154  m. 

1484.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0198  m.     Height, 

0.0155  m. 

1485.  Diameter  (inside),  0.02  m.  Height. 
0.0155  m.  On  inside,  a  flat  spiral  band  going 
nearly  twice  around  middle.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Probably  not  attached. 

1486.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0192  m.  Height, 
0.0115  m. 

1487.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0195  m.     Height, 

0.0228  m.* 

1488.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0219  m.    Height, 

0.023  m. 

1489.  Diameter  (inside),  0.02  m.     Height, 

0.029  m. 

(&'.)  Open. 

1490.  Diameter  (inside),  0.019  m.    Diameter 
(outside),  0.0225  m.     Height,  0.008  m. 

1491.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter { inside),  0.0197  m.     Height,  0.0109  m. 

1492.  Fi-om  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter (inside),  0.019  m.     Height,  0.013  m. 

1493.  From  south  slope.    Diameter  (inside), 
0.019  m.     Height,  0.0165  m. 

1494.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0198  m.     Height, 
0.02  m.     Opening  straight  with  beveled  edges. 

149&  Diameter  (inside),  0.0195  m.     Height, 

2  Cf.  gold  ring  in  museum  at  Eleusis  with  out.side  plain 
and  convex  and  inside  concave. 
"  Drawing  somewhat  inaccurate.    *  Cf .  Olympla,  No.  435. 


% 


2G-2 


THE   BRONZES 


STUrCTURAL   RINGS 


263 


0.0108  in.    Opening  straight,  with  beveled  edges. 

Fine  engraved  line  close  to  outer  edges,  antl  close 

to  centre  on  each  side.    Between  each  two  lines, 

zigzag.   Zigzag  made  of  minute  arrowheads. 

J)i.tcarda  of  Type  k:  one  open,  one  closed,  one  frag- 
ment. 

Type  1.  Central  convexity  sharply  marked. 
Closed. 

FoKM  1.  Rathkr  thin  axi>  so.mkwhat  sim- 
ilar TO  Type  k. 

1496.  From  south  slo|)e.  Diameter  (^inside), 
0.0214  m.     Height,  0.0235  m. 

Form  2.  Sharply  defined  narrow  con- 
vexity, FROM  WHICH  THE  ENDS  TAPER  OFF 
SLIGHTLY. 

1497.  From  West  Building,  Diameter  (in- 
si.h).  0.017  ni.    Height,  O.O2I0  m. 

Tjrpe  m.  Similar  to  Type  1,  bnt  ends  termi- 
nate in  rim.     Closed. 

1496.  From  West  Building.  Diameter  (in- 
side), 0.021  m.  Height.  0.0425  m.  Each  end 
has  zigzag  l>etween  centre  and  rim.  Line  of 
zigzag  is  itself  a  fine  ziffzag. 

OCT  O         o 

Type  n.  Rings  of  sheet  bronze,  sometimes 
rather  thick,  with  form  of  plain,  straight 
bands,  with  or  without  engraved  or 
punched  ornamentation. 

(«'.)  Closed  and  unornamented. 

1499.  Diameter  (inside ),  0.0184  m.  Height, 
0.0125  m. 

1500.  Inside  diameter,  0.019  m.  Height, 
0.020  ni. 

1501.  Inside  diameter,  0.015  m.  Height, 
0.028  m. 

The  above  appear  to  be  feniiles. 

(i'.)  Open  and  ornamented. 

1502.  Diameter  (inside),  O.OIG  m.  Height, 
0.063  m.  Zigzag  on  outside,  from  end  to  end, 
like  that  of  No.  1496. 

1503.  Diameter  (inside ),  0.0215  m.  Height. 
0.0091  ui.     Zijjzaij  on  outside. 

1504.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0167  m.  Height, 
0.0098  m.  Around  centre,  double  band  of  short 
lines. 

1505.  Bent  flat.  Diameter,  as  l)ent.  0.0198 
ni.  Height,  0.012  m.  Alwut  centre,  zigzag, 
from  which  diverge  similar  zigzags,  running  to 
e<lges  at  angle.' 

1506.  Part  of  one  end  gone.  Diameter  (in- 
side), 0.025  m.  Height,  0.0172  ni.  Zigzag  or- 
namentation. 

1507.  Bent  flat.     Diameter,  as  bent,  0.017  m. 

'  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  403. 


Height,  0.027  m.  Ornamented  with  rows  of 
round  punch-marks  struck  from  inside.  Ring 
coiled  al>out  one  and  a  half  times. 

1508.  Preservation  ytoor.  lient  flat.  Diam- 
eter, as  bent,  0.026  m.  Height,  0.0363  ni. 
Ring  coiled.  Ornamented  with  three  rows  of 
elliptical  marks  punched  from  inside.  Pai-t  hid- 
den by  coiling  not  decorated. 

Diicanled :  f»>iir. 

Type  o.  Open  ring  of  rather  thick  sheet 
bronze  (band-ring ),  with  end  or  ends  ter- 
minating in  coil  of  wire. 

1509.  One  end  broken.  Diameter,  0.017  m. 
Width,  0.0009  m.     Height,  0.0072  m.2 

Type  p.  Rings  of  sheet  bronze,  with  sides 
straight  or  nearly  so,  but  with  a  raised 
band  about  centre,  as  though  in  imitation 
of  the  heavy  rings  of  types  k  and  1,  from 
which  types  they  are,  however,  distin- 
guished by  showing  the  concavity  on  the 
inside.     Open. 

Form  1.  Central  raised  zone  not  distin- 
guished FROM  FIELD  EXCEPT  BY  ELEVA- 
TION. 

1510.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0217  m.  Height, 
0.0098  m. 

1511.  Fi-aginent.     Length,  0.04  m. 

1512.  Diameter  (inside),  0.021  ni.  Height, 
0.011  m.     Traces  of  zigzag  on  each  end. 

1513.  Diameter  (inside),  0.02  m.  Height, 
0.018  m.  Ends  flai-e  slightly.  Each  end  has 
zigzag  made  of  a  zigzag  line. 

1514.  Diameter  (inside).  0.018  m.  Height, 
0.0255  m.  Made  of  two  seiiarate  pieces  of 
bronze,  one  inside  the  other,  each  forming  com- 
plete ring.  Inner  ring  thicker  than  outer.  On 
lioth  entls  of  outer  ring,  traces  of  zigzag.  Sim- 
ilar to  that  of  No.  1513. 

151&  Fragment.  Length,  0.032  m.  Height, 
0.046  m.     Zigzag  as  before. 

1516.  Fi-om  south  slope.  Condition  ]M)or.  Di- 
ameter (inside),  0.0225  m.  Height,  0.0523  m. 
Traces  of  zigzjig. 

1517.  Bent  flat.  Diameter  as  bent,  0.029  m. 
Height,  0.054  m.    Zigzag  on  ends,  as  in  No.  1513^ 

1518.  Fi-om  south  sIojk*.  Fi-agment.  Diame- 
ter (inside),  0.029  m.  Height,  0.059  m.  Zig- 
zag as  in  No.  1513^ 

Form  2.  Highest  p.vrt  of  raised  central 
zone  has  groove  on  either  side. 

1519.  Fragment.  Diameter  ( inside),  0.0185 
m.     Height,  0.0085  m.     Zigzag  as  above. 

2  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  40*. 


1519  a.  Fi-om  below  Cyclopean  wall,  1893. 
Fragment.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0175  m. 
Height,  0.0185  m.  Zigzag  as  above.  Possibly 
the  two  above  pieces  ai-e  of  one  ring. 

1520.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0245  m.  Height, 
0.0145  m.     Usual  zigzag. 

1521.  From  south  slope.  Pai-t  g(me.  Bent 
oi)eu.  Height  of  half  of  original,  0.0095  m. 
Close  to  edge,  thi-ee  fine  engi-avetl  lines.  Be- 
tween them  an<l  centi-e,  usual  zigzag. 

1522.  Condition  jwor.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.02  m.  Height,  0.0195  m.  Two  engravetl  lines 
close  to  each  end,  and  zigzag  l)etween  them  and 

centi*e. 

1523u  Bent.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0185  m. 
Height,  0.023  m.  Close  to  edge,  two  lines,  be- 
tween which  and  centre,  usual  zigzag. 

1524.  Part  gone.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0218  m. 
Height  of  half  of  original,  0.013  m.  On  one 
side  of  central  raised  zone,  one  engiaved  line  ; 
on  other  side,  two.  Close  to  outer  edge,  foiu* 
fine  lines,  l)etween  which  and  centre,  zigzag  of 
usual  sort.  Attached  to  inside  is  band,  about 
0.008  m.  in  width. 

Discards  of  Type  p : 

Form  1:    unornamented,    one;    ornamented,    two,   of 
wbicli  one  from  south  slope,  and  one  fragment. 
Form  2:  ornamented,  two  fragments. 

D.    STRUCTURAL  RINGS  OF  VARIOUS  KINDS. 

T3rpe  a. 

1525.  Broken.  Diameter  (outside),  0.055  m. 
Width,  0.0049  m.  Height,  0.0055  m.  Bar  plain. 
On  one  side  drilled  hole.  On  opposite  side  ex- 
crescence.    Can  haitlly  be  any  sort  of  fibula. 

Tjrpe  b. 

152&  Diameter,  0.049  m.  and  0.052  m. 
Width  of  bar,  0.009  m.  Height,  0.008  m.  Outer 
edge  forms  narrow  rim.  Top  side  slopes  in  some- 
what.    Bottom  flat. 

Tjrpe  c. 

1527.      From  West  Building.     Diameter  of 
top,  0.037  m.  Diameter  of  bottom,  0.047  m.  Top, 
bottom,  and  inside  about  flat.     Outside  slightly 
concave.     Above  bottom,  engraved  line. 
Type  d. 

152a  Diameter.  0.032  m.     Height,  0.004  m. 
Outside  tapers  upwaitl.    Top  slopes  down.   Un- 
der side  flat,  but  sloping  up. 
Plate  XCII. 

1529.  From     West    Building.        Diameter, 

»  Cf.  Hat  disk  rings  of  diameter  0.02  m.  to  0.1  m.,  with 
holes  slightly  larger  than  one  third  diameter.  Mus.  Kir- 
cberiano,  Prov.  di  Cotenza,  Coiiunuiie  di  Spezzano  Albanese, 


0.0423  m.  Inside  diameter,  0.0225  m.  Height, 
0.005  m.  Outer  side  beveled  toward  top  and 
bottom.  Upper  bevel  concave.  Under  side  flat, 
but  inner  edge  beveled. 

1529  a.  Diameter,  0.0868  m.  Diameter  (in- 
side), 0.05  m.  Height,  0.0105  m.  Upi>er  outer 
surface  slopes  down  and  out,  with  slight  convex- 
ity. Upper  inner  surface  slopes  in  with  concav- 
ity. Under  surface  flat.  Upper  outer  surface 
ha,s  two  heavy  grooves  near  top,  and  two  lighter 
ones  near  bottom. 
Type  e. 

1530.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.0465  m. 
Height,  0.006  m.  Same  general  shape  as  No. 
1529,  but  outer  edge  corrugated  with  augular 
teeth. 

1531.  Diameter,  0.05  m.  Height,  0.0105  m. 
Same  shaiJe.  Top  concave,  slants  in.  Bottom 
flat.     Outer  edge  corrugated. 

1532.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.04  m.  Diameter  (inside),  0.009  m.  Out- 
side slants  up  and  has  uneven,  broad,  low  corru- 
gations. Top  slants  inward,  at  first  sharply, 
then  gradually.  Bottom  flat.  Near  edge  a  groove, 
on  either  side  of  which  are  semicircles  adjoining 
one  another. 

Type  £. 

1533.  Diameter,    0.041    m.      Diameter    (in- 
side), 0.013  m.     Height,  0.001  m.  and  less. 
Plate  CXXXVII. 

1533  a.  1533  b.  1533  c.  Similar  to  No. 
1533.1 

Plate  XCII. 
Typeg. 

1534.  Diameter,  0.0475  m.  Diameter  (in- 
side), 0.022  m.  (Height  inside),  0.006  m.  (out- 
side), 0.001  m.  No  distinction  of  upper  and 
under  sides.     Both  slightly  convex. 

Type  h. 

153&  Half  gone.     Diameter,  0.028  m.     Di- 
ameter (inside),  0.018  m.   Height,  0.002  m.    Top 
8loi>es  to  outer  edge,  which  has  blunt  pointed 
teeth. 
Type  i 

1536.  Diameter,  0.057  m.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.0.35  m.  Height,  0.0065  m.  Upi>er  side  of  two 
surfaces ;  both  concave,  and  sloping  downward. 
Under  side  convex. 

Type  j. 

1537.  Condition  poor.     Diameter,  0.025   m. 

Necrop.  di  Torre  del  Mordillo,  Tomba  I.  Bull,  di  Palet. 
It.  XIV.  (1888),  p.  139.  Notiz.  degli  Scavi,  1888,  pp. 
240  fif. 


1 

H 


264 


THE    BRONZES 


MIRKORS   AND   MIRROR-HANDLES 


265 


Diameter  (inside),  0.000  in.  Height,  0.0075  in. 
Upper  snrface  slo^H-'s  down  and  out.  Neck  rises 
around  hole. 

1538.  Dianietei-,  0.042  ni.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.0115  m.  Height,  0.008  m.  Around  hole, 
neck.  Upper  surface  slopes  down  ami  out  con- 
vexly.     Under  side  slopes  up  and  into  neck. 

1539.  Diameter,  0.0G45  m.  Diameter  (in- 
side), 0.028  m.  Height,  0.01  m.  Neck  tapers 
down.  Top  of  neck  flat.  UpjMjr  surface  convex. 
Inner  surface  slants  upward  and  inward  couvexly. 
Type  k. 

1540.  Edges  look  broken.  Diameter, 
0.042  m.  Outsitle  of  top  and  sides  smooth ; 
inside  rough.     Looks  like  cap  for  end  of  bar. 

E.    PIECES  OF  WIRE  TWISTED  INTO  FORM 
OF  RINGS.     OPEN. 

Type  a.  Rounded  wire  bar. 

1641.  Diameter,  0.185  m.     Width,  0.0008  m. 
1542.  Diameter,  0.02  m.     Width,  0.0000  m. 
1643.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.    Width,  0.0012  m. 

1544.  Diameter,  0.02G7  m.     Width,  0.002  m. 

1545.  Much  bent.  Ei-om  south  slope.  Di- 
ameter, 0.027  m.     Width,  0.0024  m, 

Dlsi-nnf.i  of'  Type  a  :  nine. 

Type  b.  Bar  irregularly  rectangular. 

1546.  Diameter,  0.083  m.  Diameter  ( inside), 
0.067  m.  AVidth,  of  bar,  eirc.  0.004  m.  Bar 
mostly  rectangular,  but  projecting  end  twisted 
and  flattened.  Object  uncertain,  but  the  elabo- 
rate knot  can  hardly  be  unintentional. 

4.    BEADS. 
Type  a. 

1547.  Length,  0.04  m.  Diameter,  0.0165  m. 
Slightly  concave  from  centre  to  entls.^ 

Type  b.- 

154a  Length,  0.051  m.  Diameter,  0.02  m. 
Concave  from  centre  to  ends. 

1549.  Length,  0.061  ni.  Diameter,  0.0325  m. 
Concave  ends. 

1550.  In  pai-t  destroyed.  Loni;th  ( estimate<l), 
0.066  m.  Diameter,  0.0355  m.  Concave  ends. 
Type  c. 

155L  From  near  wall  behind  west  end  of 
Stoa.     Length.  0.0245  m.     Diameter,  0.022  m.'' 

*  Cf.  Olifmpia,  No.  43'J.  Similar  specimen  from  Megara 
Ilyblaea,  Mon.  Ant.  Lint:  I.  col.  890  (Orsi). 

-  With  this  type  cf.  Oli/mpia,  No.  444.  For  possible 
use  of  these  beads,  as  well  as  of  Nos.  1551.  1552,  cf. 
Oltfmpia,  Nos.  814  b  and  814  d. 

'  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  440.  Similar  one  from  Megara 
Hyblaea,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  888  (Orsi). 


T3rpe  d. 

1552.  Length,  0.017  m.  Diameter,  0.0225  ra. 
Hole  rectangular.  One  end  slightly  smaller  than 
other  and  across  it  a  groove.  Convex  from 
centre  to  ends.* 

5.   PENDANTS. 

I.  Ring-form. 

1553i  Uncertain  whether  coni))lete.  Plain 
rounded  wire  coiled  once  with  ends  hanging  down 
straight.  Length,  0.022  m.  Diameter  of  coil, 
0.016  m.  One  end  (and  probably  other)  swells 
into  small  knob. 

1554.  From  east  of  Second  Temple.  Horse- 
shoe-sha)x;d  wii-e,  with  ends  bent  outwanl  and 
on  each  a  disk.     Height,  0.0265  m. 

1555l  From  south  8lo))e.  Three  rings  at- 
tached in  triangular  fonn.  Diameters,  0.017  m. ; 
0.0185  m. :  0.0185  m.  On  one  side  eugravMl 
line  between  rings.* 

II.  With  hole  for  suspension. 

1556.  From  south  slo|)e.  liell-shaj>ed  object. 
Height,  0.0195  m.  Four  lines  round  bottom 
.and  three  above  mi<ldle. 

1557  Height,  0.0385  ni.  Base  square, 
0.017  m.  Lower  part  sides  concave,  pyramidal. 
At  top,  eyelet,  and  between  this  and  base,  a  disk. 
Bottom  has  incuse  cross.     Might  serve  as  seal.*' 

155a  Height,  0.0365  m.  Round  base  with 
bar  rising  from  centre.  I^r  consists  of  two  con- 
cave surfaces  meeting  in  projecting  angle.  At 
top  of  upper  surface  a  grooveil  ring,  above  which 
an  eyelet.  Rounded  gable  top  with  two  gi-ooves. 
Height  of  disk,  0.0077  ni.  It  is  hollow  with 
bars  across,  dividing  it  into  six  compartments. 
Possibly  a  seal. 

1559.  Hoop  of  bronze  with  lump  of  lead  at- 
tached.    Height,  0.033  m. 

6.  MIRRORS  AND  MIRROR-HANDLES. 

I.  Mirrors  with   handles  of  s.vme  piece. 
Handles  have  hole  punched  for  suspension. 
Type  a.  Entirely  plain.    Thin. 

1560.  length,  0.042  m.  (handle,  0.018  m.). 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.0265  m.  Pmbably  not  a  real 
mirror,  but  an  imitation  for  votive  purjioses. 

*  Oltfmpia,  No.  441,  is  similar  in  shape  but  has  round 
hole. 

*  Cf.  Ohftnpla,  No.  462.  Also  Mus.  Kircheriano,  S6988 
(Provincia  di  Mantova),  Commune  di  Casalroniano, 
Necrop.  di  Fontanella.     It  is  somewhat  larger. 

*  Cf.  Oltfmpia,  No.  4.30,  which  is  more  squat.  Also 
specimen  from  Tegea,  Atken.  MUth.  V.  p.  67,  pi.  iv.  c 


1561.  From  behind  South  Building.  Condi- 
tion poor.  Length,  0.14  m.  (handle,  0.065  m.). 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.075  m.  Made  of  two  very 
thin  sheets,  of  which  outer  surfaces  are  exactly 
alike,  stuck  together. 

Plate  XCIII. 

1562.  Fragment.  Length  of  handle,  0.06  m. 
Of  one  \nei:e  of  metal. 

Type  b.  Projections  (or  ears)  at  either 
side  of  upper  end  of  handle. 
Cfas8  a.  Plain. 

1563.  Most  of  disk  gone.  I^ength,  0.184  m. 
(handle,  0.092  m.).  Edges  of  handle  slightly 
concave. 

1564.  Disk  much  injured.  T^ength,  0.31  m. 
(handle,  0.143  m.).  Disk  slightly  concave-con- 
vex. 

Class  p.  Handle  engraved. 
Plate  XCIV. 

156&  Edge  of  disk  bent  over.  Piece  of  han- 
dle end  gone.  Length,  0.235  m.  (handle, 
0.105  m.).  Rosette  engraved  about  suspension 
hole,  and  at  upi)er  end  of  handle,  a  fonn  of  pal- 
mette.  Disk  slightly  convex  on  ornamented 
side. 
Plate  XCV. 

1566.  Much  corrotled  surface.  Length,  0.23m. 
(handle,  0.0985  m. ).  Thickness  of  disk,  0.0008 
m.-0.0017  ni.  Disk  slightly  convex.  Rosette 
engraved  I'ound  suspension  hole,  and  above  this, 
forming  base  to  main  design,  three  lines  with 
oblique  lines  from  centre  line  to  outer  ones.  At 
top  of  handle  the  projections  have  irregular 
spiral.  Between  these  run  two  lines  with  ir- 
regular criss-cross  between  them.  lietween  this 
band  and  the  lower  one,  bearded  ithyphalic  satyr 
to  right  (head  to  left)  with  cylix  held  over  head 
in  raised  left  hand.  Feet  have  fonn  of  horse's 
hoof.i 

Type  c.  Thin  and  plain  except  for  border 
of  dots  in  repousse  about  disk  and 
handle.  Most  are  small  and  not  for 
actual  use.  Rim  bent  back  slightly, 
outside  dots  giving  appearance  of 
convexity.^ 
Plate  XCIII. 

1567.  Length,  0.03  m.  (handle,  0.0125  m.). 
156a  Length,  0.028  m.     Handle  broken. 
1569.  From  cutting  above  Old  Temple  toward 

tents.     Handle  broken.     Length,  0.0285  m. 

'  First  noticed  by  Dr.  Bulle.    Drawing  not  quite  correct. 
'  Cf.  mirrors  from  Cotilon  (Bassae),  'E^/t.  'Apx-  IIWS, 
coll.  175  f.,  fig.  9  (Kuruniotis). 


1570.  From  south  slope.  Edges  broken. 
Length,  0.034  m.  Bending  of  rim  uncer- 
tain. 

1571.  Fi-om  cutting  above  Old  Temple  toward 
tents.  Edges  and  handle  broken.  Length, 
0.04  m.  (handle,  0.013  m.).  Diameter  of  disk, 
0.0262  m. 

Plate  XCIV. 

157Z  Length,  0.044  m.  (handle,  0.0165  m.). 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.027  m.  Near  centre  of  disk, 
dot. 

157a  End  of  handle  gone.  Length,  0.0374  m. 
(handle,  0.011  m.).    Diameter  of  disk,  0.0273  m. 

1574.  Fragment.    Diameter  of  disk,  0.0277  m. 

157&  Handle    broken.      Length,   0.0404    m. 
Diameter  o^  disk,  0.0335  m.     In  centre  of  disk, 
punch-mark. 
Plate  XCV. 

1576.  Disk  and  handle  broken.  Diameter  of 
disk.  0.0344  m. 

1577.  From  West  Building.  Injured.  Length, 
0.059  m.  (handle,  0.023  m.).  Diameter  of  disk, 
0.0375  m. 

Pl.\te  XCIII. 

1578.  Fragment.     Length,  0.0765  m. 

1579.  Much  broken.  Diameter  of  disk  (re- 
stoi-ed),  0.079  m.     Edges  of  handles  concave. 

Discarded :   two  fragments  of  Type  c. 

Addenda  to  Division  I.     Handles, 
(a.)  With  ears.     Plain. 

1580.  Length,  0.0895  m. 

(6'.)  With  ears.     Ornamented. 
Plate  XCVI. 

1561.  Broken  in  two  pieces.  Surface  much  cor- 
i-odetl.  Length,  0.134  m.  Thickness,  0.0003  ni.- 
0.0008  m.  At  top  of  central  field,  band  with 
engraved  braid  of  four  coils.  Within  coils,  a 
dotted  circle,  and  dots  between  the  two  circles, 
others  outside.  At  top  of  upper  field,  between 
ears  zigzag  between  lines.  Lower  end  of  handle 
has  ro.sette  round  three  sides  of  suspension  hole 
and  zigzag  beneath  it,  with  dots  opposite  the 
openings.  Above  rosette,  a  zigzag  between  lines, 
and  over  the  latter,  row  of  dots  surmounted  by 
straight  line.  In  main  field  of  handle,  a  bearded 
draped  figure  to  left.^  Wears  talaric  chiton  and 
himation,  the  latter  covered  with  scale  pattern. 
Lower  j)art  of  tunic  has  four  rows  of  pleats. 
Left  arm  raised.  Diadem  on  head.  On  either 
side  of  figure  inscription  :  see  Appendix,,  p.  332. 

■'  For  drawing  cf.  skirt  of  Artemis  in  O/ym/jia,  No.  696, 
and  corselet,  ibid.  pi.  lix. 


itiH 


f 


266 


THE   BRONZES 


(c'.)  Plain  handles  of   uncertain  type. 
(Form  of  top  uncertain.) 
PI.ATE  XCIII. 

1582.  From  south  slope.     Leng^th,  0.106  m. 

1583.  Length,  0.0G9  in. 

1584.  Length,  0.162  m. 

The  following  seems  to  be  ornamenteil. 
Platk  XCVIII. 

1585.  Length.  0.0975  m.  Central  surface 
raised.  Edges  pi'ominent.  Possible  traces  down 
centre  of  braid-pattern. 

II.  MiKKORS   WITH    ATTACHED    HANDLES.^ 

Handles  only. 

1586.  Length,  0.095  m.  Closeness  of  heads 
of  rivet  to  hamlle  show  that  disk  was  very 
thin. 

1587.  Lower  end  gone.  L^i)i)er  end  damaged. 
Kemaining  portion  broken  into  seven  pieces. 
Length,  0.19  m.  Made  of  sheet  of  bronze  rolled 
over  at  edges.  Repousse  band  down  centre. 
Along  edges  and  centre  band  runs  a  simple 
twist  pattern  made  of  double  lines.  Foot  of 
handle  has  criss-cross  of  fine  lines  at  top  and 
traces  of  other  decoration  below.  Rivet  in 
centre  and  at  left  side. 

III.  MiKKOK     WITHOUT     HANDLE  —  DISK    MIR- 
ROR. 

Plates  XCVL- XCVIII. 

1588.  Diameter,  0.1305  m.  About  edge  of 
front,  raised  l)eaded  rim.  Surface  rises  gradu- 
ally to  centre.  Inside  rim,  horseshoe  or  leaf 
pattern,  with  double  lines.  Within  this,  en- 
graved line,  followed  by  double  braid  pattern, 
the  basis  of  which  is  formed  by  a  zigzag  of 
curved  line,  with  a  dottetl  circle  at  every  angle. 
Within  this  two  engraved  lines.  In  centre  of 
each  side,  a  minute  dei)ression,  probably  due  to 
compasses  of  draughtsman.  IW*k  concave  and 
has  six  engraved  double  concentric  circles.  Edge 
of  back  plain. 

Addenda  to  mirrors  (Jtandl€»). 
Plate  XCVIII. 

1589.  Uncertain  object.  Bottom  broken. 
Length,  0.066  m.     Hole  punched  in  lower  part. 

1589  a.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.026  m. 
Object  uncertain.  Disk  on  slightly  lower  level 
than  handle  on  side  from  which  «lots  are  struck, 
the  depression  coming  between  the  rows  of 
dots. 

«  Cf.  E-JrtjM-  'Apx  1903,  col.  173,  fig. 


7.  OBJECTS   IN  SHEET  BRONZE. 
A.  DlADEAliJ,  KTC. 

Of  the  following  fragments  the  majority  ai"e 
probably  from  diadems ;  some  are  jierhaps  from 
girdles,  others  are  uncertain. 

(/.  Fragments  with  ornaments  of  punched  dots 
(repousse). 
Plate  XCIX. 

1590l  Ends  gone.  length,  0.09  m.  Along 
edges  two  rows  of  dots ;  another  row  down  centre 
of  smaller  end. 

1591.  Fram  l>ehind  South  Building.  One  end 
gone.  Length  (al>out),  0.027  m.  Dots  at  ir- 
regular intervals  along  edge  and  near  centre. 

1592.  From  l>ehind  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment. Length,  0.0235  m.  Six  rows  of  dots 
parallel  to  edge. 

1593.  Fragment,  perhaps  from  centre  of  dia- 
dem, or  girtlle.  Length,  0.059  m.  Single 
curved  row  of  dots  along  centre.  Possibly  not 
of  diadem,  but  of  sheet  metal  for  covering. 

The  following  bits  are  of  uncertain  use. 

1594.  From  Whind  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment of  hook  end  of  diadem-like  ornament. 
Length,  0.0135  ni.  I>ots  along  each  side  coming 
tosrether  at  hook.  ( )ne  side  convex.  Hook  made 
by  l>euding  over  of  end  of  sheet  of  metal,  and 
perhaps  accidental. 

1595.  Fragment.  Diadem  shai)ed.  Length, 
0.043  m.     Line  of  holes  along  edges. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

1596.  Ends  gone.    length,  0.062  m.    Three 
rows  of  dots,  of  which  two  are  continued  round 
broad  end  and  two  dots  on  ridge  in  centre. 
Plate  XCIX. 

1596  a.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.036  m.  Rows 
of  dots  along  edges  and  down  centre. 

h.  Fragments  with    engraved  ornamentation 
and  simple  senii-corrugate<l  ends. 

1597.  Fragment :  one  end  gone.  Length, 
0.137  m.  Corrugations  only  go  al>out  two  thirds 
round  end.  Along  etlges  of  flat  part  (or  blade), 
on  one  side  seems  to  l)e  zigzag;  other  side  plain. 

1588.  Similar  to  No.  1597.  length,  0.1455  m. 
Cnder  side  of  end  flat  as  in  No.  1597.  Front 
of  blade  has  double  zigzag  along  edges. 

c.  Blade  engi-aved.    End  has  form  of  pin-head. 

1599.  Ends  probably  broken.  Length, 0.1 75m. 
8,  No.  2,  from  Cotilon  (Kuruuiotis). 


DISKS 


267 


Rings  and  corrugations  of  end  run  all  the  way 
round.  On  one  side  a  double  zigzag  on  blade ; 
double  groove  along  edges  and  i)erpendicular 
zigzag  lines  running  aci-oss  blade  from  opposite 
angles  of  main  zigzag.s.     Other  side  plaiu.^ 

B.   DISKS. 
DIVISION    I.   WITH    HOLE   IN   CENTRE.* 

T3rpe  a  Round. 
Form  1.  Plain. 

Diameter,  0.02  m.-0.025  m.    Hole  i-ound. 

1600.  From  south  slope.    Diameter,  0.021  m. 
Hole,  0.0027  m. 

1601.  Diameter,  0.021  m.     Hole  rectangular, 

0.0022  m. 

1602.  Diameter,  0.0218  m.     Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1603.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Hole,  0.003  m. 

1604.  Diameter,  0.022  m.     Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1605.  Diameter,  0.0234  m.     Hole,  0.0013  m. 

1606.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.     Hole,  0.002  m. 
The  following  numbers  are  somewhat  thicker 

and  look  like  washers. 

1607.  From  Ijehind  South  Building.  Diam- 
eter, 0.021  m.    Thickness  (circ),  0.001  m. 

1608.  From  behind  South  Buihling.  Diam- 
eter, 0.234  m.  Thickness  (circ),  0.0009  m. 
Concave-con  vex. 

Disranl :  one  broken. 

Diameter,  0.025  m.-0.03  m. 

1609.  Diameter,  0.025  m.     Hole,  0.0022  m. 

1610.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.     Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1611.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Hole  rectangu- 
lar. 

1612.  Diameter,  0.0267  m.     Hole,  0.001  m. 

1613.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.027  m.     Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1614.  Diameter,  0.0276  m.     Hole,  0.003  m. 

1615.  Diameter,  0.0284  m.     Hole,  0.002  m. 

1616.  Diameter,  0.0284  m.     Hole,  0.0028  m. 

1617.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam- 
eter, 0.0292  m.     Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1618  Diameter,  0.0292  m.     Hole,  0.0018  m. 
DUcard*  :  two  unbroken  and  twenty  broken  (of  which 
two  from  behind  South  Building). 

Diameter,  0.03  nL-0.035  m. 

1619.  Diameter,  0.03  m.  —  Rectangular 
punched  hole,  0.002  m.  x  0.0015  m. 

1620.  Diameter,  0.0304  m.     Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1621.  Diameter,  0.0305  m.  Square  hole, 
0.0015  m. 

*  Rings  and  corrugations  nearly  identical  with  ends  of 
spiral  annlet  from  Boeotia,  now  in  Berlin  (Jahrb.  III.  p. 
36.3,  i). 

*  For  plain  disks  with  hole  in  centre  on  edge  of  quiver, 


1622.  Diameter,  0.0312  m.     Hole,  0.001  m. 

1623.  Diameter,   0.0318   m.      Hole   square, 
0.0017  m. 

1624.  Diameter,  0.0319  m.     Hole,  0.019  m. 

1625.  Diameter,  0.0325  m.     Hole,  0.0015  in. 

1626.  Diameter,  0.0328  m.     Hole,  0.0012  m. 

1627.  Diameter,  0.033  m.     Hole,  0.0016  m. 

1628.  Diameter,  0.0331  m.     Hole,  0.0038  m. 

1629.  Diameter,  0.0333  m.  Hole  rectangu- 
lar, 0.0015  m. 

1630.  Diameter,  0.0339  m.     Hole,  0.0015  ni. 

1631.  Diameter,  0.034  m.      Hole,  0.0026  m. 

1632.  From  behind  South  Building.     Diame- 
ter, 0.034  m.     Hole  rectangular,  0.0025  m.  x 
0.0055  m. 

Discards :  seven  complete,  six  (two  from  South  Build- 
ing) nearly  ..omplete,  and  ten  fragments  (one  fragment 
behind  South  Building,  and  one  from  south  slope). 

Diameter,  0.035  m.-0.04  m. 

1633.  Diameter,  0.035  m.     Hole,  0.002  m. 

1634.  Diameter,  0.035  m.     Hole,  0.001  m. 

1635.  Diameter,  0.035  m.     Hole  0.0019  m. 

1636.  Diameter,  0.036  m.     Hole,  0.0025  m. 

1637.  Diameter,  0.036  m.     Hole,  0.0025  m.  x 
0.004  m. 

1638.  Diameter,  0.0365  m.     Hole,  0.0019  m. 

1639.  Diameter,  0.0365  m.     Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1640.  From  behind  South  Building.    Diame- 
ter, 0.0365  m.     Rectangular  hole,  0.0019  m.  x 
0.002  m. 

1641.  Diameter,  0.0368  m.     Hole,  0.0014  m. 

1642.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.   Nearly  rectangu- 
lar hole,  0.0015  m. 

1643.  Diameter,  0.039  m.     Nearly  rectangu- 
lar.    Length,  0.0016  m.  x  0.0023  m. 

1644.  Diameter,  0.039  m.     Hole,  0.0017  m. 
Discards  :  three  complete  and  fourteen  fragments. 

Diameter,  0.04  m.-0.045  m. 

1645.  Diameter,  0.04  m.      Hole,   0.0015  x 
0.0024  m. 

1646.  Diameter,  0.04  m.     Hole,  0.0023  m. 

1647.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam- 
eter, 0.041  m.     Hole,  0.0015  m. 

DUcarded :  two  fragments. 

Diameter,  0.045  m.-0.05  m. 

1648.  Diameter,  0.0485  m.     Hole,  0.0024  m. 
Diameter,  0.05  m.-0.112  m. 

1649.  Diameter,  0.051  m.  Hole,  0.0015  + 
0.001  m.  Second  hole  near  edge.  Diameter, 
0.0037  m.  x  0.0035  in. 

Olympia,  No.  717.  For  possible  use  for  disks  with  edge, 
see  necklaces  on  archaic  terra-cotta  figurines  from  Terra- 
vecchia,  Afon.  Ant.  Line.  VII.  coll.  239-241  (Orsi). 


268 


THE   BRONZES 


1660,  Diameter,  0.0525  lu.  Rectangular  hole, 
0.003  m. 

1651.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.054  m. 
Hole,  0.004  m. 

1652.  Diameter,  0.056  m.     Hole,  0.002  m. 

1653.  Diameter,  0.0605  m. 

1654.  From  northeast  corner  of  Fii*st  Temple. 
Diameter,  0.0625  m. 

1655.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.063  ni.     Hole,  0.004  m.  x  0.0055  m. 

1656.  Diameter,  0.072  m.     Hole,  0.003  m. 

1657.  Diameter,  0.091  m.     Hole,  0.0055  m. 

1658.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame- 
ter, 0.112  m.     Hole,  0.0075  m. 

Not  quite  certain  that  the  two  following  be- 
lonjj  here. 

1659.  Fi-agment.  Diameter,  0.0525  m. 
Hole,  0.005  m. 

1660.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.067  ni.  Hole, 
0.0055  m.  Besides  centre  hole,  several  i-ectau- 
gular  ones. 

DLtcarded :  seven  fragments,  of  which  one  from  back 
of  South  Building. 

FoKM  2.  Ornamented. 

Cla»»   a.  ^Single   circle    of  punched   dots, 
iisvidhj  near  edije. 

1661.  Diameter,  0.0134  m.  Hole,  0.0014  m. 
Concave-convex. 

Diameter,  0.02  m.-0.025  m. 

1662.  Diameter,  0.024  m.     Hole,  0.0005  m. 
Diameter,  0.025  m.-0.03  ui. 

1663.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 

1664.  Diameter,  0.0267  m.     Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1665.  Diameter,  0.0294  m. 

1666.  Diameter,  0.0282  m.     Hole,  0.0022  m. 

lUscarded :  three. 

Diameter,  0.03  ni.-0.035  m. 

1667.  Diameter,  0.0315  m.     Hole,  0.0014  m. 

1668.  Diameter,  0.0305  m.  Two  holes  to- 
gether in  centre. 

1669.  Diameter,  0.033  m.     Flole.  0.0011  m. 

1670.  Diameter,  0.034  m.     Hole.  0.0024  m. 

Diitrunled :  four. 

Diameter,  0.035  ra.-0.04  m. 

1671.  Diameter,  0.035  m.     Hole.  0.0012  m. 

1672.  Diameter,  0.035  m. 

1673.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam- 
eter. 0.0355  m.     Hole,  0.0017  m. 

1674  Diameter,  0.0355  m.     Hole,  0.0017  m. 

1675.  Diameter,  (/.0365  m. 

Discarded:  four. 

Diameter,  0.04  m.-0.05  m. 

1676.  Diameter,  0.0425  m.     Hole,  0.0018  m. 


Discarded:  three. 

Diameter,  0.045  m.-0.05  m. 
1677.  Diameter,  0.0475  m. 
167a  Diameter,  0.0495  m.     Hole,  0.003  m. 
X  0.0035  m. 

Diameter,  0.05  m. 
Pl.vte  C. 

1679.  Diameter,  0.0605  m.     Hole,  0.0028  m. 

1680.  Fragment.     Diameter,  0.0725  m. 
Discardeii :  two  fragments. 

Clasif  p.  Double  circle  of  punched  dots. 
Diameter.  0.03  m.-0.635  m. 
168L  Fi-om  behind  South  Building.     Diam- 
eter, 0.0345  m.     Hole,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0016  m. 
1682  Diameter,  0.035  m.     Hole.  0.0012  m. 

Diameter,  0.04  m.-0.005  m. 
1683.  Fragment.    Diameter,  0.041  m.    Hole, 
0.0017  m.x  0.003  m. 

1684  Diameter,  0.049  m. 
Discarded :  two  from  behind  South  Building. 

Class  y.  TJirec  or  more  rows  of  punched 
dots. 

1685.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.    Rectangidar  hole, 
0.0013  m.  X  0.002  m. 

1685  a.   (Plate  CXXXVn.).      Diameter, 
0.0455  m. 

1686.  Diameter,  0.092  m. 

1687.  Diameter,  0.1035  m. 

168a   Diameter,  0.105  m.     Hole,  0.0055  m. 

1689.  Diameter,  0.081  m.     Hole,  0.0045  m. 

1690.  Fragment.     Diameter  (approximate), 
0.092  m. 

Class   ^.     liectanf/le    of  punched    dotted 
ciif'li's. 

1691.  Diameter,  0.0384  m.    Slightly  concave- 
convex.     Hole,  0.0027  m.  x  0.0028  m. 

Class  (•     Cross  and  circle  of  punched  dots. 

1692.  Di.in.eter,  0.036  m.     Hole.  0.0007  m. 
Class  C  Rosettes  of  dots  with  or  irithout 

circles  of  dots. 

Group  i.  Witlmut  circle. 
169a  Diameter.  0.0405  m.     Hole,  0.002  m. 

Group  ii.  With  circles. 
1694  Diameter,  0.0394  m.     Hole,  0.002  m. 

1695.  Diameter,  0.049  m.     Hole,  0.0021  m. 

1696.  Diameter.  0.111  m.     Rectangular  hole, 
0.0065  m.  X  0.007  m. 

Class  T}.   Knf/rai'ed  rosettes  trith  or  with- 
out engraved  citrles. 
(iroup  i.  Without  circles. 

1697.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.   Rectangidar  hole, 
0.0024  m.  X  0.0028  m.    Slightly  concave^onvex. 

169a  Diameter,  0.028  m.     Hole,  0.001  m. 


DISKS,  BINDING  STRIPS 


269 


Group  ii.  With  engraved  circles. 
1699.  Diameter,  0.0322  m.     Hole,  0.0034  m. 
Tjrpe  b.  EllipticaL 

170a  Diameter,   0.03    m.x  0.024  m.     Hole, 
0.0017  m.     About  etlge,  row  of  dots. 
Type  c.  Rectangular,  with  rounded  comers. 
Class  a.   Single  circle  of  punched  dots. 

1701.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  x  0.0315  m. 
Discarded :  one  fragment. 

Class  P'  Double  circle  of  punched  dots. 

1702.  From  behind  South  Building.     Diam- 
eter, 0.034  m.  X  0.024  m.     Hole,  0.0014  m. 
T3rpe  d.  Triangular,  with  rounded  comers. 

170a  Length, 0.0033  m.  x  0.025m.  x  0.0265  m. 
About  etlge,  row  of  punched  dots. 

DIVISION    II.    WITHOUT   HOLE   IN   CENTRE.* 

T]rpe  a.  Plain  centre  and  edges. 

FoR.M  1.  Unornamented.     (There  are  no 
certain  examples  of  this  fonn.) 

1704.  From  south  slope.    Much  broken.    Di- 
ameter, 0.037  m. 

1705.  Diameter,   0.054  m.     Perhaps   mirror 
disk. 

1706.  Diameter,  0.076  m.    Perhaps  mirror 
disk. 

Plate  CI. 

1707.  Oval,  of  uncertain  character.     Diam- 
eter, 0.10  ra.  X  0.077  m. 

FoR.M  2.  Ornamented. 

Class  a.    With  one  circle  of  punched  dots. 
Group  i.   Plain  centre. 
170a  Broken  fragment.    Diameter,  0.0335  m. 
Discarded:  oue  fragment  (uiirrur  disk ?),  from  south 
•lope. 

Group  ii.  Dot  in  centre. 

(a'.)    Struck  from  same  side  as  circle. 

1709.  Fragment.     Diameter,  0.03  m. 

(6'.)  Struck  from  opposite  side  to  cir- 
cle. 

1710.  Fragment.     Diameter,  0.0322  m. 

1711.  Broken  fragment.     Diameter,  0.052  m. 
Class  fi.    With    two    rings   of  dotsy   euch- 
ring being  double. 

1712.  Diameter,  0.08  ui. 

T3rpe  b.  TVith  edge  turned  over. 
FoKM  1.  Plain. 
17ia  Diameter,  0.065  m.2 

*  For  use,  note  sarcophagus  of  Crepereia  Tryphaena 
(Mus.  Cap.,  Rome;  found,  1889),  containing  plain  bronze 
disk  about  four  inches  in  diameter.  Btdlett.  Commiss. 
Com.  1889,  pp.  17.J,  496. 

*  Cf.  large   and   small  plain   gold  disks  from  Myce- 


FoRM  2.  Divided  into  concentric  zones, 
OF  which  the  convex  side  is  on  same 

SIDE   with    ROLL. 

Class  a.    With  plain  centre. 
1714.  Diameter,  0.113  m. 

Class  /8.    With  two  dots  in  centre. 
17ia  Diameter,  0.079  m. 
Type  c.  Stamped  rosette  with  hollow  boss 
at  centre  and  rings  of  dots  outside. 

1716.  Fragment.     Diameter,  0.011  m. 
1716  a.  Fragment. 

1716  b.  Fragment.  From  behind  South  Build- 
ing. 
Type  d.  Transitional 

1717.  Diameter,  0.075  m.  In  centre,  boss. 
Near  edge,  hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter.  Concav- 
ity probably  not  original.  Next  to  boss,  rays 
followed  by  ring  of  dots.  Outside  ring  of  dots, 
a  ring  of  arrow  jwints. 

Discarded  :  thirty-three,  unclassified,  among  which  one 
from  south  slope  and  three  from  behind  South  Building. 

Type  e.  Rectangular.    Unornamented. 

17ia  From  behind  South  Building.    Length, 
0.028  m.  X  0.033  m.     Corners  rounded. 
Plate  CXXXVII. 

1718  a.    Fragment. 

1718  b.  Fragment.  Bent.  Radius  about  0.07 
m.  Rosette  of  punched  dots  at  centre,  outside 
of  which  broad  zigzag,  the  line  of  which  is  itself 
a  narrow  zigzag.  Beyond,  two  rows  of  dots,  and 
a  narrower  zigzag.    On  edge,  single  row  of  dots. 

C.  BINDING  STRIPS. 

Type  a.  Plain.  Most  have  one  original  end 

left,  and  rivets. 
Plate  CI. 

1719.  Length,  0.0423  m.     Width,  0.0048  m. 

1720.  Length,  0.042  m.  Width,  0.0053  m. 
Seems  complete. 

1721.  Length,  0.1175  m.     Width,  0.0065  m. 

1722.  From  We.st  Building.  Length,  0.285  m. 
Width,  0.0085  m.3 

1723.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.033  m.     Width,  0.008  m. 

1724.  Length,  0.0534  m.     Width,  0.01  m. 
1726.  length.  0.105  m.     Width.  0.01  m. 

1726.  Length,  0.128  m.     Width,  0.011  m. 

1727.  Length,  0.129  m.     Width,  0.014  m. 

nae  (fifth  tomb,  No.  691),  with  overlapping  edges  as  if 
covers. 

'  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1226,  and  iron  scrap  from  Tolen- 
tino,  Annali,  1881,  p.  217,  tav.  d'agg.  Q  No  1,  called 
rim  of  shield. 


270 


THE   BRONZES 


COATINGS 


271 


172a  Length,  0.1435  m.     Width,  0.0075  m. 

Disco  nied :  eighteen,  of  which    one  was  from  behind 
South  Building. 

T3rpe  b.  With  one  or  more  disks  attached 
by  rivets. 

1729.  One    end    gone.     Length,    0.044    ni. 
Width,  0.0075  ni.   Fragment  of  disk  at  each  end. 

1730.  From  south  slope.     Ends  broken.     Bit 
of  one  disk.     Length,  0.075.    Width,  0.0078  m. 

1731.  Broken   disk    at   each   end.      Length, 
0.109.     Width,  0.009  m. 

1732.  Broken    disk    at    one 
0.135  m.     Width,  0.011  m. 

1733  IV>th   ends  gone 
Width,  0.0118  m. 

1734.  Both  ends  and  disks  broken.    Length, 
0.105  m.     Width,  0.012  m. 

Discarded  •  four,  of  which  one  was  from  West  Buihling. 

Addemhim.  Disk  ornamented  with  rosette. 

1735.  Fragment.     Length,  0.089  m.    Width, 
0.0105  m. 
Type  c.  With  rectangular  plates  attached     Type  b 


end.      Length, 
Length,  0.073  m. 


1744.  Length,   0.143   m.     Width.  0.007  m. 
One  etlge  lieveled. 

1746.  l^th  ends  gone.  Length,  0.09  ni. 
Width.  0.0085  m.  One  eilge  l>eveled,  and  nar- 
row raised  band  along  other  etlge  on  one  side. 

1746.  One  end   complete,  other  |)erhaps   so. 
Length,  0.05G2  m.     Width,  0.0117  m.     Thick- 
ness, 0.0015  m.-0.0028  m.     All   edges   slightly 
l)evele<l.     At  one  end  a  B.    See  AppenilU'. 
Type  d.  Large  plain. 

1747.  Seems  com))lete.  Bent  in  middle. 
Length,  0.47  ni.  Width,  0.0575  m.  Six  holes 
punched  tlirongh,  in  one  of  which  (at  eiul  of 
band)  are  remains  of  iron  rivet. 

D.    ORNAMENTED  BANDS. 
T]rpe  a. 

1748.  Part  of  one  end  preserved.  Length, 
0.0683  m.  Width,  0.018  m.  ( )n  one  side,  dots 
in  double  circle  connected  by  tangents.  Groove 
alon<r  eilffes. 


Width,  0.035  m. 
Length,  0.0467   m. 


by  one  or  more  rivets. 

1736.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.084  m.  Width, 
0.008  m. 

1737.  Broken  across  middle.  Length, 
0.211  m.     Width,  0.013  ra. 

173&  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.103  m. 
Width,  0.017  m. 

1739.  Fragments.  Length,  0.146  m.  Width, 
0.02  ni. 


1749.  Uncleaned  because  patinated.  Found 
north  of  West  Building  near  surface.  Ends 
gone.  Length,  0.04  m.  Width,  0.008  m.  Di- 
vided into  three  fields  by  two  engraved  lines. 
The  larger  middle  field  has  circles  connecte<l 
by  tangents,  the  two  outer  fields  have  semicircles 
o))ening  outward. 

T3rpe  c. 

1750.  Ends  broken.  Length,  0.121  m.  Width 


Addenda.     Uncertain  to  which  type  the  fol-      (centre),  0.0154  m.    Ends  slightly  wider.    One 


lowing  number  belongs. 

1740.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.07G  m.     Width,  0.0083  m. 

As  the  following  have  no  disk  plate  nor  holes, 
it  is  not  certain  they  belong  here. 


side  has  rounded  band  along  centre,  with  zigzags 
of  double  line  on  each  side. 
T]rpe  d. 

175L  From  behind  South  Buihling.      Ends 
gone.      Length,    0.12    m.      Witlth,   0.054   in. 


1741.  One    end 


gone. 


Length,    0.032    m.     Ornament  of  rosettes  and  dots. 


Width,  0.008  m.     On  one  side,  fine  double  zig- 
zag lengthwise  above  centre. 

1741  a.  Object  uncertain.     Length,  0.066  m. 
Width,  0.012  m.   Two  small  depressions  at  one 

end. 

Discarded :  nineteen  others  of  the  foregoing  types. 

The  following  pieces,  while  presenting  analo- 
gies of  form,  are  of  uncertain  classification  and 


1742.  Both   ends   seem   complete.     Length, 
0.058  m.     Width,  0.0065. 

Plate  CII. 

1743.  Both  ends   broken.     Length,  0.10  m. 
Width,  0.0045  m.     One  edge  beveled. 


E.  COATINGS. 
Type  a.  Rectangular.    Flat  surface. 

FoKM  1.    Row  OF  FUXCHKD  DOTS  ALONG  EACH 
SIDE. 

1752.  From  West  Building.  Ends  broken. 
Length,  0.032  nu     Width,  0.011  m.» 

Discarded  •  seven  fragments,  of  which  one  from  south 
slope. 

Form  2.  Three  rows  of  dots. 

C7fi88  a.  How  along  each  edge  and  one 
doir))  centre. 


1753  One  end  gone.     Length, 
Width,  0.016  m. 


0.0335 


m. 


1  Cf.  (Hympia,  No.  303. 


Width.  0.0425  m. 
Width,  0.044  m. 
Length,   0.041   m. 

Length,   0.074  m. 


1754.  Length,  0.078  m. 
1755  One  end    gone. 
Width,  0.037  m. 

1756i  length,  0.066  m. 

1757.  length,  0.074  m. 

1758.  One    end    gone. 
Width,  0.044  m. 

1759.  One    end    gone. 
Width,  0.0465  m. 

1760.  Much  bent.  Length,  0.058  m.  Width, 
0.055  m. 

Discarded :  two,  of  which  one  was  from  behind  South 
Building. 

Class  fi.  Same  as  preceding,  hut  with  dots 
across  each  end. 

1761.  Ifent.  Length,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.034  m. 

1762.  lk>nt  and  one  end  gone.  Length, 
0.046  m.     Width,  0.035  m. 

1763  Bent.  Length,  0.084  m.  Width,  0.046  m. 
1764.  U'ngth,  0.078  m.     Width,  0.049  m. 
1765  Length,  0.094  m.     Width,  0.048  m. 

Discarded:  seven  others,  of  which  the  condition  was 
such  that  it  is  uncertain  whether  they  are  of  Class  a  or  /3. 
One  came  from  south  slope. 

Form  3.  Four  rows  of  dots. 
Class  a.  lioirs  parallel. 

1766.  Length,  0.052  m.     Width,  0.0425  m. 

Discartled :  two. 

Class  fi.  Same  as  preceding,  but  with  dots 
across  ends. 

1767.  Length,  0.057  m.     AVidth,  0.0435  m. 
Form  4.  Five  rows  of  dots. 

Class  a.  lioios  parallel. 
1768w  End  gone.    Condition  poor.     Length, 
0.049  m.     Width,  0.0042  n». 

Class  /3.  Same  as  Class  a,  but  with  dots 
across  ends. 
Group  i.  Single  row  at  end. 

1769.  One   end    gone.      Length,    0.022  m. 
Width,  0.0415  m. 

Group  ii.  Double  ww  at  end. 

1770.  Length,  0.023  m.     Width,  0.033  m. 

Discarded :  one  of  doubtful  character. 

Form  5.  Six  rows  of  dots. 

1771.  From  behind  South   liuilding.      Both 
ends  gone.    Length,  0.047  m.    Width.  0.0485  m. 

1772.  One     end     gone.       Condition    i)Oor. 
Length,  0.095  m.    Width,  0.045  m. 

Form  6.  Similar  to  preceding  Forms,  but 
with  one  or  more  rows  of  dots  dou- 
BLED. 

1773.  Fragment.    Length.  0.035  m.    Width, 
0.019  m.     Double  row  along  one  edge. 


Plate  CIIL 

1774.  Fragment.  Length,  0.063  m.  Width, 
0.038  m.     Four  rows ;  outer  row  double. 

1775  Fragment.  Length,  0.038  m.  Width, 
0.06  m.     Three  double  rows. 

Form  7.  Miscellaneous. 

1776  Fragment.  Length,  0.048  m.  Width, 
0.033  m.     Cross  rows  of  dots. 

1777.  Fragment.  Length,  0.085  m.  Width, 
0.046  m.     Rows  at  angle  to  one  another. 

177&  End  gone.  Length,  0.09  m.  Width, 
0.052  m.  Cross  rows  with  zigzags  in  each 
panel. 

Form  8.  Punched  dots  and  engraving. 

1779.  End  gone.  Length,  0.049  m.  Width, 
0.03  m.  Three  rows  of  dots  with  zigzags  be- 
tween. 

1780.  Fragment.  Length,  0.057  m.  Width, 
0.047  m.  Two  rows  of  dots  and  two  zig- 
zags. 

178L  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Width, 
0.0355  m.     Dots  and  zigzags. 

1782.  Length,  0.069  m.      Width,  0.046  m. 

Dots  and  semicircles. 

Discarded  of  Type  a :  thirty-seven  fragments,  of  which 
five  were  from  behind  Soutli  Building,  one  from  south 
slope,  and  four  from  West  Building. 

Type  b.  Rectangular.  In  centre  on  long 
axis,  a  raised  convex  band.  All  except 
two  have  zigzags;  of  these  one  (No. 
1783)  may  have  had;  the  other  is  No. 
1792,  in  which  the  zigzag  is  apparent 
rather  than  real. 

1783.  From  behind  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment.    Length,  0.052  m.     Width,  0.032  m. 

1784.  One    end    gone. 
Width,  0.024  m. 

1785.  One   end    gone. 
Width,  0.03  m. 

1786.  Fragment.  From  behind  South  Build- 
ing.    Length,  0.063  m.     Width,  0.035  m. 

1787.  Length,  0.081  m.     Width.  0.036  m. 

1788.  Length,  0.09  m.     Width,  0.041  m. 

1789.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.046  m. 
Width,  0.042  m. 

1790.  Length,  0.09  m.     Width,  0.045  ra. 

1791.  Fi-agment.  Length,  0.05  m.  Width, 
0.058  m. 

1792.  Length,  0.066  m.     Width,  0.075  m. 
Plate  CIV. 

1793.  Length,  0.013  m.     Width,  0.104  la 

Discarded :  nine  others  of  Tjrpe  b,  of  which  three  were 
from  behind  South  Building. 


Length,  0.062    m. 
Length,   0.062    m. 


i: 


272 


THE   BRONZES 


Tjrpe     c.     Rectangular.       Punched     and 

stamped  ornaments. 

Form  1.  Incuse. 

1794  (on  Plate  CI  1 1.).  From  south  slope. 
Size,  0.044  m.  x  0.0445  m.  Maile  of  two  sheets 
of  bronze  fohleil  at  edges.  Ornament:  round 
de|>ression  in  centre ;  this  and  corners  have 
hollows  and  rings  arranged  geometrically. 

1795.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Wi«lth,  0.0325  m. 
Along  edges,  <lots.  In  centre,  depression  with 
irregular  knol>  in  centre,  on  which  knob  are 
repousse  dots.  At  each  end,  similar  figure.  Holes 
in  corners  with  bronze  nail  in  one. 

Form  2.  Kepousse. 

1796.  Length,  0.04G5  m.  Width,  0.024  m. 
Nail  holes  at  corners.  Dots  on  edges.  Down 
centre  a  long  heavy  oval,  each  end  forked.  Large 
raised  dots  on  each  side  of  oval. 

F.  RIMS. 
(Of  various  uncertain  objects.) 

1797.  Fragment.  Length,  0.175  m.  Width, 
0.07")  ni.     Edge  turned  over. 

1797  a  Fragment.  Length,  0.0715  m.  Width, 
0.007  ni. 

1797  b.  Fragment.  Length,  0.103  m.  Width, 
0.0255  m. 

1797  c.  Fragment.  Length,  0.034  m.  Width, 

0.0175  m. 

Discarded :  two  fragments,  of  which  one  was  from 
behind  South  Building. 

1796.  Length,  0.117  m.  Width,  0.06  m. 
Rivets  in  rim.     Outside  of  fragment  convex. 

1799.  Length,  0.194  m.     Width,  0.072  m. 
1799  a.  Length,  0.068  m.     Width,  0.061  m. 

Possibly  piece  of  preceding. 

1800.  From  behind  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment. Length,  0.092  m.  Width,  0.048  m.  Dots 
in  relief  on  upper  side. 

Discarded:  one  fragment. 

G.    PLATES  OF  BRONZE. 

(None  are  complete.) 
a.  Plain. 
Form  1.  Attached. 

1801.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.042  m.  Width, 
0.051  m.     Remains  of  rivet. 

Plate  CV. 

1802.  Length,  0.168  m.  Width,  0.165  m. 
Two  rivet-holes.     Color  indicates  much  copper. 

1802  a.  Length,  0.159  m.  Width,  0.106  m. 
Rivet-holes.     Color  indicates  much  copper. 

*  That  is,  at  present.     They  may 


Plate  CIV. 

IBOa  Length,  0.106  m.  Width,  0.0246  m. 
Rivet-holes  with  i*emains  of  rivets. 

1804.  From  behind  South  Building.  0.055  ni. 
X  0.054  ni. 

Discarded:  seven  fragments  (one  from  behind  South 
Building  and  one  from  West  Building). 

Form  2.  Unattached. 
180&  Fragment     Length,  0.084  m.    Width, 
0.063  m. 

1806.  Length,  0.158  m.     Width,  0.125  m. 

1807.  Length,  0.073  m.  Wi<lth,  0.03  m.  On 
right  side  of  snudler  end,  four  cuts  made  by 
edged  tool. 

1808.  Fragment.  Length,  0.063  m.  Width, 
0.056  m. 

1809.  Edges  broken.  Length,  0.0955  m. 
Width,  0.017  m. 

Plate  CV. 

1810.  From  1)ehind  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment.    Length,  0.10  m.     Wi<lth,  0.03  m. 

1811.  Fragment.  Length,  0.13  m.  Width. 
0.104  m. 

1812.  Fragment.  Length,  0.114  ui.  Width, 
0.075  m.     Bent  at  edges. 

18ia  Width,  0.152  m.     Height,  0.091  m. 
1814.  Fragment.    Length,  0.0375  m.   Width 
of  sides,  0.026  m.  and  0.03  m. 

1816.  Fragment.     Length,  0.042  m. 

1816.  Fragment.  Length,  0.065  m.  Width, 
0.037  m.  The  resemblance  of  this  as  well  as  of 
No.  1817  and  No.  1818  to  primitive  idols  (cf. 
^4nm.  'Apx-  1898,  pi.  ii.  No.  2)  is  probably  quite 
accidental. 

1817.  Fragment.  Length,  0.056  m.  Width, 
0.0125  m. 

1818  Fragment.  Length,  0.045  m.  Width. 
0.042  m. 

1818  a.  Fragment.  Length,  0.069  m.  Width, 
0.055  m. 

Discarded :  eight  fragments. 

b.  Ornamented. 

1.  Attached. 

1819.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.055  m. 
Width,  0.052  m.  Rivet-holes  and  dots.  Nearly 
square,  with  straight  edges. 

1820.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.142  m. 
Width,  0.07  m.  Grooves  round  edges,  and  rivet- 
holes. 

2.  Unattached.* 

1821.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.049  m.     Width,  0.039  m.     Small  knob. 

have  been  attached  when  complete. 


PLATES 


273 


1822.  Length,  0.095  m.  Width,  0.065  m. 
Small  knob  in  one  corner. 

1822  a.  Length,  0.034  m.  Width,  0.026  m. 
Engraved  with  half-circles. 

1822  b.  From  south  sloixj.  Length,  0.035  m. 
Width,  0.035  m.     Fine  cross  hatchings. 

1822  c.  Length,  0.05  m.  Width,  0.0235  m. 
Three  punched  holes  and  zigzag. 

c.  Plated  with  gold. 

1823.  From  south  sIojk;.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.089  m.     Width,  0.075  m.^ 

d.  Inscribed. 
Platf>  CVL,  CVII. 

1824.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Height,  0.0266  m.  Width  (top),  0.022  m.  Thick- 
ness too  slight  for  accurate  measurement.  Two 
rows  of  punched  letters.  Irregular  in  size. 
Space  between  lines,  0.0015  m.-0.003  m.,  but 
between  lower  line  and  bottom  edge,  0.0065  m.- 
0.008  m. ;  hence  it  is  possible  these  are  the  last 
two  lines  of  the  inscription.  See  below.  No. 
1825,  and  Appendix^  p.  332. 

PLATtlS  CVL,  CVII. 

182&  I-«eft  edge  seems  to  be  original.  Possi- 
ble that  upper  edge  is  also.  Corrotled.  Height, 
0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0175  m.  Resembles  No. 
1824.  Froui  style  of  letters  (especially  the 
sigma),  reading  from  left  to  right  woidd  be  ex- 
j>et*ted,  though  they  can  be  read  from  right  to 
left.  It  would  be  iwssible  to  place  this  fragment 
loosely  to  right  of  No.  1824,  thus  making  it  lower 

right  corner  of  list  of  proi)er  names  ,„„  i^qq^ 

in  which  case  one  must  assume  the  lower  edge  to 
recede  from  the  letters  so  as  to  be  0.0045  m. 
from  ^  and  0.008  m.  from  A.  The  alignment 
also  is  awkward.  Use  of  $  in  retrograde  period 
is  against  such  reading,  though  the  general  char- 
acter of  the  letters,  etc.,  is  the  same. 
Plates  CVL,  CVII. 

1826.^  Eilges  at  top  and  bottom  smooth,  and 
for  the  most  part  slightly  beveled.  Considerable 
portions  gone  from  ends.  Something  depends  on 
interpretation  of  T  in  first  line.  If  it  represents 
a  paragraph,  one  must  assume  that  the  inscrip- 
tion was  written  on  several  sheets,  one  above  the 
other,  and  that  one  piece  is  one  of  these  sections. 
Condition  of  bronze  poor.  Corrosion  continued 
after  being  cleane<l.    Besides  the  main  piece  (a) 


there  are  several  fragments,  i.  e.  (6)  at  the  left 
of  the  fourth  and  fifth  lines,  (^^  d,  e)  at  the  right 
of  the  sixth  line.  Letters  punched  rather  deep 
considering  thinness  of  plate. 

Fragment  a.  Height,  0.136  m.    Width  (top), 
0.1485  m.     Thickness,  0.0003  m.-0.0005  m. 

Line  1.   (right  to  left) oi^ah  ::  vcSa  •  t  !: 

ttTtt/t^o/j^  Letter  on  right  probably  a  <^,  as  tail 
is  shorter  (0.0025  m.)than  that  of  the  p's  (0.0038 
m.-0.005  m.).  At  left  end  of  line  slight  trace 
of  bevel. 

Line  2  (left  to   right) htcrvvxiw.  \\  rasapas 


Tas 


Line    3    (right   to   left)  ....  ii.airf.haT  \\  a-aieypa- 

aar ::  <ray  Beyond  the  y  a  trace  of  an  oblique 
stroke,  probably  of  M.  To  the  left  of  the  /i 
traces  of  letter,  probably  A. 

Line  4    (left  to  right).   (  .  .  .  xa  .  .  .  )  avarov :: 
lit  aAAo  Ti  Ka(?ov ':':  h    The  Ka  are  on  Fragment  b. 
Edge  at  left  of  first  a  of  main  piece  is  slightly 
concave,  but  preserves  no  trace  of  bevel  owing 
to  corrosion. 

Line 5  (right to  left).  o\  W  atlo-fqtc  .  el:  onorxe 
.  .  IT .  .  .  To  left  of  the  tt  traces  of  letter  or  let- 
ters. Of  the  possible  combinations  M  (oTio»'x«o''r), 
II(oTiorx«^i7rc),    TI(oTioi'X€Ti7r€)    or     ■q|(oTioi'X€l"r£) 

seem  the  most  likely.  To  left  of  second  c  are 
traces  of  upper  and  side  stroke  of  1 ;  it  cannot 
be  B  owing  to  « preceding.^  Last  straight  stroke 
on  left  is  of  a  T,  Y,  or  9,  more  probably  the  last. 
To  left  of  this  on  Fragment  b  is  part  of  o,  the 
remain<ler  of  the  outline  being  on  left  edge  of 
the  main  fragment.  Fragments  n  and  b  join  at 
this  lower  edge  of  the  o.  At  the  left,  right  bevel 
of  an  upright  hasta. 

Line  6  (left  to  right),  os :!  irpo  po  o?  ••  th-p 
Between  the  first  two  p's,  probable  traces  of  a  ir  ; 
and  between  the  following  two  o's  no  certain  traces 
of  a  letter.  Fragments  c,  d,  c  join  the  right  end 
of  line.  Letters  are  uncertain.  Word  may  be 
c^TTplNAI  or  e^pllAI,  according  to  which  end  of 
Fragment  c  is  considered  to  come  at  top.  Frag- 
ment e  is  a  small  bit  giving  the  upper  end  of 
right  hasta  of  the  a. 

Line  7  (right  to  left) sioh ::  stnoy  oti- 

/laSc/x  Between  the  o  and  y  no  certain  traces 
of  letter.  At  the  left  end  of  line,  bevel  of  left 
hasta  is  continued  only  about  halfway  down,  but 
as  the  bevel  is  i>erpendicular,  and  the  line  of 


«  In  Museum  at  Eleusis  is  a  piece  of  bronze  plated  with  Jour,  of  Arch.  1901,  pp.  159,  162.     For  commentary  see 

gold,  on  which  is  engraved  a  horse  of  geometric  style.  Appendix,  p.  332. 

*  Found  near  terrace  wall  west  of  Second  Temple  about  '  But  see  Appendix 

four  feet  below  the  surface,  April,  1895.     liogers,  Am. 


274 


THE   BRONZES 


cleavage  is  coutiuuous,  the  letter  is  probably 
san. 

Line  8  (left  to  right).  «  apycias ::  km  hotFmc. 
At  riffht  of  line  no  certain  traces  of  letter. 

Line  9  (right  to  left) fioSova  V:  ccXvhtor 

::  o  .  .  .  .  Edge  at  left  end  of  line  beveled. 

Line  10    (left   to   right) yas  •:  apycta«  ya 

::  KaTaK(a.     Traces  of  last  a. 

Line  11  (right  to  left).  .  .  .  hsanoir  ::  orcrcio- 
Fi'ory  .... 

Plates  CVI.,  CVIL 

1827.  No  original  edges.  Height,  0.041  m. 
"Width,  0.004  m.  Letters  show  through  on 
back. 

H.  CUT  ORNAMENTS. 
Platk  CV. 

1828.  Broken  at  larger  end  and  perhaps  at 
smaller.  Length,  0.051  in.  Width  (in  centre), 
0.0295  m.  Trace  of  hole  in  edge  of  broader 
end. 

1829.  Length,  0.046  m.  Width,  0.0453  m. 
Small  hole  in  centre. 

1830.  From  south  slope,  1894.  Six-jwinted 
star  with  loop  between  points.  In  alternate 
points  rivets  whic-h  formerly  held  bronze  plate. 
Diameter,  0.048  m. 

183L  Three  strips  of  bronze  ;  one  attached 
at  right  angles  to  ends  of  others.  Length  of 
cross-bar,  0.084  m.  Length  of  other  strips, 
0.10  m.  and  0.080  ni.  (broken ).  Ci*oss-bar  plain, 
other  bits  have  dots  on  edges.  Small  hole  in 
centre  of  cross-bar. 

1832.  Fragment,    doubtful    whether   of   this 
class.    Two  small  bits  fastened  together.  Length, 
0.03  m.    Width  of  longer  strip,  0.01  m. 
Plate  CVIIL 

1832  a.  Fragment.  Remains  of  nail  and 
punched  holes  and  dots. 

I.  FIGURES, 
a  Cut.^ 

1833.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.005  m.  This  object  is  pei'haps  a  claw  torn  o£f 
a  piece  of  drapery.^ 

1834.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.05  m. 
Along  bit  of  original  edge,  row  of  dots.  Head 
and  neck  of  a  bird. 

1835l  Bit  of  original  edge  on  two  sides. 
Length,  0.038  m.  Probably  bit  of  bird's  wing 
or  of  snake.  With  this  and  No.  1836,  cf.  Ohjm- 
pla,  Nos.  720.  721. 

1836.  Fragment.     Length,  0.0485  m.     Orna- 

1  For  cut  figures  from  Acropolis,  see  Batlier,  J.  H.  S. 
XIII.  p.  241. 


men  ted  with  straight  lines  and  scale  pattern. 
Perhaps  bit  of  biitl. 

1837.  From  behind  South  Building.  Two 
fragments  that  fit  together.  Combinetl  length, 
0.094  m.  Decoration  of  punched  double  circles, 
rectangles,  and  drops.  Probably  represents  a 
dolphin. 

b.  Reponss^ 

1838.  From  south  slope.  Three  fragments  of 
a  left  eyebrow,  eyeball,  lower  lid,  and  low  horn 
(height,  0.007  m.),  which  was  between  the 
eyes.  Length,  0.036  m.  Possibly  from  head  of 
giiffin.  (Cf.  Olympia,  Nos.  714,  715,  715  a, 
and  691.) 

J.    UNCERTAIN  OBJECTS. 

1839.  Shorter  straight  edge  broken.  Length, 
0.028  m.  Width,  0.042  m.  Rivet  at  one  comer 
fastening  small  piece  to  larger.  Decorated  with 
punched  dots. 

1840.  Fragment.  Length,  0.049  m.  Width, 
0.034  m. 

184L  One  edge  broken.  Length,  0.027  m. 
Width,  0.021  ro.  Rows  of  dots  and  two  small 
holes  in  centre. 

1842.  Length,  0.064  m.  Width,  0.048  m. 
Seems  complete. 

1843.  From  behind  South  Building.  Condi- 
tion )K)or.  Two  plates  with  toothed  edges  fas- 
tened together  by  rivets  along  edges.  Lower 
plate,  0.1025  m.  x  0.064  m.  Upper  plate,  0.106 
m.  X  0.063  m. 

1844.  Convex  piece.  Diameter,  0.028  m. 
With  three  engraved  lines  about  edge.  In  centre, 
small  knob  of  iron  pierced  by  hole. 

184S  Edge  broken.  Length,  0.094  m. 
Folded  over  witli  foot  attached  to  fold. 

1846l  Ends  broken.  Length.  0.097  m.  Two 
engraved  lines  on  upright  surface. 

Discarded  :  fifty-nine  small  fragments  of  sbeet  bronze, 
of  which  one  from  West  Building  and  one  from  behind 
South  Building. 

8.   LEAVES. 

1847.  Ends  broken.  Length,  0.0715  m. 
Width,  0.044  m.  Axis  of  leaf  concave-convex. 
Decorate<l  on  both  sides  with  lines  and  zigzag. 
Perhaps  was  cast  and  then  hammered. 

1848.  Complete,  but  bent.  Length,  0.113  m. 
Decorated  on  both  sides  with  lines  and  zig- 
zag. 

*  Professor  Norton  considers  it  to  be  the  tail  of  a 
cock. 


VASES   AND  CAULDRONS 


275 


9.  LEATHER  GEAR. 

1849.  From  behind  South  Building.  Three 
links  each  made  by  twisting  bronze  wire.  Total 
length,  0.373  m.  Largest  link,  length,  0.145  m. 
Wire  of  first  link  round  except  at  one  end.  In 
second  link  wire  less  regidar,  about  half  being 


rectangular,  and  having  near  centre  two  swell- 
ings, and  toward  one  end  engraved  diagonal 
lines.  Third  link  of  two  strands,  one  being  rec- 
tangular. Color  indicates  much  copper.  Made 
by  hammering  probably.  Object  is  imitation 
of  bit  of  leather  gear,  probably  of  harness.  (Cf. 
somewhat  similar  piece,  Ohjmj)ia,  pi.  v.  No.  37.) 


V.   VESSELS 


1.  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS. 
A.   WITHOUT  SHOULDER. 

a.  Plates. 

1.   No   UKPRE88ION.     OnE  OR  TWO  HANDLES. 

a.   One  handle. 
18S0.  From  above  Upper  Temple  toward  tents. 
Handle  gone.     Diameter,  0.059  m.     Thickness, 
0.0005  m.    Edge  with  two  rows  of  small  dots 
close  together. 

p.  Two  h(indle». 

18SL  From   south   slope.     Handles  broken. 

Returning  ends    (ears)    i)re8erved.     Diameter, 

0.0595  m.    In  centre,  boss  surrounded  by  circle  of 

small  dots.    Outside  these,  star  pattern  i)unched 

likewise  from  bottom.     Around  outer  edge,  two 

rows  of  dots,  of  which  inner  concave.    Two  rows 

of  dots  also  around  handles,  of  which  the  inner 

is  concave.     At  left  of  upper  handle,  part  of 

row  of  concave  dots  between  inner  circle  and 

star. 

2.  Depressed.   Handles  small.   Rim  wide. 

Similar  to  preceding  Form  (with  this 

Form  in  general  cf.  Olympia^  No.  884  b. 

The   type   seems  to   be    rare  at  Olympia. 

Cf.  also  small  bronze  patera  from  Tiryns, 

Tiryns,  p.  170). 

a.   Unfrrnamented  except  on  rim  near  han- 
dle or  on  handle.     Dftt  in  centre. 
Group  i.    Convex  dots  on  either  side  of 
handle  arranged  horizontally. 

1862.  Frt)m  south  slope.  Handles  gone.  Rim 
injured.  Diameter,  0.118  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.01  m.  Near  one  handle,  four  convex  dots  in 
two  groups. 

Discarded :  one  from  south  slope. 

Group  ii.    Three  convex  dots  in  triangle 
on  either  side  of  handle. 

1863.  Handles  gone.  Rim  injured.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0567  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.007  m.  Handles 
had  pointed  ears.  In  centre  of  plate,  convex  dot. 
Plate  CIX. 

1854.  Condition   poor.     Pai-t  of  one  handle 


left.    Diameter,  0.06  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0075  m. 

Ears  of  handles  roughly  jwiuted.     Dots  on  rim 

as  in  No.  1853.    Single  row  of  dots  on  handle. 

Dot  in  centre  of  plate. 
Discarded :  one  fragment  similar  to  No.  1854. 

/3.  One  row  of  dots  round  outer  edge  of 
bottom  struck  from  top. 
Gi-oup  i.    Dots  at  handle  same  as  in  a, 
Group  ii.    Convex  dot  in  centre. 
1855.  Condition    ])oor.      Handles    and    rim 
mainly  destroyed.     Diameter,  0.0445  m. 

1866.  Fragment.     Diameter,  0.046  ni.     Dots 

as  in  No.  1855. 

Discards :  twu  fragments  with  handles. 

Group  ii.    One  or  more  rows  of  convex 
dots  on  outer  edge  of  rim. 

1867.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment of  rim  and  handle.  Length,  0.039  lii. 
Opjwsite  base  of  handle,  inner  row  of  dots. 

1868.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Con- 
dition i>oor,  about  half  gone.    Diameter,  0.098  m. 

1859.  Fragment  of  rim  and  handle.  Diame- 
ter, circ.  0.085  m.  Row  of  dots  on  handle  and 
ear,  and  five  dots  opposite  handle  and  ear  in 
groups  of  three  and  two. 

y.   Around  outer  edge  ff  bottom^  ring  of 
short    stroight    lines     running    toicard 
centre,  struck  front  top. 
Group   i.     Around    outer   edge   of    rim 

and  on  handle,  single  row  of  convex 

dots. 

1860.  From  south  slope.  One  handle  gone. 
Diameter,  0.088  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.007  m.  In 
centre,  rather  large  dot.  Lines  around  edge  ap- 
proximately parallel. 

Discards :  small  fragment  with  lines  arranged  in  groups 
of  three.   The  groups  about  0.0035  m.  apart. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
double  row  of  convex  dots  about  han- 
dle and  rim. 

1861.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.052  m. 
Width  of  rim,  0.0085  m.  Dots  rather  oblong 
and  so  close  as  to  have  effect  of  row  of  lines. 


276 


THE   BRONZES 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


277 


Direction  of  lines  on  bottom  irregular.     In  cen- 

ti-e,  large  dot. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
triangle  of  three  dots  opposite  each 
end  of  handle  and  inside  dot-ring  of 
rim.     Double  ring  of  dots  around  rim. 

1862.  Fi*om  south  slope.  Handles  broken. 
Diameter,  0.0725  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0085  m. 
Across  ends  of  handle,  double  row.  Dots  of  tri- 
angle are  larger  and  probably  struck  after  the 
other  rows  of  dots,  as  is  shown  by  the  smaller 
dots  appearing  on  the  surface  of  the  larger 
ones.  In  centre,  slight  depression,  perhaps  acci- 
dental. 

1863.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0,068  m. 
Triangles  of  dots  same  as  iu  No.  1862.  In 
centre,  large  dot.  Lines  about  bottom  irregu- 
lar. 

8.  Sl/nilor  to  y,  but  tnth  ring  of  tloti*  out- 
skle  the  lines  on  bottom.  These  dots 
struvlcfrom  top. 

1864.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.07  m. 
Width  of  rim,  0.008  m.  Lines  on  bottom  gen- 
erally i)oint  toward  centre. 

c.  S'nnUdt'  to  Class  y,  but  tnth  fines  cres- 
rent-shaped  and  pit  rail  el. 

1865.  Fragment.  Condition  jKwr.  Row  of 
small  convex  dots  near  outer  edge  of  rim. 

^.  Around  outer  ed(/e  of  bottom,  row  of  dots, 
inside  of  irhleh  '^Ifjy.aij  itf  straight  lines, 
both  dots  and  zUjzarj  being  struck  from 
vpper  side. 

Group  i.  Row  of  convex  dots  about  han- 
dle and  on  ears.  Triangle  of  three 
convex  dots  opposite  ends  of  han- 
dles. 

1866.  Illustration  shows  under  side.  Condi- 
titm  poor.  Diameter,  0.055  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.007  ra.  Dots  on  handle,  ears,  and  rim  slightly 
larger  than  those  round  edge  of  base.  Still 
lai*ger  convex  dot  in  centre. 

Discarded:  one. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
row  of  convex  dots  around  outer  edge 
of  rim.  Dots  sometimes  absent  from 
ears. 

1867.  From  above  Upper  Temple  toward 
tents.  One  handle  mostly  gone.  Diameter, 
0.055  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0055  m.  Dots  ab- 
sent from  one  ear.     Convex  dot  in  centre. 

1868.  Illustration  shows  under  side.      From 

^  This  decoration  is  similar  to  that  found  on  fragment 
of  pottery  from  Melos  (early  Mycenaean),  but  there  be- 


south  slope.  One  handle  gone.  Diameter, 
0.093  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.01  m.  Dots  only  on 
one  ear.  In  centre,  low  boss,  in  centi-e  of  which 
dot.     This  dot  struck  from  ui)))er  side. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  rim 
has  on  inner  edge  ring  of  crescents 
(open  side  outward),  struck  from  un- 
der side. 

1869.  From  south  slo{>e.  One  handle,  one 
ear  of  other  handle,  and  parts  of  rim  and  bot- 
tom gone.  Diameter,  0.04  m.  A^'idth  of  rim, 
0.005  m.     In  centre  of  bottom,  convex  dot. 

If.  Around  outer  edge  of  bottom,  ring  of 

truncated     ellipses     opening     out  tea  rd. 

Tltese  ellipses  stniek  from  upper  sale. 

Dots  on  handle,  ears,  and  around  rim. 

On  riui  opi>osite  handles  and    inside 

ring  of  dots,  three  dots  in  triangle  as 

before  (^C'lass  (,  Gitmp  i.).     All  these 

dots  struck  from  under  side. 

1870.  From  south  slo))e.  Rim  and  bottom 
damaged.  Diameter,  0.074  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.0085  m.  In  centre  of  bottom,  small  convex 
dot.  Punch  employed  for  striking  ellipses  had 
broad  edge  (width,  0.0009  m.)  with  sharp  cor- 
ners. 

$.  Around  outer  edge  of  bottom,  ring  of 

dots.  Inside  of  lehleh.  ring  tf  semleln'le» 

or  truncated  ellipses   opening  i*uttrard. 

These  dots  ami  semicircles  {or  ellipses') 

struck  from  upj)er  side. 

Group  i.  Semicircles.      On    handle   and 

portion  of  rim  opjjosite,  dots  together 

with  triangles  of  three  dots.    All  these 

dots  struck  from  under  side. 

1871.  One  handle  gone.  Rim  danmged. 
Diameter,  0.046  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0045  m. 
In  handle,  hole  punched  from  above.  In  bottom, 
convex  dot. 

1872.  One  handle  gone.  Rim  and  bottom 
damaged.  Diameter,  0.063  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.0085  m.  In  centre,  hole  (diameter,  0.003  m.) 
punched  from  beneath.  Dots  in  triangles  larger 
than  those  on  handle  and  bottom. 

Group  ii.  Truncated  ellij)ses.* 

(a'.)  Dots  on  handle  and  ears.  Tri- 
angle of  dots  on  rim  opposite  ends 
of  handles.  All  these  dots  struck 
from  under  side. 

1873.  Less  than  half  preserved.  Width  of 
rim,  0.0065  m. 

longing  to  a  rosette.  Edgar,  in  Ezcacalions  at  PhylaJcopi, 
p.  122,  pi.  XX.  No.  12. 


(&'.)  Dots  on  handles  and  part  of  rim 
that  is  opposite.     Besides,  triangles 
of  three  dots  op|>osite  ends  of  han- 
dles.    All  these   dots   struck   from 
beneath. 
1874.  One  handle,  one  ear,  and  part  of  bot- 
tom gone.     Diameter,  0.057  m.     Width  of  rim, 
0.004  m.     In  centre  of  bottom,  dot. 

(r'.)   Row  of  small  dots  on  handles  and 
outer  edge  of  rim.     Inside  this  row, 
opi)osite  ends  of  handles,  triangles 
of  three  dots.     Dots  on  ears.     All 
these  dots  struck  from  under  side. 
187&  One  ear  and  part  of  one  handle  gone. 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.112  m.     Extreme  diameter, 
0.142  m.     Width  of  riui,  0.0105  m.     In  centre 
of  bottom,  row  of  six  oblong  dots.     At  side  of 
interspace   between   the   two  central  dots,  two 
small  dots  close  together.     All  these  dots  struck 
from  beneath.     Punch  did  not  carry  outer  line 
of  ellipses  as  far  toward  o\ie\\  ends  as  it  did  the 
inner  line,  thus  making  figures  look  from  upper 
side  as  though  struck  with  two  separate  instru- 
ments. 

3.  DEPRES8KD.    Narrow  rim.    No  handle. 

1876.  Plate  shows  under  side.  From  south 
8loi)e.  Condition  iK)or.  Diameter,  0.067  m. 
Width  of  rim,  0.003  m.  On  rim,  ring  of  small 
dots  struck  from  under  side.  Also  hole  in  rim 
(diameter,  0.002  m. ),  piuiched  from  beneath. 

4.  Depressed.     Wide    rlm.     No  handle. 
Inscribed. 

Plate  CX. 

1877.  (Photograph  and  copy  of  inscription.) 
Rim  abradeil.  Mnch  corrotled  and  oxidized. 
Diameter,  0.109  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.01  m. 
Thickness  of  bottom,  perhaps  about  0.001  m. 
Rim  thinner.  On  under  side  of  rim,  stroke  made 
with  hollow  punch  (diameter,  0.002  m.),  which 
shows  on  upper  side  as  dot  (lower  right  side  of 
photograph).  In  opposite  side  of  rim,  hole  (now 
broken  out)  struck  with  hollow  punch  from  un- 
der side  (diameter,  0.0024  m.). 

For  inscription,  see  Appemllx. 

5.  Dei'Rf:88ed.    No  rim.   No  handles.    In- 

SCRIHED. 

Plates  CX.  (bottom  and  copy  of  inscription) 

and  CXI.  (top). 

lS7a  From  south  slope.  Edge  considerably 
damasred.  Corroded  and  much  oxidized.  Di- 
anieter  of  top,  0.0685  m. ;  of  bottom,  0.06  m. 
Height,  0.007  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m.  On 
outside,  near  Ixittom,  narrow  band  with  grooves 


at  either  side.  Also  groove  0.001  m.  from  top 
for  part  of  circumference.  Space  between 
upper  and  first  lower  grooves  occupied  by  in- 
scription. (See  Appendix.)  On  bottom  of 
plate  near  centre,  mark  or  scratch  (7).  Bottom 
slightly  convex  on  upper  side  and  concave  be- 
neath. Forms  sharply  defined  angle  with  sides. 
b.  Platters  (Fragments  of  outer  edge  only). 
1.  Flat,  1.  e.,  edge  not  turned  up. 
a.  Plain. 
Plate  CIX. 

1879.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.11  m. 
Width,  0.08  m.  Thickness,  0.0006  m.  and  less. 
Near  outer  edge,  broad  low  roll.  Similar  but 
wider  rise  near  inner  edge.  Inside  this,  possible 
trace  of  end  of  petal  of  rosette. 

/3.   Ornamented  tcith  punched  dots. 
Plate  CXI. 

1880.  Convex  edge  seems  to  be  original.  Con- 
dition i)oor.  Length,  0.135  m.  Width,  0.042  m. 
Frajrment  does  not  seem  to  have  had  other  dots 
than  those  which  appear  in  photograph.  Origi- 
nal design  not  clear.     Color  reddish.     Flexible. 

Not  certain  that  following   number  belongs 
here. 
Plate  CIX.  (shows  reverse). 

1881.  From  back  of  South  Building.  No 
original  edge  preserved.  Length,  0.026  m. 
Width,  0.02  m.  Ornamented  with  large  and 
small  dots  struck  from  upper  side. 

y.   Inscribed  tjplth  letters  of  dots  struck  from 
above. 
Plate  CXI. 

1882.  Two  fragments,  a  and  b.  Fragment  a 
from  back  of  South  Building.  Outer  edge  pre- 
served. Condition  poor.  Length  of  a.  0.017  m. ; 
width,  0.0315  m.  Length  of  b,  0.067  m. ; 
width,  0.031  m.  Thickness  of  both,  0.0002  m. 
Flat.  Photogi-aphed  and  drawn  from  concave 
side  of  dots.  On  same  side,  series  of  light  strokes 
of  hollow  punch  (see  drawing),  perhaps  anterior 
to  dots.  They  seem  to  be  merely  ornamental, 
but  the  design  is  not  clear.  For  reading  of  dots, 
see  Appendix. 

Plate  CXI. 

1883.  Fragments  a,  b,  c.  Fragment  6  omitted 
from  drawings  because  reversed.  Junction  of 
6  and  c  in  photograph  not  certain.  Fragment  b 
broken  from  a  after  cleaning.  Outer  etlge  only 
preserved.  Condition  poor.  Length  of  a, 
0.081  m. ;  width,  0.047  m.  Length  of  b,  0.018  m. ; 
width,  0.005  m.  Length  of  c,  0.138  m. ;  width, 
0.041  m.     Flat  except  for  low  convex  ridge  at 


278 


THE   BRONZES 


iuuer  edge  of  a,  which  formed  boundary  between 
centre  and  boi'der  of  platter. 

Inscription  in  dotted  letters  punchetl  from 
above,  the  base  of  the  letters  being  toward  the 
outside  of  the  plate.  Besides  the  dots  of  the 
inscription,  which  are  heavily  punched,  there  are 
fainter  dots  and  circles  (i.  e.  light  strokes  of 
hollow  punch)  with  which  they  seem  to  have  no 
relation.  For  these  dots,  see  drawing  on  Plate  ; 
and  for  inscription,  see  Appendijc.  Flexible. 
Color  reddish. 

2.    OUTEK  EDGE  TURNED  UP,  FORMING  A  SIDE 
OR   RIM. 

a.    Ornamented   with    dots   punched  from 
above. 
Plate  CXII. 

1884.  Outer  edge  preserved.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.171  m.  Width,  0.0595  m.  Original 
diameter,  about  0.435  m.  Height  of  rim, 
O.OOG  m.  Two  connected  semicircles  of  dots. 
At  left,  three  large  and  six  small  ilots  in  irregular 
oblique  line.     Color  reddish.     Flexible. 

p.  Inacrihed  trith  letters  of  dots  punched 
from  (dMjve, 
Plate  CXI. 

188&  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment of  edge  with  a  piece  of  centre.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.11  m.  Width,  0.107  m.  Height 
of  rim,  0.005  m.  In  edge,  letter  T.  Height, 
0.215  m.  Between  edge  and  centre,  low  roll, 
beginning  at  top  of  letter.  Width,  0.012  m. 
Color  reddish.  Flexible. 
Plate  CXII. 

1886L  Fragment  of  edge  broken  off  at  begin- 
ning of  roll  which  separated  edge  from  centre. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.135  m.  Width, 
0.047  m.  Height  of  rim,  0.0025  m.  Original 
diameter,  about  0.45  ra.  Inscription  in  rather 
large  dots,  many  of  which  ai-e  roughly  triangular. 
See  Appendix.     Color  reddish.     Flexible. 

Addenda.  It  is  uncertain  to  which  form  the 
following  belong. 
Plate  CXI. 

1887.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.047  m.  Width,  0.0353  m.  At  one 
end,  letter  of  heart-shaped  dots  punched  from 
above.     See  Appendix. 

Plate  CXI. 

1888.  Two  fragments,  a  and  &,  which  seem 
to  belong  together.  Condition  jioor.  —  Frag- 
ment a.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Length,  0.017  m. 
Width,  0.032  m.  Five  large  dots  forming  arc 
of  a  circle  perhaps  from  an  0  or  a  A.  —  Frag- 


ment b.   Broken  on  all  sides.   Size,  0.0365  m.  x 
0.018  m.     Two  lines,  one  of  two,  the  other  of 
three  dots,  converging  toward  each  other.     Per- 
haps a  K  or  an  A.     The  order  of   these  frag- 
ments is  arbitrary. 
Plate  CXII. 

1889.  Two  fragments  (a  and  &)  which  from 
style  of  letters  and  texture  of  bronze  seem  to 
come  from  same  object.  Arrangement  arbitrary, 
being  based  on  iM>ssibility  that  right  end  of  a 
joins  lower  left  corner  of  b,  and  that  they  thus 
form  the  projecting  corner  of  a  piece  of  coating. 
In  this  case  the  bottoms  of  the  letters  were 
toward  the  top  of  the  object.  Lower  edge  of 
Fragment  a  seems  to  be  original,  that  of  b  may 
be.  Condition  poor.  Length  of  Fragment  a, 
0.06  m.;  width,  0.041  m.  Length  of  Fragment  6, 
0.079  m.;  width,  0.038  m.  —  Inscription  in  dots 
punched  from  above.  See  Appendix.  On  same 
side  circles  or  rings  struck  with  hollow  punch 
independent  of  inscriptions,  and  perhaps  earlier. 
c.  Saucers. 

Form  1.  Perforated    centre.     Akin    to 
similar  form  of  disk.    Plain. 

1890l  Two  cracks  in  edge  due  to  flattening. 
Diameter,  0.028  m.  Near  centre,  hole  struck 
with  solid  punch  from  under  side.  Diameter, 
0.002  m.  Bottom  rises  very  slightly,  perhaps 
accidentally. 

189L  Diameter,  0.0325  m.  Near  centre,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m.)  probably  struck  from 
under  side  with  hollow  punch.  About  it  bottom 
rises  very  slightly  in  irregular  circle  about 
0.012  m.  in  diameter,  perhaps  owing  to  blow 
from  punch. 

Form  2.  Without  perforation  or  boss. 
Plain. 

Cf.  shallow  bronze  saucer  from  Mycenae,  out- 
side shaft-graves,  Mus.  No.  2343,  and  Schlie* 
mann,  Tiryns.,  pi.  xxvii.  b  (terra-cotta).  F'or  use 
cf.  sarcophagus  of  Crepereia  Tryphaena,  found, 
1889,  in  Rome  (Prati  di  Castello),  now  in  Mus. 
dei  Conservatori,  containing  small  saucer  of  sim- 
ilar form.  BuUett.  Commiss.  Com.,  1889,  pp. 
175,  496. 

Group  i.  Outline,  continuous  flat  curve. 
Sides,  scarcely  distinguishable  in 
smaller  specimens,  gradually  increase 
in  prominence.     No  rim. 

1892.  About  one  fourth  gone.  Diameter, 
0.034  m.  Height,  0.007  m.  Holes  all  seem 
due  to  corrosion. 

1893i  (Shows  bottom.)  Condition  poor.  Di- 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


279 


ameter,  0.048  m.  Height,  about  0.011  m.  Near 
top,  hole  (diameter,  0.0022  m.)  cut  with  hollow 
punch. 

1894.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame- 
ter, 0.049  m.  Height,  0.01  m.  Near  top,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0017  m.)  cut  with  hollow  punch. 

1895.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.075  m. 
Height,  0.013  m. 

1896.  Condition  jwor.  Diameter,  0.08  m. 
Height,  circ.  0.013  m.  Holes  all  due  to  corro- 
sion. 

1897.  Fragment,  section  through  centre.  Di- 
ameter, 0.084  m.     Height,  0.0135  m. 

1896.  (Shows  top.)  Half  gone.  Diameter, 
0.105  m.     Height,  0.02  m. 

Discarded:  three. 

Not  certain  whether  the  following  hatl  hole  in 
bott«>in,  as  centre  is  not  preserved. 

1899.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.027  m. 
Height,  0.005  in.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0025  m.)  struck  from  inside  with  hollow 
punch. 

Group  ii.    Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
sides  more  clearly  marked  and  rims 
somewhat  thicker. 
190a  Top.       Fi-om   West   Building.      Half 
gone.     Diameter,  0.084  m.     Height,  0.02  m. 

1901.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South  Build- 
ing. Less  than  half  preserved.  Diameter,  0.0975 
m.  Height,  0.023  m.  Bottom  very  thin,  but  sides 
thicken  to  0.0018  m.  On  outside  near  top,  thi-ee 
fine  encircling  lines  close  together.  Between  low- 
est and  middle  lines  a  fourth  line  runs  part  way 
round.     [On  Pl.\te  wrongly  numbered  1981.] 

Group  iii.  Rounded  cup-like  bottom. 
Rim  but  slightly  emphasized. 

1902.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.0235  m. 
Height,  0.008  m. 

1903.  Shows  top.  Fi-om  back  of  South  Build- 
ing. About  one  third  gone.  Diameter,  0.0386  m. 
Height,  0.014  m.  Near  centre,  hole  punched 
roughly  from  above  with  solid  rectangular  punch. 
Size,  0.003  m.  x  0.005  m. 

Group  iv.  Nearly  flat  bottom,  from  which 
sides  arc  plainly  differentiated,  but 
by  rounded  angle.  Rims  not  empha- 
sized. 

1904.  Shows  top.  From  south  slope.  About 
one  third  gone.  Diameter,  0.079  m.  Height, 
0.019  m. 

Group  V.    Similar,  but  with  rim  more 
emphasized. 
1905l  Shows    top.      From   back    of    South 


Building.   Condition  poor.    Diameter,  0.0595  m. 

X  0.054  m.     Height,  0.01  m. 

Group  vi.  Similar  to  Group  v.,  but 
heavier,  without  emphasis  of  rim,  and 
with  a  more  rounded  curve  between 
side  and  bottom. 

Plate  CXIII. 

1906.  Shows  top.  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.053  m. 
Height,  0.0075  m. 

Group  vii.  Similar  in  shai)e  to  Group  i., 
but  with  side  bent  back  at  top  to  form 
rim. 

1907.  (Shows  top.)  Fragment,  broken  in  two 
parts  {a  and  6).  Height,  0.013  m.  Roll  at  top 
about  0.0015  m.  in  width. 

F'orm  3.  With   boss.    Shape  similar  to 
Form  2,  Group  i. 
Class  a.  Plain. 
Group  i.  Small  round  hole  near  edge. 
1908u  (Shows   top.)      Diameter,   0.023  m.  x 
0.0257  m.     Height,  0.0038  m.    Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0017  m.)  cut  with  hollow  punch. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.006  m. 

1909.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0314  m. 
Height,  0.003  m.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.  X  0.0028  m.)  struck  with  hollow  punch 
from  inside.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m. 

1910.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.002  m. 
Near  edge  of  top,  hole  (diameter,  0.002  m.)  as 
in  No.  1909.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.0075  m. 

1911.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Con- 
dition poor.  Diameter,  0.0355  m.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.).  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.008  m. 

1912.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Diameter,  0.039  m.  Height,  0.0038  m.  Near 
edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0013  m.)  as  in  No.  1909. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.008  ni. 

1913.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.04  m. 
Height,  0.0043  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0018  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0047  m. 

1914.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.041  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0019  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.01  m. 

1916.  One  fifth  gone.  Diameter,  0.0455  m. 
Height,  0.0045  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0065  m. 

1916.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.054  m. 
Height,  0.0056  m.     Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 


V  0 


L 


280 


THE   BRONZES 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


281 


if 


0.0017  in.)  cut  with  hollow  punch.     Diameter 
of  boss,  0.009  ni. 

1917.  Condition  jwor.  Diameter,  0.0t>4  m. 
Height,  0.0175  m.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  n>.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0105  m. 

1918.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.65  m.  x 
0.07  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0018  m.) 
as  in  No.  1909.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.018  m. 

1919.  Conilition  jM>or.  Diameter,  0.085  m. 
Height,  0.015  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  uncertain  whether  cut  or  corroded. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.015  m. 

1920.  Diameter,  0.09  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m. )  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter 
of  1>oss,  0.014  m. 

1921.  (Top.)  Half  gone.  Dianieter,  0.123  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.002  m.)  as  in  No. 
1909.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.037  m. 

Ditcartletl :  three. 

Group  ii.  No  hole. 

1922.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0375  m.  X  0.043  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0045  m. 

1923.  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope. 
Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.073  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.012  m. 

The  following  number  may  be  of  either  i.  or  ii. 

1924.  Half  gone.  Diameter,  0.010+  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.020  m. 

DLtcarded:  four,  of  which  one  from  south  slope. 

CIdsH  p.  OrmimcHtf'tf  irit/i  (fofs,  or  fif>e»^  or 
Une»  and  (fots  in  vitriotts  pnttfrnH. 
All  the  completed  rims  have  small  round  per- 
foration. Incomplete  s|)ecimens  without  i>erfo- 
ration  are  arranged  with  them.  In  the  .same 
way  are  included  a  few  fragments  which  do  not 
contain  jxu'tions  of  centre,  inasmuch  as  all  the 
complete  examples  with  similar  ornamentation 
have  boss. 

Group  i.  Row  of  dots  about  lioss. 
1924  a.  (Shows     top.)      About   one  fourth 
gone.     Much   oxidized.     Diameter,    0.0285    m. 
Height,  0.003  m.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.005  m. 
Near  edge,  dot. 

Group  ii.  Lines  from  l>oss  to  edge. 
The  examples  under  this  Group  are  nearly  flat 
and  resemble  disks. 

(«'.)  Lines  struck  from  upper  side. 
192&    (Shows   top.)      Diameter,    0.035     m. 
Height,  0.0034  m.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.0085  ni. 
Near  edge,  nearly  rectangular  hole  (0.0015  m. 
square)  struck  from  inside. 


(i'.)  Lines  struck  from  under  side. 

1926.  (Shows  bottom.)  About  one  third 
gone.  Diameter,  0.05U  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0105  m. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  (iroup  ii.,  (A')'  l*"*^ 
with  row  of  small  dots  about  e<lge 
struck  from  inside,  and  similar  row 
about  outer  e<lge  of  toj)  of  boss  struck 
from  beneath. 

1927.  (Shows  bottom.)  Fragment.  Radius 
about  0.03  m.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.019  m. 

Group  iv.  Bottom  has  straight  lines  radi- 
ating from,  but  not  entering  boss,  struck 
from  inside. 
192&  (Shows  top.)  About  one  foui-th  gone. 
Diameter,  0.026  m.     Height,  0.0021  m.    Diam- 
eter of  boss,  0.0073  m. 

1929.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.029  m. 
Height,  0.0035  m.  Diameter  of  Ijoss,  0.0065  m. 
Near  e<lge,  hole  (diameter  0.0017  m.)  struck 
from  insi«lf  with  hollow  punch. 

1930.  Diameter,  0.0345  m.  Height,  0.0048 
m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.008  m.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0013)  struck  from  inside. 

1931.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.035  m. 
Height,  0.0045  m.  Diameter  of  l)oss,  0.0073  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0013)  as  in  No. 
1929. 

Gi-ouji  V.  Similar  to  Group  iv.,  but  with 
one   or    more  rings  of   dots    punched 
from  alM)ve  encircling  the  rays. 
(«'.)  One  ring  at  end  of  rays. 

1932.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.0283  m. 
Height,  0.003  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0018  m.)  as  in  No. 
1929. 

1933u  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope.  Condi- 
tion i>oor.  Diameter,  0.039  m.  Height,  0.0035  m. 
Diameter  of  bo.s8,  0.0075  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

(h'. )  Two  rings  at  end  of  rays. 

1934.  Condition  i>oor.    Diameter,  0.045  m.  x 
0.05  m.    Height,  0.0073  m.    Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0075  m. 

193S  (Shows  lK)ttom.)  From  south  slope. 
Condition  jwor.  Diameter,  0.051  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.0115  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0018  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

(p'.)  Similar  to  (&'),  but  with  a  second 
double  ring  just  inside  edge. 

1996l  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.081  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.0205  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0014  m.)  as  in  No.  1929L 


Group  vi.  From  boss  extend  fine  parallel 
curved  lines  close  together,  struck  from 
above.    Beyond  lines  but  close  to  them, 
ring  of  dots  struck  from  beneath.    Out- 
side this  ring  and  close  to  it,  straight 
rays  struck  from  above.    Beyond  rays, 
ring  of  small  dots  struck  from  above. 
1937.  (Shows  top.)     Nearly  half  gone.     Di- 
ameter, 0.0645  m.     Height,  0.0085  m.     Diame- 
ter of  boss,  0.0135  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0023  m.)  struck  from  inside. 

Group  vii.    Near  boss,  one  or  two  rings 
of  small  dots,  followed  by  star  pattern 
consisting  of  zigzag  of  straight  lines, 
(a'.)  Ornaments  struck  from  above. 
193&  (Shows    top.)       Diameter,    0.024    m. 
Height,  0.003  m.      Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0019  m.)  as  in  No. 
1929.     Single  ring  of  dots. 

1939.  (Shows  bottom.)  Edge  damaged.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0523  m.  Height,  0.006  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.009  m.  Outside  first  ring  of  dots,  a 
second  of  small  faint  dots. 

(/>'.)  Ornaments  struck  from  l)eneath. 

1940.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.125  m. 
About  boss,  ring  of  dots  so  placed  that  usu- 
ally the  inner  angle  of  zigzag  starts  from  a 
dot. 

Group  viii.  Rays  about  l)OSs,  followed  by 
one  or  two  rings  of  dots.  Ifeyond  dots, 
zigzag  or  star  pattern.  Dots  and  zig- 
zag may  be  repeated.  All  dots  antl 
lines  struck  fi-om  upj)er  .side. 
(«'.)  Between  rays  and  zigzag  a  single 
row  of  dots. 

1941.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame- 
ter, 0.069  m.  Height,  0.0065  m.  Diameter  of 
l)oss,  0.0135  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0013  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Durarded :  one. 

(J)'.)  Between  rays  and  zigzag,  double 
row  of  dots. 

1942.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.012  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

1943.  Diameter,  0.084  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.022  m. 

1944.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame- 
ter, 0.099  m.  X  0.075  m. 

1945i  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope.  Di- 
ameter, 0.091  m.  X  0.106  m.  Diameter  of  V)os8, 
0.019  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0025  m.) 
as  in  1929. 


(('. )  Similar  to  (6' ),  but  with  an  added 
double  row  of  dots  and  a  zigzag. 
1946.  (Shows  bottom.)     From  West  Build- 
ing.    Fragment.     Height,  0.014  m.     Diameter 
of  boss,  0.0245  m. 

Group  ix.  Next  to  boss,  circle  of  short 
i*ays.     Remainder  of  space  between 
these  and  edge  occupied  by  two  rings 
of  large  dots  inclosing  zigzag.     All 
dots  and  lines  struck  from  above. 
1947    From  back  of  South  Building.    Condi- 
tion i)oor.    Diameter,  0.064  m.    Height,  0.006  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m.     Though  somewhat 
flattened,   probably   better    placed    here    than 
among  the  disks. 

Grouj)  X.  Ik)ss    followed    by    i-osette. 
Ornaments  struck  from  above. 
(«'.)  No  dots. 

1948.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.033  m. 
Height,  0.0034  m.  Diameter  of  l)oss,  0.0057  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0018  m.)  as  in  No. 
1729. 

1949.  About  one  fifth  gone.  Diameter, 
0.039  m.  Height,  0.0027  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.002  m.)  cut  with  hollow  punch. 

(h'.y  Ends  of  rays  connected  by  semi- 
circles of  fine  dots  struck  from  above, 
forming  rosette. 

1950.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  jxwr.  Diameter,  0.075  m. 
Height,  0.0077  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.017  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in 
No.  1929. 

Group  xi.    Similar  to  Group  x.,  but  with 
large  dots  struck  from  above,  one  in 
end  of  each  leaf  of  rosette, 
(ff'.)  Corresjwnds  to  Group  x.  (6'). 
Plate  CXIV. 

1951.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  thii-d  gone. 
Diameter,  0.0433  m.  Height,  0.0051  m.  Dia- 
meter of  boss,  0.0075  m.  Near,  edge,  hole  (di- 
ameter, 0.001  m.)  struck  from  upper  side. 

(&'.)  Corresponds  to  Group  x.  (a'), 
with  addition  of  ring  of  connected 
crescents  opening  outward,  between 
rosette  and  edge. 

1952.  Small  segment  extending  from  edge 
not  quite  to  boss.  Diameter  of  dots,  0.0055  m. 
and  0.006  m. 

Group  xii.  Combinations  of  rosette  with 
other  forms.  All  ornament  struck 
from  above. 


282 


THE   BRONZES 


VASES   AND  CAULDRONS 


283 


(«'.)  Rays,  Juuble  ring  of  dots,  and 
leaf  pattern. 
1953l  (Shows  bottom.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  \xniv.  Diameter,  0.08  ni. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.0175  m.  Many  rays  slightly 
curved.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.) 
as  in  No.  1929.  This  piece  has  been  so  flattened 
that  it  could  be  taken  for  a  disk. 

(b'.y  Rays,  single  ring  of  dots,  and  leaf 
pattern  of  double  lines. 

1954.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  j)oor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.043  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0084  m. 
Leaves  not  connected  with  each  other,  but 
stamped  or  engraved  separately.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

(c'.)  Outer  part  has  zigzag,  single  row 
of  dots,  and  leaf  pattern  with  dot  in 
end  of  leaves,  all  reckoned  from  in- 
side toward  edge.  Ends  of  leaves 
double,  i.  e.  plain  and  dotted  lines. 
Uncertain  whether  there  were  rays. 

1955.  (Shows  top.)  Fragments  a  and  b. 
Fragment  «,  length,  0.088  m. :  width,  0.027  m. ; 
height,  0.0008  m.  Fragment  />,  length,  0.04  m. ; 
width,  0.021  m.  Dots  and  leaf  pattern  only 
preserved.  Both  fragments  probably  from  same 
object. 

Group  xiii.  Rays,  dots,  and  semicircles. 
Semicircles  open  inwtird.  Ornaments 
struck  from  above. 

1956.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  fourth  gone. 
Diameter,  0.103  m.  Height,  0.014  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.024  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.004  n».)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  xiv.  Similar  to  Group  xiii.,  but 
with  row  of  dots  and  a  zigzag  addetl 
outside.  Dots  on  boss.  All  decora- 
tions from  above. 

1957.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  |>oor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.0t>7  m.  Height,  0.0107  m.  Diameter 
of  l)oss,  0.01G6  ra.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  XV.  Triple  ring  of  zigzag  form- 
ing diamond  pattern  followed  by  leaf 
pattern.  Decoration  struck  from 
above. 

1958.  (Shows  top.)  About  half  gone,  and 
much  flattened.  Diameter,  0.091  m.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  xvi.  Leaf  pattern,  straight  lines 
and  dots  in  successive  zones  reckoned 
from  boss.  Followed  by  row  of  petals 
with    open    end    outward.      Between 


lower  rounded  ends  of  petals  a  dot. 
All  decoration  struck  or  engraved  from 
under  side. 

1959.  Segment  from  boss  to  edge.  Leaf  pat- 
tern has  closed  end  outward.  Double  lines  used 
in  common  on  sides.  Probably  ends  were  double. 
Relateil  to  following  Form  4. 

AiUfemlum  to  FoKM  3. 

1960.  Small  fragment  containing  portion  of 
side  and  bottom,  but  no  original  eilge.  Row  of 
curved  parallel  lines  close  together,  followed  by 
double  row  of  dots. 

Form  4.  Similar  to  Form   3,  but  with 
crimped  edge.    ornamented. 

Group  i.  Rays  about  boss.    Struck  from 
above. 
196L  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.    Dianie> 
ter,  0.039  m.     Height,  0.0085  m.     Diameter  of 
l»os8,    0.008    m.     Near    edge,  hole    (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1929l 
DvKordeii :  one. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
one  or  two  rows  of  dots  outside  rays. 
Struck  from  above. 
('/'.)  One  row  of  dots. 

1962.  From  above  Up|)er  Temple  toward 
tents.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.037  m. 
Height,  0.0115  m.     Diameter  of  boss,  0.009  m. 

1963.  (Shows  top.)  Fragment.  F'latteued. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.008  m. 

Discarded :  two. 

(/>'.)  Two  rows  of  dots. 

1964.  Half  gone.  Diameter,  0.038  m.  Height, 
0.0088  m.     Diameter  of  lioss,  0.0075  m. 

1965.  ( Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Broken  in  two  pieces  ami  defective. 
Diameter,  0.05  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0085 
m.  Near  etlge  (of  smaller  fragment),  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  ii.,  but  with 
outer  i)art  of  bottom  divided  into  seg- 
ments by  straight  lines.  All  lines  and 
dots  struck  from  above. 

1966.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Diameter,  0.034  m.  Height,  0.004  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.00C8  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.001  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  iv.  Similar  to  Group  iii.,  but  with 
ring  of  zigzag  outside  ring  of  dots  and 
lines  from  points  of  zigzag  to  edge  of 
bottom.  All  lines  and  dots  struck  from 
above. 

1967.  Defective  and  in  poor  condition.    Di- 


ameter, 0.086  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.023  m. 
Lines  to  edge  of  bottom  from  alternate  i)oints 
of  zigzag  only. 

196&  (Shows  top.)  About  one  fourth  gone. 
Condition  i)oor.  Diameter,  0.00  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.007  m.  Outer  angles  of  zigzag  accen- 
tuated by  dots.  Lines  to  edge  of  bottom  from 
each  angle  of  zigzag.  These  lines  do  not  stand 
in  relation  to  crimps  of  edge. 

Group  V.  Similar  to  Group  ii.  («'),  but 
with  second  ring  of  rays,  the  outer  ends 
of  which  connect  with  the  angles  of  a 
zigzag,  thus  forming  a  sort  of  angular 
leaf  pattern.*  All  ornamentation  struck 
from  top. 

1969.  (Shows  bottom.)  About  one  fifth  gone. 
Flattened.  Diameter,  0.068  m.  Diameter  of 
boss,  0.0135  m.  Angles  of  zigzag  indei)endent 
of  crimps,   though   sometimes  coincident   with 

them. 

Group  vi.  About  midway  between  boss 
and  edge  of  bottom,  ring  of  crescents 
opening  outward,  struck  from  above. 

1970.  (Shows  to]).)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  jHwr.  Diameter,  0.054  m. 
Height,  0.0115  m.    Diameter  of  boss,  0.0105  m. 

Gi*oup  vii.  After  leaf  pattern  or  rosette 
with  rounded  petals,  ring  of  adjoining 
crescents,  oi)ening  outward.  From  ends 
of  crescents  straight  lines  to  edge  of 
bottom,  generally  coinciding  with  inner 
convexity  of  crimps.  Decoration  of 
centre  not  preserved,  but  probably  ro- 
sette came  directly  after  boss. 

1971.  Fragment.     Height,  0.007  m. 
Group  viii.  Boss  followed  successively  by 

one  ring  each  of  small  dots,  short  lines, 
and  connected  crescents  opening  out- 
ward. From  joinings  of  crescents, 
straight  lines  extending  nearly  to  edge 
and  corresijonding  to  inner  convexity 
of  crimi)8.  The  entire  surface  thus 
appears  to  be  divided  into  segments, 
although  only  the  crimps  are  plasti- 
cally indicated.  All  lines  and  dots 
struck  from  above. 

1972.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  jwor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.075  m.  Height,  0.0195  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.013  m.  Lines  struck  before  crimping 
of  edge.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0025  m.) 
as  in  No.  1929. 

*  Effect  of  lines  and  ziptag  similar  to  that  of  upper 
part  of  decoration  of  gold  cup  from  second  shaft-grave  at 


Group  ix.  Crimping  and  section  lines  as 
in  Group  viii.  Inside  lines,  small  zig- 
zag followed  by  a  plain  line  and  a  ring 
of  small  dots.  Succeeding  decoration 
not  preserved. 

1973.  From  back  of  South  Building.     Small 

fragment.     One  crimp  and  one  line  preserve<l. 

Crimp  made  after  line. 

Discards :  Groups  i.-vii.,  two,  of  which  one  from  back 
of  South  Building.  Group  viii.  or  ix.,  one  from  same  place. 

Aildendinn.  The  following  fragment,  if  com- 
plete, would  probably  be  best  regarded  as  of  a 
separate  form. 

1974.  From  back  of  South  Building. 
Discarded :  one,  uncertain  whether  of  Form  3  or  4. 

Form  5.    Boss.    More  advanced.    Sides, 

BOTTOM,  AND  KIM  DIFFERENTIATED.      DEC- 
ORATION   APPLIED   FROM   OUTSIDE. 

1975i  (Photograph    shows   bottom,   drawing 
shows  segment  of  side  and  bottom  as  a  single 
surface.)    Incomplete.    Condition  poor.    Diam- 
eter, 0.132  m.     Height,  0.027  m.     Decoration. 
Two  rings  about  boss,  then  ring  of  double  cres- 
cents forming  base  of  long  loops,  which  are  the 
main  ornament.     Beneath  rim,  two  fields  sepa- 
rated by  heavy  lines.     Lower  field  filled  with 
hatched  diamond  pattern,  the  upper  with  raised 
dots  or  beads.     Just  beneath  lower  field,  a  simi- 
lar line  of  beatls  (omitted  in  drawing).     Ti-aces 
of  boundary  line  beneath.     Sides  ornamented 
with  system  of  v's  with  returning  ends,  each  v 
having  another  interlacing  with  it  on  each  side. 
Crescents  form  bottom  of  loops,  but  sometimes 
upper  line  connects  with  one  side  and  the  lower 
with  the  other,  sometimes  both  serve  as  bottom 
for  both  sides,  and  sometimes  lower  line  seems 
to  be  real  bottom  of  loop.     At  top  between  an- 
gles, heavy  arrowheads  are  inserted,  thus  making 
continuous  zigzag. 

With  this  and  the  following  number  cf .  Olym- 
pia.  No.  880. 
Plate  CXV. 

1976.  (Photograph  shows  bottom ;  segment  as 
in  No.  197&)  Incomplete.  Condition  i>oor.  Di- 
ameter, 0.16  m.  Height,  0.0355  m.  Diameter  of 
boss,  0.034  m.  Decoration  like  that  of  No.  1975^ 
but  clearer  and  better  preserved.  Zigzag  at  top 
of  loops  struck  separately  and  quite  freely.  Top 
of  zigzag  often  open  (drawing  inaccurate).  The 
lower  of  the  two  fields  near  top  filled  with  circles. 
Slight  traces  of  circles  in  upper  field  (omitted  in 

Mycenae  (=Schliemann,  v),  Schliemann,  Mycenae,  p.  292, 
fig.  453. 


284 


THE   BRONZES 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


285 


If 


drawing).      Heavy  lines  and  thin  material  of 
side  and  bottom  give  plastic  effect. 
Platk  CXIV. 

1977.  (Shows  top.)  From  above  Upper 
Temple  toward  tents.  Fragment.  Condition 
poor.    Decoration  similar  to  that  of  Xos.  1975  f. 

Dincanled :  six  fragments,  of  which  oue  from  back  of 
South  Buihliiig. 

Siniilur  to  preceding. 

1978u  About  two  thirds  of  rim  preserved. 
Broken  into  two  parts.  Diameter,  about  0.172  m. 
Three  fields  at  top.  Upi)er  and  lower  fields  have 
circles,  the  middle  Reld  diamond  hatching. 

DLscanls  of  Type  c :  thirty-two  fragments,  of  which 
twelve  are  from  back  of  South  Kuilding,  two  from  south 
slope,  one  from  West  Building,  and  one  from  "  near  wall 
southeast  of  house." 

Aihh'tKhiin.  The  following  object,  which  has 
an  edge  like  a  plate,  the  depth  of  a  saucer,  and 
a  convex  bottom  like  a  low  boss,  may  be  put 
here. 

1979.  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slojw.  Frag- 
ment. Condition  poor.  Radius,  about  0.034  m. 
Width  of  rim,  O.OOG  m.-0.0075  m.  Bottom 
ornamented  with  short  straight  lines  extending 
from  outer  edge  toward  centre  and  struck  from 
under  side. 
d.  Bowls. 

Form  1.  Top  like  that  of  saucers. 
Class  a.   Without  handles. 

Under  this  class  are  iuchuled  all  vases,  and 
fragments  of  rims,  which  do  not  have  traces  of 
handles  on  them,  the  evidence  of  the  complete 
examples  being,  in  a  majority  of  the  cases, 
against  the  assumption  that  there  were  handles 
on  the  missing  portions. 

Group  i.  Plain. 
Plate  CXV. 

1960.  Defective.  Diameter,  0.105  m.  Height, 
0.031  m.  Rests  on  slight  base  ring  (diameter, 
0.055  m. ;  height,  0.0016  m. ;  thickness, 
0.001  m.).  Bottom  slightly  convex  on  inside. 
Xo  boss.  Outer  edge  of  bottom  indicated  by 
fine  circle  on  inside.  Around  outside  near  top, 
a  single  line.  Could  be  regarded  as  a  saucer 
owing  to  slight  depth. 

1961.  About  two  thirds  of  rim  preserved,  with 
a  scrap  of  side  and  possibly  of  l)ottom.  Condi- 
tion poor.     Present  diameter,  0.018  m. 

1962.  From  south  slope.  Him  with  portion 
of  side  put  together  from  seven  fragments.  Rim 
liieks  0.025  m.  of  completeness.  Diameter, 
0.151  m.  X  0.145  m.     Xear  top,  hole  (diameter, 


0.0025  m.).    Two  other  small  holes  diagonally 
beneath,  but  probably  not  original. 
Plate  CXV  I. 

1963.  Bottom  and  part  of  sides  gone.  Diame- 
ter as  now  bent,  0.215  m.  x  0.09  m. 

1964.  Circle  of  rim  nearly  complete.  Broken 
in  two  pieces  («,  6). 

The  following  less  complete  rims  may  be  put 
here,  although  some  of  them  were  perhaps  sau- 
cers. 
Plate  CXV. 

1965.  (Fragments  «,  6.)  Two  other  frag- 
ments, c,  il,  which  do  not  fit  the  others,  but  from 
a))i)earance  belong  to  same  rim.  Length  of  </,  6, 
0.108  m. ;  of  c-\-d,  0.044  m.  On  outside  of 
fragment  «  is  engraved  an  B.  For  copy  see 
Ajtpenilh:. 

1966.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ments If.  6,  and  r,  d.     Chord,  0.159  m. 

1967.  Fragments  a-d.  Diameter,  about 
0.13  m. 

196a  Fragments  a,  h.    Chord,  0.137  m. 

Dimnrdetl :  eighteen  fragments  of  rims,  of  which  four 
from  back  of  South  Building,  three  from  south  slope,  and 
one  from  West  Building.  Possible  that  some  of  them  are 
from  saucers. 

The  following  fragment  may  be  included  here 
as  most  likely  connng  from  a  large  bowl. 

1969.  Fragment   of    rim.      Condition    j)oor. 
Length,  0.045  m.     lV)ld  outside  bevel.     Possi- 
ble traces  of  one  or  two  lines  just  below  bevel, 
(iroup  ii.  Ornamented. 

The  following  numbers  (1990-2000)  may 
possibly  be  from  saucers. 

1990.  (Drawing  of  left  end.)  Found  below 
wall  at  southeast  of  Second  Temple,  April  25, 
1893.  Rim  of  which  less  than  half  is  preserved. 
Condition  jKJor.  Chord,  0.153  m.  Cf.  Xo.  197& 
To])  too  heavily  shaded  in  drawing. 

199L  Fragment  of  rim.     Chord,  0.103  m. 
Plate  CXVI. 

1992.  (Drawing  of  jwrtion.)  From  back  of 
South  Building.  Fragments  r/ and  i.  Fragment 
a,  length.  0.094  in. ;  fragment  h,  length,  O.OG  m. 

1993w  Fragment  of  rim.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.067  m.  Top  heavy,  with  bevel  on 
inside  and  two  rolls  on  outside. 

1994.  (Drawing  of  j>ortion.)  Rim  of  which 
less  than  half  is  preserved.  Chord,  0.183  m. 
On  lip,  at  right  end,  inscription  with  Itottoms  of 
letters  toward  inside.     See  Appendix^  p.  337. 

1995.  From  south  slo])e.  Fragment  of  rim. 
Length,  0.043  m.     Ciitiles  dotted. 


1996.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  of  rim. 
Length,  0.057  m.  Decoration  uncertain  owing 
to  bad  preservation.  Perhaps  only  one  field 
and  that  filled  with  circles  or  hatching  or  both. 

1997.  Fragments  a-f.  Fragment /'from  south 
s\o\^.  Original  diameter,  about  0.142  m. 
Traces  of  ornament  on  sides  like  that  of  pre- 
ceding numbers,  but  no  certain  traces  of  bauds 

at  top. 

1996.  Fragment  of  rim.  Length,  0.054  m. 
No  bevel  (that  which  looks  so  in  drawing  is 
oxidation.)  On  outside,  at  0.0017  m.  from 
top,  ijossible  traces  of  single  engraved  line. 

1SK99.  (Drawing  of  middle  part.)  From  back 
of  South  Building.  Fragment  of  rim.  Diame- 
ter (nearly  complete),  0.0123  m.  Top  has 
bevel,  slight  on  inside  and  prominent  on  out- 
side. 

2000.  Fragment  of  rim.  Original  diameter, 
about  0.215  m.  Top  has  on  outside  moulded 
bevel  followed  by  heavy  grooves.  Beneath,  leaf 
pattern,  below  which  jwssible  trace  of  scale  pat- 
tern.    Farther  down,  single  line. 

Discarded :  six  fragments  similar  to  the  above. 

The  following  fragments  of  rims  are  more  cer- 
tainly from  bowls. 

2001.  Original  diameter,  about  0.102  m.  At 
top,  Itevel  inside  and  outside.  Three  bands  at 
top,  with  no  certain  trace  of  ornament  on  them. 

2002.  Fragments  a  and  b.  Length,  0.093  m. 
Top  has  bevel  on  outside.  Beneath,  two  raised 
bands. 

Plate  CXVIL 

2003.  Length,  0.281  m.  Top  has  bevel  on 
outside.  Beneath,  leaf  pattern,  above  and  below 
which  bands. 

2004.  Length,  0.0565  m.  Top  has  heavy 
bevel  on  outside.  At  0.0015  m.,  0.0062  m., 
0.0082  m.,  and  0.0092  m.  from  bevel,  single  plain 


grooves. 


Discarded :  one  similar  to  No.  2004. 

2005.  Length,  0.189  m.  Original  diameter, 
probably  about  0.55  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.016  m. 
ornament  as  in  Plate.  Leaves  of  palmetto  and 
central  leaves  of  lotus  terminate  in  a  series  of 
adjoining  double  circles  usually  open  on  sides 
toward  centre  of  field.  At  base  of  lotus  leaves, 
two  of  these  double  circles  put  together  with 
open  sides  facing  in  opposite  directions.  In  the 
small  portion  left  beneath  lowest  band,  semi- 
circles (uncertain  how  nearly  complete  ori- 
ginally), between  which  arrowhead  termination 
of  oruameut. 


For  ornament  cf.  Holwerda,  Jahrh.  V.  p.  240. 
Cf.  also  Jahrh.  VI.  Am.  p.  125,  No.  12  e. 
Addt'iidiim.  Fragment  of  side  of  inlaid  bowl. 

2006.  No  original  edge  preserved.  Inside 
pentagonal  space  (only  three  sides  preserved) 
depressed  to  about  half  the  thickness  of  the 
bowl,  probably  for  inlaying. 

Class  /8.  With  handles. 
Group  i.  Plain. 

2007.  Found  back  of  South  Building  in  1894. 
Handles  and  bottom  gone.  Diameter,  0.088  m. 
On  one  side,  near  top,  two  holes  0.0325  m.  apart 
for  rivets  of  handle.  On  opposite  side  rivets  are 
preserved.  One  of  them  holds  small  fragment 
of  handle. 

2006.  Fragment  of  rim  of  large  bowl.  Length, 
0.105  m.  Projecting  top  with  bevel  beneath. 
Near  top,  holes  for  handle  (diameter,  0.008  m., 
distance  apart,  0.0365  m.). 

Group  ii.  Ornamented. 

2009.  Fragment  of  rim.  Length,  0.03  m. 
At  one  end  near  top,  small  hole  (broken  out). 
Decorated  with  three  narrow  double  bands. 

Form  2.  Contracted  top. 
Class  a.    Without  rim. 

2010.  Fragment  of  top.  Oi-iginal  diameter  at 
toj),  about  0.085  m. 

2011.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  of  top. 
Original  diameter,  about  0.087  m. 

The  following  fragment  is  i)erhaps  from  a 
vessel  of  similar  shape. 

2012.  No  original  edge  preserved.     Length, 

0.04  m. 

Class  p.    With  rims  projectinr/  on  outside. 
Classification  of   following   fragments   some- 
what uncertain,  owing  to  their  small  size. 
Group  i.  Plain. 
20ia  Length,  0.036  m. 

2014.  Fragments  a,  h,  c.  From  rim  of  large 
vessel.  Length.  0.013  m.  Top  formed  by  roll- 
ing upper  edge  outward. 

Group  ii.  Ornameuted. 

2015.  Length,  0.0355  m.  No  curve.  Top  as 
in  No.  2014.     Broad  zigzag. 

2016.  Length,  0.022  m.  Rim  solid.  Broad 
zigzag  with  four  grooves  beneath. 

Form  3.  Top  somewhat  contracted  and 
differentiated  from   body  as  a  sort 

OF   NECK. 

2017.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Side  crimped  from  0.0175  m.  from 
top.  Just  above  crimps,  ring  of  connected  cres- 
cents. 


i. 


286 


THE  BRONZES 


VASES   AND  CAULDRONS 


287 


li 


20ia  (Fragments  rt,  h,  and  /*.)  Frag- 
ments a-i.  Length  of  a  and  />,  0.075  ni.  Seems 
to  have  bulged  sharply  outwanl  at  beginning  of 
crimps,  and  then  to  have  passed  to  bottom  by  a 
fairly  straight  slope. 

In  Bernardini  tomb(Museo  Kireheriano),  four 
large  shallow  bowls  with  crimped  sides.    No  boss 
in  bottom. 
e.  Suspension  vase. 

2019.  Found  ut  east  end  of  steps,  south  slope, 
April  '24,  181>3.  In  si«le  not  photographetl,  hole 
corroded  through  (0.025  m.  x  0.01(5  ni.).  Con- 
dition i>oor.  Diameter,  0.0:i95  m.  Height, 
0.0525  ni.  Tliickness,  0.0008  m.  and  less. 
Rests  on  standard  0.0154  m.  in  height.  Lower 
part  of  standard  rounded.  Vase  cast  as  one 
piece. 

Possible  that  traces  of  wire  for  susj>ensi(m  ex- 
isted before  cleaning.  Similar  bronze  vase  from 
Aegina  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens. 

B.  WITH  SHOULDER  (UNCERTAIN  WHETHER 
ORKilNALLY  WITH  NECK). 

2020.  Top  broken  out  ai-ound  edges.  Small 
hole  in  bottom.  Condition  poor.  Diameter, 
0.043  m.  Height,  0.0295  m.  Diameter  of 
present  opening  at  top,  0.020  m.  ]^>ttom  dis- 
tinguished fi'om  sides  (height,  0.0012  m. ;  di- 
ameter, 0.025  m.). 

2021.  Top  and  bottom  gone.  Con<lition  bad. 
Diameter.  0.059  m.  Height  as  preserve<l,  0.03  m. 
Side  showing  in  Platk,  probably  the  top. 

C.    WITH  SHOULDER  AND  NECK. 

a  Pitcher. 

2022.  l^ittom  broken  off,  and  centre  of  it 
missing.  Diameter.  0.041  m.  Height,  O.OGl. 
Diameter  of  top.  0.0235  m. :  of  opening, 0.01 15  ni. : 
of  bottom,  0.0214  ni.  Surface  of  top  slants 
slightly  toward  opening.  Handle  riveted  at  bot- 
tom and  j)robably  at  top.  Upper  part  has  form 
of  serpent's  head  with  jaw  resting  <m  rim.  Eyes 
seem  to  have  been  indicated. 

For  shape  and  style  cf.  bronze  ]>itcher  from 
Mycenae  (outside  of   shaft-graves),  Mus.  No. 
2767. 
b.  Jars. 

Ft)KM  1.  Short.    Vertical  or  nearly  ver- 
tical NEC  K. 
Cl(is><  a.  Plain. 
Arranged  witli  reference  to  development  of 
rim. 

2023.  From  back  of  South  Building.     Frag- 


raents  of  top  (f/,  ft).  Length,  0.02G  m.  Flares 
slightly  outward,  but  has  no  rim. 

2024.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ments of  top  broken  in  two  pieces  (r/,  ft). 
Length,  0.09  m.  Diameter  was  about  0.138  m. 
at  top.  Slight  flare,  but  no  rim.  At  right  end 
of  fragment  ft,  near  top,  small  hole  now  broken 
out. 

2025k  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment of  top.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Thickens  and 
flares  at  toj). 

2026.  Fragment  of  neck.  Length,  0.045  ni. 
Rim  formed  by  outward  roll  of  top  (width, 
0.009  m.).     Height  of  neck,  0.009  m. 

2027.  From  south  slo])e.  Fragment  of  top 
with  l>eginning  of  shoulder.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Original  diameter  at  top,  about  0.157  m.  Rim 
formed  as  in  No.  2026.     Width,  0.003  m. 

2028l  Fragments  d,  r,  and  ,/'are  from  back  of 
South  Bnilding.  Several  fragments  of  top  (^(i-f). 
Diameter,  0.15  m.  Rim  flat  (width,  0.005  m.). 
Fragments  r  and  (/  preserve  beginning  of  shoul- 
der. 

2029.  Fragments  of  top  (a,  ft)  with  beginning 
of  shoidder.  Diameter  ( nearly  complete), 
0.09  m.     Rim  flat.     Width.  0.000  m. 

Closs  /8.  (Jnnnnvnti-d. 
Plate  CXVIII. 

2030.  Fragment  of  neck.  Length.  0.043  m. 
Top  flares.  Near  to])  fimr  fine  parallel  encir- 
cling lines.  Placed  here  because  of  similarity 
in  style  to  following  number. 

2031.  Fragments  of  neck  (f/-o,  not  certain 
that  ft  and  /•  join)  with  beginning  of  shoulder. 
Diameter,  0.089  m.  Flares  at  toj)  and  l)ottom. 
Width  of  rim.  0.004  m.  Beneath  rim,  four  lines 
as  in  No.  2030L 

2032.  (In  centi-e  beneath  plaster,  piece  in- 
serted as  supjwrt  while  photographing.)  Frag- 
ments of  neck,  «-//.  Fhii-es  at  top  (width  of 
rim,  0.004  m.).  Beneath,  three  lines  as  in  No. 
2030. 

2033.  From  south  slope.  Two  fragments  of 
rim  with  handles  attached  and  beginning  of 
shouhler.  Diameter,  0.083  m.  Height  of  neck, 
0.0215  m.  Rim  flat  on  top  (width,  0.0045  ra.). 
Passes  to  neck  by  slight  bevel,  at  base  of  which 
four  lines  as  in  No.  2030.  Handles  flat  and  plain 
on  inside.  On  outside,  raised  edges  and  centre, 
which  are  cut  down  near  rim.  From  point  of 
junction  with  rim  ends  flatten  and  curve  about 
neck.  Width  at  end,  0.039  m.  This  end  fas- 
tened  with  rivets,  of  which  heatls  on  inside  are 


larger  than  those  on  outside,  probably  for  orna- 
ment. Lower  end  of  handles  joined  vase,  but 
there  is  no  trace  of  any  fastening. 

2034.  One  handle  gone.  Surface  injured  by 
corrosion.  Diameter,  0.055  m.  Height,  0.079  m. 
Rim  flat  on  top  (width,  0.0033  m.).  Passes  to 
neck  by  plain  bevel,  beneath  which  two  lines  as 
in  No.  2030.  Bottom  concave  on  under  side. 
At  top  of  leaf  pattern  (left  side  in  Plate)  about 
body,  hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.).  Handle  fas- 
tened at  upper  end  by  two  rivets,  one  on  each 
side.  Shafts  of  corresponding  rivets  preserved 
in  opiK)site  side  of  neck.  Rivet-heads  not  orna- 
mental, but  slightly  larger  and  more  prominent 
on  inside.  Lower  end  of  handle  not  riveted. 
Ends  in  palmette.  On  top  of  handle,  i-esting  on 
very  low  basis,  sphinx,  looking  toward  inside. 
Cast  solid  with  handle.  Height,  0.021  m.  Lower 
part  of  legs  solid  and  unornamented.  No  tail. 
Wings  double  and  alike  in  decoration.  Short, 
thick  neck.  Rather  heavy  face,  with  eyes  nearly 
circular,  full  rounded  chin,  and  small  mouth. 
Hair  i-epresented  as  a  mass  distinguished  plas- 
tically from  forehead  and  cheeks,  but  no  details 
are  given  except  a  single  line  near  front.  On 
left  side  of  neck  three  short  cross  lines,  which 
may  indicate  that  hair  came  down  side  of  neck ; 
on  the  right  side  it  is  carried  down  in  the 
modeling.' 

Form  2.  Upper  part  of  neck  flares  to- 
ward   TOP  and  about  corresponds  in 

LENGTH  TO  NECKS  OF  PRECEDING  FORM. 

203Sl  Found  on  south  slo{)e  stairs,  middle, 
April  24,  1895.  Handles  with  small  piece  of 
rim  attached.  Diameter  of  top,  0.086  m. ;  of 
l)ottom  of  preserved  part,  0.006  m.  Heavj', 
solid  liandles,  inside  plain.  On  outside,  raised 
edges  and  centre  which  are  separated  from  con- 
cave fields  by  single  grooves.  On  sides  of  han- 
dles, similar  groove  running  down  centre.  Upper 
side  cut  away  near  rim  as  in  No.  2033.  End  of 
handle  grips  rim  of  vase,  and  then  spreads  about 
neck  beneath  ledge.  Fastened  by  rivets  at  up- 
|)er  end.  Head  of  rivets  larger  on  inside.  Un- 
certain how  lower  end  was  fastened.  No  signs 
of  attachment.  Shajie  of  remaiiuler  of  neck 
imcertain,  but  it  seems  to  have  widened  rapidly. 

Form  3.  Neck  closes  inward  from 
shoulder. 

2036.  From  south  slope.     Fragment  of  neck. 

*  For  general  design  cf.  Olympia,  No.  071,  ascribed  by 
Furtwangler  to  sixth  century.  Its  form  is  simpler  and  less 
developed  than  that  of  Ileraeuin  specimen.    Cf.  also  for 


Length,  0.08  m.    Width  of  rim,  0.009  m.    Flare 
at  bottom  probably  beginning  of  shoulder. 

Addenda  to  Vases.  («'.)  The  following  frag- 
ment is  perhaps  top  of  neck  of  rimless  jar. 

2037.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Bent.  Diameter,  0.082  m.  x  0.055  m.  About 
top,  narrow  leaf  pattern.  Leaves  indented. 
Groove  above,  below,  and  across  lower  end. 

(6'.)  The  following  pieces  have  bottom  or  bot- 
tom and  sides  backed  by  lead. 

Without  shoulder  or  neck  (low  basin). 

2038.  Fragments  a-^.  Uncleaned.  Fragment 
<(.  About  two  thirds  of  circle  of  bottom  and 
side.  Condition  jwor.  Bent.  Diameter  at 
present  about  0.30  m.  About  side  and  edge  of 
bottom,  inserted  lead  strip.  Thickness,  0.01  m. 
to  0.04  m.  Lead  covered  inside  and  out  with 
sheet  bronze,  but  changed  in  shape  through  being 
melted.  No  indication  that  sides  rose  higher 
than  at  present.  On  under  side,  two  pieces 
belonging  to  bottom  attached  by  rivets.  Frag- 
ments I}-^f  are  of  lead  except  for  small  pieces  of 
bronze  attached  to  b,  c,  and  d.  Fragments  c 
and  d  join.  Contour  of  edge  of  bottom  pre- 
served by  c  and  e  (Plate  shows  under  side 
of  c).  It  was  depressed  and  surrounded  by  deep 
groove. 

W^ith  shoulder  and  neck  (cauldron). 
Plate  CXIX. 

2039.  From  West  Building.  Besides  frag- 
ments a-h,  which  show  in  Plate,  twelve  small 
bits  of  bronze.  All  except  a  and  h  may  belong 
either  to  this  number  or  to  No.  2038.  Fragment 
a.  Part  of  side  and  bottom.  Length,  0.36  m. 
All  bronze  except  for  piece  of  backing  about 
edge  of  bottom.  Bottom  attached  to  side  by 
rivets.  Was  possibly,  though  not  probably, 
double.  Side  piece  was  joined  to  its  continua- 
tion at  one  end  by  rivets.  Fragment  6.  About 
lialf  of  rim  with  piece  of  side.  Diameter  of  rim, 
0.222  m.  Height  of  rim.  0.021  m.  Rim  double, 
with  upi>er  edge  bent  outward.  Not  certain 
where  pieces  join,  but  probably  in  shoulder. 
Fragment  c.  Two  pieces  of  bronze  riveted  to- 
gether. Fragments  d-h  have  rectangular  holes 
made  with  solid  punch.  Large  round  holes  in 
fragment  ff  cut  with  hollow  punch  from  opposite 
side  to  that  from  which  rectangular  hole  was 
struck. 

(<;'.)  Unclassified  bottoms  (mainly  bosses). 

shape  small  clay  amphora  from  Mycenae  (outside  of  shaft- 
graves),  No.  1111. 


I, 


288 


THE  BRONZES 


HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


289 


2040.  Top  mostly  gone,  and  condition  poor. 
]k)-;.s.     Diameter,  0.048  m. 

2041.  Frajrmeut  of  boss.     Diameter,  0.05  m. 

2042.  From  south  slo)>e.  Two  fragments 
which  do  not  belong  to  same  boss.  Right-hand 
frajrment  discarded. 

2043.  From  south  slope.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.033  m. 

2044.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.022  m. 

2045.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag- 
ment with  part  of  boss.  Dimensions,  0.057  ra.  x 
0.049  m.  Beginning  of  boss  indicated  by  groove 
on  under  side.  Outside,  ring  of  small  dots. 
Inside  (1)  ring  of  short  straight  lines  jwinting 
toward  centre,  (2)  ring  of  small  dots. 


Form  3.  Lakge.    Roinded    foot.    Hori- 
zontal PLANES.     Feet  stuck. 

2054.  Part  of  one  leg  left.  Projected,  0.040  m. 
Transition  ring  between  leg  and  foot.  Foot 
somewhat  concave.  Small  round  hole  near  cen- 
tre, probably  a  flaw. 

Form  4.  Large.     Flower  at  centre  or 
BAR.    Feet  stuck. 

2055.  Fragment  of  one  leg.  Projected,  about 
0.07  m.     Cast  in  one  piece. 

Cf.  Ofymjua,  No.  911,  for  complete  example 
of  this  handle. 
Type  b.  Flat  bar.    Projects  in  horizontal 

plane.    Feet  stuck. 

2056i  One  foot  gone.    Width,  0.103  m.    Pro- 


2046.  (Shows  upper  side.)   Diameter  of  boss,     jected,  0.03G  m.     Foot  concave  in  long  axis  as 

though  attached  to  rim.     Leaf  pattern.     Small 
circles  at  joinings  of  tops  of  leaves. 

Similar,    but    more    elaborate,    De    Ridder, 
Brofizett  de  FAcrojiole^  No.  210. 
Plate  CXX. 

2057.  lV)th  feet  broken  and  defective.     Pro- 
jected, 0.0505  ni.     Feet  concave  in  long  axis.' 
Type  c.    Rectangular   bar   ^th   ronnded 

comers.    Feet  probably  stuck. 

2058.  One  foot  gone,  the  other  damaged  and 
bent.     Width,  0.055  m.     Projected,  0.05  m. 
Type  d.  Rectangular  bar  with  broader  side 

upright 

2059.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Condi- 
tion poor.  Width,  about  0.095  ra.  Projected, 
al>out  0.03  m. 

2060.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.08  m.  Pro- 
jected,  0.001  m.  Feet  must  have  held  nearly 
rectangular  edge. 

Discarded:  one. 


0.03  m. 

2047.  (Shows  under  side.)  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.041  m.  Hole  in  ornament,  0.0065  m.  in  di- 
ameter, filled  with  iron. 

Ditcards :  ten  bosses,  of  which  one  from  back  of  South 
BiiiKlinjj  and  three  from  sotith  slope.  Unclassified  frag- 
ments of  vases,  'J.j2,  of  which  115  from  back  of  South 
Hiiihling,  one  from  south  slope,  and  oue  from  West  Build- 
ing. 

D.   HANDLES  OF  V.VSES   AND  CAULDRONS. 
mVSION  I.     HORIZONTAL.     DIRECT  ATTACHMENT. 

Type  a.  Rounded  bar. 
Form  1.  Broad. 
Chi»t<  a.  Hheted. 

2048.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.047  m. 
Projected,  0.03  m.  One  foot  has  part  of  bronze 
rivet,  the  other  has  rivet  and  small  piece  from 
side  of  vase  adhering. 

CIn»i*  /8.   Stuck. 


(ff'.-)  Plain. 

2049.  Width,  0.0393  m.   Projected,  0.0245  m.  Type  e.  Rounded  polygonal  and  triangular 

(//.)  Ornamented.  bar  with  legs  bent  upward.    Feet  stuck. 

205a  Width,  0.0397  m.    Projected,  0.0265  m.  With  this  type  cf.  handles  of  broken  bowls 

In  centre  of  bar,  bead  with  grooved  ring  at  either  from  Mycenae,  e.  g.  Mus.  No.  2368. 


side.     At  each  end  of  bar  transition  to  foot  by 


ring. 


Stuck.      Unorna- 


FoRM  2.  Narrower. 

MENTED. 

Group  i.   Kounded  feet. 

2051.  One  side  defective.   Projected,  0.041  m. 
from  vase. 

2052.  From   south   slope.     Width,  0.033  m. 
Projected,  0.037  m. 

Group  ii.  Long  feet. 
2053i  One  foot  about  half  gone.     Projected, 
0.0335  m. 


Form  1.  Triangular  bar. 
Under  side  somewhat  more  convex  than  the 
others,  and  usually  somewhat  wider. 
Clans  a.   Leys  bent. 

2061.  (Shows  under  side.)  Width,  0.0955  m. 
Surface  of  feet  flattened  on  one  side  for  attach- 
ment. 

2062.  (Shows  under  side.)  Width,  0.0585  m. 
Foot  has  slightly  concave  surface  for  attachment. 

Claxs  p.  Xe<trhj  horizontal. 

2063.  Width,  0.065  m.  Surface  of  foot  has 
slit  lensrthwise  for  attachment. 


Identified  by  Miss  M.  Louise  Nichols. 


2064.  (Shows  upper  side.)  Width,  0.058  m. 
Oblong  shallow  holes  in  both  feet. 

2065.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Width, 
0.076  m.     Oblong  holes  in  feet. 

Cf.  Olympia^  No.  926  (no  holes  in  feet). 

Form  2.  Top  and  bottom  of  bar  almost 
flat,  sides  convex  and  wider.  at- 
tached to  surface  with  sharp  slant. 

2066l  (Shows  upper  side.)  From  back  of 
South  Building.     Width,  0.06  m. 

Form  3.  Rounded  bar,  in  part  ellhti- 
CAL.  Broader  side  in  horizontal  plane. 
Attached    to    surfaces    with    sharp 

SLANT. 

2067.  (Shows  upper  side.)  Width,  0.066  m. 
Knobs  at  side  undercut. 

2068.  Width,  0.075  m.  Conical,  undercut 
knobs. 

Type  f.  Bar  broad  and  flat. 

2069.  Small  fragment.  Length,  0.036  m. 
Thickness,  0.0018  m.  Back  flat,  bevels  only  on 
one  side.  Regarded  as  fragment  of  handle 
(rather  than  of  a  wheel)  after  analogy  of  follow- 
ing number. 

2070.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.091  m. 
Thickness,  0.002  m. 

Type  g.  Bar  has  returning  ends. 

207L  (Drawing  of  half.)  From  south  slope. 
Width,  0.224  m.  Thickness,  about  0.0035  m. 
Holes  for  nostrils. 

Cf.  De  Ridder,  Bronzes  de  VAcrojtde,  No.  212. 

Addenda.  The  following  fragments  seem  to 
be  from  handles  of  shape  somewhat  similar  to 
No.  2071. 

2071  a.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.038  m. 
Two  small  holes  for  rivets.  Object  could  be 
attached  decorative  serpent's  head. 

2071  b.  Length,  0.125  m.  Rivet  for  attach- 
ment, 0.004  m.  in  diameter.  Head  on  inside  of 
vessel,  diameter,  0.007  m.  Returning  end  or- 
namented with  narrow  convex  surface  in  cut  at 
0.0185  m.  from  tip. 

Discarded:  two. 

DIVISION   II.      HORIZONTAL.      INDIRECT  ATTACH- 
MENT. 

Type  a  Attachment  by  external  rivet 

Form  1.  Foot  turns  outward. 

2072.  One  foot  gone.    Present  width,  0.03  m. 

Form  2.  Foot  turns  ikward. 

2073l  One  foot  uncoiled,  twisted,  and  broken 
off.  Condition  poor.  W^idth,  0.0535  m. 
Through  left  foot  passes  rivet  with  small  piece 


of  metal  attached  to  each  end.     Between  upper 
piece  and  bar,  another  slightly  thicker  piece. 
T]rpe  b.  Attachment  by  eyelet 

Form  1.  Bar  curves  outward  at  foot. 
Plate  CXXI. 

2074.  From  above  last  part  of  Stoa  under 
Cyclopean  wall.  Bar  broken  at  both  ends.  In 
each  case,  broken  out  hole  through  w^hich  rivet 
passed  which  held  it  to  side  of  vase.  Length  of 
bar,  0.054  m.  Width  on  flat  side,  0.007  m. 
Right  eyelet  (in  Plate)  formed  by  meeting  of 
two  semicircular  prongs. 

Cf.  Olyni2na,  No.  664,  with  shorter  returning 
ends.  Similar  piece  with  different  purpose  from 
Argos  specimen  from  temple  of  Athena  Cranaea 
near  Elateia  (B.  C.  II.  XH.  p.  55  [P.  Paris]). 

2075.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Both 
ends  broken.     Length,  0.0375  m. 

2076.  From  back  of  South  Building.  One 
leg  preserved.     Length,  0.064  m. 

2076  a  One  end  gone.  Height,  0.022  m. 
Knob  at  end. 

2077.  Bar  for  attachment.  Cf.  No.  2074. 
Length,  0.051  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.  Inner 
diameter  of  eyelets,  0.004  m.  and  0.0045  m. 
Right  rivet  projects  at  back  0.001  m.,  the  other 
less. 

Addenda  to  Form  1.  The  following  num- 
bers are  perhaps  only  bent  pieces  of  wire. 

2078.  Length,  0.05  m. 

For  curve  of  end  cf.  Ohjmpia^  No.  864. 

2078  a.  From  back  of  South  Building. 
Height,  0.037  m.  Perhaps  better  regarded  as 
a  spit  end. 

2078  b.  Uncleaned.  One  end  gone.  Rec- 
tangular bar  with  ordinaiy  angular  knob  in  cen- 
tre of  bow.     Height,  0.037  m. 

Discards  of  Form  1  :  ten  (of  which  six  uncleaned). 

Form  2.  Bar  curves  inward  at  foot. 

2079.  From  south  slope.  One  foot  gone. 
Width,  0.033  m.     Cf.  No.  207a 

Addendum  to  Form  2.  It  is  not  certain  that 
the  following  number  is  a  handle. 

2080.  Bent.     Height,  0.054  m. 

Form  3.  Bar  a  simple  ring  (closed  or 
open). 

Clas»  a.  Eyelet  passex  through  object  and 
is  bent  back  on  inside.  (Perhaps  only 
ornamental  attached  rings,  but  formally 
best  put  here.) 

2061.  Condition  poor.  Diameter  of  ring, 
0.0132  m. 

2062.  Attached  piece  damaged,  but  perhaps 


!- 


290 


THE  BRONZES 


'.  » 


has  upper  edge  original.  Diameter  of  ring, 
0.0165  m.  Ends  of  eyelet  bent  back  flat  on  in- 
side and  in  opposite  directions.  Attached  piece 
a  sort  of  ear,  which  was  itself  probably  attached 
to  side  of  vase. 

Cf.  ornaments  of  eyelet  and  ring  on  elliptical 
bronze  cist  in  Museo  Gregoriano,  No.  327,  Mu». 
Greij.  I.  pi.  87. 

2083.  King  and  part  of  eyelet.  Diameter, 
0.0225  m.     Ring  open  and  ends  meet  in  eyelet. 

2064.  From  back  of  South  Building.  One 
side  of  eyelet  strap  gone.     Diameter,  0.0264  m. 

2085.  Eyelet  gone,  but  ring  has  narrow  de- 
pression where  it  passed.  Diameter,  0.035  m. 
Bar  somewhat  flat. 

2086l  Seems  to  be  complete,  although  only 
one  end  of  strap  passed  through  object.  Ring 
rather  flat  (section  would  be  pear-shaped).  Dia- 
meter, 0.0198  m. 

Discarded:  one. 

Class  p.  Eyelet  icehled  to  plate  which  teas 
netted  to  object. 
2067.  Diameter  of  ring,  0.046  m.    Thickness 
of  plate,  0.0015  m.-0.003  m.     Eyelet  cast  sepa- 
rately.  Diameter,  0.0165  m.   Above,  two  rivets. 
Type  c.  Feet  ttim  in  and  pivot  in  ends  of 
attached  socket-piece. 
Not  all  cases  which  fall  formally  under  this 
type  are  true  pivots.    The  feet  often  meet  in  the 
socket-piece,    thus    agreeing    essentially    with 
T3rpe  b.    It  seems  best  to  put  them  all  together, 
partly  because   of   the   formal  connection  and 
partly  because  it  is  diflicult  in  many  cases  to 
ascertain  whether  there  is  a  true  pivot  or  not. 
Form  1.   Rounded  bow. 

Class  a.  Bar  tapers  to  end  of  feet  without 
indication   of  jMint   where  they  become 
pivots. 
Group  i.  High  bow.     Bow  plain. 

(a'.)  Handles  from  which  socket-piece 
is  lost. 
206a  Width,  0.0177  m.     Height,  0.0165  m. 

2089.  Width,  0.023  m.     Height,  0.014  m. 

2090.  Width,  0.0233  m.     Height,  0.017  m. 

2091.  Width,  0.024  m.     Height,  0.0227  m. 

2092.  Width,  0.026  m.     Height,  0.023  m. 

2093.  Width,  0.0266  m.     Height,  0.0225  m. 

2094.  AVidth,  0.0267  m.     Height,  0.021  m. 

2095.  Width,  0.027  m.     Height,  0.024  m. 

2096.  Width,  0.027  m.     Height,  0.025  m. 

2097.  Width,  0.0275  m.     Height.  0.0245  m. 
209a  Width,  0.028  m.     Height,  0.0262  m. 
2099.  Width,  0.0284  m.     Height,  0.0255  m. 


2100.  From  south  slope.     Width,  0.0287  m. 
Height,  0.0215  m. 

2101.  Width,  0.0287  m.     Height,  0.024  m. 

2102.  Width,  0.029  m.     Height,  0.0245  m. 

2103.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.029  m. 
Height,  0.026  m. 

2104.  Width,  0.0293  m.     Height,  0.0245  m. 

2105.  From   south  slope.     Width,  0.03  m. 
Height,  0.0253  m. 

2106.  Width,  0.032  m.     Height,  0.027  m. 

2107.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Width, 
0.0323  m.     Height,  0.03  m. 

210a  Points    blunted.      Width,   0.0332   m. 
Height,  0.0245  m. 

2109.  From  West  Building.  One  point 
broken.     Width,  0.0357  m.     Height,  0.027  m. 

2110.  Points  blunted.  Width,  0.0365  m. 
Height,  0.027  m. 

2111.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Points 
blunted.    Width,  0.0414  m.    Height,  0.0317  m. 

2112.  Points  broken.  Width,  0.0414  m. 
Height,  0.0368  m. 

2113.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.0424  m. 
Height,  0.0337  m. 

2114.  Width,  0.051  m.     Height,  0.043  m. 

2115.  Points  damaged.  Width,  0.122  m. 
Height,  0.095  m. 

In  the  following  numbers  (2116-2118)  the 
opening  is  at  one  end  of  flat  side. 

2116.  Width,  0.021  ni.  Height,  0.0215  m. 
Ends  overlap  slightly. 

2117.  Uncertain  whether  ends  are  broken. 
Width,  0.0233  m.     Height,  0.02  m. 

21  la  Both  ends  probably  broken.  Bent. 
Width,  0.0563  m.  Not  certainly  a  handle,  but 
shape  of  bow  hardly  accidental. 

Addenda.  It  is  not  certain  whether  the  follow- 
ing numbers  (2119-2122)  arc  handles. 

2119.  Width,  0.0233  m.  Height,  0.0275  m. 
Bar  rectangular  at  end.  Ends  overlap  at  centre 
of  under  side. 

2120.  Width,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.0295  m. 
Ends  meet. 

2121.  Ends  broken.  Width,  0.025  m.  Height, 
0.022  m. 

2122.  Ends  broken.  Bent.  Width,  0.053  m. 
Height,  0.0355  m. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  a  number  of  open 
rings  which  have  on  the  side  where  the  ends 
meet  a  flattened  or  puUed-out  appearance,  sug- 
gesting a  possible  use  as  handles. 

2123.  Width,  0.019  m.  Height,  0.0215  m. 
Ends  overlap. 


^fl 


HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


291 


2124.  Points  injured.  Width,  0.0199  m. 
Height,  0.0185  m. 

2125.  Ends  damaged.  Width,  0.021  m. 
Height,  0.0235  m.  Section  of  bar  would  be  a 
flattened  ellipse. 

2126.  Width,  0.0217  m.     Height,  0.023  m. 

2127.  From  West  Building.  Width, 
0.0239  m.    Height,  0.0233  m. 

2128.  Width,  0.0247  m.  Height,  0.0237  m. 
Ends  overlap  slightly. 

2129.  Width,  0.0253  m.  Height,  0.0265  m. 
overlap. 

2130.  Ends     injured.      Width,     0.031    m. 

Height,  0.0335  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  twenty-seveu,  of  which  two  from  back 
of  South  Building  aud  one  from  south  slope. 

(&'.)  Handles   with  socket-piece  pre- 
served. 

(1'.)  Socket-piece  plain. 
213L  Socket-piece  partly  broken  out,  but  did 
not  meet  originally.    Width,  0.0205  in.    Height, 
0.0243  m.     Length  of  socket-piece,  0.0067  m. 

2132.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De- 
fective and  in  poor  condition.  Width,  0.022  m. 
Height,  0.026  m.  Socket-piece  open.  Length, 
0.0075  m. 

213a  From  West  Building.  W^idth,  0.032  ra. 
Height,  0.0275  m.  Socket-piece  open.  Length, 
0.012  m.     Interior  filled  with  lead. 

2134.  Condition  poor.  0.0323  m.  Height, 
0.032  m.   Socket-piece  ojuin.   Length,  0.0135  m. 

2135.  From  south  8loi)e.  Width,  0.0407  m. 
Height,  0.033  m.  Socket-piece  oi)en.  Length, 
0.016  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead.  Socket- 
piece  turns  still. 

(2'.)  Socket-piece  ornamented  with 
grooves. 

2136.  From  West  Building.  Socket-piece 
damaged  at  one  end.  Width,  0.0188  m.  Height, 
0.018  m.  Socket-piece  open  aud  sides  overlap. 
Length,  0.009  m. 

2137.  Part  of  ring  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Width,  0.021  m.  Height,  0.0167  m.  Length 
of  socket-piece,  0.01  m.  One  side  slightly  flat- 
tened. Ornamented  with  about  five  grooves 
which  in  best  preserved  part  look  like  screw- 
thread. 

213a  Width,  0.023  m.  Height,  0.02  m. 
Length  of  socket-piece,  0.0115  m. 

2139.  Width,  0.026  m.  Height,  0.022  m. 
Length  of  socket-piece,  0.01  m.     Turns. 

2140L  From  back  of  South  Building.  Width, 
0.0275  m.    Height,  0.025  m.     Length  of  socket- 


piece,  0.016  m.  Ends  of  ring,  0.0015  m.  apart, 
visible  at  opening  between  ends  of  socket- 
piece. 

2141.  Width,  0.0435  m.  Height,  0.0405  m. 
Socket-piece  oi)en.     Length,  0.0155  m. 

2142.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.06  m. 
Height,  0.046  m.  Socket-piece  flattened  on  at- 
tached side  to  surface  of  0.007  m.  in  width. 
Length,  0.035  m. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  843,  and  for  use,  ibid. 
No.  845  (sketch).  Also  Burlinfjton  Fine  Arts 
Club^  Exhibition  of  Ancient  Greek  Art  (1904), 
A  8  (pi.  xlv.). 

Discarded :  one  (under  2'). 

Group  ii.  High  ornamented  bow.    Only 
one  example  and  that  doubtful. 
214a  Defective     and     in     poor     condition. 


Width,  0.0388  m.  Height,  0.0275  m.  At 
centre  of  bow,  bead  with  ring  at  either  side  (all 
one  piece  with  bow).  Section  of  bar  would  be 
octagonal. 

Group  iii.  Bow  flattened.     Plain. 
(«'.)  Socket-piece  lost. 

2144.  Width,  0.034  m.     Height,  0.019  m. 

2145.  Width,  0.0345  m.     Height,  0.0215  m. 

2146.  From  West  Building.  Condition  poor. 
Width,  0.0365  m.     Height,  0.019  m. 

2147.  Width,  0.0365  m.     Height,  0.0205  m. 
214a  Height,  0.021  m.     Width,  0.037  m. 

2149.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.038  m. 
Height,  0.019  m. 

2150.  Width,  0.038  m.     Height,  0.025  m. 
215L  Width,  0.042  m.     Height,  0.023  m. 

2152.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Width,  0.04  m.     Height,  0.023  m. 

2153.  Width,  0.0455  m.     Height,  0.027  m. 

2154.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.0455  m. 
Height,  0.0235  m. 

2155.  Width,  0.051  m.     Height,  0.0215  m. 

2156.  Width,  0.0575  m.    Height,  0.0265  m. 
The  following  have  opening  at  end  of  pivot 

side. 

2157.  Part  of  bottom  gone.  Width,  0.035  m. 
Height,  0.026  m. 

215a  Width,  0.0379  m.     Height,  0.0196  m. 

2159.  Width,  0.044  m.     Height,  0.0275  m. 
The  following  has  ends  meeting  at  centre  and 

overlapping. 

2160.  Ends  damaged.  Width,  0.0373  m. 
Height,  0.025  m. 

Addendum.  The  following  object  has  shape 
of  handle  of  this  group,  but  is  perhaps  better 
regarded  as  end  of  bladed  spit. 


I 


ll 


292 


THE   BRONZES 


i  ' 


216L  Width,  0.052  m.    Height,  0.024  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  tweuty-one  cleaned,  mostly  fragments, 
one  being  from  south  slope,  one  from  West  Building,  and 
two  from  back  of  same  building  ;  also  four  uncleaned 
fragments. 

(6'.)  Socket-piece  preserved.    Socket- 
piece  ornamented. 
Plate  CXXII. 

2162.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.03  m.  Height, 
0.018  m.     Socket-piece  flattened  on  one  side. 

216a  Width,  0.0345  ra.     Height,  0.021  m. 

2164.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.0385  m. 
Height,  0.028  m.  Shallow  holes  in  socket-piece 
in  which  ends  of  ring  play  freely. 

Discarded  :  one. 

Group  iv.  Flattened  bow.     Bow  omar 
men  ted. 

(«'.)  Ornament  in  centre  of  bow. 
216&  Width,  0.048  m.     Height,  0.035  m. 

2166.  From  south  slope.     Width,  0.04  m. 
Cf.  Olympia,  No.  836. 

2167.  Ring  defective.  Width,  0.033  m. 
Height,  0.02  m. 

216a  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.0765  m. 
Height,  0.046  m. 

Discards  of  (ja')  :  three  uncleaned  and  uncertam  frag- 
ments. 

(6'.)  Ornament  at  ends  of  bow. 
2169.  Width,  0.0375  m.     Height,  0.025  m. 
217a  Width,   0.094  m.    Height,  0.054  m. 
Bar  octagonal  in  section,  with  four  broader  sides 
connected  by  four  that  are  narrower.     Socket- 
piece  has  groove    on  top  extending  nearly  to 
centre.     Bottom  and  side  of  groove  of  bronze. 
For  style  of  ring  part,  cf.  Ofympia,  No.  829. 
Chiss  /8.  Pivots  separated  from  remainder 
of  bar  by  beads. 
Group  i.  High  bow. 

2171.  Width,  0.0395  m.     Height,  0.033  m. 

2172.  Found  probably  northeast  corner  near 
east  end  of  Stoa  and  near  or  under  Cyclopean 
wall.  Width,  0.048  ra.  Next  to  pivots,  bead 
with  narrow  ring  at  either  side. 

Group  ii.   Flattened  bow. 
217a  About  half  gone.     Height,  0.0355  m. 

2174.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.062  m.  Un- 
certain whether  pivots  are  inserted  or  cast  with 
object.     Probably  the  former. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  835. 

Discard :  one  uncleaned,  similar  to  No.  2174. 

Form  2.  Rectangular  bow. 
(a'.)  Plain. 

2175.  Ends  broken.   Width,  0.10  m.    Incom- 


pleteness renders  classification  uncertain.  Could 
be  put  with  Olympia^  No.  662  (horizontal,  riveted 
flat  ends). 

(6'.)  Ornamented. 

2176.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
broken.  Width,  0.046  ra.  Bar  rectangular, 
with  sharp  comers. 

2177.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.141  m. 
Height,  0.064  ra.     Bar  octagonal. 

Cf.  Olympia,  Nos.  825,  827,  especially  the 
latter. 

Type  d.  Similar  to  Type  c,  but  the  socket- 
piece  is  attached  to  the  body  of  the  ring, 
forming  a  sort  of  eyelet  It  is  not,  how- 
ever, a  true  eyelet  any  more  than  it  is  a 
true  socket-piece,  and  hence  is  best  put 
apart  from  T3rpe8  b  and  c. 
217&  Socket-piece  much  damaged.  Height 
of  ring,  0.026  m.  Original  length  of  socket- 
piece,  about  0.011  m.     Probably  plain. 

2179.  Condition  poor.  Width  of  ring, 
0.0335  m.  Possible  traces  of  ornamental  grooves 
on  socket-piece. 

Addenda  to  Types  c  and  d.  Socket-pieces  and 
applied  ornaments  of  same  form.  (For  another 
use,  viz.  on  tripod  standards,  cf .  Olympia,  p.  128, 
No.  814.) 

(«'.)  Socket-pieces  (holes  for  pivots  in  ends). 

2180.  Length,  0.018  m.  Diaraeter,  0.0125  ra. 
Interior  lead.     Plain. 

The  following  nurabers  (2181-2185)  have 
ornamental  grooves. 

yiffT  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.011  m. 
Diaraeter,  0.0068  ra.  x  0.005  m.     Interior  lead. 

2182.  From  West  Building.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0164  ra.  Diameter,  0.007  m.  x 
0.006  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead,  in  each  end 
of  which  small  hole. 

218a  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.033  m. 
Diaraeter,  0.0135  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead, 
in  each  end  of  which  hole. 

2184.  Length,  0.0315  m.  Diameter,  0.01  m. 
One  side  flattened  to  surface  of  0.005  m. 

2185.  Length,  0.0305  m.  Diameter,  0.0113  m. 
Flattened  on  one  side  to  0.007  ra. 

It  is  not  certain  that  the  following  number 
belongs  here. 

2186.  Thin  sheet  rolled  so  that  ends  raeet. 
Length,  0.029  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  five  (uncleaned). 

(&'.)  Applied  ornaments  of  same  or  similar 
form. 

2187.  Length,  0.0505  m.     On  one  side  shal- 


HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


293 


low  groove,  0.004  m. -0.006  m.  wide,  running 
lengthwise.     Ends  sraooth  and  slightly  convex. 

According  to  FurtwJingler,  Olympia,  p.  135, 
groove  indicates  attachment  to  a  rim. 

The  following  are  slightly  different. 

218a  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.039  m. 
Slightly  curved.  Cf.  No.  2788,  with  which  this 
should  be  classed. 

2189.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.025  m. 
Diaraeter,  0.0075  m.     Round.     Solid. 

The  following  is  of  uncertain  use. 

2190.  Ends  probably  incomplete.  Length, 
0.029  m.  Diameter,  0.012  ra.  Slightly  curved. 
One  side  slightly  flattened. 

Discards  of  (//)  :  two  (uncleaned). 

DIVISION   III.     VERTICAL. 

Type  a.  Top  of  handle  about  on  level  with 

top  of  vase. 

219L  Ends  broken.  Height,  0.043  m.  Width, 
0.013  m.  Convex  bands  at  side  ornamented 
with  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2192.  Upper  part  damaged.  Height,  0.038  m. 
Ornament  of  arrowhead  hatching  in  centre, 
and  of  hatched  transverse  lines  on  adjoining 
rolls. 

219a  Upper  end  gone.  Height,  0.045  m. 
Width,  0.025  ra.  On  side  ridges,  oblique  hatch- 
ing,  at  edges  of  fields,  dots.  Central  ridge  has 
two  lines  at  top,  but  elsewhere  nothing  certain. 

2194.  Height,  0.042  m.  Width,  0.02  m. 
Ornament  of  vertical  grooves. 

For  ornament  cf .  Olympia,  No.  656. 
Type  b.  Top  of  handle  rises  above  vase. 
Class  a.  Rather  heavy  flat   bar  with  or 
without  ridyes  at  side. 

2135.  Top  damaged.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.051  ra.     Width,  0.012  m.     Vertical  grooves. 

2196.  Condition  poor.  Height,  0.05  ra.  Width, 
0.016  m.     Ornament  of  vertical  grooves. 

2197.  Fi-ora  back  of  South  Building.     Dam- 
aged at  upper  end,   lower  end  gone.     Height, 
0.071  m.     Width,  0.016  ra.     Grooves. 
Plate  CXXIII. 

2198.  Top  damaged.  Height,  about  0.07  m. 
Width,  0.032  m.  Guilloche  of  double  grooves 
at  outer  edge  of  each  field. 

Not  certain   that  following  number  belongs 
here. 
Plate  CXXII. 

2199.  From  south  slope.  Ends  damaged,  un- 
certain just  how  much.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.038  ra.     Width,  0.0127  m.     Near  top,  rivet. 


Slightly  concave,  otherwise  no  certain  traces  of 
ornament. 

Class  /3.  Bar  convex  on  outside. 
Plate  CXXIII. 

2200.  Ends  damaged.  Condition  jwor.  Height, 
0.086.  Width,  0.012  m.  Both  ends  worked  off 
from  upper  side  for  attachment.  No  certain 
trace  of  ornament. 

Class  y.  Heavy  convex  triangular  bar.   Or- 
namented tcith  flyure  in  relief. 

2201.  Upper  part  damaged  at  place  of  attach- 
ment. Condition  poor.  Height,  0.051  m.  Lower 
end  indented  on  outside,  doubtful  whether  origi- 
nally. Inside  of  lower  end  concave.  No  raarks 
of  attachment.  Upi)er  end  has  deep  groove  for 
attachment  to  rim.  Beneath  groove,  two  rivet- 
holes  (one  now  broken  out).  Above  broken-out 
hole,  a  rivet.  Above  attachment,  lion's  head  in 
low  relief  facing  toward  vase.  Treatment 
sketchy  and  decorative.  Nose  low  and  broad, 
with  nostrils  indicated.  Abuond-shajjed  eyes  in 
hollow  sockets.  Mouth  indicated  by  two  paral- 
lel grooves  close  together.  Small  ears.  No  cer- 
tain indication  of  mane.  Contour  of  handle  but 
slightly  altered. 

Type  c.  Top  attached  to  upper  surface  of 
top  of  vase. 

2202.  Height,  0.104  m.  Width,  0.0235  m. 
In  centre  of  top,  hole  cut  from  above  (diameter, 
0.01  m.).  Ornament  of  arrowheads,  in  some 
places  close  enough  together  to  be  called  a  zig- 
zag. At  beginning  of  top,  three  large  dots, 
punched  from  beneath,  at  right  angles  to  axis 
of  handle. 

The  following  object  of  uncertain  use  is  put 
here  owing  to  similarity  of  form. 

2203.  Upper  end  broken.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0575  ra.  Has  tail  and  beginning  of 
head.  The  sort  of  gill  showing  on  lower  side 
of  head  in  Plate  does  not  appear  on  the  other 
side.  Tail  has  no  surface  for  attachment.  Ob- 
ject seems  to  be  a  handle  in  form  of  serpent  (or 
fish),  but  roughly  executed. 

Discards  of  vertical  handles :  four,  of  which  two  are  from 
south  slope. 

Addenda  to  Handles  (D).  (a'.)  Attachment 
pieces  for  hoop  or  string  handles. 

2204.  Width,  0.08  m.  Lion's  head  rounded 
on  top.  From  it  rises  ring,  cast  solid  with  re- 
mainder of  object,  with  hole  0.006  m.  in  diarae- 
ter. Treatraent  of  head  decorative.  Small  ears 
(only  right  preserved).  Eyes  given  by  small, 
round,  rather  deep  (about  0.005  m.)  holes,  in 


'f 


294 


THE  BRONZES 


long,  shallow,  almond-shaped  sockets.  Nostrils 
indicated.  Mouth  rendered  by  groove.  For 
style,  see  III.  5,  b  (above,  p.  203). 

For  heads  of  similar  use,  cf .  Olympia^  Nos. 
789  f. 

2205l  One  ear  gone.  Condition  poor.  Width, 
0.82  ni.  Griffin's  head.  Sides  probably  repre- 
sent wings.  Vessel  to  which  object  was  at- 
tached was  large  and  slightly  narrowed  at  top. 
Details  of  head  sketchy.  Ear  a  rounded  blade 
with  diUl  point.  Horn  about  0.003  ni.  in  height. 
Beak  curved  and  thin.  Between  ears,  indenta- 
tion which  seems  too  slight  for  place  of  eyelet. 
No  other  place  of  attachment  for  handle.  Per- 
haps merely  ornamental. 

Cf.  Ohjmp'ut,  No.  791. 

(6'.)  Not  clear  whether  following  two  numbers 
were  intended  chiefly  as  handles  or  as  orna- 
ments. 

2206.  Length,  0.081  m.  Ends  concave  on 
under  side  for  attachment  to  rounded  surface. 

2207.  Length,  0.0615  m.  Same  on  both  sides, 
except  that  one  side  is  more  concave,  and  hence 
was  probably  the  under  side.  In  end  of  pro- 
jection, deep  lengthwise  groove,  0.004  m.  in 
width.  Nails  pass  clear  through  and  have  heads 
at  back. 

E.  CONNECTING  RODS  BETWEEN  BOWL  AND 

BASE. 

220a  Condition  jjoor.  Height,  0.044  m.  Top 
has  thin  oxidized  piece  of  metal  on  both  sides. 
In  foot,  hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.). 

2209.  One  end  bent.  Length,  0.111  m.  Oc- 
tagonal bar.  For  shape,  cf.  OlympiOy  Nos. 
672  f. 

2210.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.091  m.  At- 
tached metal  was  thin,  as  is  shown  by  slight  pro- 
jection of  rivet. 

2211.  Bar  broken  or  rather  cut  sharply  off. 
Length,  0.068  m. 

It  is  less  certain  that  the  following  belong 
here. 

2212.  From  West  Building.  Shaft  broken. 
End  of  foot  gone.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.0425  m.  Width  of  shaft,  0.008  m.  Large 
rivet  in  foot.     Attached  piece  was  thin. 

22ia  Shaft  broken.  Length,  0.056  m.  Small 
hole  in  each  foot.  Possible  trace  of  engraved 
zigzag  on  bar. 

2214.  From  West  Building.  Shaft  probably 
broken  at  top.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0875  m.     No  rivet  in  foot. 


F.  ORNAMENTS  OF  VASES. 


2215,  Bar  broken.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.142  m.  Shaft  was  not  extended  on  other  side 
of  vertical  bar.  Near  top  of  latter,  a  single  en- 
graved  line.  Attached  to  top  of  large  vase. 
Projected  slightly  above  rim. 

Cf.  vase  from  Vulci  (Polledrara  tomb)  in 
British  Museum,  and  Ohjnijnu^  No.  852. 

2216  From  wall  east  of  house  of  guard. 
Shaft  broken  at  both  ends.  Rivet-hole  near 
centre  of  vertical  bar.  In  use  and  attachment 
similar  to  No.  2215. 

It  is  not  certain  that  following  number  is  from 
a  vase. 

2217  (  =  383).  From  West  Building.  Ends 
of  the  four  projecting  arms  broken.  Length, 
0.34  m.  Vertical  bar  attached  by  a  rivet  to 
back  piece.  Back  piece  slightly  wider  than  bar. 
From  back  piece  project  horizontal  arms  which 
do  not  seem  to  be  of  one  piece  with  it.  Bead 
ornament  on  aim. 

2.  TRIPODS  AND  STANDARDS. 

A.    FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS. 

(«'.)  Legs. 
Plate  CXXIV. 

22ia  Lower  end.  Length,  0.181  m.  Width, 
0.035  m.-0.046  m.  Thickness,  0.029  m.- 
0.0375  m.  Consists  of  thick  three-sided  shell, 
the  inside  of  which  is  nearly  filled  with  bronze. 
At  back,  filling  projects  slightly  and  has  hole  in 
it.  Bottom  a  separate  piece  of  irregular  height 
(back,  0.0025  m.-0.015  m.;  front,  0.018  m.- 
0.029  m.).  Made  of  same  material  but  more 
rudely.  Welded  to  upper  part.  Ornamental 
grooves  continued  roughly  on  front,  but  not  on 
sides. 

For  style  cf.  Ofympla,  No.  565  (Furtwiing- 
ler's  first  class).     Ibid.  No.  622,  is,  however, 
more  akin  to  Hei-aeum  piece  than  No.  565. 
Plate  CXXIII. 

2219.  Top  of  leg  of  small  tripod  with  shal- 
low bowl.  Length,  0.08  m.  Width,  0.03  m.- 
0.048  m.  Cast  in  one  piece.  Concave  surface 
on  back  for  attachment  of  bowl,  which  was  held 
by  three  bronze  nails  in  top  of  leg  (piece  of 
one  still  in  hole).  Width  of  sides  of  leg, 
0.0085  m.  and  0.01  m.  Decoration  like  that  on 
front.  From  back,  at  edge  of  break,  pin  projects 
upward  at  angle  of  about  40°  to  support  surface 
for  bowl.  Length,  0.027  m.  Diameter,  0.0075  m. 


L^  i 


TRIPODS  AND  STANDARDS 


295 


This  surface  has  vertical  hole  (diameter, 
0.0175  m.)  which  continues  the  open  space 
between  the  side  bars  of  leg.  Depth  of  part 
of  bowl  clasped  by  leg,  0.058  m.  Greatest  di- 
ameter of  bowl  was  at  about  0.023  m.  from  top 
of  leg. 

Style  and  fabric  similar  to  Olympia^  No.  622. 
Cf.  also  fragment  from  Zeus  cave  on  Mt.  Ida, 
A  then.  Mitth.  X.  p.  59,  Bellage,  No.  5  (Fabri- 
cius)  =  Halbherr  and  Orsi,  Antichita  ddV  antro 
di  Zcu»  Ideo^  col.  54. 

2220l  Top  of  leg  of  large  tripod.  Small 
strip  of  upjier  edge  seems  to  preserve  original 
surface.  Height,  0.077  m.  Width,  0.057  m.- 
0.1025  m.  Thickness,  0.007  m.  At  centre  of 
top,  broken  nail-hole;  in  upper  right  corner, 
another;  in  left  comer,  possible  traces  of  two 
others.  On  outside  of  each  edge  of  front,  four 
parallel  vertical  ribs.     Sides  smoothly  beveled. 

For  decoration  cf.  OJympia,  No.  562. 
Plate  CXXIV. 

22ZL  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.33  m. 
Width,  0.61  m.  Width  of  sides,  0.037  m. 
Space  between  sides  half  filled  with  melted 
bronze,  apparently  for  strengthening.  This  fill- 
ing holds  in  place  at  upper  end  the  central  part 
of  a  bronze  supporting  pin,  both  ends  of  which 
are  broken  off  short.  The  upper  stub  projects 
upward  at  a  sharp  angle,  the  lower  is  curved  only 
slightly  upward.  Diameter  of  pin,  0.01  m. 
On  middle  of  pin  two  pieces  of  bronze  which 
may  be  remains  of  further  fastenings,  or  (more 
likely)  mere  drops  of  metal.  At  both  ends, 
between  sides,  remains  of  fine  drab-colored  earth, 
perhaps  from  casting.  Ornament  of  front,  dou- 
ble arrowhead  pattern  in  centre  with  zigzag 
border  at  sides.  At  top,  cross  inside  zigzag 
ring,  above  and  below  which,  zigzag  frame. 
Ornament  of  sides  similar,  so  far  as  preserved, 
except  that  the  vertical  zigzag  along  edges  is 
lacking. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  627. 

(6'.)  Handles. 
Plate  CXXIIL 

2222.  Fragment  of  large  handle.  Length, 
0.101  m.  Width,  0.037  m.  Thickness,  inner 
edge,  0.013  m.,  outer  edge,  0.0065  m.  Ribbed 
on  both  sides. 

Cf.  Olympia,  Nos.  624  f. 

The  following  are  uncertain,  but  probably 
belong  here. 
Plate  CXXIV. 

222a  (Shows  convex  side.)     Perhaps  frag- 


ment of  outer  rim  of  large  handle.  Length, 
0.111  m.  Width,  0.0285  m.  Thickness  of 
outer  rim,  0.007  m.,  of  teeth,  0.005  m.  Outer 
edge  preserves  original  surface,  the  inner  is 
broken.  A  bar  similar  to  the  outer  edge  of 
No.  2224  came  next.  Probable  that  No.  2224 
was  the  piece.  One  side  slightly  convex,  the  other 
concave.  If  this  is  original,  the  piece  can  hardly 
have  been  a  tri^iod-liandle.  Ornament  substan- 
tially alike  on  both  sides. 

2224.  (Shows  concave  side.)  Fragment 
similar  to  No.  2223,  but  broken  on  all  sides. 
Length,  0.113  m.  Width,  0.027  m.  Bent  in 
same  manner  as  preceding  number,  although 
not  quite  the  same  curve  throughout.  If  they 
belong  together,  they  were  bent  while  together 
and  again  after  the  separation. 

With  Nos.  2223  f .  cf .  Olympia,  Nos.  636  and 
639.  Convexity  possibly  due  to  imitation  of 
curve  of  earlier  handles  such  as  Olympia,  No. 
569. 

B.  LOW  TRIPOD-STANDARDS. 

Type  a.  Block  feet. 

2225.  From  south  slope.  Ring  cracked 
through.  Diameter  (outside),  0.08  m.  x  0.076  m. 
Width,  0.007  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.  Upper 
surface  roughly  grooved  as  though  for  attach- 
ment of  some  object  or  objects.  Roughness 
probably  due  to  portions  of  bronze  soldering 
still  adhering.  Feet  project  outward.  Length 
of  feet,  0.013  ra.  Have  form  of  cylindrical 
blocks  except  on  inside.  Height  of  standard 
with  feet,  0.012  m. 

Among  uncleaned  scraps  from  Acropolis  (Na- 
tional Museum,  Athens),  numerous  ring  stand- 
ards with  cylindrical  and  spool  feet. 
Type  b.  Spool  feet. 

2226.  From  Old  Temple.  Length,  0.022  m. 
Diameter  of  ends,  0.0225  m.  and  0.024  m.  Sin- 
gle foot.  On  one  side,  smooth  edges  where  foot 
was  applied,  but  no  trace  of  fastening.  May 
possibly  have  been  part  of  handle. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  860,  attached  to  triangular 
plate,  also  Carapanos,  Dodone^  pi.  xlvii.  No.  2. 

In  the  Carapanos  collection  (from  Dodona), 
half  of  ring  with  two  spools  attached  as  feet, 
welded  or  cast  together;  also  similar  spool  as 
part  of  handle.  Mosaic  in  Capitoline  Mus. 
(Rome)  with  l>owl  which  rests  on  spool  feet. 
Helbig,  Fiihrer,  I.  No.  450. 
Type  c.  Lion's  feet. 
Class  a.  Plain. 

223n.  From  back  of  South  Building.    Only  a 


'I 


296 


THE  BRONZES 


|[ 


il 


single  leg  with  small  portion  of  ring  above  pre- 
served. Height,  0.027  ni.  Under  side  of  foot 
hollow. 

Class  j8.  Edge  of  ring  notched. 

2??^  Leg  and  piece  of  ring.  Height,  0.048  ra. 
Length  (straight),  0.113  m.  Width,  0.021  m. 
Foot  has  six  toes,  the  outer  toe  on  each  side 
being  in  flat  relief.  Rests  on  thin  base,  which 
may  be  a  separate  piece.     Roughly  cast. 

Cf.  Olyitqtia^  No.  853. 
Class  y.  Engraved. 

2229.  Leg.  Upper  edge  broken.  Height, 
0.032  m.  Width,  0.02  m.  Rounded  projec- 
tions or  ears  on  each  side  at  top,  forming  tran- 
sition to  ring.  Between  ears  and  leg,  double 
line.  Four  toes.  Bottom  of  foot  solid  and 
flat. 

Plate  CXXV. 

2230.  Found  east  of  Northwest  Building, 
1895.  Leg  and  part  of  ring.  Height,  0.076  m. 
Length  (straight),  0.138  m.  Width  of  ring, 
0.019  ra.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.-0.006  m.,  in- 
creasing toward  front.  Height  of  front,  0.025  m. 
On  front,  leaf  pattern,  the  lower  part  of  which 
is  formed  by  semicircular  punch-marks.  Leg 
set  slightly  back  of  outer  edge  of  ring.  Convex 
at  back.  Molding  at  top  with  simple  volute  at 
either  side.  Five  toes,  one  of  which  is  very 
faintly  indicated.  The  others  are  sharply  and 
carefully  modeled,  showing  joints  and  claws. 
Under  side  of  foot  hollowed  out. 

C.   FEET  OF  STANDARDS. 
It  is  uncertain  what  the  following  feet  sup- 
ported. 

2231.  Condition  poor.  Height,  0.064  m. 
Length,  0.135  m.  Upper  surface,  0.042  m.  x 
0.0225  m.  In  top,  two  holes  (diameter,  0.006  m.) 
passing  entirely  through.  Filled  with  iron  —  the 
remains  of  rods  or  rivets.  Feet  rest  on  bases 
which  are  not  of  same  piece  with  upper  part. 
Thickness,  0.004  ra.  and  0.005  m.  Feet  do  not 
stand  flatly,  the  object  being  bent  so  that  only 
inner  edges  touch  the  ground.  Four  toes,  the 
lines  of  which  continue  upwartl,  forming  par- 
allel ridges.  On  each  side  continuous  line  of 
engraving  down  leg  to  sole.  By  means  of  it 
an  additional  toe  is  indicated  on  each  side. 

2232.  Bases  gone.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.056  m.  Length,  0.108  m.  Two  holes  through 
top.  In  centre  of  each  foot,  a  bronze  rivet  which 
held  base.  Four  toes.  Claws  indicated.  Rested 
squarely  on  feet.     Limits  of  feet  indicated  by 


concave  band  across  instep.    No  engraving,  en- 
tire decoration  being  cast. 

29!^  Soles  gone.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.061  m.  Length,  0.1165  m.  Two  holes  through 
top,  now  filled  with  iron  rust.  Sides  of  top 
convex  and  undercut,  suggesting  imitation  of  a 
buffer  or  washer.  Rivet  in  bottom  of  each 
foot.  Feet  have  each  six  toes  and  double  heel. 
Above  instep,  ridge  indicating  termination  of 
foot.     Probably  stood  about  squarely  on  feet. 

2234.  Attached  soles  gone.  Condition  jxwr. 
Height,  0.054  m.  Length,  0.1085  m.  Two 
holes  through  top,  of  which  one  partially  filled 
with  iron  rust.  Sides  of  top  as  in  drawing,  ex- 
cept that  lower  band  has  rope  finish.  Beneath 
feet,  bronze  soles  cast  in  same  piece  with  remain- 
der of  object.  From  bottom  of  each  projects 
a  rivet  indicating  presence  of  a  second  pair  of 
soles,  which  (as  in  Nos.  2232  and  2233)  were 
probably  of  iron.  Six  toes  and  a  double  heel. 
Decoration  cast.  Seems  to  have  stooil  squarely 
on  feet. 

The  tops  of  all  the  above  standards  seem  to 
have  had  resting  directly  on  them  some  object 
which  was  fastened  by  iron  rivets.  Probable 
that  this  object  was  itself  of  iron.  For  sole* 
on  feet,  cf.  low  ring  standards  from  Acropolis, 
with  lion's  feet  resting  on  round  sole  or  square 
plinth,  or  sole  and  plinth  (De  Ridder,  Cata- 
loguey  etc.,  Nos.  80  and  66). 

8.  MISCELLANEOUS  FORMS. 

A.  CONTAINERS. 

2235  Fragment  a  only.  Oblong  shallow 
ladle.  Bi-oken  in  two  pieces  (a,  6),  which  are 
in  such  poor  condition  that  they  do  not  fit. 
Combined  length,  0.146  m.  Length  of  frag- 
ment a,  0.106  m.  Width,  0.041  m.  Thickness, 
less  than  0.001  m.  Depth,  alwut  0.005  m. 
End  of  handle  fonns  curl  just  under  lK)ttom. 
Fragment  h,  width,  0.035  m.  Pointed  end. 
Length  of  point,  about  0.01  m.  Width,  0.005 
m.-O.OOl  m.  (tapering  towaitl  end). 

2236.  End  of  small  ladle.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.02  ni.  Differs 
from  fragment  b  of  No.  2235  in  that  end  is 
brought  over  to  form  a  sort  of  toe.  In  upper 
surface  near  edge,  hole  punched  from  under  side 
(hence  before  toe  was  formed). 

2237.  Ladle  of  which  handle  is  lost.  Width, 
0.0565  m.  Depth,  about  0.007  m.  Thickness, 
0.0005  m.  and  less.     Short  stub  of  handle  of 


VESSELS  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  FORM 


297 


same  piece  with  cup.  In  centre  of  broken  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0022  ni.)  now  broken  out.  At 
0.012  m.  from  commencement  of  handle,  thin 
piece  (size,  0.01  m.  x  0.018  m.)  riveted  to  inside 
of  cup.  Served  as  guy  to  keep  handle  from 
flattening. 

The  following  piece  is  of  uncertain  identifica- 
tion, l)ut  seems  similar  to  preceding  number. 

223&  From  back  of  South  Building.  Small 
fragment  of  cup,  part  of  some  object,  perhaps  a 
ladle.  Length,  0.029  m.  Thickness,  0.0003  m. 
and  less.  At  one  side,  ear  (width,  0.01  m.- 
0.005  m. ;  present  length,  0.0035  m.).  Probably 
longer  originally.  Bottom  of  cup  distinguished 
from  sides.  Depth,  0.002  m.  Ornamented 
with  cross  in  circles  struck  from  above  with 
punch  in  which  cross  was  intaglio.  Cross  does 
not  show  sharply  enough  in  drawing. 

2239.  (Shows  back.)  Sieve.  Before  clean- 
ing, small  piece  of  bronze  net  still  attached. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.22  m.  Width  of 
round  part,  0.111  m.  Depth,  about  0.007  m. 
End  of  handle  turns  under  and  to  one  side. 
Represents  head  and  lieak  of  bird.  No  details. 
Back  of  handle  inscril>ed.     See  Appendix. 

In  the  Carapanos  collection  (from  Dodona)  a 
strainer  with  JI  on  outer  end  of  bowl. 
Plate  CXXVI. 

2240.  From  south  slope.  Bottom  gone  and 
handle  —  if  one  existed.  Height,  0.067  m. 
Diameter  at  top,  0.0515  ra.,  at  bottom,  0.053  m. 
Thickness  at  top,  0.0025  m.  to  0.0035  m.  (in- 
cluding molding).  Lower  part  forrae<l  by  sei)arate 
jacket,  which  fittc<l  to  outside  of  drum.  Height, 
0.0154  m.  Width  of  legs,  0.0255  m.  and  0.0265  ra. 
(third  leg  mostly  broken  away),  liottom  was 
applied  to  cylinder  and  held  in  place  by  jacket. 
Pieces  of  bi'onze  solder  still  remain.  On  one  side, 
eyelet  (height,  0.0052  m.),  the  ends  of  which 
pass  through  cylinder  and  are  bent  back  on  in- 
side. Diameter  of  eyelet,  0.0016  m.  (inside). 
Piece  of  bronze  in  top  of  eyelet,  j)erhaps  wire. 
No  other  eyelet  or  attachment.  Ornament  (from 
top),  molding,  row  of  fine  beads,  leaf  pattern,  and 
two  grooves.  Two  grooves  at  top  of  jacket  and 
one  about  legs.  All  this  ornament  looks  as  though 
cast. 

Cf.  Olympia^  No.  885,  which  has,  however,  a 
heavy  vertical  handle. 

The  following  three  pieces  are  of  uncertain 
identification,  but  they  nlay  be  from  sides  of 
box  or  casket. 

224L  Fragment    of    rim.     Condition    poor. 


Length,  0.053  ra.  Height,  0.0145  m.  Thick- 
ness at  top,  0.007  m. ;  below,  0.001  m.  Narrow 
band  beneath  rira,  followed  by  zigzag  in  i*elief. 

2242.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.047  ra.  Height,  0.0285  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0035  ra.-0.0045  ra.  Broad  molding  with 
concave  centre.  Beneath  molding,  side  of  vessel 
seems  to  have  projected  slightly  outward. 

2243.  Fragment  of  rim.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.048  ra.  Height,  0.0153  m.  Width 
of  rim,  0.0034  ra.  Edge  of  under  side  bent 
back  to  about  same  width.  In  intervening  space, 
plate  attached  to  outside.  One  rivet  remains  in 
]>lace.  Seems  to  have  been  a  rectangular  vessel 
with  shoulder. 

2244.  From  south  slope.  Neck  and  mouth  of 
flask.  Mouth  damaged.  Sides  pressed  flat  to- 
gether. Height,  0.061  ra.  Width  of  neck, 
0.038  m.,  across  rira,  0.041  ra.  Width  of  rira, 
about  0.012  ra.  Outer  edge  of  lip  turned  under 
about  0.001  ra. 

Large  flat  flask  with  similar  neck  and  mouth 
from  Vulci  (Polledrara  tomb)  in  British  Mu- 
seum. 

B.  HANDLES. 

Not  certain  that  all  of  the  following  are  han- 
dles. 

(«'.)  Straight. 

2245.  Small  fragment.  About  three  fourths 
of  width  preserved.  Length,  0.024  ra.  Width 
of  half,  0.013  ra.  Heavy  rib  in  centre,  light  rib 
or  band  at  each  side. 

2246.  Fragment  of  similar  handle  preserving 
about  three  fourths  of  width.  Length,  0.029  ra. 
Width  of  half,  0.0145  ra. 

2247.  Fragment  of  similar  handle.  Original 
edge  on  botli  sides.  Length,  0.032  m.  Width, 
0.03  ra. 

224&  (Shows  under  side.)  Perhaps  fragment 
of  end  of  handle.  Original  edge  at  sides,  probably 
nowhere  else.  Length,  0.03  m.  Width,  0.028  ra.- 
0.045  m.  End  appears  to  be  turned  under  as  a 
finish. 

(&'.)  Horizontal  grip-handles  (doubtful). 

2249.  Perhaps  about  half  preserved.  Length, 
0.078  ra.  Width  of  shaft,  0.018  ra.  Thickness, 
0.007  m.  Diameter  of  foot,  0.028  m.  x  0.034  m. 
Grip  seems  to  be  a  separate  piece.  Foot  con- 
cave. 

2250.  Shaft  cut  about  one  third  through  as 
with  chisel  and  then  broken  off.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.042  ra.  Width  of  shaft,  0.0225  m. 
Thickness,  0.009  ra.  Diaraeter  of  foot,  0.037  m.  x 


<'l 


'( 


298 


THE   BRONZES 


VARIOUS   IMPLEMENTS   AND  UTENSILS 


299 


0.044  lu.     Under  side  concave  and  roughly  fin- 
ished. 

2251.  Perhaps  side  piece  of  composite  handle. 
Length,  0.058  ni.  At  top,  cleft  extending  more 
than  half  width.  The  portion  above  is  concavely 
rounded  at  back  but  perpendicular  in  front.  It 
lacks  0.0025  m.  of  being  in  line  with  edge  be- 
neath. Cleft  0.0015  m.-0.003  m.  wide,  0.007  m. 
deep  on  under  side,  and  0.0045  m.  on  upper. 
Height  of  blade,  about  0.0165  m.   In  upper  part 


two  rivets.  Form  of  object  which  was  attached 
uncertain,  but,  owing  to  slight  projection  of  rivet- 
heads,  only  a  piece  of  sheet  bronze  can  have  been 
fastened  to  blade.  This  piece  will  then  have 
been  bent  at  right  angles  in  case  object  was  a 
handle,  and  may  have  served  as  coating  for  bar 
that  would  have  extended  at  right  angles  from 
notch  to  assumed  corresponding  notch  in  another 
end  piece  opposite,  liottom  slightly  concave. 
Smoothly  finished.     Diameter,  0.025  m. 


VI.  IMPLEMENTS,  UTENSILS,  STRUCTURAL  PIECES  AND  MATERIALS 


1.   PARTS  OF  VEHICLES. 

A.  FRAGMENT  OF  ANTYX. 

2252.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.294  m. 
Diameter,  0.020  m.  x  0.017  m.  at  one  end,  and 
0.023  m.  X  0.0175  m.  at  the  other.  Cast  solid. 
On  one  flat  side,  beginning  about  0.024  m.  from 
small  end,  an  inscription.     See  Appendix. 

B.  SMALL  WHEELS. 

2253.  From  south  sloi)e.     Over  half  of  felloe 
gone.     Bent.     Diameter,  0.1435  m.x  0.142   m. 
(originally  about  0.1525  m.x 0.143  m.).    Cast 
solid  and  in  one  piece.     Imitates  wooden  wheel 
the  parts  of  which  are  held  together  by  metal 
plates.     Central   shaft  braced  in  felloe  by  two 
cross-pieces.      Diameter    of    shaft    at    centre, 
0.011  m.     Hole  for  axle,  0.0145  m.  x  0.007  m. 
At  one   end,  bi-onze   block  (probably  of   same 
l)iece   with   rest)    projects    into    hole   distance 
of  0.005   m.,  representing  wedge.      Axle   and 
wheels  turned  together.     Ornamented  with  par- 
allel grooves  in  groups  of  three,  one  group  at 
either  side  cross-pieces.  Outside  of  grooves,  shaft 
hexagonal.     Flattened  surfaces  at  joining  with 
felloe.     This  joining  strengthened  by  an  oblong 
plate  on  each  side,  fastened  by  four  rivets,  two 
in  felloe  and  two  in  axle.     Plates  and  nails  re- 
presented by  engraved  lines.    Size  of  better-pre- 
served plate,  0.008  m.  x  0.0049  m.    Cross-pieces, 
width,  0.008  m. :  thickness,  0.0017  m.    At  join- 
ing with  felloe,  plate  on  both  sides  held  by  three 
rivets,  which  probably  pass  clear  through,  i.  e. 
there  are  three  in  all.    Size  of  plate,  0.012  m.  x 
0.0029  m.     Cross-piece  inserted  into  felloe,  and 
plate  (like  all  the  others)  sunk  into  prepared 
socket  and  consequently  represented  as  even  with 
surface.     Felloe,  width,  0.0085  m. ;   thickness, 
0.0025  m.  inside  and  0.0018  m.  outside.     Orna- 
mented with  engraved  line  on  each  side  close  to 


outer  edge.  At  0.017  m.  from  shaft  on  one 
side,  and  0.0195  m.  :  0.0175  m.  on  the  other, 
sets  of  two  plates,  one  on  each  side  of  felloe  and 
about  opposite  to  each  other.  First  set,  0.007  m.  x 
0.0029  m. ;  second,  0.0075  m.  x  0.003  m.  and 
O.OOG  m.  x  0.0035  m.  Each  plate  has  two  rivet- 
heads,  each  set  being  held  together  by  two  rivets. 
The  plates  are  intended  to  hold  together  sec- 
tions of  the  felloe. 

Similar,  but  much  ruder,  Ohjmpia^  No.  610. 
Wooden  wheel  with  similar  arrangement  of 
si>okes,  but  with  round  hub,  from  peat-bog  of 
Mercurago,  province  of  Novara,  Italy.  Mon- 
telius.  Civ.  Prim.  It.  I.  pi.  1,  No.  13.  On 
sarcophagus  from  Vulci  (3/b/i.  Ant.  VIII.  pi. 
xix.  c  =  Martha,  L'Art  Etnisque,  p.  357)  sim- 
ilar wheel,  but  with  curvetl  cross-bars.  Add 
H.  L.  Lorimer,  J.  II.  S.  XXIII.  pp.  132  ff. 

2254.  From  above  east  end  of  Stoa  under 
Cyclopean  wall.  Three  spokes  gone  and  over 
half  of  felloe.  Cast  solid.  Diameter,  0.171 
m.  (originally,  0.187  m.).  Diameter  of  hub, 
0.019  m.  Width,  0.019  m.  Spokes  do  not  ap- 
pear on  inside,  but  there  are  perforations  where 
two  have  been  broken  out.  Spokes  roughly  oval 
in  section  near  hub,  passing  gradually  to  nearly 
round  at  rim.  Size  at  hub,  0.01  m.x  0.007 
m. ;  at  rim,  0.0045  m.-0.0053  m.  x  0.0045  m. 
Width  of  felloe,  0.019  m.  Thickness  of  inner 
edge,  0.0035  m. ;  of  outer  edge,  0.005  m.  Rim 
or  tire  projects  slightly  more  on  side  not  shown 
in  Plate. 

The  following  fragment  is  of  doubtful  identi- 
fication. 

22^  Perhaps  outer  spoke  of  ornamental 
wheel.  Hollow  '  bell,'  smaller  end  of  which  joins 
inner  ring.  Outer  end  of  '  bell '  broken  off.  Of 
ring  only  stubs  remain.  Length,  0.077  m.  '  Bell  * 
a  rounded  rectangle  j)laced  comer  wise.  Circum- 
ference at  large  end,  0.12  m. ;  at  small  end. 


0.088  m.  Thickness  at  large  end,  0.001  m.- 
0.0038  m.  Inner  circle  solid.  Diameter,  about 
0.01  m.  Through  small  end  of  '  bell '  and  inner 
circle  passes  hole  (diameter,  0.006  m.).  Through 
it  may  have  passed  ro<l  (probably  of  iron)  con- 
necting centre  of  wheel  with  outer  felloe.  Un- 
certain whether  large  end  of  '  bell '  joined  felloe 
or  an  intermediate  outer  circle. 

For  shape  cf.  Ofi/mpia,  Nos.  471  (lead)  and 

472;   also   wheel  from   a   tomha  a  cerchio  at 

Vetulonia  (delle  Pelliccie),  now  in  museum  at 

Florence.     Cf.  Scavi,  1887,  p.  472.     Falchi, 

Vetuloniuy  p.  168,  is  dififerent. 

2.  STRIGIL  (HANDLE). 

2256.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.079  ra. 
Width  of  upper  part,  0.0165  m.-0.0235  m. ;  of 
lower  part,  0.0145  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 
Inset  at  beginning  of  elbow,  about  0.001  m.  on 
each  side.  Upper  end  beveled  at  beginning  of 
blade. 

8.  BELL. 

2257.  Broken  at  bottom.  Clapper  gone. 
Height,  0.062  m.  Thickness  of  metal  at  lower 
edge,  0.001  m.-0.002  m.  Shaj^  that  of  rounded 
rectangle.  At  top,  ring,  of  one  piece  with  bell. 
Diameter  of  hole,  0.015  m.  Clapi>er  was  at- 
tached to  bronze  staple  which  was  infixed  in 
under  side  of  top.  About  staple,  remains  of 
bronze  solder.  Diameter  of  staple,  about  0.005  m. 

4.  CYMBALS.1 

(a'.)  Plain. 

225ff  Handle  gone.  Edges  cracked.  Diam- 
eter, 0.07  m.  Thickness  at  edges,  0.0005  m.- 
0.0017  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  about  0.042  m. 
At  about  centre  of  boss,  hole  cut  from  above. 
Diameter,  0.0035  m.  Flange  slightly  bent  up, 
esj)ecially  at  e<lg3. 

2259.  Handle  gone.  Condition  i)oor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.078  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0435  m. 
In  centre,  hole.  Diameter,  0.0035  m.  Flange 
bends  back  slightly,  and  at  edge  is  turned  up 
(depth  of  roll,  0.001  m.  and  less). 
Plate  CXXVII. 

22G0.  Handle  gone.  Condition  poor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.0945  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.055  m. 
Flange  convex  on  under  side.  At  edge,  rim,  of 
which  width,  0.004  m.-0.005  m.      It  projects 

•  The  objects  from  the  Dktaean  c-ive  published  in  the 
Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athem,  VL  p.  109,  fig. 


about  0.001  m.  on  under  side,  the  remainder  on 
upper. 

Cf.  Ohjmpia,  No.  513. 

(6'.)  Ornamented. 

2261.  Handle  gone.  Condition  poor.  Diam- 
eter, 0.0915  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.045  m. 
In  centre,  hole  (diameter,  0.005  m.).  Thickness 
of  metal,  about  O.OOOG  m.,  except  at  edge,  which 
is  about  0.001  m.-0.0017  m.,  thus  fonning  slight 
backward  turn.  Flange  slightly  convex  on  under 
side.  Outer  and  inner  edges  on  upper  side  have 
leaf  pattern.  Leaves  of  horseshoe  shape.  Round 
ends  toward  interior  of  flange.  As  leaves  are 
not  exactly  alike  they  are  either  engraved  or  else 
punched  with  more  than  one  punch. 

Cf.  Olympia^  No.  517  (dotted  adjacent  semi- 
circles). 

5.  KEY. 
Plate  CXXVI. 

2262.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.065  m. 
Ring  flat  on  inside  and  convex  on  outside.  Di- 
ameter  (inside),  0.0175  m.  In  barrel,  hole.  Di- 
ameter, 0.005  m.  Depth,  0.01  m.  Diameter 
of  barrel,  0.0045  m.-0.0075  m.  Thickness  of 
flange,  0.003  m.-0.0065  m. ;  of  centre  piece, 
0.0035  m. -0.0048  m.  Except  for  groove  on  bar- 
rel above  flange,  ornamented  on  one  side  only 
(shows  in  Plate).  Teeth  on  outer  edge  of  flange 
have  on  top,  each  an  x  .  On  back  of  this  edge 
a  single  diagonal  line  from  each  lower  corner  of 
depression  between  teeth,  giving  effect  of  zigzag. 

6.  KNIVES. 

(«'.)  Sickle. 
Plate  CXXVIL 

2263.  Point  injured  and  edge  nicked.  Length, 
0.189  m.  Blade  fairly  sharp  where  edge  is  pre- 
served. Width,  0.03  m.  and  less.  Thickness 
at  back,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Blade  passes  to  but 
for  insertion  into  handle.  Length  of  but,  0.03  m. ; 
width,  0.028  m. ;  thickness,  0.002  m.-0.0045  m. 
Near  end,  hole  for  rivet.  Diameter,  0.0057  m. 
Hole  drilled  from  side  that  shows  in  Plate.  Cf . 
Tsountas,  'Y.^w  'Apx- 1899,  cl.  124,  pi.  10,  No.  43, 
from  Syra(XaXai'8piai'7/);  Schmidt,  Scldiemanns 
Sammhmf/,eUi.,'So.  6454,  from  Troy  VI. ;  Holfe, 
A.  J.  A.  VI.  p.  106,  No.  XII.  from  Anthedon. 

(&'.)  Spatula. 
Plate  CXXVI. 

2264.  Length,  0.15  m.  Length  of  blade, 
0.0755    m.       Width,    0.025    m.       Thickness, 

41  (Hogarth),  as  shields  appear  to  be  different  from 
these. 


I'tl 


300 


THE   BRONZES 


1 1 


0.00025  m.-O.OOl  m.  Both  sides  ornamented 
with  tine  curved  zigzags.  Pattern  consists  of 
diagonals  running  from  edge  to  centre  of  blade. 
In  upper  part  they  are  roughly  parallel  to  each 
and  cross  blade.  From  about  middle  of  length 
downward  they  do  not  go  clear  across.  In 
some  cases  they  meet  each  other,  fonning  arrow- 
heads. Toward  bottom  parallelism  is  dropped 
and  lines  curve  slightly  outward  fanwise.  Han- 
dle tajxjrs  from  width  of  0.007  m.  and  thickness 
of  0.0026  m.  to  point.  Edges  angular.  On  both 
sides  of  handle,  zigzag,  the  band  of  which  is  itself 
a  ziffzag  of  curved  lines.  Handle  rather  than 
tang,  owing  to  decoration. 

(c'.)  Scraper  or  chopping  knife. 
Plate  CXXVII. 

2265l  Length,  0.1025  m.  Width,  0.01  m.- 
0.0317  m.  Thickness  at  top,  0.0018  m.-0.0027 
m. ;  increases  to  0. 0043  m.  at  beginning  of  blade, 
whence  decreases  on  both  sides  to  edge.  Edge 
still  fairly  sharp.  Groove  lengthwise  of  top. 
Hence  not  intended  to  be  used  as  chisel  or 
wedge. 

Cf.  Dorpfeld  (Gotze),  Troja  u.  IJion,  I.  p. 
346 ;  Excavations,  at  Phyhihopi  in  JMelos  (Bo- 
sanquet  and  "Welch),  p.  190,  pi.  xxxviii.  No.  3. 
Two  specimens  from  Mycenae  (outside  shaft- 
graves),  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  1347.  Both 
flare  more  at  blade  than  Heraeum  celt.  In  Brit- 
ish Mus.,  Third  Egyptian  Room,  Case  F,  simi- 
lar knives  attached  by  means  of  cloth  and  wire 
to  wooden  blocks  provided  with  handles,  thus 
becoming  planes. 

{d'.)  Scraper  or  chisel. 

2266.  Top  rough  and  somewhat  battered. 
Edge  dull  and  blunted.  Length,  0.078  m. 
Width,  0.0224  m.-0.0345  m.  Thickness  at  top, 
0.005  m.,  battered  to  0.006  m.  Uncertain 
whether  present  surface  of  top  is  original. 

(e'.)  Chisels  (and  uncertain  objects  of  similar 
form). 
Round. 

2267.  Length,  0.133  m.  Width  of  blade, 
0.01  m.  Edge  dull.  Top  battered.  Just  be- 
neath, raised  band  roughly  executed,  but  in- 
tended to  represent  a  heavy  ring  to  which  a 
lighter  ring  is  attached  on  under  side.  Cf. 
Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  167,  No.  99. 

2268.  Uncertain,  {jerhaps  end  of  spit.  Top 
gone.  Blade  damaged.  Length,  0.052  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.002  m.  Width  of  blade, 
0.0032  m. 

2269.  From  West  Building.  Uncertain.  Top 


broken.     Length,  0.0635  m.     Flattened  toward 
top.     At  break,  0.007  m.  x  0.0035  m.     Flat  side 
of  top  lies  diagonally  with  reference  to  axis  of 
blade.     Width  of  blade,  0.006  m. 
Rectangular. 

2270.  Top  broken  off.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.072  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  at  top. 
Width  of  blade,  0.009  m.     Edge  blunted. 

227L  From  West  Building.  Top  gone  (partly 
cut  and  partly  broken).  Length,  0.0775  m. 
Rir,  0.0059  m.x  0.0062  m.  at  top.  Blade  in 
axis  of  broader  side.  Width,  0.008  m.  Edge 
broken  concavely.  Plate  shows  narrow  side  of 
blade. 

2272.  Uncertain.  Seems  to  be  complete. 
Blade  bent  over  at  end.  Length,  0.091  m. 
Width,  0.004  m.-0.009  m.  Thickness  of  shaft, 
0.002  m.-0.003  m.  Top  somewhat  battered. 
Blade  blunt. 

7.  SPITS. 

A  more  methodical  classification  than  that 
here  adopted  would  be  by  (1)  style  of  shaft,  (2) 
point  or  blade  at  end,  (3)  style  of  knob,  (4)  num- 
ber of  knobs.  The  fact,  however,  that  so  large 
a  proportion  of  shafts  and  ends  are  defective 
imposes  classification  by  preserved  parts,  i.  e. 
(1)  number  of  knobs,  (2)  style  of  knobs,  (3) 
style  of  shaft,  (4)  point  or  blade. 
Type  a  No  knob. 

Clas»  a.  Round  aJuift, 
Pointed  ends. 

227a  Bent.  Length,  0.024  m.  Thickness, 
0.002  m. 

2273  a.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.272  m. 
Thickness,  0.0025  m. 

Addenda.  («'.)  Of  the  following  ends  some 
may  belong  to  pins  and  pieces  of  wire,  but  the 
majority  are  probably  from  spits. 

2274.  Length,  0.067  m.  Thickness,  0.001  m. 
Flexible. 

2275.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Lengtli, 
0.048  m.     Thickness,  0.0015  m. 

2276.  Length,  0.107  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 

2277.  Length,  0.101  m.   Thickness,  0.0015  m. 

2278.  Uncleaned.  Patinated.  Length,  0.25 
m.     Thickness,  0.0019  m. 

2279.  From  West  Building.  Freshly  broken. 
Length,  0.055  m.     Thickness,  0.002  m. 

2280.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.049 
m.     Thickness,  0.0021  m. 

2281.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.227  m.     Thickness,  0.0021  m. 


SPITS 


301 


2282.  From  West  Building.  Large  end 
smooth.  Length,  0.10  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
Perhaps  part  of  separable  pin. 

2283.  Broken  end  split  down  for  distance  of 
0.08  m.  Bent  something  like  a  hook.  Length, 
0.35  m.     Thickness,  0.004  m. 

2284.  Iknt.  Length,  0.272  m.  Thickness, 
0.004  m. 

2286.  Length,  0.191m.  Thickness,  0.0043  m. 

2286.  Length,  0.434  m.     Thickness,  0.005  m. 

2287.  Uncleaneil.  Bent  so  that  small  end 
passes  thi*ough  loop.  Length,  0.682  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.003  m.  Length  makes  classification  as 
spit  doubtful. 

Discards :  sixteen  cleaned  and  one  hundred  and  thirteen 
uncleaned.    Sizes  represented  by  above  selection. 

(6'.)  The  following  bladed  ends,  though  proba- 
bly belonging  to  spits  with  one  or  moi-e  knobs, 
are,  for  reasons  given  above,  put  here. 

2288.  Blunted.  Length,  0.116  m.  Thickness, 
0.0055  m. 

2289.  Length,  0.124  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.007  m.     Thickness,  0.003  m. 

2290l  Length,  0.155  m.  Thickness,  0.005  m.  x 
0.006  m.     Width  of  blade,  0.0075  m. 

2291.  Length,  0.221  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.012  m. 

2292.  Uncleaned.  Twisted  crack  lengthwise. 
Length,  0.154  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m.  x  0.003  ra. 
Width  of  blade,  0.004  m. 

Discards  of  (6')  :  twenty-six,  all  uncleaned. 

(r'.)  The  following  have  lost  both  ends. 
Pi-obably  the  majority  are  from  spits. 

2293.  Length,  0.054  m.  Thickness,  0.0012  ra. 

2294.  Length,  0.113  m.  Thickness,  0.0017  m. 

2295.  Length,  0.104  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m. 

2296.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.0565  m.     Tliickness,  0.002  m. 

2297.  Length,  0.102  m.  Thickness,  0.0021m. 

2298.  From  back  South  Building.  Length, 
0.099  m.     Thickness,  0.0024  m. 

2299.  Fi-om  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.092  m.     Thickness,  0.0024  m. 

2300.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.169  m. 
Thickness,  0.0025  m. 

230L  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  on  lower 
terrace,  April  28, 1893.  Bent.  Length,  0.093  m. 
Thickness,  0.0028  m.  Possibly  a  part  of  a 
handle. 

2302.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.115  m. 
Thickness,  0.0035  m. 

2303.  Length. 0.135  m.   Thickness, 0.0047  m. 

2304.  Len«rth,  0.22  m.    Thickness,  0.005  m. 


2305.  Length,  0.29  m.    Thickness,  0.0055  m. 

2306.  Length,  0.273  m.  Thickness,  0.0058  m. 

2307.  Length,  0.395  m.   Thickness,  0.006  m. 

2308.  Length,  0.418  m.    Thickness,  0.006  m. 

2309.  Length,  0.42  m.     Thickness,  0.006  m. 

2310.  Length,  0.505  m.  Thickness,  0.0085  m. 
Perhaps  used  as  hook. 

In  the  following  numbers  the  blunted  ends 
may  be  original. 

2311.  Length,  0.353  m.  Thickness,  0.0023  m.- 
0.0038  m.     Smaller  end  smootlUy  rounded. 

2312.  Length,  0.373  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m.- 
0.004  m.     Smaller  end  as  in  No.  2311. 

Discards  of  (c').  Cleaned :  forty-six  of  length  and 
tliickness  included  in  above  catalogued  specimens.  Two 
of  them  from  south  slope  and  one  from  back  of  South 
Building.  Uncleaned  :  six  hundred  and  sixty-four  of 
length  and  thickness  included  as  above  except  length, 
0.048  m.  ;  thickness,  0.0075  m.-O.Oll  m. 

Class  p.  Shaft  rectangidar  and  round. 
Group  i.  Pointed  ends. 

2313.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.261  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0015  m.     Rounded  toward  point. 

2314.  Ends  slightly  blunted.  Length, 0.126  m. 
Thickness,  0.0018  m.  and  less. 

2315.  Uncleaned.  Bent  double  and  twisted. 
Length  as  now,  0.222  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
and  less. 

Addenda.  Not  certain  that  the  following  if 
complete  would  belong  here. 

(a'.)  Fragments  with  pointed  end. 

2316.  Length,  0.086  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 
and  less. 

2317.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 

2318.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.15  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0015  m. 

2319.  Length,  0.122  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m. 
and  less. 

2320.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.127  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0023  m.x 0.001  m.  and  less.  Toward 
large  end  flattens  to  0.0007  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  cleaned,  three  ;  uncleaned,  forty. 

(6'.)  Fragments  with  blunt  ends.    Uncertain. 

2321.  Length,  0.465  m.  Thickness, 0.0045m.  x 
0.0055  m.  to  0.003  ni.  x  0.0037  m. 

2322.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.165  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0045  m.  and  less.     Perhaps  a  nail. 

(c'.)  Fragments  with  bladed  points. 

232a  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.312  m.  Thick- 
ness,  0.002  m.     Width  of  blade,  0.0045  m. 

2324.  Bent.  Length,  0.234  m.  Thickness, 
0.0045  m.  and  less.    Width  of  blade,  0.005  m. 

2324  a.  Uncleaned.   Point  injured.   Length, 


'( 


i 


302 


THE  BRONZES 


0.303  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m.  and  less.   Width 
of  blade,  0.0025  m. 

The  following  number  has  a  composite  shaft. 

2325.  Bent.  Length,  0.283  m.  Thickness, 
0.005  m.  and  less.  Width  of  blade,  0.0065  m. 
Rectangle  has  three  engraved  lines  at  transition 
to  round.  Into  rectangle  is  inserted  flat  piece 
(length,  0.026  m. ;  width,  0.005  m.  x  0.0015  m.) 
which  is  held  by  a  rivet.  Uncertain  how  this 
piece  ended. 

Discards  of  (c')  :  two  uncleaned. 

Group  ii.  At  one  end,  blunt  tip,  immedi- 
ately preceded  by  groove. 

2326.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.304  m.  Thick- 
ness,  0.003  m.  and  less.  Rectangle  terminates 
0.069  ra.  from  blunt  end  and  0.075  m.  from  point. 
Transition  to  round  more  abrupt  toward  blunt 
end.  Shaft  pinched  in  just  before  tip,  which  is 
imperfectly  developed. 

Addemla.  Fragments.  Not  certain  that  all 
would  belong  here  if  complete. 

(a'.)  Ends.  Arrangement  by  form  of  tran- 
sition from  rectangle  to  round,  beginning  with 
the  more  gradual  transitions. 

2327.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.121  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0043  m.  and  less.  Diameter  of  tip, 
0.0025  m. 

2328.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.228  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  Diameter  of  tip,  0.003  m. 
Transition  plain  but  not  abrupt. 

2329.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.154  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.004  m.  and  less.  Rectangle  swells  at 
transition.     Diameter  of  tip,  0.0013  m. 

2330.  Uncleaned.     Length,  0.126  m.     Rec- 


0.005 


m. 


sq. 


and    less.     Transition 


tangle, 
plain. 

(&'.)  Both   ends  lacking   (corresponding  to 
CUi8»  a.  Addenda,  c'). 

2331.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.147  m.    Thick- 
ness, 0.0012  m. 

2332.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.222  ra.   Thick- 
ness, 0.0013  m.  and  less. 

2333.  Length,  0.147  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m. 
and  less. 

2334. 

0.058  m. 

2335. 


From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
Thickness,  0.0028  m.  and  less. 
Length,  0.124  m.     Thickness,  0.0029 
m.  and  less. 

2336.  Bent  like  a  hook.  Length,  0.213  m. 
Thickness,  0.0039  m.  and  less.  Near  lower  part 
of  rectangle  five  lines  close  together. 

2337.  Length,  0.381  m.  Thickness,  0.0039 
m.  and  less.     Transition  gradual. 


2338.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.077  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Transition  sharp. 
Probable  traces  of  three  lines  of  engraving  on 
rectangle  just  before. 

2339.  Length,  0.402  m.  Thickness,  0.0043  m. 
and  less.     Transition  gradual. 

Plate  CXXVIIL 

234a  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.264 
m.     Thickness,  0.0055  m.  and  less. 

2341.  Length,  0.179  m.  Thickness,  0.0055 
m.  and  less. 

2342.  Length,  0.448  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 

2343.  Length,  0.205  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 

2344.  Length,  0.342  m.  Thickness,  0.0065 
m.  and  less. 

234&  Length,  0.24  m.    Thickness,  0.0075  m. 

and  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above :  cleaned,  fourteen,  of  which 
one  has  three  Hues  of  engraving  at  transition  and  one 
comes  from  West  Building  ;  uncleaned,  two  hundred  and 
twenty-eight.  Length  and  thickness  of  discards  included 
in  catalogued  specimens. 

The  following  are  composite. 

2346.  Length,  0.18  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
and  less.  Gradual  transition  emphasized  by 
three  lines  of  engraving  on  rectangle.  Into 
rectangular  end  is  inserted  piece,  of  which 
length,  0.029  m.,  thickness,  0.001  m.-0.0025  m. 
Uncertain  whether  riveted. 

2347.  Length,  0.19  ra.  Thickness,  0.0065  m. 
and  less.  In  rectangular  end,  slot  for  insertion 
of  separate  piece  of  bronze  or  iron.  Length  of 
slot,  0.01  m.     Width,  0.0013  m. 

2348.  Length,  0.24  m.  Thickness,  0.0065 
m.  and  less.  Rectangle  has  three  lines  of  en- 
graving at  transition.  In  end  of  rectangle  is 
inserted  bronze  piece,  of  which  length,  0.029  m., 
width,  0.006,  thickness,  0.001  m.-0.003  m., 
increasing  towanl  end  of  shaft.  Fastened  by 
two  rivets. 

Cla»n  y.  Part  of  »hajt  a  twisted  rectanyu- 
hir  bar.     (Fragments  only.) 
Group  i.  Rectangular  (plain  and  twisted) 
and  round, 
(f/.)  Points. 

2349.  Much  l)ent.  Length,  about  0.30  m. 
Thickness,  0.003  m.  and  less.  Tapers  gradually 
to  point. 

(6'.)  Blades. 

2350.  Length,  0.047  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m. 
and  less.     Width  of  blade,  0.004  m. 


i^i 


SPITS 


303 


4 


(c'.)  No  end  preserved. 

2351.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.253  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0025  m.  and  less. 

2352.  Length,  0.113  m.  Thickness,  0.0034 
m.  and  less. 

2353.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.215  m.     Thickness,  0.003  m.  and  less. 

2354.  Condition  poor.      Length,   0.305    m. 

Thickness,  0.0045  m.  and  less.     Color  reddish. 

Discards  of  (c')  :  uncleaned,  three.  Dimensions  in- 
cluded in  the  catalogued  specimens. 

Group  ii.  Rectangular     (twisted)     and 
round. 
2366.  Uncleaned.   Length,  0.175  m.    Thick- 
ness, 0.003  ra.  and  less. 

Discards :  uncleaned,  three,  of  which  two  are  thicker, 
but  all  shorter,  than  No.  2366. 

Group  iii.    Rectangular      (plain      and 
twisted). 
2366.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.057  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0012  ra.  and  less. 

2357.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.069  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.002  m.  and  less. 

2358.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.154  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0025  ra.  and  less.  One  end  turned  up 
sharply  like  a  hook. 

2359.  Length,  0.194  ra.  Thickness,  0.0035  ra. 
and  less. 

2360.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.262  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0045  m.  and  less. 

Discards:  uncleaned,  seven,  the  dimensions  of  which 
are  included  among  those  of  the  above  catalogued  speci- 
mens, excepting  one  which  is  0.292  m.  in  length. 

Group  iv.  Rectangular  (twisted). 

2361.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.078  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0037  ra.  and  less. 

Discards :  uncleaned,  two. 

Class  S.  Rectangular  shaft.  (No  complete 
pieces  preserved,  but  some  of  the  ends  are 
probably  complete  in  essential  features 
of  shaft.) 
(a'.)  Points. 

2362.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.085  m. 
Thickness,  0.0006  ra  x  0.0008  m. 

2363.  Part  lost  since  photograph  was  made. 
Present  length,  0.307  m.  Thickness,  0.001  m.  x 
0.0007  m.  and  less. 

2364.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.312  ra.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0012  ra.  X  0.001  ra. 

2365.  Length,  0.19  ra.  Thickness,0.0015ra.x 
0.001  ra.     Reddish.     Flexible. 

2366.  Length,  0.192  m.  Thickness,  0.0024  m. 
X  0.0022  m.     Reddish.    Flexible. 


Discards:  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  five.  Dimensions 
included  in  above  specimens. 

(6'.)  Blades. 

2367.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.088  ra.  Thickness,  0.003  m.  x  0.0022  m.  Sec- 
tion near  centre  would  be  diamond-shaped. 
Square  toward  blade.  Width  of  blade,  0.003  m. 
Decrease  in  thickness  toward  broken  end,  which 
is  0.002  m.  X  0.0018  m.,  may  indicate  that  object 
was  a  medical  instrument. 

2368.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.331  ra.  Thick- 
ness,  0.0025  m.  x  0.002  m.  and  less.  Width  of 
blade,  0.0032  m. 

2369.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.145  m. 
Thickness,  0.0033  m.  x  0.0029  ra.  near  centre ; 
decreases  toward  ends.  Width  of  blade, 
0.0045  ra.  (at  beginning,  0.0033  m. ;  at  end, 
0.0037  ra.). 

Discards :  uncleaned,  four. 

(c'.)  Ends  gone. 

2370.  Length,  0.101m.  Thickness,  0.0009  m. 
X  0.0008  m.  and  less. 

2371.  Length,  0.066  m.  Thickness,  0.001  m.x 
0.0008  m.  and  less. 

2372.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.193  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0011  ra.  X  0.0009  m.  and  less. 

2373.  Length,  0.206  m.  Thickness,  0.00 14  m. 
X  0.0009  m.  and  less. 

2374.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.046  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0012  m.  and 
less. 

2375.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.112  ra.     Thickness,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 

2376.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.148  m. 
Thickness,  0.0015  ra.  and  less. 

2377.  Frora  West  Building.  Length,  0.135  m. 
Thickness,  0.0019  m.  x  0.0016  m.  and  less. 

2378.  Length,  0.133  m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 
X  0.0016  ra.  (diamond  section).  Reddish.  Flexi- 
ble. 

2379.  Length,  0.141m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 
X  0.0016  ra.  and  less.    Section  diamond-shaped. 

2380.  Length,  0.132  m.  Thickuess,0.002m.x 
0.0016  ra.  and  less.    Section  diaraond-shaped. 

2381.  Length,  0.12  ra.  Thickness,  0.002  m.  x 
0.0018  ra.     Reddish.     Section  diamond-shaped. 

2382.  Length,  0.226  ra.  Thickness,  0.002  m. 
and  less.     Section  diamond-shaped. 

2383.  Length,  0.065  m.  Thickness,  0.0026  m. 
X  0.002  m.     Section  diamond  shaped. 

2384.  Length,  0.128  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m. 
and  less. 

2385.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.407  m.   Thick- 


ty 


304 


THE  BRONZES 


ness,  0.0035  ni.  x  0.004  m.  and  less.     Section 
tliaiuoml-shaped. 

2386.  Length,  0.263  m.  Thickness,  0.0035  m. 

X  0.0038  m. 

2387.  Length,  0.177  m.    Thickness,  0.004  m. 

and  less. 

2388.  Length,0.178  m.  Thickness,0.004m.x 

0.0037  ni. 

2389.  Length,  0.2035  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.- 
0.0025  m.  Sides  irregular  and  covered  with 
small  concave  surfaces. 

2390.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.086  m. 
Thickness,  0.006  m.  square.    Slight  groove  near 

one  end. 

2391.  Length,  0.062  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m. 

X  0.007  m.  and  less. 

DLicardu :  cleaned,  nineteen;  uncleaned,  two  hundred 
and  thirty,  the  dimensions  of  which  are  included  in  those 
of  the  above  specimens. 

Type  b.  One  knob. 

FOR-M  1.   KXOB    A    GRADUAL     SWELLING     OF 

SHAFT.    Sides  of  knob  rounded. 
Class  a.  Shaft  paHly  round  and  parthj 

n'cta7igulai'  (the  portions  next  to  knob 

being  rectangiilar). 
Both  ends  pointed. 

2392.  Length,  0.15  m.  Thickness  of  shaft, 
0.001  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  nearest 
end,  0.03  m.     Thickness  of  knob,  0.002  m. 

239a  Bent.  Length,  0.208  m.  Thickness  of 
shaft,  0.0013  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to 
nearest   end,    0.029  m.      Thickness    of   knob, 

0.0024  ra. 

Discards :  uncleaned  and  in  poor  condition,  twa 

Addenda.  Incomplete  pieces. 
(«'.)  Ends. 

2394.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.193  m.  Size 
of  shaft,  0.0018  m.  x  0.0015  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.136  m.    Thickness  of  knob, 

0.003  m. 

2395.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.196  m. 
Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x  0.0019  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.0875  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.003  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  i  uncleaned,  two.  Dimensions  included 
in  preceding. 

(6'.)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2396.  Length,  0.094  m.  Shaft,  0.0013  m. 
and  less.  Thickness  of  knob,  0.0025  m.  Reddish. 

2397.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.215  m.  Shaft, 
0.0018  m.  X  0.0015  m.  and  less.  Thickness  of 
knob,  0.0035  m. 

2398.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.205  m.    Shaft, 


0.002  m.x  0.0017  m.  and  less.     Thickness  of 
knob,  0.0032  m. 

Discards  of  (i')  :  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  twelve. 
Greatest  dimensions:  length,  0.41  m.;  width  of  shaft, 
0.003  m.;  thickness  of  knob,  0.006  m.  (all  these  measure- 
ments from  different  objects). 

Class  p.  Similar  to  Clast*  a,  but  with  tran- 
sition fi'om  rectangular  to  round  part  of 
shaft  emphasized.     Cf.  Nos.  2327  ff. 
Ends   pointed.     Arrangement   by  de- 
velopment of  transition. 

2399.  Length,  0.177  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m*. 
square  at  transition,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of 
knob  to  short  end,  0.0425  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0027  m.     Transition  plain,  but  not  sharp. 

2400.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.406  m.  Shaft, 
0.0014  m.  X  0.0015  m.  and  less.  Centre  of 
knob  to  nearest  jwint,  0.062  m.  Between  this 
point  and  knob,  slight  but  sharp  transition. 
Transition  between  the  other  iK)int  and  knob 
gradual.     Thickness  of  knob,  0.0028  m. 

Addenda.  Incomplete  pieces, 
(r/ .)  Points.    Arrangement  by  form  of  tran- 
sition. 

2401.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.307  m.  Shaft 
generally  0.0013  m.  x  0.0015  m.  Centre  of 
knob  to  nearest  \tomi.  0.098  m.  Principal  tran- 
sition, which  is  plain,  but  not  abrupt,  on  this  end. 
On  lono^  end  shaft  thickens  to  0.0018  m.  at  about 
0.02  m.  from  knob  and  again  to  about  same  size 
just  before  transition.  Transition  gradual  on 
this  end.     Thickness  of  knob,  0.0035  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  uncleaned,  one. 
(6'.)  Blunted  ends,  perhaps  not  jwinted  origi- 
nally.   More  developed  than  preceding  number. 

2402.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.10  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.0018  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.071  m.  Thickness  of 
knob,  0.0042  m.  Transition  abrupt  and  accom- 
panied bv  thickening  of  shaft. 

2403.'  Length,  0.102  m.     Shaft,  0.002  m.  x 
0.0019  m.  and   less.     Centre  of  knob  to  tip, 
0.082  m.     Thickness  of  knob,  0.005  m.     Tran- 
sition fully  developed  and  accompanied  by  in- 
crease of  shaft  to  0.0025  m.  square. 

Class  y.    Similar  to  Class  a,  but  trith  a 
jtftrtion  of  the  rectangle  tieisted.     (Frag- 
ments only.) 
Points. 
2404.  Uncleaned.     Bent.     Length,  0.40  m. 
Thickness  of  knob,  0.004  m.    Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x 
0.0013  m.     Centre  of  knob  from  point,  0.1525 
m.   Principal  transition  on  this  end  prepared  by 


^i 


SPITS 


305 


increase  in  shaft  to  0.002  m.  x  0.0019  m.  On 
other  side  of  knob  transition  more  gradual.  Rec- 
tangular part  of  shaft  twisted  before  principal 
transition  and  in  middle  of  other  side.  Prob- 
ably nearly  complete. 

Discards  (both  points  gone)  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Class  8.   Shaft  jntrtly  round  and  partly 
rectangular,  the  jMrtions  next  to  knob 
being  round.     (No  complete  specimens.) 
Blade  end. 
2405l  Uncertain  how  much  gone  from  broken 
end,  but  there  were  probably  no  more  knobs, 
lient.     Length,  0.338  m.     Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0075  m.     Thickness  of  shaft,  about  0.003  m. 
Centre  of   knob   to   end  of    blatle,   0.177   m. 
Abrupt   transition   on   this  end,  before  which 
thickness   of    shaft    increases    to    0.0038  m.  x 
0.004  m.   On  same  end  near  knob,  five  encircling 
lines  of  engraving.     They  serve   to  emphasize 
the  transition  from  round  to  rectangle. 

The  following  fragment,  if  complete,  would 
|>erhaps  belong  to  a  different  class. 

2406.  lioth  ends  gone.  Length,  0.136  m. 
Thickness  of  knob,  0.01  m.  Thickness  of  shaft, 
0.005  m. 

Class  e.    Shaft  rectangular.     (Fragments 

only.) 

(«'.)  Points. 

2407.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.256  m.  Thick- 
ness of  knob,  0.0032  m.  Shaft,  0.0013  m.  square 
and  less.     Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.16  m. 

2408.  Length,  0.099  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0013  m.  Centre 
of  knob  from  point,  0.0755  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  uncleaned  one. 

(6'.)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2409.  Length,  0.084  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.003  m.     Width  of  sides,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 

2410.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.20  m.  Thick- 
ness  of  knob,  0.0027  m.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.x 
0.0019  m.  and  less. 

2411.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.093  m.  Thick- 
ness of  knob,  0.004  m.   Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square 

and  less. 
Discards  of  (Jb')  :  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  six. 

Addenda  to  FoRM  1.  Fragments. 

(«'.)  Similar  to  Class  €,  but  with  shaft  partly 

twisted.     Both  ends  gone. 

2412.  Length,  0.15  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0065  m.    Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less. 

(6'.)  Fragment  with  knob  at  one  end.  Ad- 
jacent shaft  first  rectangular  then  angularly 
elliptical.     Both  ends  gone. 


2413.  Length,  0.095  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.0016  ra.  square  near  knob, 
afterwards  0.0023  m.x 0.008  m.-0.0033  m.x 
0.0023  m.   Reddish. 

Form  2.   Knob  as  in  Form  1,  but  sides 
are  angular. 

Class  a.  Shaft  partly  round  ami  partly 
rectangular,   the  j^ortions  next  to  knob 
being  rectangular.    (No  complete  pieces.) 
(«'.)  Points. 

2414.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.202  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0013  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob,  0.14  ra.  from  point. 

2415.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.185  m.  Knob, 
0.0025  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.135  m. 

2416.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.454  m.  Knob, 
0.0027  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0018  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.3985  m. 

2417.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.255  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  square  and 
less.     Centre  to  point,  0.108  m.     Cf.  No.  2680. 

Discards  of  (a')  ;  uncleaned,  two. 

(6'.)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2418.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.198  m.  Knob, 
0.0022  m.x 0.0012  m.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.x 
0.001  m. 

2419.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.222  m.  Knob, 
0.0028  m.  X  0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0022  m. 
and  less. 

2420.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.403  m.   Knob, 

0.005  m.  square.     Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.0028  m. 

and  less. 

Discards  of  (b')  :  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  five. 

Class  p.  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  with  more 

develojml  transition  from    rectangular 

part  of  shaft  to  round.     (No  complete 

specimens.) 

(«'.)  Point. 

2421.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.271  m.  Knob, 
0.0027  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0022  ra.  x  0.002  m. 
and  less.  Centre  of  knob,  0.114  m.  from  point. 
Principal  transition  on  this  end.  Plain  but  not 
abrupt.  No  swelling.  On  the  other  side  of 
knob,  gradual  transition. 

(7/.)  Ends. 

2422.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.333  m.  Knob, 
0.0027  m.x 0.0029  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.x 
0.0017  m.  and  less.  Shaft  on  one  side  of  knob 
rectangular  to  end  (0.06  m.  from  centre  of 
knob).  On  the  other  side,  plain  transition  to 
round  at  0.14  m.  from  centre  of  knob. 

2423.  Uncleaned.     Length,  0.30  m.    Knob, 


i 


i  'I 
!( 


306 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS  307 


square. 


Form  3.  Knob  two  convex  or  straight 
surfaces  with  rounded  sides  which 
meet  with  or  without  forming  an 
ANGLE.    Shaft  cut  down  at  either  end 

OF  KNOB,  AND  AT  THESE  POINTS  USUALLY 
EMPHASIZED,  SUCH  EMPHASIS  IN  THE  MORE 
DEVELOPED  SPECIMENS  TAKING  THE  FORM 
OF  ONE  OR  MORE  RINGS. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  sharp  distinctions  be- 
tween tlie  specimens  of  greater  and  less  degree 
of  development,  it  seems  best  to  group  all  the 
Knob,  0.0022  m.  x  0.002  m.     Shaft,     examples  together  according  to  the  degree  of 

development  of  the  knob  and  its  appurtenances. 
Class   a.   Shaft    partly    rectamjular    and 
jiartly  round,  the  part  next  to  knob  being 
rectanyidar. 

(«'.)  Ends  pointed. 

2437.  Uucleaned.   Length,  0.0325  m.   Knob, 

0.003  m.     Shaft,  0.0014  m.  x  0.0018  m.  at  knob, 

elsewhere  less.     Centre  of  knob  to  one  })oint, 

0.195  m.     Transitions  gradual,  that  on  short 

Knob,     end  being  the  more  marked. 

243a  Bent.  Length,  0.127  m.  Knob,  0.0025 
m.  Shaft,  0.0018  m.x  0.0023  m.  Centre  of 
knob  from  one  point,  0.0835  m.  Transition 
gradual.     Short  end  rectangular  to  point. 

2439.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.467  m.  Knob, 
0.0034  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.x  0.0018  m.  Centre 
of  knob  to  nearest  end,  0.12  ni.  Transitions 
gradual. 

2440.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
blunted.  Length,  0.401  m.  Knob,  0.0057  m. 
Shaft,  0.0022  m.  x  0.0023  m.  Centre  of  knob 
to  one  end,  0.227  m.  Transition  on  this  side 
plainly  marked.  The  other  side  is  rectangular 
to  within  0.031  m.  of  end. 

2440  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.133  m. 
Knob,  0.0055  m.  Shaft,  0.0027  m.  x  0.003  m. 
and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  nearest  end,  0.051 
m.     This  end  rectangidar. 

(6'.)  Points  (enough  of  shaft  pre- 
served to  render  one-knob  type 
certain). 

Slightly  develojjed,  oblong  knobs. 
244L  Roughly    coiled.     Length,    0.438    m. 
Knob,  0.0035  m.    Shaft,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.088  m.    Transitions 


0.0038  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0028  ra.  x  0.003  m. 
and  less.  Short  portion  at  one  end  entirely  rec- 
tangular. On  the  other  side,  plain  but  easy 
transition  at  O.OG  m.  from  centre  of  knob. 

2424.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.203  m.  Knob, 
0.0038  m.x  0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  and 
less.     Gradual  transitions. 

Clans  y.  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  with  rec- 
tuMjular  part  partially  twisted. 
Point. 

2425.  Uncleaned.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.222  m 

0,0016  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob,  0.15  m. 
from  jKjint.  Gradual  transition.  Shaft  mostly 
twisted  on  both  sides  of  knob. 

Class  S.  Shaft  rectanr/idar. 
Only  pointed  ends. 

2426.  Probably  about  complete.  Length, 
0.080  m.  Knob,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0007  ra.  Shaft, 
0.002  m.  X  0.0007  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to 
one  end,  0.065  m.  Both  ends  dull.  Color  reddish. 

2427.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.155  m. 
0.0025  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0017  m. 
Centre  of  knob  to  one  end,  0.0735  m. 

The  following  are  incomplete. 
(«'.)  Points. 

2428.  Length,  0.455  m.  Knob,  0.002  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.0013  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  jwint,  0.40  m. 

2429.  Xearly  complete.  Length,  0.112  m. 
Knob,  0.002  m.  x  0.0017  m.  Shaft,  0.0016  m.  x 
0.0015  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  point, 
0.082  m. 

243a  Length,  0.108  m.     Knob,  0.0025  m.  x 
0.0024  m.    Shaft  0.0015  m.  x  0.0017  m.   Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.0027  m. 
(&'.)  Both  ends  lacking. 
2431.  Uncleaned.     Length,  0.142  m.     Knob, 

Shaft,  0.001  m.  and  less. 
Length,  0.097  m.  Knob, 
Shaft,  0.0012  m.  square 


Length,  0.099  ni.    Knob, 
Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0017 


0.0016  m.  X  0.0017  m. 

2432.  Uncleaned. 
0.003  m.  X  0.0022  m. 
and  less. 

2433.  Uncleaned. 
0.0025  m.  X  0.0022  m. 
m.  and  less. 

2434.  Length,  0.104  m.     Knob,  0.0034  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  ra.  square  and  less. 

2435i  Length,  0.207  m.     Knob,  0.0055  m.  x 
0.005  ra.     Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0038  m.  and  less. 

The  following  nuraber  is  more  developed. 

2436.  Uncleaned.    Length,  0.153  m.    Knob, 
0.0035  m.  X  0.0033  ra.    Shaft,  0.0024  m.  square. 

Discards  of  (/>')  :  uucleaued,  four. 


gradual. 

2442.  Uncleaned.  Light  green  patina. 
Length,  0.422  m.  Knob,  0.0045  m.  Shaft, 
0.0025x0.0023  m.  Centre  of  knob  to  point, 
0.14  ra.  Transitions  gradual,  that  on  long  end 
being  the  more  plainly  marked. 


2443i  From  south    slope.      Bent.      Length, 
0.254  m.    Knob,  0.0045  m.     Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x 
0.0024  m.  at  knob,  elsewhere  less.     Centre  of 
knob  to  point,  0.167  ra. 

2444.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.39  ra.  Knob, 
0.006  ra.  Shaft,  0.0035  ra.  square  near  knob, 
elsewhere  less.  Transition  gradual,  but  prepared 
for  by  slight  increase  in  thickness  of  shaft. 

2444  a.  Uncleaned.  Length, 0.375  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.0019  ra.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.131  m.  Transitions 
gradual,  but  that  on  short  end  accompanied  by 
slight  swelling  of  shaft. 

Discards  similar  to  above :  uncleaned,  two. 

The  following  have  more  develoijed  knobs, 
with  a  tendency  to  diminish  their  length. 

2445.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.435  m. 
Knob,  0.0028  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m.  (at  knob, 
0.0018  m.).  Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.12  m. 
Transitions  gradual,  that  on  short  end  being  pre- 
ceded by  slight  swelling  of  shaft. 

2246.  Length,  0.222  ra.  Knob,  0.0035  m. 
Shaft,  0.002  ra.  square  (at  principal  transition), 
elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.118  ra. 
Transition  gradual,  but  preceded  by  above  swell- 
ing.    The  other  transition  is  gradual. 

2447.  Length,  0.208  ra.  Knob,  0.004  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  ra.  square  and  less.  Short  end  of 
shaft  rectangular,  long  end  has  gradual  transi- 
tion.    Centre  of  knob  to  jjoint,  0.176  ra. 

2448.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.305  ra.  Knob, 
0.0075  ra.  Shaft,  0.0025  ra.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  jwint,  0.112  ra.  Transition 
plain,  but  not  abrupt.  From  transition  to  point, 
engraved  screw-threading.  On  other  side  of 
knob,  shaft  has  gradual  transition. 

Discards  similar  to  abate  (Nos.  2445-2448)  :  un- 
cleaned, one. 

(c'.)  Points    which    do    not    include 
enough  of  shaft  to  make  it  certain 
that  there  was  one  knob  only. 
Knob  oblong.     Partially  developed. 

2449.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.42  m.  Knob, 
0.004  ra.  Shaft,  0.002  ra.  x  0.0017  ra.  and  less. 
Transition  grailual. 

2460.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.225  ra.  Knob, 
0.005  ra.  Shaft,  0.0025  ui.  square  and  less. 
Advance<l  transition  with  preliminary  swelling, 
connecting  ring  and  round,  blunt,  ornamented 
terminal  piece,  engraved  with  spread  screw- 
threading.  This  end  is  distant  0.0865  ra.  frora 
centre  of  knob.  On  the  other  side  of  knob, 
gradual  transitions. 


Discards  with  knobs  similar  to  Nos.  244B  f . :  uncleaned, 


one. 


Short  partially  developed  knob,  re- 
sembling ring. 

2451.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.156  ra.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.0025  ra.  x  0.0024  m.  and 
less. 

Short  developed  knobs  with  tendency 
to  angularity. 

2452.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.133  ra.  Knob, 
0.0045  ra.  Shaft,  0.002  ra.  x  0.0025  m.  and 
less.     Gradual  transitions. 

2463.  Length,  0.207  ra.  Knob,  0.005  ra. 
Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.003  ra.  and  less.  Short 
end  rectangular,  the  other  has  gradual  transition. 
Zigzag  on  shaft  at  both  sides  of  knob. 

2464.  Length,  0.153  ra.  Knob,  0.0045  m. 
Shaft,  0.002  ra.  x  0.0025  ra.  and  less.  Plain 
but  not  abrupt  transition,  with  slight  increase  in 
thickness  of  shaft. 

2455.  Length,  0.219  ra.  Knob,  0.0085  ra. 
Shaft,  0.0045  ra.  square  and  less.  Preserved 
transition  gradual  but  plain. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2452  ft.)  :  uncleaned, 
seven. 

(</'.)  Complete  pieces  with  blunt  ends. 
Developed  knobs. 

2466.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.3275  m.  Knob, 
0.0055  ra.  Shaft,  0.0027  ra.  x  0.0029  m.  at 
knob  and  main  transition,  elsewhere  less.  Ends 
plain,  but  one  is  preceded  by  a  groove.  Diame- 
ter, 0.0017  ra.  Distance  frora  centre  of  knob, 
0.181  ra.  Transition  plain  but  not  abrupt.  The 
other  transition  is  gradual. 

(e'.)  Blunt  end  with  insufficient  shaft 
to  raake  certain  that  there  was  one 
knob  only. 

2457.  Length,  0.249  m.  Knob,  0.009  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square  and  less.  Preserved 
transition  plain  but  gradual. 

2467  a.  Length,  0.3855  m.  Knob,  0.01  ra. 
At  either  side,  ring.  Shaft,  0.0038  m.  square  and 
less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.231  ra.  Groove 
at  end.     Gradual  transitions. 

2457  b.  Condition  poor.  One  rivet  lost. 
Length,  0.114  m.  Knob,  0.0095  ra.  Shaft, 
0.0075  ra.  X  0.008  m.  at  knob,  elsewhere  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.0895  ra.  Transition 
plain  but  not  abrupt.  Marked  with  two  (or  per- 
haps three)  grooves.  Groove  at  end,  forraing 
sort  of  cap.  This  end  of  shaft  spliced  with 
blade  0.036  ra.  in  length  and  0.0035  m.-O.OOl  ra. 
in  thickness,  which  is  inserted  and  held  by  two 


Ij 


I 


i^aa 


308 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


309 


rivets.     Possibly  not  a  spit,  but  formally  sim- 
ilar. 
Discards  of  (e')  :  one,  uucleaned. 

(/'.)  Ornamented  blunt  end  with  ad- 
vanced transition. 

2458.  Nearly  complete.  Length,  0.265  m. 
Knob,  0.006  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0035  m.  and 
less.  Centre  of  knob  to  short  end,  0.069  m. 
Transition  accompanied  by  increase  in  thickness 
and  by  disk-ring.  Terminal  piece  ornamented 
with  screw-threading  and  a  convex  surface.  On 
the  other  side  of  knob,  gradual  transition.  Might 
be  taken  as  a  straight  pin  of  Type  k.  Seems 
better  to  regard  it  as  a  mixed  or  transitional 
form  midway  between  pin  and  spit,  the  solid  disk 
corresponding  to  the  separable  disk  still  pre- 
served on  certain  spits,  e.  g.  in  the  Carapanos 
collection  (from  Dodona.) 

(«/'.)  Ornamented  blunt  end  with  ad- 
vanced transition.  (Original  length 
and  number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2459.  Uucleaned.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Knob, 
0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  preserved  end,  0.06  m. 
Transition  followed  by  terminal  piece  with  screw- 
threading. 

2460.  Uucleaned.  Length,  0.0915  m.  Knob, 
0.008  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.035  m.  at  transi- 
tion, elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end, 
0.0705  m.  Ring  at  transition.  Just  before 
end,  convex  surface. 

2461.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.067  m.  Knob, 
0.0075  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  end,  0.0455  m.  Short  tenninal  end 
ornamented  with  convex  surfaces  and  screw- 
threading. 

2462.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1535  m.  Knob, 
0.008  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.1435  m.  Ring  at 
transition.  Round  part  of  end  covered  with  fine 
threading. 

Discard  of  (^')  :  uncleaned,  two. 

(A'.)  Similar  to  (7'),  but  with  terminal 

more   developed.      (In    no  case   is 

original  number  of  knobs  certain.) 

246a  Length,  0.097   m.     Knob,   0.0105  m. 

Slijrht   ring  at   either   side.      Shaft,   0.005  m. 

square  at  transition,  elsewhere  less.     Centre  of 

knob  to  end,  0.079  m.     Ring  after  transition. 

(*'.)  Similar  to  (h'),  but  with  highly 
developed  mass  of  rings  taking  the 
place  of  transition.  (Original  num- 
ber of  knobs  uncertain.) 


2464.  Length,  0.071  m.  Knob,  0.012  m.  At 
either  side,  two  rings.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.0675  m.  Sides  of  rec- 
tangular part  of  shaft  ornamented  with  zigzag 
frameil  in  five  lines. 

Q'.)  Ends  gone.     No  rings  at  side  of 
knob. 

Oblong  rounded  knobs.  (Number 
of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2465.  Uncleaned.  Patinated  light  green. 
Length,  0.211  m.  Knob,  0.0024  m.  Shaft, 
0.0017  m.  square.     Gradual  transition. 

2466.  Uncleanetl.  length,  0.192  m.  Knob, 
0.0034  m.  Shaft,  0.0018  m.  square  and  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

2467.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.295  m.  Knob, 
0.0075  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less. 
Transition  gradual.  Size  of  knob  and  shaft  dis- 
proportionate. 

246a  Length,    0.252   m.     Knob,  0.009    m. 

Shaft,  0.007  m.  square  next  to  knob,  elsewhere 

less.    On  one  side  of  knob,  rectangular  stub ;  on 

the  other,  nearly  complete  long  end  with  gradual 

transition.   Next  to  knob  on  short  end,  five  or  six 

faint  grooves,  beyond  which  a  few  circles.     On 

long  end,  a  single  groove,  after  which  faint  circles, 

of  which  some  are  dotted,  others  crossed,  and  the 

remainder  plain. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2465  ff.) :  uncleaned, 
ten. 

Short  rounded  knobs. 

2469.  Uncleanetl.  length,  0.158  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  square  and  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

2470.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.32  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Xos.  2468  f.)  :  uncleaned, 
one. 

Oblong  knobs,  the  sides  of  which, 
convex  or  straight,  meet  at  a  sharp 
or  slightly  rounded  angle. 

2471.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.12  m.  Knob, 
0.0038  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  square  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less.     Gradual  transition. 

2472.  Length,  0.09  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and  less.  Transition 
plain  but  gradual. 

2473.  Length,  0.132  m.  Knob,  0.0057  m. 
Shaft  0.003  m.  square  and  less.  Transition 
gradual. 

2474.  Length,  0.181  m.  Knob,  0.007  m. 
Shaft,  0.0037  m.  square  at  knob,  elsewhere  less. 


Gradual  transition  emphasized  by  two  grooves. 
Rectangular  part  ornamented  with  broad  undu- 
lating zigzag. 

2475.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.301  m.  Knob,  0.008  m.  Shaft,  0.0038  m. 
square  at  knob,  elsewhere  less.  Transition, 
gi-ooves,  and  zigzag  as  in  No.  2474. 

2476.  length,  0.366  m.  Knob,  0.008  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Transitions 
gradual. 

Plate  CXXIX. 

2477.  Length,  0.772  m.  Knob,  0.013  m. 
Shaft,  0.0075  m.  x  0.007  m.  and  less.  Gradual 
transition. 

Discards  similar  to  aboee  (Xos.  2471  fif.):  uncleaned, 
twelve. 

Short,  angular  knobs,  similar  to  pre- 
ceding, but  shorter. 

2478.  Length,  0.105  m.  Knob,  0.0034  m. 
Shaft,  0.0018  m.  square  at  kuob,  elsewhere  less. 
Gradual  transition.  Original  number  of  knobs 
uncertain. 

2479.  Bent,  probably  purposely,  into  leaf- 
8ha))ed  design.  Length,  0.395  m.  Length  as 
bent,  0.085  m.  Width,  0.045  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0023  m.  at  kuob,  elsewhere 
less.  Transitions  gradual,  that  on  shorter  end 
being  plainer. 

2480.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.395  m.  Knob, 
0.006  m.  Shaft,  0.0024  m.  square  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less.     Gradual  transition. 

2481.  Length,  0.28  m.  Knob,  0.007  m. 
Shaft,  0.0048  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 

2482.  Length,  0.085  m.  Knob,  0.0127  m. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  stpiare  at  knob,  0.007  m.  at 
transition,  elsewhere  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2478  ff.):  uncleaned, 
nineteen. 

(X;'.)  Ends  gone.  Shaft  has  raised  rings 
adjoining  knob. 

Rounded  knobs  with  single  ring  at 
either  side. 
The  following  may  also  be  regarded  as  straight 
pins  of  Type  k.     Cf.  No.  2458. 

248a  Length,  0.077  m.  Knob,  0.0125  m. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0039  m.  and  less.  Plain, 
slightly  abrupt  transition  preceded  by  three  en- 
graved lines.  On  same  side  (that  of  which  the 
more  is  preserved),  zigzag  in  frame.  Traces  of 
aigzag  also  on  other  side.  Uncertain  how  many 
knobs  originally. 

The  following  two  are  of  doubtful  classification. 
2484.  Length,  0.219  m.  Knob,  0.01  m.  Shaft, 


0.003  m.  X  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Short  end  termi- 
nates in  convex  surface  and  cap.  On  longer  side, 
gradual  transition.    Probably  had  only  one  knob. 

248a  Length,  0.117  m.  Knob,  0.0095  m. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square  and  less.  On  one  side 
of  knob,  ornamented  terminal  end,  on  the  other, 
rather  abrupt  transition.  Traces  of  fine  zigzag 
on  shaft  at  either  side  of  knob.  Probably  sub- 
stantially complete. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2483:  cleaned,  one;  uucleaned, 
thirteen.  Similar  to  No.  2485:  uucleaned,  one.  Number 
of  knobs  in  no  case  certain.  Majority  probably  Lad  but 
one  knob. 

Rounded  knob  with  double  ring  at 
either  side.  (Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain.) 

2486.  Length,  0.16  m.  Knob,  0.011  m.  At 
either  side,  grooved  ring.  On  one  side  of  knob, 
short  stub  (0.007  m.  x  0.003  m.),  into  which  was 
inserted  piece  held  by  a  rivet.  On  the  other 
side,  easy  transition  with  one  or  two  grooves. 
Rectangular  part  ornamented  with  double  row  of 
diamond  hatching  inclosed  in  frame.  Belongs 
here  formally,  though  not  certain  that  it  was  a 
spit. 

Angular  knobs,  short  or  slightly 
elongated,  with  a  single  ring  at 
either  side.  (Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain.) 

2487.  Length,  0.171  m.  Knob,  0.0105  m. 
Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  and  less.  On  longer 
preserved  side,  abrupt  transition  with  three  lines 
of  engraving. 

2488.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.38  m. 
Knob,  0.0085  m.  Shaft,  0.0045  m.  x  0.005  m. 
at  knob,  elsewhere  less.  Transition  plain,  but 
gradual. 

2489.  Length,  0.4405  m.  Knob,  0.014  m. 
Shaft,  0.0057  m.  square  and  less.     Transition 

gradual. 

2490.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.1355  m. 
Knob,  0.01  m.  Shaft,  0.0049  m.  square  and 
less.  On  longer  preserved  side,  easy  transition 
emphasized  by  three  rings  engraved  at  beginning 
of  round  part. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2487-2490) :  uncleaned, 


su. 


Oblong  slightly  angular  knobs,  with 
a  single  wide  flat  ring  at  either 
end.  Rings  rectangular.  (Prob- 
ably with  but  one  knob  origi- 
nally.) 
2491.  Length,   0.234  m.     Knob,    0.005   m. 


310 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


311 


Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0031  m.  and  less.  Longer 
preserved  side  has  gradual  transition.  Pi'obable 
traces  of  fine  zigzag  near  knob. 

2492.  Found  probably  at  northeast  comer  of 
main  terrace  near  or  under  Cyclopean  wall  in 
1893.  Length,  0.578  m.  Knob,  0.007  m.  Shaft, 
0.0038  m.  X  0.004  ni.  and  less.  Gradual  tran- 
sitions. On  longer  preserved  side,  thickening  of 
shaft  (centre  from  centre  of  knob,  0.114  ui.)  to 
0.0045  m.  square.  Probably  transitional  to  two- 
knob  type. 

Similar  rings,  but  knobs  are  more 
angular,  and  are  shorter  in  pro- 
portion to  thickness. 

2493b  Length,  0.274  m.  Knob,  0.01  m.  Shaft, 
0.0057  m.  square  and  less.  Preserved  short 
rectangular  stub  on  one  side  of  knob  ornamented 
with  cross  inclosed  at  ends  by  a  single  groove. 
Longer  piece  on  other  side  of  knob  with  gradual 
transition  emphasized  by  three  grooves.  On  this 
side,  cross  inclosed  by  double  grooves  at  ends. 
Uncertain  how  many  knobs  originally. 

Angular  knobs  with  several  rings  at 
sides. 

2494.  Length,  0.222  m.  Knob,  0.0085  m. 
Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less.  On  one  side 
of  knob,  three  rings,  on  the  other,  an  imcertnin 
number  and  gradual  transition.  Could  be  re- 
garded as  a  straight  pin  of  T3rpe  k.  Uncertain 
how  many  knobs  originally. 

2495l  Length,  0.273  m.  Knob,  0.0155  m. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  and  less.  Single  ring  at 
each  side  of  knob.  On  one  side,  coarse  zigzag, 
on  the  other,  gradual  transition,  with  four  grooves 
immediately  prece<ling.  Between  knob  and  tran- 
sition, another  group  of  about  four  similar 
grooves. 

Irregularly  rounded  rather  flat  knob 
with  block-like  rings,  partially 
grooved,  at  either  side. 

2496.  Length,  0.155  m.  Knob,  0.007  m. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.004  m.  at  transition,  else- 
where less.     Transition  rapid,  but  not  abiiipt. 

Addendum  to  Class  a.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
the  following  was  not  a  straight  pin. 

2497.  Length,  0.166  m.  Knob,  0.0105  m. 
Shaft,  0.0026  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less.  On  longer 
stub,  gradual  transition,  marked  by  one  or  two 
grt)oves.  Rectangle  ornamented  with  zigzag  of 
bent  lines. 

Clann  p.   Shaft  rectanfjnlur  on  both  sides 
of  knob.     Lonf/  end  partly  tainted. 
The  following  two  numbers,  being  ends  and 


nearly  complete,  include  also  a  rounded  portion 
beyond  rectangle  (or  twisted  rectangle).  An- 
gular knobs. 

(a'.)  Pointed  end. 
249a  From  West  Building.   Length,  0.42  m. 
Knob,  0.0064  m.     Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  m. 
and  less.     Centre  of  knob  from  point,  0.082  m. 
Transition  gradual. 

(6'.)  Blunt  end. 

2499.  Uncleaued.  Length,  0.401  m.  Knob, 
0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.0035  m.  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.158  m. 
Slight  cap  at  end.     Gradual  transitions. 

Discarth  :  iincleaned,  three.  These  have  no  ends  pre- 
served, and,  probably  in  consequence  thereof,  no  round  part. 

Class  y.  ahaft  rectantjuhir.     {Jn  no  case 
is  ot-iffinal  number  (tf  knobs  certain.^ 
(«'.)  Points. 

Oblong  roundetl  knob.     No  rings. 

2500.  Uncleane<1.  Length,  0.257  m.  Knob, 
0.0037  m.  Shaft,  0.0019  m.  x  0.0022  ni.  and 
less.     Centre  of  knob  to  )x)int,  0.13  m. 

2501.  Length,  0.101  m.  Knob,  0.0037  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0027  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.09  ra. 

Similar,  but  with  shorter  knob. 

2502.  Length,  0.128  m.  Knob,  0.0039  m. 
Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.028  m.  and  less.  Centre  of 
knob  to  point,  0.113  m. 

Similar,  but  with  angular  knob. 

2503.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.186  m.  Knob, 
0.0075  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.087  m. 

Discard  similar  to  above  (No.  2503):    uncleaned,  one. 

(6'.)  Blade  end.      (Original   number 
of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2504.  Uncleaned.  Length.  0.141  m.  Knob, 
0.005  m.  Nearly  rectangular.  Shaft,  0.003  m. 
and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end  of  blade, 
0.048  m.     Width  of  blade,  0.0055  m. 

The  following  doubtful  piece  is  put  here  for 
convenience. 

2505.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.065  m.  Knob, 
0.0135  m.  Shaft,  0.0048  m.  x  0.0045  m.  Centre 
of  knob  to  edge  of  blade,  0.0585  m.  On  same 
side  next  to  knob,  ring  rising  abruptly  from 
shaft,  perhaps  transitional  to  Form  4.  Width 
of  blade,  0.0095  m. 

(c'.)  Ends  gone.     Shaft  plain  at  ends 
of  knob. 
Rounded  knobs.     Oblong. 

2506.  length,  0.042  m.  Knob,  0.0027  m. 
Shaft,  0.0015  m.  square  and  less. 


2606  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.143  m.  Knob, 
0.0036  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0018  m.  and  less 
except  at  0.11  m.  from  knob,  where  it  swells  to 
0.002  m.  X  0.0025  m.,  probably  to  mark  the  com- 
mencement of  a  terminal  end.  This  piece  is 
somewhat  doubtful. 

2507.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.114  m.  Knob, 
0.003  ra.    Shaft,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0027  m.  and  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2506  ff.):  uncleaned,  two. 

Rounded  knobs.     Short. 

2508.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.057  m.  Knob, 
0.002  m.     Shaft,  0.0018  m.  square  and  less. 

2509.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.057  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.     Shaft,  0.0027  m.  and  less. 

2510.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.2105  m.  Knob, 
0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  next  to 
knob,  elsewhere  less. 

Discards  similar  to  al>ove  (Xos.  2508  f.):  uncleaned,  two. 

Angular  oblong  knobs. 
2611.  Length,  0.1125  m.     Knob,  0.0037  m. 
Shaft,  0.0016  m.  x  0.002  m.  and  less. 

2512.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.0023  m.x  0.0025  m.  and 
less. 

2513.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.109  m.  Knob, 
0.0045  m.  Sliaft,  0.0018  m.x 0.0025  m.  and 
less. 

2514.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.118  m.  Knob, 
0.006  m.  Shaft,  0.0022  m.  x  0.0024  m.  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less. 

2515t  Length,  0.066  m.  Knob,  0.008  m. 
Shaft,  0.0038  m.  square  and  less.  Longer  pre- 
served side  has  zigzag  of  bent  lines.  Could  be 
put  under  Class  a  (because  of  softening  of  cor- 
ners as  though  for  gradual  transition),  or  imder 
straight  pins  of  T]rpe  k. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2611  flf.):  uncleaned, 
ten. 

Angular  knobs.     Shorter. 

2616.  length,  0.091  m.  Knob,  0.0037  m. 
Shaft,  0.0023  m.  square  at  knob,  elsewhere  less. 

2517.  Length,  0.1275  m.  Knob,  0.0037  m. 
Shaft,  0.0022  m.  square  and  less.  Traces  of 
zigzag  on  longer  prcocrved  end  near  knob. 

2518.  Length,  0.0975  m.  Knob,  0.0027  m. 
Shaft,  0.0022  m.  stjuare  at  knob,  elsewhere  about 
half  as  large. 

2519.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.169  m.  Knob, 
0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0019  m.  and 
less. 

2520.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.188  m.  Knob, 
0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.0025  m.  and 
less. 


2521.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.16  m.  Knob, 
0.007  m.     Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less. 

2522.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.069  m.  Knob, 
0.095  ra.  Shaft,  0.0039  ra.  x  0.004  m.  Orna- 
mented. Short  stub  has  on  all  sides  dot  in 
circle,  preceded  by  single  engraved  line  next  to 
knob,  followed  by  zigzag.  On  long  stub,  single 
line  next  to  knob,  followed  by  row  of  dots  in 
circles  and  dot  in  double  circles. 

252a  Length,  0.162  ra.  Knob,  0.01  m. 
Shaft,  0.0052  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 

2524.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knob, 
0.01  m.     Shaft,  0.0032  m.  square  and  less. 

2625.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.221  m.  Knob, 
0.01  m.    Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m.  and  less. 

2526.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.123  m.  Knob 
0.009  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0042  m.  and  less. 
Advanced  transition.  Followed  by  short,  round 
stub  (diameter,  0.003  m.).  Traces  of  zigzag 
ornament. 

2527.  Length,  0.11  m.  Knob,  0.013  m. 
Shaft,  0.0075  m.  square  and  less.  Shorter  stub 
has  broken  round  surface  at  end,  hence  there 
were  probably  more  knobs  than  one.  Large 
zigzag  of  bent  lines  at  both  sides  of  knob. 

Discards  similar  to  altove  (Nos.  2516  ff.):  cleaned,  one; 
uncleaned,  twenty-seven. 

((/'.)  Ends  gone.     A  single  ring  at 
each  end  of  knob. 

Rounded  knobs.  Knobs  are  oblate 
or  nearly  spherical,  but  with  pear- 
like flattening  of  sides  toward 
poles. 

2528.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.084  m.  Knob, 
0.013  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  square  and  less. 
Probably  advanced  transition  on  longer  stub. 

2529.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0545  m.  Knob, 
0.013  m.  Knob  and  attachments  transitional 
to  Form  5. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (No.  2528) :  uncleaned,  five. 
Angular  knobs.     Short. 

2530.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.13  m.  Knob, 
0.007  m.     Shaft,  0.0032  m.  x  0.003  m. 

253L  Length,  0.106  m.  Knob,  0.012  ra. 
Shaft,  0.0055  ra.  x  0.006  m.  and  less. 

2532.  Length,  0.044  m.  Knob,  0.0135  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  x  0.005  m. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2530  ff.):  uncleaned, 
four. 

Class  8.  Shaft  round  next  to  knob. 

(a'.)  Ends  gone.    A  single  light  round 
rinsr  at  either  side  of  knob. 
Rounded  knob. 


312 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


313 


253a  From  West  Buikling.  Length,  O.IOG  m. 
Knob,  0.011  ra.    Shaft,  0.003  n».  x  0.0034  m. 
(6'.)  One  end  with  blade,  the  other 
gone.   A  single  heavy  round  ring  at 
either  side  of  knob. 
Oblong  slightly  develo|)ed  knob  re- 
sembling rather  a  simple  convex 
surface. 

2534.  Length,  0.43  m.      Knob,  0.008  m.  x 
0.007  m.     Shaft,  0.0005  m.  at  knob,  elsewliere 
less.     Centre  of  knob  to  edge  of  blade,  0.28G  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.004  m. 

Form  4.  Similar    to  Form  3,  but  swell- 
ing OF  SIDES  IS   RECTANGULAR.   FoRM  4  IS 

TO  Form  2  as  Form  3  is  to  Form  1.  (No 
ends  preserved.) 

Cftii<t(  a.   Shaft  rectantjular  ami  rounds  the 
parts  next  to  knob  heintj  rectanf/ufar. 
(a'.)  Shaft  prominent  at  ends  of  knob, 
but  without  rings. 

2535.  Length,  0.1815  m.    Knob,  0.0027  m.  x 
0.0025  m.    Shaft,  0.0023  m.  and  less.    Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.     Color  reddish. 

(6'.)  One  or  more  rings  at  either  side 
of  knob. 

2536.  ITncleaned.  Length,  0.1515  m.  Knob, 
0.0038  m.  X  0.003  m.  At  either  end,  single  ring. 
Shaft,  0.0034  m.  x  0.003  m.  next  to  ring,  else- 
where less.    L«)nger  stub  has  gradual  transition. 

The  following  piece  is  more  advanced,  and  is 
transitional  to  a  rectangiUar  form  (not  repre- 
sented at  Argos),  that  would  correspond  to 
Form  5  more  closely  than  does  Form  6. 

2537.  Length,  0.132  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less. 
Raised  rectangular  rings,  one  at  one  end  of  knob 
and  two  at  the  other.  Possible  trace  of  zigzag 
of  bent  lines  on  shaft.  Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain. 

C7(/.s8  p.    Shaft   rectanf/ular.      (Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

(«'.)  Shaft  prominent  at  ends  of  knob, 
but  without  rings. 

2538.  Uneleaned.  Length,  0.144  m.  Knob, 
0.0028  m.  X  0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.0022  m.  square 
and  less.   This  piece  probably  had  no  more  knobs. 

(6'.)  A  single  ring  on  shaft  at  either 
end  of  knob. 

2539.  Uneleaned.  Length,  0.119  ra.  Knob, 
0.005  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and 
0.003  m.  square  next  to  knob.  Long  stub  in- 
crases  to  0.0035  m.  x  0.004  m.,  part  of  which  is 
oxidation. 


Form    5.  Similar  to  Form  3  as  regards 

SHAPE  of  knob,  but  THE  RING  ON  SHAFT 
AT  ENDS  OF  KNOB  HAS  NOW  BECOME  AN 
APPENDAGE  TO  THE  KNOB.  KnOB  WITH 
ITS  RINGS  APPEARS  AS  SOMETHING  SEPARATE 
FROM  SHAtT  AND  IN  MOST  CASFJi  IS  A  SEP- 
ARATE PIECE.  (There  are  no  complete 
pieces  and  in  no  case  is  the  original  num- 
ber of  knobs  known.) 
C/«««  o.  Shaft  rertanffular  and  round,  the 
jHtrtif  next  to  knob  bciny  nvtangular. 
Ends  gone. 

2540.  Length,  0.339  m.  Knob,  0.02  ra.  It 
is  short,  with  convex  sides.  It  forms  one  piece 
with  rings,  and  is  jacketed  over  the  shaft.  Shaft, 
0.006  m.  and  less.  Gradual  transition.  Not 
certain  that  this  piece  is  a  spit. 

C7a»»  p.  Shaft  {mo  far  a»  preserved)  rec- 
tangnlar. 
(a'.)  Point. 

2541.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knob,  0.016  m. 
With  rings  forms  one  piece  which  is  jacketed 
on  over  shaft.  Shaft,  0.004x0.0043  m.  and 
less. 

(i'.)  Ends  gone. 

2542.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Knob,  0.016  ni. 
With  its  rings  forms  a  separate  piece  which  is 
jacketed  on.  Shaft,  0.007  ra.  x  0.0075  m.  At 
short  end  traces  of  round  stub,  0.0005  m.  in 
diameter. 

254a  Length,    0.184  m.     Knob,    0.015  nu 

Uncertain  whether  it  forms  a  separate  piece. 

Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square. 

Discardi  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2542  ff.):  aucleaned, 
three. 

Form    6.    Advanced   rectangular  knob 

WITHOUT    rings.        KnOB    RISES    SHARPLY 
FROM    SHAtT,   WITH    WHICH    IT  FORMS   ONE 

PIECE.     (No  complete  pieces.) 
Shaft  i-ectangular  (so  far  as  preserved). 
Ends  gone. 
Knob  plain. 

2544.  Uneleaned.  Length,  0.13  m.  Knob, 
0.0041  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.003  m. 
Original  numlwr  of  knobs  imcertain. 

Knob  oi'namented. 

2545.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.139  m. 
Knob,  0.006  m.  square.  Three  fine  lines  across 
each  end  inclosing  cross,  on  all  four  sides.  Line 
of  cross  double  in  two  places.  On  one  side,  fine 
lines  along  long  edges,  one  on  each  edge.  Shaft, 
0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Probably  but  one 
knob. 


Form  7.    Similar  to  Form  6,  but  knob 
is  divided  by  broad  groove  in  centre 

WITH  SLOPING  SIDES.  EnDS  FALL  SHARPLY. 
In  spite  OF  DIVISION  IS  ESSENTIALLY  ONE 
KNOB. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round,  the  parts  next 
to  knob  being  rectangular. 
Only  one  piece,  the  ends  of  which  are 

gone,  but  which  probably  had  but  one 

knob. 

2546.  Length,  0.537  ra.  Length  of  knob, 
0.0095  m.  + 0.0085  ra.  Sides,  about  0.0055  ra. 
Miuare.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  ra.  and  less. 
Gradual  transitions. 

Type  c.  Two  knobs. 
Form   1.    Knob  a  thickening  of  shaft. 
Sides  of  knob  round. 
Shaft  i-ectangular  and  round,  the  parts  next 
to  and  between  knobs  being  rectangular. 
Only  one  specimen,  and  that  with  both 
ends  gone. 

2547.  Uncleanetl.  Length,  0.257  m.  Knobs, 
0.007  ra.  Centre  to  centre,  0.05  ra.  Shaft, 
0.003  ra.  X  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Gradual  transi- 
tion with  slight  thickening  of  shaft  on  mixed  end. 

Form  2.  Knob   a  thickening  of  shaft. 
Sides  of  knob  rectangular. 
ClasH  a.  Shaft  reetangular  and  round,  the 
jHtrtit  next  to  and  between  knobs  being 
rectangular. 

lioth  ends  gone. 

2548.  Uncleane<l.  Length,  0.314  m.  Knobs, 
0.0035  m.  square.  Centres,  0.018  m.  apart. 
Shaft,  0.0024  ra.  square  and  less.  One  stub 
rectangular,  the  other  has  gradual  transition 
with  swelling. 

Class  fi.  Shaft  rectangular. 
Both  ends  gone. 

2549.  Uneleaned.  Length,  0.193  m.  Knobs, 
about  0.005  ra.  square.  Centres,  0.034  m.  apart. 
Shaft,  0.0028  ra.  square.  Longer  stub  is  slightly 
twisted  and  has  trace  of  zigzag. 

Class  y.  Shaft     between     arid    adjoining 
knobs  nearly  elliptical  (i.  e.  rectangular 
with  rounded  angles),  but  toward  jwint 
becomes  somewhat  more  rounded. 
Point. 

2550.  Uneleaned.  Length,  0.16  ra.  Knobs, 
0.003  ra.  X  0.0027  m.  Centres,  0.016  m.  apart. 
Shaft,  0.0025  ra.x  0.002  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  nearest  knob  to  jwint,  0.13  m. 

*  Developed  specimen  with  advanced  terminal  end  from 


Form  3.  Sides  of  shaft  incut  at  ends 
OF    knobs,   which    are    convex,  with 

ROUNDED  SIDES.      EnDS  OF  SHAFT  ADJOIN- 
ING knobs  TEND  TO  INCREASE  IN  EMPHASIS. 

Corresponds  to  Type  b,  Form  3. 
Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round,  the 
parts  near  to  and  between  knobs  being 
rectangular}     (No  complete  pieces.) 
(a'.)  Point. 
Plate  CXXX. 

255L  Length,  0.611  m.     Knobs,  0.009  m. 
Distance  apart,  0.026  m.     Shaft,  0.0046  m.x 
0.005   m.      Centre  of   nearest   knob   to  point, 
0.086  ra.    At  either  end  of  each  knob,  raised  flat 
rectangular  ring.     Transitions  gradual. 

(6'.)  Pi'eserved  end  plain  and  blunt. 
No  cap. 

Larger  and  more  developed  knob 
near  more  advanced  transition. 
2552.  Length,  0.405  m.     Knobs,  0.006  m.- 
0.009  m.      Distance   apart,  0.0185  m.     Shaft, 
0.004  m.  square  and  less  except  at  transition, 
which  is  0.005  ra.  x  0.004  m.    Gradual  transition. 
Knobs   of   same   size,   but  original 
number  uncertain. 
255a  Length,   0.423  m.      Knobs,  0.014  m. 
Shaft,  0.0065  ra.  square  and  less  except  at  tran- 
sition, which  is  0.008  m.  square.     Nearest  knob 
to  end,  0.299  m.   Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangular 
part  of  shaft. 

(c'.)  Preserved  end  plain  and  blunt, 
but  with  cap. 

Low  rounded  knobs  with  a  single 
ring  at  either  side  of  each.  (Origi- 
nal number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2554.  Length,  0.415  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m. 
Distance  apart,  0.064  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  near 
knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end, 
0.303  ra.     Gradual  transition. 

Rounded  knobs  with  a  single  ring  at 
either  side  of  each.  (Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2555.  Length,  0.417  m.  Knobs,  0.014  m. 
Distance  apart  (between  rings),  0.071  m.  Shaft, 
0.006  m.  square  near  knobs,  elsewhere  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

Developed  angular  knobs  with  sev- 
eral rings  at  either  side  of  each. 
(Original  number  of  knobs  un- 
certain, but  probably  not  less  than 
three.) 

Tegea  {Mitth.  V.  p.  67,  pi.  iv.  a  [Milchbofer]).     Mov- 
able disk  at  beginning  of  long  end. 


314 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


315 


2556.  Length,  0.293  m.  Knobs,  0.0145  m. 
Interspace,  0.024  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  in.  square 
at  knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Shorter  stub  has  four 
rings  next  to  knob  and  four  at  break.  Longer 
stub  has  four  next  to  knob  and  five  at  transition. 
Between  knobs,  three  and  five.  Transition  plain, 
but  not  abrupt.     Nearest  knob  to  end,  0.203  m. 

((/'.)  Preserved  end  a  plain  round  ter- 
minal piece,  uncertain  whether  with 
cap. 

Hounded  knobs  with  grooved  ring 
at  either  side. 

2557.  Length,  0.29  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m. 
Interspace,  0.073  in.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  x  0.006  m. 
and  less.  Transition  rapid,  but  not  abrupt. 
Length  of  terminal,  0.075  m. 

(c'.)  Both  ends  gone. 

Rounded  knobs  with  a  single  ring 

at  either  side  of  each.     (Original 

number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

255a  Length,  0.383  m.     Knobs,  0.0125  m. 

Intei-space,  0.07  m.    Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  near 

knobs,  elsewhere  less.     Gradual  transition. 

Oblong  angular  knobs.     No  rings. 

2559.  Length,  0.22  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m.  In- 
terspace, 0.035  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square  and 
less.     Transition  plain  but  gradual. 

2560.  Length,  0.226  m.  Knobs,  about  0.01  m. 
Transition  followed  by  terminal,  the  beginning 
of  which  is  rectangular,  the  remainder  round. 
Probably  no  more  knobs  originally. 

Discard  similar  to  above :  uncleaned,  one. 

Short  angular  knobs.     No  rings. 

2561.  Length,  0.321  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m. 
Interspace,  0.037  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m.  square 
and  less.     Probably  no  more  knobs  originally. 

2662.  Length,  0.365  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m. 
Interval,  0.02  m.  Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square  and 
less.  Gradual  transition.  Probably  no  more 
knobs  originally. 

256a  Length,  0.171  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m.  x 
0.015  m.  Interval,  0.042  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m.  x 
0.0065  m.  and  less.     Short  terminal. 

Addenda  to  ChiKu  a.  Fragments  with  knobs 
of  unequal  size.  Probable  that  nearly  all  had 
originally  three  knobs,  but  the  case  of  No.  2552 
makes  it  preferable  to  put  them  here.  Arrange- 
ment from  rounded  to  angular  knobs. 

2564.  Length,  0.157  m.  Knobs,  0.013  m. 
and  0.008  m.  Interspace,  0.021  m.  Advanced 
transition  (on  side  of  smaller  knob)  followed  by 
round  ornamented  terminal  (length,  0.039  m.), 
beginning  with  disk. 


2566.  Length,  0.115  m.  Knobs,  0.011  m., 
0.007  m.,  the  smaller  being  towartl  transition. 
Interspace,  0.014  m.  Advanced  transition  fol- 
lowed by  ornamented  terminal  piece  beginning 
with  disk  as  in  No.  2564.  Length,  0.054  m. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangular  part  of  shaft, 
on  all  four  sides. 

2666.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.157  m.  Knobs, 
0.014  m.  and  0.0095  m.,  the  smaller  being  to- 
ward transition.  Interspace,  0.017  m.  Advance<l 
transition  followed  by  round  part,  after  which 
secondary  ti-ansition  and  round  terminal,  of  which 
length,  0.057  m. 

The  fact  that  the  smaller  knob  is,  in  the  above 
addenda,  nearer  the  transition  is  without  signif- 
icance in  those  cases  in  which  it  was  balanced 
by  a  similar  smaller  knob  on  the  other  side  of 
larger  knob. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Noe.  2564  ff.):  cleaned,  five; 
uncleaned,  two. 

ClaifS  /8.  licctanf/idai'  shajt.  A»  no  end» 
are  jtretten'ed,  the  majontij  were  jtrobabfy 
of  Class  tt.  (Original  number  of  knobs 
in  no  case  certain.) 

2567.  Length,  0.258  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m.  In- 
terspace, 0.075  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square  at 
knobs,  elsewhere  less. 

2668.  Length,  0.063  m.  Knobs,  0.016  m. 
Intei*space,  0.0275  m. ;  at  each  end,  on  all  four 
sides,  two  grooves  (distance  apart,  0.004  m.)  con- 
nected by  diagonal  cross  lines. 

2669.  Length,  0.138  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m. 
and  0.011  m.  Interspace,  0.045  m.  Shaft, 
near  knobs,  0.047  m.  square,  elsewhere  less. 

257a  Length,  0.128  ni.  Knobs,  0.015  m. 
Interspace,  0.037  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  and  less. 
Faint  traces  of  ornament  near  knobs,  ))erhaps 
lines  connected  by  diagonals  as  in  No.  2668,  and 
circles. 

2671.  Length,  0.15  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m.  and 
0.0065  m.  Interspace,  0.025  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m. 
(near  knobs,  elsewhere  less). 

The  following  have  a  single  ring  on  shaft  at 
either  side  of  knobs. 

2672.  Length,  0.152  m.  Knobs,  0.01  ra. 
and  0.011  m.  Interspace,  0.034  m.  Shaft, 
0.006  m.  and  less.  Traces  of  zigzag  between 
knobs. 

257a  Length,  0.113  ra.  Knobs,  0.009  m.  In- 
terval, 0.017  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m. 
near  knobs,  elsewhere  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  8572  f.):  cleaned,  one; 
uncleaned,  four. 


Addenda  to  Class  /3.  Knobs  of  unequal  size. 

(«'.)  Without  rings. 

2674.  Length,  0.086  m.  Knobs,  0.018  m., 
0.009  m.  Interval,  0.0315  in.  On  all  four  sides, 
broad  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2674  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0365  ra. 
Knobs,  0.01  ra.,  0.005  m.  Interval,  0.022  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square.  All  four  sides  occu- 
])ied  with  ornament.  Space  divided  by  vertical 
lines  into  three  sections,  in  each  of  which,  a  di- 
agonal  cross.     Lines   and   crosses   struck  with 

chisel. 

Discard  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2674  f.):  one. 

(6'.)  One  or  more  rings  next  to  each  end  of 
knobs. 

2676.  Length,  0.055  m.  Knobs,  0.022  m.  and 
0.01  m.  Interval,  0.013  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m. 
s(juare.     Single  plain  rings. 

2676.  From  West  Building.  Length, 0.089  m. 
Knobs,  0.007  ra.  and  0.008  ni.,  larger  knob  being 
toward  transition.  Interspace,  0.0115  ra.  Shaft 
near  knobs,  0.0042  ra.,  0.0045  m.  Advanced 
transition  which  was  followed  l>y  disk  and  ter- 
minal end. 

2577.  Length,  0.076  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m.  and 
0.013  ra.  Interval,  0.0115  m.  Shaft,  0.004  ra. 
square.    Single  rings. 

2678.  Length,  0.096  m.  Knobs,  0.0115  ra.  and 
0.005  ra.  Interval,  0.011  ra.  Shaft,  0.003  m. 
square.  Three  rings  outside  large  knob,  else- 
where two.  Between  large  knob  and  transition, 
framed  zigzag.  Portion  between  small  knob 
and  break  divided  by  two  lines  into  two  sections, 
of  which  the  first  has  framed  zigzag ;  the  second 
is  plain. 

2679.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.04  m.  Knobs, 
0.0125  m.,  0.0095  m.  Interspace,  0.02  ra.  Shaft, 
0.0055  m.  square.  Single  rings.  Stub  of  shaft  on 
side  of  smaller  knob  has  broken  out  hole.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0015  m. 

Discards  of  {b')'.  uncleaned,  six. 

Class  y.  Shaft  rectanf/ular  and  i-ound,  the 
ends  and  the  part  between  knobs  being 
round. 

Both  ends  blunt,  sliorter  end  probably 
complete. 
2580.  Length,  0.322  m.  Knobs,  0.0078  ra. 
Interspace,  0.0115  ra.  Ornamented  w^ith  fine 
parallel  threading.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  at 
knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Shorter  end  has  plain 
but  not  abrupt  transition  to  i*ound.  Longer  end 
has  gradual  transition.  Near  knobs,  zigzag  of 
bent  lines  on  all  four  sides. 


Addendum  to  Class  y.  The  following  could 
also  be  i-egarded  as  straight  pins  of  Type  f. 

2580  a.  Both  ends  incomplete.  Length, 
0.142  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m.,  0.0125  m.  Ring  at 
either  side  of  each.  Interval  between  ring^, 
0.023  ra.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square.  Between 
knobs,  rounded  rectangular  bar  and  outside  larger 
knob,  round  shaft. 

Form  4.  Similar  to  Form  3,  but  swelling 
OF  SIDES  IS  rectangular.  (No  Complete 
specimens.) 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectanf/ular  and  round. 
Both  ends  gone. 

2581.  Length,  0.827  ra.  Knobs,  0.0075  ra.  x 
0.0065  ra.  and  0.007  ra.  square.  Interspace, 
0.251  ra.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x  0.006  m.  near  knobs, 
elsewhere  less.  Smaller  knob  acts  as  transition 
to  following  end,  which  is  round.  Next  to  knobs, 
swelling  of  shaft  but  no  rings. 

Sirailar  but  more  develoi)ed  rectangu- 
lar knol),  with  a  square  ring  at  either 
side  of  knobs. 

2582.  Length,  0.307  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m. 
square.  Interval,  0.0575  ra.  Shaft,  0.0045  m. 
square  and  less.  Direct  but  not  abrupt  transi- 
tion acorapanied  by  slight  thickening  of  shaft. 

Class  p.   Shaft    rectangular   and   round, 
with  secondary  swelling  near  end  as  well 
as  at  transition. 
Ends. 
258a  Length,  0.536  m.    Knobs,  0.0035  m.  x 
0.003    m.      Slightly    developed.       Interspace, 
0.01    m.     Shaft,   0.0027    m.x  0.0025    m.    and 
less.     Plain    but    gentle    transition   to    round. 
Probable  that  this  piece  is  practically  complete. 
2684.  Uncleaned.     Length,  0.25  ra.    Knobs, 
0.0035  ra.  and  0.0033  ra.     Interspace,  0.0225  m. 
Ring  adjoining  each  knob  on  side  toward  ends. 
Shaft,  0.0023  m.  square.     From  middle  of  sec- 
ondary swelling  to  preserved  end,  screw-thread- 
ing. 
Form  5.    Similar  to  Form  3,  but  ring 
at  either  end  of  knob  has  now  become 
an    appendage    to    it.      Cf.    Type  b, 
Form  5. 

Rectangular  shafts.      No    ends    pre- 
served. 
Plate  CXXXI. 

2585.  Length,  0.247  m.  Knobs,  0.014  ra. 
and  0.0135  ra.  Intei-space,  0.062  ra.  Shaft, 
0.005  ra.  square  and  less.  Advanced  transition. 
Knobs  probably  of  same  piece  with  shaft. 

2586.  Length,    0.18   ra.     Knobs,   0.015    m. 


[ 


316 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


317 


Interspace.  0.0665  m.     Shaft.  0.0035  m.  square 
and  less.     Knobs  appear  to  l>e  jacketed  on. 

2587.  Length,  0.384  m.  Knobs,  0.0275  m. 
Interval,  0.057  ni.  Shaft,  0.0083  m.  square  and 
less.  Gradual  transition  on  longer  stub.  Knobs 
perhaps  of  separate  pieces  from  shaft. 

2588.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.234  ni. 
Knobs,  0.023  ni.  and  0.0225  m.  Interspace, 
0.041  m.  Shaft,  O.OOG  m.  square.  Rectangular 
inset  near  end  of  longer  stub  probably  to  pre- 
pare for  transition.  Between  rings  of  each  knob, 
longitudinal  striations.  Knobs  of  separate  pieces 
from  shaft. 

Type  d.  Three  knobs.^ 

Form  1.  Knob  a  simple  swelling  of 
SHAFT.  Sides  of  knob  kect.vngular. 
Knobs  of  this  form  belonging  to 
Type  d  are  more  advanced  than  those 

OF  THE  CORRESPONDING  FORMS  OF  TypeS 
b  .VND  C. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round.   No  com- 
plete pieces. 

2589.  Shorter  end  may  be  complete.  Length, 
0.368  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m.  square.  Interspaces 
(reckoned  from  centres  of  knobs),  0.027  m. 
Shaft,  0.0053  m.  square  and  less.  Centre  of 
nearest  knob  to  end,  0.027  m.  On  long  stub, 
gradual  transition.  On  all  four  sides  along 
knobs,  slightly  wavy  band  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines 
finely  engraved. 

2590.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.331  m. 
Knobs,  0.007  m.  square.  Centres,  0.032  m. 
and  0.029  m.  apart.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square 
and  less.  One  end  round,  with  broad  screw- 
threading,  which  is  not  engraved  but  struck 
with  chisel  in  connecting  sections  of  about  0.002 
m.  in  length.  This  end  preceded  by  rapid  tran- 
sition. Between  knobs,  on  all  four  sides,  broad 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Form  2.  Sides  of  shaft  incut  at  ends 
OF  knobs,  which  are  convex,  with 
rounded  sides.    Portions  of  shaI'T  ad- 

.fOINING   knobs  tend  TO   INCREASE  IN   EM- 
PHASIS.    Cf.  Form  3  of  Types  b  and  c. 
Cfass  a.  UShuft  rertitnfjuhii'  antJ  round. 
Group  i.  Central  knob  larger  than  the 
other  two. 
(<i'.)  Ends. 
259L  Plain  end  probably  about  complete,  the 
other  not.     Length,  0.418  m.     Knobs,  0.01  m., 

'  On  four  spits  of  this  type  in  the  Carapanos  collection 
(from  Dodona),  all  of  which  are  straight,  is  passed  a  disk 
of  analogous  size.     Disk  on  ornamented  end,  and  rests 


0.0135  m.,  0.000  m.  (from  ornamented  end). 
Interspaces,  0.017  m.,  0.016  m.  respectively. 
Shaft,  0.007  m.  square  at  principal  transition, 
elsewhere  less.  One  transition  advanced  and 
followed  by  ornamented  terminal,  the  other  easy 
but  markeil  with  three  lines  of  engraving.  Zig- 
zag of  bent  lines  on  four  sides  of  this  part  of 
rectangle. 

2592.  Length,  0.515  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m.  and 
0.0075  m.  Interspace,  0.022  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m. 
and  less.  Nearest  knob  to  end,  0.40  m.  Grad- 
ual transition.  Broken  end  had  advanced  tran- 
sition and  ornamented  round  terminal.  On 
rectangular  part  of  this  end,  fine  zigzag  of  bent 
lines. 

(6'.)  Both  ends  gone. 

Short  angular  knobs  without  ring  at 
end. 

2593.  Length,  0.298  m.  Knolw,  0.0085  m., 
0.011  m.,  0.0095  in.  (fi*om  direction  of  advanced 
transition).  Interspaces,  0.033  m.  and  0.032  m. 
respectively.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  and  less. 
One  transition  advanceil  (0.075  m.  from  nearest 
knob),  the  other  gradual  (0.104  m.  from  nearest 
knob).  On  rectangular  part,  narrow  zigzag  of 
bent  lines. 

2594.  length,  0.293  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m., 
0.011  n>.,  0.0085  m.  (from  advanced  transition). 
Interspaces,  0.024  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square 
and  less.  One  transition  advanced  (0.098  m. 
from  nearest  knob),  the  other  gradual  (0.07  m. 
from  nearest  knob).  On  rectangular  part,  traces 
of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Discard  similar  to  aboee  (2593  f.):   uncleaned,  one. 

Oblate  rounded  knobs  with  advanced 
ring  at  either  end  of  each  knob. 

2595.  Length,  0.153  m.  Knobs,  0.0135  m. 
and  0.0095  m.  Intervals,  0.02  m.  and  0.0175  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Gradual  tran- 
sitions,  one  at  0.023  m.  from  nearest  knob 
marked  by  three  engraved  lines,  the  other  at 
0.028  m.  from  the  other  small  knob  with  four 
lines.  The  latter  led  to  round  terminal.  On 
all  sides  of  rectangular  part,  narrow  zigzag  of 
bent  lines. 

Ordinary  knobs.  Arrangement  from 
rounded  pear-sha{)ed  sides  to  short 
sides  with  sharp  angles.  Single 
ring  at  end  of  each  knob. 

2596.  Length,  0.318  m.     Knobs,  0.008  m. 


against  square  basis, 
which  is  square. 


Holes  in  disks  round,  except  one 


and  0.012  m.  Intervals,  0.01  m.  and  0.009  m. 
Shaft,  0.005  m.  x  0.0055  m.  at  principal  transi- 
tion, elsewhere  less.  At  0.045  m.  from  nearest 
knob  advanced  transition,  probably  followed  by 
round  terminal.  At  0.032  m.  frani  the  other 
small  knob,  gradual  transition  with  two  engraved 
lines.  Entire  rectangular  part  covered  with  fine 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2597.  Length,  0.18  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.0075  m.  (reckoned  from  principal 
transition).  Interspaces,  0.015  m.  and  0.018  m. 
resiMHJtively.  Shaft,  0.0036  m.  square  and  less, 
except  at  transition,  where  it  is  more.  At 
0.0395  m.  from  nearest  knob,  advanced  transition 
with  disk  into  which  round  terminal  was  in- 
sei-ted.  At  0.032  m.  from  the  other  small  knob, 
gradual  transition  with  two  and  three  lines. 
Traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines  on  rectangular  part. 

2598.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.0065  m.  Interspaces,  0.014  m., 
0.0125  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square  and  less. 
At  0.02  m.  from  knob,  abrupt  transition  with 
ring,  groove,  and  disk.  At  0.013  m.  from  other 
small  knob,  plainly  marked  transition  to  round. 

2599.  Length,  0.124  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m., 
0.011  m.,  0.0075  m.  (counting  from  shorter 
stub).  Interspaces  (between  rings),  0.0085  m. 
Shaft,  0.0037  m.  x  0.004  m.  At  0.0165  m.  from 
smallest  knob,  break,  which  was  followed  by 
round  part.  At  0.015  m.  from  other  small  knob, 
easy  transition  with  three  lines. 

2600.  Length,  0.2055  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m., 
0.0135  m.  Interspaces,  0.01  m.,  0.0125  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  HI.  X  0.0037  m.  and  less.  Plainly 
marked  transition.  Traces  of  zigzag  of  bent 
lines  on  rectangular  part. 

2601.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.1665  m. 
Knobs,  0.007  m.,  0.01  m.  Interspaces,  0.013  m., 
0.017  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less,  ex- 
cept at  transition  (0.0035  m.x  0.004  m.). 
Transitions  equidistant  (0.018  m.)  from  knobs, 
the  one  advanced  to  terminal,  the  otlier  plainly 
marked  to  round. 

2602.  Length,  0.182  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 
0.0175  in.  Interspaces,  0.022  m.,  0.021  m. 
Shaft,  0.0057  m.  square  and  less  (at  transition, 
0.006  m.  8(piare).  At  0.0675  m.  from  knob, 
advanced  transition  with  disk  and  round  orna- 
mented terminal.  At  the  other  end,  stub  (length, 
0.004  m. ;  width,  0.006  m. ;  thickness,  0.0024  m.), 
in  end  of  which  hole  (broken  out)  0.0025  m.  in 
diameter.  Shaft  was  therefore  composite.  Faint 
traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 


2603.  Length,  0.133  m.  Knobs,  0.0075  m., 
0.01  m.,  0.008  m.  Interspaces,  0.018  m.,  0.02  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m.  and  less.  Advanced 
transition  with  disk,  followed  by  ornamented 
round  terminal. 

2604.  Length,  0.225  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m., 
0.012  m.  Interspaces,  0.03  m.,  0.031  m.  Shaft, 
0.0034  m.  X  0.0038  m.  and  less,  but  increasing 
to  0,0055  m.  square  at  transition.  Advanced 
transition  with  disk  at  0.055  m.,  gradual  transi- 
tion at  0.045  m.  from  respective  nearest  knobs. 
Traces  of  zigzag  of  short  bent  lines. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Sob.  2596  ff.):  cleaned,  two; 
uncleaned,  one. 

Group  ii.  All  three  knobs  equal  or  nearly 
equal  in  size.     (Xo  ends  preserved  ex- 
cept jwssibly  terminal  of  No.  2610. ) 
The  following  numbers  are  without  rings  at 
ends  of  knobs. 

2605.  Length,   0.357   m.     Knobs,  0.009  m. 
Interspaces, 0.021  m.,0.015m.  Shaft,0.0045m.  x 
0.0043  m.  and  less.     One  stub  rectangular,  the 
other  has  gradual  transition  to  round. 

2606.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.438  m.  Knobs, 
0.006  m.  Interspaces,  0.021  m.,  0.0215  m. 
Shaft,  0.0026  m.  x  0.0028  m.  Transitions  at 
0.05  m.  and  0.053  m.  from  knobs,  the  one  plain 
to  rectangle  with  rounded  corners  (traces  of 
beginning  of  screw-threading),  the  other  gradual. 

At  either  side  of  each  ring  a  single 
knob. 

2607.  Length,  0.393  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m. 
Interspaces,  0.012  m.  Shaft,  0,0038  m.  square 
and  less.  On  one  side  rectangular  to  break,  on 
the  other,  gradual  transition  to  round. 

On  shaft  adjacent  to  ends  of  knobs, 
two  grooves,  which  with  notch 
form  two  low  rings. 

2608.  Length,  0.328  m.  Knobs,  0.0085  m. 
Iuterspaces,0.0135  m.,0.012  m.  Shaft,0.0045  m. 
square  and  less.  On  one  stub,  plain  but  not  ab- 
rupt transition  ;  the  other  stub  is  rectangular  to 
break.  In  interspaces,  a  single  line  of  engraving 
along  each  edge. 

Single  heavy  ring  at  either  side  of 
each  knob.  Knobs  angular  but 
rather  flat.  Knob  and  ring  form 
transition  to  form  in  which  knob 
and  ring  are  one  piece  in  construc- 
tion. 

2609.  Length,  0,463  m.  Knobs,  0,012  m. 
Interspaces,  0,009  m.,  0,015  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m. 
square  and  less.     On  one  stub,  gradual  transi- 


318 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


319 


K 


tion  to  round ;  the  other  stub  is  rectangular  to 

break. 

Raised  double  ring  at  either  end  of 
each  knob.  Knobs  similar  to 
those  of  preceding  number  (2609). 

2610.  Terminal  perhaps  about  complete. 
Length,  0.258  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m.  Inter- 
spaces, 0.018  m.,  O.OU  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x 
0.006  m.  and  less,  but  increases  to  0.01  m.  squai-e 
at  transition.  Transition  advanced.  After  it, 
rectangular  piece  fonning  secondary  transition, 
and  round  plain  terminal.  The  other  stub  is 
rectangular  to  break.  From  a  distance  of 
0,003  m.  from  break,  incut  0.001  m.  on  two 
adjacent  sides ;  purpose  not  clear. 

Class  /?.   Shafl  rectungxdar. 
Group  i.  Central  knob  largest. 

Ordinary  knobs  with  a  single  ring 
at  either  side  of  each.  Arrange- 
ment from  less  to  greater  angu- 
larity. 

2611.  Length,  0.135  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m., 
0.01  m.,  0.0085  m.  Interspaces,  0.0335  m., 
0.0315  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0033  m.  and 
less. 

2612.  Length,  0.14  m.  Knobs,  0.0095  m., 
0.0165  m..  0.009  m.  Interspaces,  0.0125  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.x  0.0053  m.  and  less,  but  in- 
creases to  0.005  m.  X  0.006  m.  at  transition.  Ad- 
vanced transition.  Zigzag  of  bent  lines  through- 
out. 

26ia  Length,  0.186  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m., 
0.0175  m.,  0.0095  m.  Interspaces,  0.026  m., 
0.029  m.  Shaft,  0,0055  m.  square  at  transition, 
elsewhere  less.  Advanced  transition  followed 
by  short  stub  in  which  hole  (diameter,  0.0028  m., 
depth,  0.01  m.)  into  which  terminal  (probably 
of  iron)  was  inserted.  Zigzag  of  bent  lines 
throughout. 

Addendum  to  Group  i.  The  following  piece 
is  perhaps  best  put  here. 

2613  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0,083  m.  Knobs, 
0,007  m.,  0,0125  m.  Interspaces,  0.017  m. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0,0032  m.  At  either  side  of 
large  knob  and  at  inner  end  of  one  of  the  others, 
three  raised  rings.  At  either  side  of  the  other 
small  knob,  double  ring.  Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain. 

Discards  o/*  Group  i. :  cleaned,  one  ;  uncleaned,  four. 

Group  ii.  Knobs  of  equal  or  nearly  equal 
size. 

(«'.)  Blade  end. 
Ordinary  knobs.     No  rings. 


2614.  Length,  0,105  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m.  In- 
tervals, 0.017  m.,  0.0185  m.  Shaft,  0,005  m. 
square  and  less.  Width  of  blade,  0.0065  m. 
Thickness,  0.003  m.  Blade  probably  slightly 
longer  originally. 

(b'.^  Ends  gone. 

Ordinary  knobs.     No  rings. 

2615.  Length,  0.177  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m.  In- 
terspaces, 0.003  m.,  0.0028  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m. 
and  less.  Advanced  transition  with  hole  (diam- 
eter, 0,003  m,  X  0.002  m.)  in  end  containing 
stub  of  inserted  bronze  terminal. 

At  either  side  of  each  knob  a  single 
ring   formed   by   enlargement   of 
adjoining  ])ortion8  of  shaft. 
261&  Length,  0,146  m.     Knobs,  0.0095  m., 
0.01  m.  Interspaces,  0.013  m.,  0.0145  m.   Shaft, 
0.0052  m.   sc^uare   and   less,   but  increases  to 
0.0063  m.  square  at  transition.    Advanced  tran- 
sition with  disk,  after   which  i-ound  terminal. 
Zigzag  of  bent  lines  throughout.    Possibly  more 
knobs  originally. 

Rings  separated  from  knobs  and  ad- 
joining |)ortions  of  shaft  by  deep 
groove,    Ortlinary  angular  knobs. 

2617.  Length,  0.1825  m.  Knobs,  0.0115  m., 
0.012  m.  Interspaces,  0,0385  m.,  0.03  m. 
Shaft,  0.0065  ni.  square  and  less,  Advance<l 
transition  with  disk  followed  by  stub  of  terminal. 
The  other  end  has  broken  round  surface  at  0.031 
m.  from  nearest  knob. 

Rings  more  advanced  in  that  they 
are  raised  above  the  shaft.  In- 
dependent of  knobs,  from  which 
they  are  separated  by  a  shallow 
groove.  Cf.  No.  2529.  Knobs 
slightly  angular. 

2618.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0715  m.  Knobs, 
0.015  m.  Interspaces,  0.02  na.   Shaft,  0.001  m.  x 
0.009  m.     May  have  been  part  of  rod  or  staff, 
but  formally  belongs  here. 

Form  3.  Similar  to  Form  2,  but  sides  or 
knobs  are  rectangular.  form  3  :  form 
2  =  Form  1 :  plain  round  knob  with- 
out GROOVE  AT  ENDS  (NOT  REPRESENTED 
AT   HeRAEUM). 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 
End. 

2619.  Length,   0,42   m.      Knobs,  0.007   m. 
square,  and  0.0075  ni.  x  0,008  m.  (ii«).    Inter- 
spaces, 0.0385  m.  and  0,04  m.  Shaft,  0.0053  m.  x 
0,0057   m.  and   less.      Nearest  knob  to  end, 
0.194  m. 


Form  4.  Knob  similar  to  that  of  Form  2, 

BUT  combined  with  RINGS  TO  FORM  AN 
ORGANIC  WHOLE.  OuTER  ENDS  ON  RINGS 
ABRUIT,  INSIDE  SLOPES  INWARD  TOWARD 
BASE  OF  KNOB.  GROOVE  DEEPER  THAN 
LINE    OF   SHAFT. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 
Plate  CXXXIL 

2620.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.292  m. 
Knobs,  0.008  m.,  0,0078  m.,  0.0085  m.  Inter- 
spaces, 0.0235  m.,  0.026  m.  Shaft,  0.0037  m.  x 
0.003  m.  and  less.  Gratlual  transition  to  round. 
Corners  of  shaft  beveled  off  in  interspaces. 

Form  5.  Knob  as  in  Form  2,  but  combined 
WITH  rings  to  form  an  organic  whole, 

WHICH       may      be      a      separate      PIECE. 

Cf.  Form  5  of  Types  b  and  c. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 
Both  ends  gone. 

2621.  Length,  0.151  m.  Knobs,  0.0105  m., 
0,012  m.,  0.011  m.  Interspaces,  0.02  m.,  0.021  m. 
Shaft,  0.0053  m.  square  and  less.  Abrupt  but 
not  advanced  transition.  Knobs  with  their  rings 
probably  separate  pieces  ivom  shaft. 

2622.  Length,  0.503  m.  Knobs,  0,018  m. 
Interspaces,  0,029  m.,  0,023  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m. 
square.  Plain  but  gradual  transition,  marked 
by  three  engravetl  lines.  Two  or  three  lines  also 
at  each  end  of  knobs  (outside  rings).  Knobs 
and  rings  probably  separate  pieces  from  shaft. 

Form  6.  Advanced  rounded  knobs  rising 

ABRUITLY  from  SHAl-T  AND  DIVIDED  BY 
GROOVE  IN  CENTRE  SO  THAT  EACH  HAS 
THE  FORM  OF  TWO  BROAD  RINGS.      (Knobs 

and  shaft  of  one  piece.) 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

2623.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.409  m. 
Knobs,  0.008  m.,  0.0085  m.,  0,008  m.  Inter- 
8i>ace8,  0.086  m.,  0.085  m.  Shaft,  0.0052  m. 
square  and  less.     Gradual  transitions. 

Form  7.  Advanced   rectangular    knobs 
rising  abruitly  from  shaft. 
Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 
Ends  gene. 

2624.  Length,  0.468  m.  Knobs,  about  0.008  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  and  less.  Grad- 
ual transition.  On  each  side  of  each  knob, 
diagonal  cross  running  from  corner  to  comer, 
pjugraved  or  struck  with  chisel. 

Tjrpe  e.  Fonr  knobs. 

Ordinary  developed  knobs  with  rounded 
angles.  Shaft  grooved  at  either  end  of  each 
knob.     Adjoining  portions  of  shaft  emphasized 


so  as  to  form  rings.  Similar  to  three-knob  type, 
with  central  knob  largest,  except  that  between 
central  knob  and  one  of  the  smaller  ones  (that 
nearest  small  end)  a  still  smaller  knob  is  in- 
serted. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

2625.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0,197  m. 
Knobs,  0.009  m.,  0.013  m.,  0.005  m,,  0.009  m. 
(reckoned  from  principal  transition).  Intervals, 
0.0165  m.,  0,01  m.,  0,0065  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m. 
square.  Advanced  transition  at  0.045  m.  from 
nearest  knob,  gradual  at  0,025  m. 

Addendum  to  Type  e.  The  following  piece 
probably  had  five  knobs  originally. 

2626.  End.  Length,  0.243  m.  Knobs, 
0.0045  m.-0.0065  m.  Shaft,  0.0037  m,  square, 
increasing  at  transition  to  0.005  m,  x  0.0052  m. 
Advanced  transition,  ornamented  with  two 
grooves.  After  it,  terminal  ornamented  with 
screw-threading. 

Type  f.  Five  knobs. 

Angular    or    slightly    rounded    knobs 

WITH   groove    at    each    END.      EmpHASIS 
OF  ADJOINING  PORTION  OF  SHAFT. 

Shaft  recta mjular  and  round   (jexcejit  in 
incomple  te  f ragmen  ts  ) . 
Group  i.  Knobs  of  three  sizes,  the  largest 
being  in  centre  and  the  two  smallest 
at  either  side  of  central  knob. 

Ends  gone, 
(a'.)  Smallest  knobs  slightly  developed 
and  but  slightly  larger  than  shaft. 

2627.  Length,  0.158  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 
0.005  m.,  0.008  m.  Interspaces,  0.005  m.- 
0.008  m.  Small  ring  at  either  side  of  central 
knob.  Elsewhere,  emphasis.  Transitions  (about 
equidistant  from  knobs),  the  one  gradual,  the 
other  advanced.  The  latter  is  followed  by  orna- 
mented round  terminal.  Nari'ow  zigzag  of  bent 
lines  throughout  rectangular  part. 

2628.  Length,  0.139  m.  Knobs,  0.011  m., 
0.0063  m.,  0.0065  m,,  0,0085  m.  Intervals, 
0,009  m.  Shaft,  0,004  m.  square  and  less.  Ad- 
vanced transition  followed  by  round  terminal. 
Zigzag  of  bent  lines  throughout  rectangular 
part. 

2629.  Length,  0.1485  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 
0.0047  m.,  0.0075  m.  Interspaces,  interior, 
0.0085  m. ;  exterior,  0.0075  m.  Transitions  ad- 
vanced, with  disk  followed  by  ornamented  termi- 
nal, and  gradual.  Throughout  rectangular  part 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2630.  Length,  0,162   m.    Knobs,   0,01   m.. 


ij^iiiiyMwa^Mi 


320 


THE   BRONZES 


SPITS 


321 


I 
III 

I 


0.0047  in.,  0.0075  m.  Interspaces,  interior, 
0.075  m.,  0.06  ni. ;  exterior,  0.0055  m.  Shaft, 
0.004  ui.  and  less.  Gradual  transition  preserved, 
the  other  was  probably  advanced.  Traces  of 
ziffzaji  of  bent  lines. 

Discanh  similar  to  Nos.  2629  f . ;  nncleaned,  one. 

(6'.)  Interior  knobs  developed.  Rings. 
263L  Length,  0.368  m.  Knobs,  0.0165  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.0115  ra.,  0.0125  m.,  0.0115  m.  In- 
tervals,  interior,  0.017  m.,  0.0185  m. ;  exterior, 
0.0215  ra.,  0.0225  ra.  Shaft,  0.0067  m.x 
0.0065  ra.  at  transition.  Advanced  transition 
followed  by  ring  and  round  stub.  On  all  sides 
zisrzajj  of  bent  lines. 

Group  ii.  Central  knob  largest.    Smaller 
knobs  of  uniform  size. 

No  ends  preserved.  Arrangement 
toward  angularity. 
2632.  Length,  0.219  m.  Knobs,  0.0175  m. ; 
0.011  ra.,  0.0115  m. ;  0.01  ra.  Interspaces, 
0.0235  m.  (interior),  0.018  ra.,  0.017  m.  (ex- 
terior). Shaft,  0.0065  m.  square  and  less,  in- 
creasing to  0.0068  m.  square  at  transition. 
Advanced  transition. 

263a  Length,  0.28  m.  Knobs,  0.0195  m. ; 
0.011  m.,  0.012  ra.  Intervals,  0.031  ni.,  0.029  m. 
(interior),  0.0225  m.,  0.023  m.  (exterior). 
Shaft,  0.008  ra.  square  and  less.  Advanced 
transition  followed  by  round  stub.  On  all  sides 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2634.  Length,  0.232  m.  Knobs,  0.021  ra. ; 
0.011  ra.-0.012  m.  Interspaces,  0.034  ra., 
0.0325  ra.  (interior),  0.022  m.,  0.024  m.  (ex- 
terior).  Shaft,  0.006  ra.  square  and  less.  Ad- 
vanced transition. 

Addenda  to  Type  f.  The  following  fragments 
with  three  and  four  knobs  may  be  put  here 
owing  to  their  similarity  to  the  better  preserved 
specimens  of  the  type. 

(a'.)  Similar  to  Group  i.,  (a'). 
Sirailar  to  Nos.  2627  if. 

2635.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.0915  m. 
Traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2636.  Four  knobs.     Length,  0.132  m. 

Similar  to  Nos.  2629  f. 

2637.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.0975  m. 
Advanced  transition  followed  by  stub  of  round 
terminal.  Broad  but  close  zigzag  of  bent  lines 
throughout  rectangular  i)art. 

2638.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.088  ra.  Slight 
traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

The  following  is  sirailar  to  Group  i.,  (6'). 

2639.  Four  knobs.     Length,  0.304  ra.     Ad- 


vanced transition  with  two  grooves,  followed  by 
round  terminal.  Slight  traces  of  narrow  zigzag 
on  rectangular  part. 

2640.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.087  m.  Fine 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

(ft'.)  Similar  to  Group  ii. 

2641.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.357  m.  Grad- 
ual  transition. 

2642.  Four  knobs.     Length,  0.11  m. 
2643i  Four  knobs.     Length,  0.137  m.     On 

all  sides,  fine  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

(c'.)  The  following  fragment  probably 

had  seven  or  more  knobs  originally. 

Shaft  rectangular.     Angular  knobs 

with  a  single  ring  at  either  end  of 

each. 

2644.  Four  knobs.  Length,  0.2345  m. 
Knobs,  0.0225  ui.,  0.015  m.,  0.0135  m.  (his). 
Interspaces,  0.031  ra.,  0.0325  ni.,  0.0425  m. 
Shaft,  0.0075  ra.  square  and  less.  On  all  sides, 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Addenda  to  Types  a-f.     («'.)  Ends. 
Plain,  jwinted. 

2645.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.275  ra.  Ring 
followed  by  i-ectangular  pai-t  (length,  0.029  m.), 
after  which  round.     Gradual  transition. 

Discard  similar  to  No.  2645  :  uucleaued,  oue. 

Plain,  blunt  without  cap. 

2646.  Length,  0.14  ra.     Round. 
Plain,  blunt  with  cap. 

2647.  Frora  West  Building.  Length,  0.196  m. 

Discards  similar  to  AV>.  2647 :  cleaned,  one  ;  uucleaned, 
fonr. 

Advanced.    Sira])le  terminal.    Plain,  blunt. 

2648.  Length,  0.053  m. 

Discard  similar  to  Xo.  2648  :  one. 

Ornamented,  somewhat  advanced  terminal 
pieces. 
Simple  screw-threading. 

2649.  Uncleaned.     Length,  0.129  m. 
Double  screw-threading,  changing  to  sin- 
gle near  end. 

2650.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.167  m. 
Plain  sections  separated  by  simple  thi-eading 

or  grooves  (three  to  six). 

2651.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.071  m.  Six 
plain  sections,  besides  end. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  a  single  ring. 
Sections  short. 

2652.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.063  m.  Ten 
sections. 

2653.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1035  m.  Eleven 
sections. 


2654.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1625  m.  Fif- 
teen sections. 

Discard  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2652  ff.)  :  uncleaned, 
one.     Kigbt  sections. 

Convex   sections  separated  by  two  rings. 
Sections  long. 

2655.  From  West  Building.  Probably  in- 
complete at  end.  Length,  0.1125  m.  Four  sec- 
tions. 

Similar  but  with  short  sections. 

2656.  Incomplete.  Length,  0.52  m.  Five 
sections. 

2657.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.122  ra. 
Fifteen  sections. 

2658.  Frora  West  Building.  Incomplete. 
Length,  0.063  m.     Six  sections. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  three  rings. 
Sections  short. 

2659.  Length,  0.175  m.     Eleven  sections. 

2660.  Length,  0.15  ra.  Twelve  sections  be- 
sides short  initial  section. 

Discards  similar  to  Nos.  2659  f.  :  cleaned,  oue  ;  un- 
cleaned, three. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  two,  three, 
and  four  rings.     Sections  long. 

2661.  Fix>ra  West  Building.  length,  0.131  m. 
Six  sections.  First  two  sections  separated  by 
four  rings,  last  two  by  two,  the  others  by 
three. 

Convex  sections  separated  usually  by  four 
rings.     Sections  short. 

2662.  length,  0.175  ra.  Twelve  sections. 
Between  first  two  sections  one  ring,  between  last 
five,  elsewhere  four. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  five  rings 
usually.     Sections  short. 

2663.  Length,  0.099  ra.  Eight  sections.  At 
end,  bunch  of  rings  (number  uncertain)  and 
cap.  Between  last  two  sections,  screw-threading 
equivalent  to  about  six  rings. 

Discard  similar  to  above :  uncleaued,  one. 

Convex  sections  (short)  separateil  by  four, 
five,  and  six  rings. 

2664.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.1163  ra.  Eight  sections.  First  four  groups 
of  rings  have  six  each,  the  next  two  five  each, 
and  the  last  four. 

Convex  sections  (short)  separated  by  four, 
five,  six,  seven,  and  nine  rings. 

2665.  Length,  0.133  ra.  First  group  of 
rings  numbers  seven,  the  second  nine,  third, 
fourth,  and  sixth  six  each,  the  seventh  four,  the 
eighth  six  or  seven,  and  the  fifth  five. 


The  following  number  could  also  be  regarded 
as  a  pin. 

Terminal  piece,  the  latter  part  of  which 
has  two  convex  surfaces  separated  by 
plain  space.    At  either  side  of  surfaces. 


rmgs. 


2666.  Incomplete.  Length,  0.0905  m.  First 
convex  section  preceded  by  three  rings  and  fol- 
lowed by  one,  the  second  is  preceded  by  two 
and  followed  by  two  plus  cap. 

(6'.)  Neither  end  preserved. 
Plain  and  siraple. 

2667.  Length,  0.235  m.  Gradual  transition. 

2668.  Length,  0.668  m.  Gradual  transition. 

2669.  From     West     Building.         Length, 

0.523  ra.     Gradual  but  plain  transition. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2667  ff.)  :  cleaned,  two  ; 
uncleaued,  fifty. 

More  advanced.     Transition  piece. 

2670.  Length,  0.074  ra.  Easy  but  plain 
transition  followed  by  piece  of  round  end  which 
is  ornamented  with  coarse  screw-threading. 

Advanced  transitional  pieces.    Ordinary. 

2671.  Length,  0.1005  m.  Two  lines  engraved 

at   transition   and   four  on  shaft   arranged   in 

pairs. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2671,  but  plainer  :  cleaned, 
two ;  uncleaned,  five. 

Advanced   transition   consisting  of   heavy 
ring  with  rounded  sides. 

2672.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.105  ra.,  of 
which  0.092  ra.  belongs  to  terminal.  Terminal 
rectangular  so  far  as  preserved. 

Oue  knob  and  ring  of  another  knob.    Shaft 
rectangular. 

2673.  Length,  0.19  m.     Rings  double. 

Discards  (uncleaned)  :  fragments  with  single  knob, 
forty-five  ;  fragment  with  two  knobs,  one  ;  fragments 
with  single  knob,  which  are  perhaps  better  regarded  as 
straight  pins  (Type  k),  twenty-six  ;  uncertain,  one. 

Knob  only. 
Plate  CXXXIII. 

2674.  Frora  south  slojie.  Length,  0.026  ra. 
Diaraeter,  0.022  m.  Heavy  ring  on  one  side, 
lighter  on  the  other. 

Bronze  knob  on  iron  shaft.    Knobs  rounded 
without   rings.        Shafts    of     uncertain 
shape,  probably  rectangular. 
2676.  Uncleaned.     Length,  0.024  m.     Di- 
araeter of  knob,  0.015  ra.      Shaft,  0.006  m. 
square. 

2676.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.038  m.  Knob, 
0.013  ra.     Shaft,  0.006  ra. 


322 


THE  BRONZES 


SPITS 


323 


i 


2677.  Length,  0.261  m.  Knob,  0.019  m. 
Shaft,  0.005  m. 

((•'.)  Shafts  so  twisted  or  bent  as  to  suggest 
decorative  or  other  purpose,  which  is,  how- 
ever, in  no  ease  certain. 
Knotted  or  braided.     No  knobs. 

2678.  Uncleaned.  Preserved  end  pointed. 
Bent  into  shai)e  of  ellipse  the  sides  of  which 
are  formed  by  a  double  coil  with  its  strands 
twisted  about  each  other.  Length,  about  0.35  m. 
Shaft,  0.001  m.  x  0.0013  m.  Rectangular  and 
round. 

2679.  L^ncleaned.  Preserve<l  end  blunt. 
Complex  knob  near  centre  with  single  loop  at 
each  end,  one  loop  being  larger  than  the  other. 
Length  as  bent,  0.099  m.  Rectangular  and 
round  (size,  0.0010  m.  x  0.0018  m.). 

Discards  similar  to  Nos.  2678  f.,  but  simpler  :  un- 
cleaned, four. 

Ends  twisted  so  as  to  form  one  large  loop. 
One  knob. 
268a  Sjjit  of  Type  b,  Form  2,  Oass  a,  («'). 
Length,  0.185  m.  Knob,  0.019  m.  x  0.017  m. 
Shaft,  0.0012  m.x  0.001  m.  and  less.  Grad- 
ual transitions.  Twisted  purposely,  i>erhaps  to 
fasten. 

Looped    shafts,    possibly   decorative.     No 
knobs. 

2681.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.092  m. 
Shaft  round.  Thickness,  0.0018  m.  x  O.OOIC  m. 
and  less.     Small  loop  with  returning  end. 

2682.  Uncleaned.  Length  as  bent,  0.025  m. 
Shaft  rounded.  Thickness,  0.0017m.  x  0.0015m. 
Two  narrow  loops  with  returaing  ends. 

2683.  Uncleaned.  Length  as  bent,  0.10  m. 
Shaft  partly  rectangular,  partly  rounded.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0024  m.  X  0.0023  m.  At  one  end,  double 
loop  with  returning  end. 

The  following  tyi)es  are  related  to  the  pre- 
cetling  by  analogies  of  form. 
Type  g.  Knob  represented  by  flattening 
of  shaft. 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectanrjular  from  one  end 
of  flat  part  and  round  from  the  other. 

2684.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.132  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m.  (flat- 
tened to  0.0075  m.  X  0.0018  m.).  About  half 
of  shaft  round. 

Class  p.  Shaft  rectangvlar  from  both  ends 
of  flat  part. 

2685.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0035  m.  (at  flat 
part,  0.0065  m.x 0.004  m.). 


Class  y.   Shaft  round. 

2686.  Uncleaneil.  End.  Length,  0.1165  m. 
Shaft,  0.0028  m.x 0.0025  m.  (flattened  to 
0.0035  m.  X  0.001  m.). 

Discard :  uncleaned,  one. 

Type  h.  Head  at  one  end.  Single  knob. 
Elonsrated  knob  with  rounded  sides.  Shaft 
rectangular,  with  corners  slightly  rounde<l. 
Slightly  grooved  on  side  of  knob  toward  |)oint. 

2687.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.12  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0015  m.  Head, 
0.0025  m.x 0.002  m.  Somewhat  similar  to 
simplest  form  of  )>ins. 

Type  I  Head  at  one  end  resembling  knob. 
Composite  shaft,  rectangular,  with  round  part 
inserted. 

2688.  From  south  sloj^e.  Other  end  gone. 
Length,  0.16  m.  Head,  0.011  m.  Jacket, 
0.0085  m.x 0.007  m.  Split  for  0.0555  m. 
where  round  is  insertetl.  At  lower  end,  four 
enirraved  lines.  Much  more  oxidized  than  round 
})art. 

Type  j.  Blade  at  one  end  of  shaft,  and  per- 
haps blunt  round  terminal  at  the  other. 
No  knob. 
Form  1.  Shaft  not  solid  but  formed  by 

FOLDING  together  A  NARROW  THIN  STRIP. 

Class  a.    Folded  so  as  to  form  a  small 
tube.     Edfjes  do  not  form  straight  line. 
Sometimes  they  overlap. 
Ends.     Flattened  to  form  blades. 

2689.  Length,  0.074  m.  Thickness,  0.0024 
m.     Width  of  blade,  0.0035  m. 

2690.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.126  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0038  m.  and  less.  Width  of  blade, 
0.004  m. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2691.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0317  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.002  m.  and  less. 

2692.  Length,  0.1525  m.  Thickness,  0.0024 

m.  and  less. 

2693.  Length,  0.079m.  Thickness, 0.0028m. 

2694.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.041  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0034  m.-0.002  m. 

2695.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.074  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.004  m.  and  less. 

Discards  similar  to  the  above  (Nos.  2691  ff.)  :  uncleaned, 
two. 

Class  p.    Edges  folded   in    and   brought 
close  together,  the  hollo ir  between  the  two 
rolls  taking  the  place  of  tube. 
One  end  blade-shaped,  the  other  blunt 
and  round. 


2696.  From  south  sIoikj.  Possibly  not  com- 
plete. Length,  0.087  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
X  0.0015  m.    Width  of  blade,  0.0027  m. 

2697.  Uncleaned.  Possibly  not  complete. 
Length,  0.483  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m.  and 
less.    Width  of  blade,  0.0035  m. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2698.  Uncleanetl.  Length,  0.242  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0025  m.  X  0.0018  m. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2698  :  uncleaned,  three. 

Form  2.  Solid  siiAtT,  rounded.   Blade 

DOUBLE. 

Bhule  ends  only. 
The  following  have  both  parts  of  blade  in  the 
same  ))lane. 

2699.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.424  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.002  m.  Length  of  blade,  0.011  m.  + 
0.0115  m.     Width,  0.003  m.  and  less. 

2700.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.07  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.003  m.  and  less.  Length  of  blade, 
0.011  m.  +  0.011  m.  Width,  0.0049  m.  and 
less.     End  has  sides  i"ounde<l  to  point. 

2701.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.063  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.003  m.  Length  of  blade,  0.01  m. + 
0.009  m.  Width,  0.0075  m.  and  less.  Near  cen- 
tre of  first  part,  round  hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.). 

Both  parts  of  blade  in  planes  which  are 
at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

2702.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.084  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.004  m.  and  less.  Length  of  blade, 
0.027  m.     Width,  0.005  m. 

T3rpe    k.    Solid    rounded    shaft   (without 
knob ),  one  end  of  which  terminates  in 
blade  which  is  not  set  in  same  plane 
with  shaft. 
End. 

2703.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1365  m.  Shaft, 
0.0017  m.     Use  uncertain. 

Type  L  Sinular  but  straight  Slight  knob 
or  convex  surface  near  beginning  of 
blade.    Shaft  round  except  near  blade. 

2704.  Found  in  first  clianiber  at  east  end  on 
lower  terrace,  April  28,  1893.  Probably  in- 
complete at  other  end.  Bent.  Length,  0.115  m. 
Knob,  0.0032  m.  Shaft,  0.0023  m.  to  0.0017  m. 
Length  of  blade,  0.008  m.+ 0.018  m.  Width, 
0.0052  m.  and  less.  Rectanguhir  part  orna- 
mented with  grooves  and  fine  lines.  Use  uncer- 
tain.    Perhaps  a  medical  instrument. 

Tjrpe  ni.  Plain  shafts  without  knob,  termi- 
nating at  one  end  in  hook  or  loop.  The 
other  end  in  the  only  case  preserved  is 
a  flat  point. 


Class  a.  Rectangular  shaft. 
2705.  Uncleaned.  Other  end  gone.   Length, 
0.19.    Thickness,  0.0015  m.  X  0.0013  m.    Loop, 
0.008  m.x  0.0055  m. 

Class  /8.  Rounded  shaft. 
THQIS.  Probably  complete.    Length,  0.335  m. 
Shaft,   about   0.0036    m.     Diameter  of   loop, 
0.012  m. 

Only  loop  end  preserved. 

2707.  Length,  0.176  m.  Thickness,  0.0017  m. 
Loop,  0.0115  m.  X  0.007  m. 

2708.  From  back  of  South  Building. 
Length,  0.086  m.  Thickness,  0.0023  m.  Loop, 
0.008  m.  X  0.007  m. 

2709.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.102  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0037  m.     Loop,  0.021  m.  x  0.009  m. 

2710.  Length,  0.349  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
Loop,  0.02  m.x 0.006  m. 

Addendum.  Irregularly  elliptical  shaft  with 
closed  loop.  Resemblance  to  this  type  perhaps 
accidental. 

2711.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.05  m.     Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x  0.0013  m.    Loop, 
0.0055  m.  X  0.003  m.     Differs  from  the  others 
in  having  loop  closed  with  end  protracted. 
Type  n.   Terminal  follows  knob.    Single 

knob,  angular,  with  groove  at  either  end. 

(Probably  better  regarded  as  spits  than  as 

straight  pins,  e.  g.  of  Type  d.) 
Class  a.  Rectangular  terminals. 

2711a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.165  ni.  Knob, 
0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  squai-e.  Length 
of  terminal,  0.0255  m. 

2711  b.  Uncleaned.  End  of  shaft  gone. 
Length,  0.14  m.  Knob,  0.0075  m.  Length 
of  terminal,  0.0455  m.  Ends  in  round  knob 
(diameter,  0.003  m.). 

2711  c.  Uncleaned.  Fragment  of  terminal. 
Length,  0.033  m.  More  advanced  than  the  pre- 
ceding number. 

2711  d.  Fragment  of  terminal.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Size  at  break,  0.0018  m.  x  0.002  m. 
Ba.se,  0.0075  m.  x  0.007  m.  Interior  rectangle 
set  (perhaps  inserted)  diagonally  to  outer.  The 
triangiUar  corners  thus  left  project  slightly. 
Class  p.  Round  terminal. 

2711  e.  End  incomplete.  Length,  0.055  m. 
Diameter,  0.003  m.-0.008  m.  Tapers  cou- 
cavely.     Heavy  ring  at  base. 

Discard  of  Class  $ :  uncleaned,  one. 

8.   SPEAR-BUTT. 
2712.  Broken  at  large  end.  Length,  0.115  m. 


324 


THE   BRONZES 


NAILS 


325 


Bronze  shell  (thickness,  0.001   m.-0.002  m.). 
with  iron  filling  to  depth  of  0.04  ni.     Remain- 
der of  filling  probably  bronze.     Near  molding 
at  lower  end,  incised  line  (probably  cast). 
Cf.  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  C8G6  (Acropolis). 

9.   PESTLE  OR  PLEKTRON. 

2713.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.115  m.  Round 
shaft  terminating  at  one  end  in  molding,  at  the 
other  in  swelling.  Thickness,  0.0034  ra.,  in- 
creasing toward  end  to  0.0054  m.  Decoration 
of  head:  convex  surface  with  double  ring  be- 
neath and  single  ring  and  cap  above.  Length 
of  head,  0.017  m. 

10.    HOOKS. 
A.  FREE. 
Type  a.  End  of  shaft  turns  up. 
Chi»s  a.  Plain  handles. 

2714.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.07  m.  Length 
of  handle,  0.022  m. 

Cla»»  fi.  Handle  has  eyelet  at  end. 

2715i  From  upper  terrace.  Length,  0.283  m. 
P^yelet  formed  by  flattening  and  bending  back 
handle.  Width  of  shaft,  0.007C  m.  and  less. 
Thickness,  0.0045  m.,  decreasing  toward  jtoint, 
where  it  is  0.001  m. 

Addenda  to  Type  a.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
any  of  the  following  are  hooks,  but  they  bear  a 
general  resemblance  in  form. 

2716.  Condition  poor,  but  probably  about 
complete.  Ifent.  Length,  0.155  m.  Handle 
(length,  0.052  m.),  shaft,  and  hook.  Entire 
object  could  be  regarded  as  a  handle. 

2717.  Long  end  may  be  incomplete.  Length, 
0.140  m.  Shaft  partly  rectangular,  but  mostly 
round.     Thickness,  0.0045  nj.  and  less. 

271&  Long  end  broken.  Length,  0.0775  m. 
Shaft  irregularly  rectangular.  Thickness, 
0.0045  m.  square  and  less. 

2719.  Uncleaned.  Broken  at  both  ends. 
Length,  0.057  m.  Shaft,  0.00G5  m.  x  0.0057  m. 
and  less. 

The  following  have  hook  at  only  a  slight  an- 
gle (obtuse). 

2720.  Uncleanetl.  Length,  0.16  m.  Length 
of  handle,  0.049  m.  Shaft  round.  Diameter, 
0.0045  m.  and  less.     End  pointed. 

2721.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  broken.  Length, 
0.085  m.  Handle,  0.0035  m.  s<|uare  at  begin- 
ning. Passes  gradually  to  round  and  tai)ers 
toward  end. 


Tjrpe  b.  Shaft  straight    No  hook. 

2722.  End  of  liandle  as  though  hacked  off 
with  chisel.  Length,  0.54  m.  Length  of  han- 
dle, 0.129  m.  Width,  0.026  m.-0.015  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Width  of  blade, 
0.014  m.-O.Ol  m.  Thickness, 0.007  m.-0.003  m. 
Decoration  at  beginning  of  handle  and  on  one 
side  only.  Zigzag  bounded  on  outer  side  by  two 
straight  lines.  Between  lines,  faint  diagonal 
line.  Outside  lines  to  break,  short  parallel  lines 
along  each  edge. 

B.  ATTACHED. 

All  examples  belong  to  one  type. 

Clans  a.  Shaft  rectanfjular  and  round. 

2723.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.084  m.  Shaft, 
0.0032  m.  X  0.0035  m.  Length  of  hook,  0.018  m. 
Gradual  transition  to  round  at  elbow. 

Ducard  nim'dar  to  No.  2723  :  one. 

2724.  Uncleaned.  Hook  damaged.  Length, 
0.105  m.  Shaft,  0.001  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 
Near  elbow,  passes  to  round.  Length  of  hook, 
0.015  m.  Forms  obtuse  angle  with  shaft.  Pos- 
sibly not  a  hook. 

Class  p.  liectangnlar  shaft. 

2n2&.  Length,  0.143  m.  Shaft,  0.0043  m.  x 
0.0053  m.  and  1ch.s,  decreasing  toward  ])oiut. 
Length  of  hook,  0.012  m. 

272&  Length,  0.153  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m. 
stpiare  near  elbow,  from  whence  decreases  to- 
ward blunt  jxiint.  Length  of  hook,  0.016  m. 
Size,  0.006  m.  x  0.0065  m.  at  toj),  decreasing 
towanl  elbow. 

2727.  Both  ends  damaged.  Length,  0.112m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  x  0.005  m.,  tapering  toward 
point.  Length  of  hook,  0.02  m.  Flat  surfaces 
lie  in  diagonal  planes,  giving  effect  of  section 
of  a  diamond. 

Addendum  to  p.  Uncertain  whether  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  hook  or  not. 

2728.  Both  ends  damaged.  Length,  0. 177  m. 
Shaft,  0.007  m.,  decreasing  to  0.0038  m.  at  end. 
Length  of  hook,  0.03  m.  Decreases  in  size 
from  0.0065  m.  (elbow)  to  0.0015  m.  (jwint). 

Discards :  probably  rather  ends  of  spits  than  hooka : 
cleaned,  two  ;  uncleaned,  one. 

11.   NAILS. 

All  the  certain  specimens  have  heads.     Such 
as  do  not  are  classed  as  **  Addenda." 
Tjrpe  a.  Small,  thin,  flat  head.  Shaft  round. 

(</'.)  End  |)ointcd. 

2729.  Length,  0.118  m.     Diameter  of  head, 


0.008  m.;   of  shaft,  0.0063  m.     Rectangular 
[)oint. 

(6'.)  End  blunt  and  flat. 

2730.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0735  m.  Di- 
ameter of  heatl,  0.0088  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.0065  m. 
End,  0.006  m.  x  0.0039  m. 

Cf.  two  plain  round  nails  from  Mycenae 
(shaft-grave  v,  No.  842),  with  plain,  small, 
flat  heads  and  shaft  that  tapers  to  blunt  point. 

(c'. )  End  gone  (hence  pieces  may  be  rivets). 

2731.  Length,  0.116  ra.  Head  somewhat 
convex.  Diameter,  0.0069  m.  Diameter  of 
shaft,  0.0065  m. 

2732.  Lt'ugth,  0.112  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0215  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.014  ni.  and  less. 

Cf.  nails  from  Mycenae,  es|>ecially  example 

cited  s.  n.  2730. 

Discards  of  (c')  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Tjrpe  b.  Round  thick  head.    Flat  top. 

Shaft  rectangular. 
273a  End  gone.  Length,  0.077  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.02  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  near  head,  elsewhere 
less.  Uncertain  whether  head  aiul  shaft  are  of 
one  piece. 
T]rpe  c.  Round  thick  head.    Rounded  top. 

Shaft  round. 

2734.  End  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.018  m.  Thickness,  0.004  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0055  m.  and  less. 

2735.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diam- 
eter of  he;ul,  0.0195  m.  Thickness,  0.0055  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0048  m.  near  head,  else- 
M'hei-e  less.  Head  of  two  parts,  the  inner  rec- 
tangular, the  outer  i-ound.  Inner  i)art  of  same 
piece  with  shaft.  Size,  0.006  m.  square  on  un- 
der side,  0.0067  m.  x  0.007  m.  on  upi>er. 

Shaft  round  and  rectangular. 

2736.  End  gone.  Length,  0.04  m.  Diam- 
eter of  head,  0.021  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m. 
Shaft  round  in  \\ii\Hir  i)art.  Abrupt  transition. 
Size  of  rectangular  part,  0.003  m.x  0.004  m. 
Flattens  toward  break. 

The  following  nuaiber  is  of  uncertain  use. 

2737.  Length,  0.038  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.015  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m.  Shaft  round. 
Diameter,  0.0037  m.  and  less.  Flattens  in 
lower  part.  Was  probably  inserted  and  fastened 
by  rivet  which  passed  through  hole  at  end. 
Shaft  terminates  in  rectangle  (0.006  m.x 
0.0065  m.),  which  projects  slightly  on  under 
side  of  heatl.  Remainder  of  head  j^rhaps  a 
separate  piece. 


Type  d.    Round  thick  head.    Conical  top 
(undeveloped). 
Rectangular  shaft. 

2738.  End  injured.  Length,  0.133  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.02  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m.- 
0.005  m.  Slightly  concave  on  under  side.  Shaft, 
0.005  m.  and  less. 

2739.  liroken  near  head.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0215  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m.  at  centre,  de- 
creasing to  edge.  Lender  side  flat.  Groove  near 
outer  edge  of  top  side. 

Cf.  Olt/mpia,  No.  1210  (hammered).  Accord- 
ing to  Furtwiingler,  one  example  was  found  under 
the  Ileraeum  in  Olympia. 
Type  e.  Solid  round  head  resembling  an- 
gular knob  with  grooved  shaft. 
Shaft  rectangular. 

2740.  End  gone.  Length,  0.101  ni.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.015  m.  Top  a  smooth  rectangular 
surface.  Shaft,  0.0064  m.  x  0.007  m.  and  less. 
T3rpe  f.  Solid  cubical  head. 

Shaft  round. 

2741.  Uncleaned.  End  incomplete.  Con- 
dition poor.  Length,  0.08  m.  Head,  0.0085  m. 
square.  Thickness,  0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 

2742.  Uncleaned.  End  gone.  Condition 
l>oor.  Length,  0.092  m.  Head,  0.009  m. 
squai-e  on  top  and  0.007  ni.  at  bottom.  Thick- 
ness, 0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x  0.0055  m. 
and  less. 

Type  g.  Hollow  round  head  with  convex 
top. 

Nail-shaft  of  iron. 

2743.  Short  stub  only  of  shaft  remains.     Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.0285  m.     Shaft,  0.007  m.  x 
0.0085  m.     Inserted  into  bronze  socket  which 
reaches  to  under  side  of  head. 

2744.  Short  stub    only  of   shaft  remaining. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0475  m.    Shaft,  0.007  m.  x 
0.008  m.     Inserted  into  low  socket  on  under 
side  of  head. 

Cf.  Olymina,  No.  1214.     Iron  nail. 
Type  h.  Round  hollow  head  with  conical 

top. 

Cf .  gold  tacks  with  rounded  head  from  My- 
cenae (shaft-grave  IV,  Mus.  Nos.  359,  371)  and 
from  Heraeum  tomb.  No.  3317;  also  bronze 
nails  from  Mycenae  (not  from  shaft- graves), 
No.  2892,  and  from  shaft-grave  in.  No.  49. 
The  last  has  conical  head  and  is  employed  to 
hold  tocether  rosettes.  All  the  above  in  Nat. 
Mus.,  Athens. 


326 


THE   BRONZES 


NAILS,   BUTTON,  AND   FASTENERS 


327 


Plain. 

2745.  Shaft  broken  close  to  head.  Diame- 
ter of  head,  0.0227  m.  Thickness  of  head,  0.008 
ni.  Shaft  stub,  0.0065  m.  in  diameter.  What  re- 
mains looks  more  like  bottom  of  a  socket  the 
sides  of  which  have  been  broken  down.  Re- 
mainder of  shaft  may  therefore  have  been  of 
iron. 

2746.  Shaft  incomplete.  Sides  of  head 
crushed  flat.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.012  m.  Thickness,  0.012  m.  Diameter 
of  shaft,  0.0018  m.  and  less. 

2747.  From  "West  Building.  Shaft  gone. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Thickness,  0.009 
m.  On  under  side,  hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.) 
for  insertion  of  shaft. 

Ornamented. 
274&  Shaft  incomplete.  Head  in  poor  con- 
dition. Length,  0.107  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.034  m.  Thickness,  0.036  m.  At0.004m.  and 
0.009  m.  from  top  of  head  narrow  raised  en- 
circling bands.  Near  lower  edge,  shallow  groove. 
Inside  about  two  thirds  filled  with  bronze  and 
another  substance  (jierhaps  lead)  to  hold  shaft. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 
Plate  CXXXIV. 

2749.  Shaft  incomplete.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.062  m.  Thickness,  0.035  m. 
Narrow  raised  bands  near  top  and  at  bottom 
of  cone  and  at  top  and  bottom  of  outer  edge. 
Surface  of  top  slightly  concave,  of  outer  edge 
convex.  Inside  of  cone  half  filled  with  bronze 
and  perhaps  a  little  lead  (see  No.  2748)  for  in- 
sertion of  shaft.  Shaft  rectangular  (0.0055  m.  x 
0.006  m.)  at  first,  afterwards  round. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1220. 
Plate  CXXXIV. 

2750.  About  one  third  of  flange  gone.  Shaft 
incomplete,  and  bent.  Length,  0.148  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.063  m.  Thickness,  0.062  m. 
Shai>e  and  decoration  similar  to  that  of  No.  2749. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  X  0.005  m.  and  less.  Held  in 
jdace  by  melted  bronze. 

Cf.  nail  from  Necropoli  del  Fusco,  Notiz. 
ihfjU  Scavi,  1893,  p.  456. 

Aildenda  ^o  Types  a-h.  The  following  shafts 
probably  had  heads  originally,  but  their  form  is 
uncertain.    Possible  that  some  are  ends  of  spits. 

(a'.)  Round  shaft. 

Ends  originally  pointed,  now  rather  blunt. 
Plate  CXXXIII. 

275L  Length,  0.104  m.  Diameter,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 


2752.  Length,  0.11  m.  Diameter,  0.0085  m., 
decreasing  toward  fiat  point. 
Ends  blunt. 

275a  Length,  0.058  m.  Thickness,  0.0078  m. 
X  0.0087  m.,  decreasing  toward  end. 

2754.  Length,0.134m.  Thickness, 0.008m.  x 
0.007  m.  at  top,  passuig  immediately  to  round 
and  tai)ering  toward  end.    Top  smooth  and  pos- 
sibly original. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2755.  Length,  0.098  m.  Thickness,  0.01  m.  x 
0.011  m.  and  less. 

(i'.)  Rectangular  shaft. 
'End  originally  probably  i)ointed,  now  blunt. 

275&  Length,  0.136  m.  Size,  0.007  m. 
square,  tapering  toward  end. 

The    following   ty|)es   are   ornamental,   and, 
with  the  exception  of  the  first  (Type  i),  of  un- 
certain use  and  application. 
Type  i  Ornamental  head  developed  from 

cone  of  T3rpe  h.    No  shaft. 
Plate  CXXXIV. 

2757.  Injured  at  top  and  bottom,  but  practi- 
cally complete.  Length,  0.102  m.  Diameter 
of  bottom,  0.0685  m. ;  of  top,  0.007  m.  Lower 
edge  preserved  to  depth  of  0.006  m.  in  jdaccs. 
Flares  outward.  Under  side  hollow,  but  greater 
part  of  cone  is  solid.  Ornamented  with  grooves, 
rings,  and  convex  surface  as  in  Plate. 

Cf.  De  Ridder,  Bronzes  de  VAcrojtole^  No. 
385. 

Plate  CXXXIII. 
Tjrpe  j.  Ornamental  composite  head. 

275&  From  back  of  South  Building.  Height, 
0.024  m.  Diameter  of  bottom,  0.0405  m.;  of 
top,  0.018  m. ;  of  waist  of  shaft,  0.01  m.  Bot- 
tom smooth  and  slightly  concave.  Thickness 
of  etlge,  0.002  m.  In  centre,  hole,  0.019  m. 
across  and  0.006  m.  deep.  In  top,  hole,  0.01  m. 
X  0.0085  m.  across  and  0.0035  m.  deep,  into 
which  another  section  may  have  been  fastened. 

Cf.  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,   Nos.    7185,    7190, 
7191,  7193,  which  are  similar,  and  No.  7189, 
which  has  flat  top  (all  from  Acro|)olis).    Olym- 
pia.  No.  1224,  has  hole  clear  through. 
Type  k.  Ornamental   globular    heads  at* 

tached  to  round  shaft 
Class  a.  J*hiin  shaft . 
Plate  CXXXIV. 

2759.  End  gone.  Bent  (uncertain  whetlier 
of  original  design).  I^ength,  0.095  m.  Di- 
ameter of  head,  0.013  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.0065  m. 

276a  Shaft  incomplete.     Length,  0.039  m. 


Diameter  of  head,  0.027  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.0085  m. 
and  less.     Head  represents  bud  or  fruit. 
Cf.  Olympian  No.  1183  (apple  on  stem). 
Class  p.  Shaft    ornamented  with    heavy 
scretc-thrcading . 
276L  Shaft   incomplete.     Length,  0.05  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.024  m.    Flat  on  top.   Shaft 
(0.006  m.  X  0.007   m.)    inserted  into  under 

side. 

Addendum  to  Class  /3.  Ileatlless  shaft. 

2762.  Neither  end  complete.  Length,  0.078  m. 
Diameter,  0.0065  m. 
Type  L  Elongated  ornamental  head  with 

hole  in  end. 

2763.  Shaft  which  probably  was  of  iron  en- 
tirely gone.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Diameter  at 
top  and  bottom  rings,  0.013  m. ;  at  centre, 
0.02  m.  Above  top  ring,  extension  with  groove 
on  each  narrow  side.  Diameter  of  hole, 
0.0025  m.  In  bottom,  hole  (diameter,  0.0045  m. ; 
depth,  0.0039  m.).  From  hole  grooves  radiate 
to  outer  etlge.  General  api>earance,  especially 
of  hole,  favors  classification  here  rather  than  as 
pin-head. 

Object  of  somewhat  similar  api>earance  from 
Megara  Hyblaea  published  by  Orsi,  Mon.  Ant. 
Line.  I.  col.  828,  as  a  iiendant.     Not  stated 
whether  object  has  hole  in  bottom. 
Type  m.  Ornamental    head    representing 

flower. 

2764.  Uncleaned.  Shaft  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.027  m.  Consists  structurally 
of  three  parts  (though  all  are  of  one  piece). 
Upper  part  (length,  0.017  m.;  sides,  0.009  m. 
square)  has  four  slightly  flaring  petals,  one  at 
each  corner.  On  outside  of  each  i>etal,  a  smaller 
l>etal.  Ifetween  jwtals,  bud-like  centre  extend- 
ing to  top.  In  top,  slight  hole.  Middle  section 
(length,  0.005  m.;  sides,  0.009  m.  xO.Ol  m.) 
has  two  grooves  (or  three  raised  bands).  Lower 
section  (diameter,  0.008  m.)  has  small  hole  in 
bottom  for  insertion  of  shaft  and  two  grooves 
about  side. 

12.   BUTTON. 

276S  About  one  third  of  head  gone.  Di- 
ameter, 0.0185  m.  Length,  0.003  m.  Thin 
rounded  head.  In  centre  of  under  side,  heavy 
eyelet  (diameter  of  hole,  0.001  m.). 

Cf .  button  from  uncleaned  scra])s  from  Acrop- 
olis  now  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens.  Similar  buttons 
from  Villa  Benvenuti  near  Este  found  in  cist- 
grave  of  iron  age :  Montelius,  CicPrim.  It.  Text, 


col.  292,  fig.  e.  Likewise  from  Este :  Ghirar- 
dini,  3Ion.  Ant.  Line.  VIII.  col.  27,  pi.  I. 
No.  31.  In  Villa  Papa  Giulio,  §  xxxv.  (Rome), 
many  bronze  buttons,  very  similar,  with  eyelets 
underneath. 

Discard :  uncertain,  one. 


13.   FASTENERS. 
A.   WIRE. 

2766.  Band  damaged.  Length  of  wire,  about 
0.255  m.  Size,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0013  m.  and  less. 
Rectangular.  Band,  0.027  m.  x  0.023  m.  Small 
repousse  dots  about  edge,  and  two  or  three  rows 
in  interior  running  lengthwise.  At  present, 
band  encircles  only  one  end  of  wire. 

2767.  From  Old  Temple.  Ends  probably 
incomplete.  Lengthat  present,  0.062  m.  Wire, 
0.0022  m.  X  0.0014  m.  (diamond-shaped  sec- 
tion with  obtuse  angles  softened).  Irregular 
coil,  from  which  proceed  two  arms  on  one  side 
and  one  on  the  other.  Their  ends  meet  and  are 
twisted  about  each  other.  Two  pieces  of  wire, 
of  which  one  forms  the  single  arm  and  one  of 
the  pair. 

Place  of  coil  taken  by  bronze  disk. 

2768.  None  of  the  ends  complete.  Length, 
0.059  m.  "NVire,  0.0027  m.x  0.0015  m.  near 
disk,  decreasing  toward  ends.  Section  as  in 
No.  2767.  Disk  (diameter,  0.0205  m.)  has  row 
of  small  dots  about  edge  convex  side  uppermost. 
Rivet  holds  at  back  of  disk  three  pieces  of  wire 
one  on  top  of  the  other,  passing  through  flat- 
tened ends  of  two  and  middle  of  the  third. 

Addendum.  The  following  disk  may  have 
similar  value  to  that  of  No.  276a 

2769.  (Shows  under  side.)  From  back  of 
South  Building.  Uncertain  how  much  is  lost. 
Diameter,  0.016  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  On 
top,  close  to  edge,  groove.  In  centre,  hole 
(0.0045  m.x 0.002  m.)  from  which  bar 
(0.0015  m.  X  0.0017  m.)  projects  0.005  m.  At 
back,  bar  seems  to  spread  and  hold  wire  in  place. 

B.  CHAIN. 

2770.  From  West  Building.  Uncertain 
whether  and  to  what  extent  incomplete.  Length, 
0.038  m.  Four  links  of  horseshoe  shape  matle 
of  round  wire  and  open  at  small  end. 

The  following  object  is  put  here  on  the  sup- 
position that  there  were  originally  more  links. 

2771.  Length,  0.0225  m.  Rectangular  and 
round  wire.     Tapers  nearly  to  point  at  end  of 


328 


THE   BRONZES 


larger  loop  —  an  objectiou  to  making  this  object 
a  link  of  a  chain. 

C.   EYELET  OR  HINGE. 

2772.  Both  ends  probably  incomplete. 
Length,  0.0925  m.  Two  bars  terminating  in 
interlocked  closed  eyelets.  Bar  of  eyelets  rec- 
tangular (0.0005  ni.  X  0.0025  m.),  of  shafts 
rounded  rectangular. 

14.    CLAMPS. 

2773.  One  cleat  on  under  side  broken  off 
close  to  bar.  Length,  0.09  m.  Width  of  bar, 
0.01  m.-0.0215  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m.- 
0.008  m.  On  under  side  at  0.018  m.  from  one 
entl,  and  0.028  m.  from  the  other,  small  cleat. 

2774.  Length,  0.102m.  Thickness,  0.0045 m.- 
0.0007  m.  On  imder  side  near  each  end 
(0.012  m.,  0.009  m.),  cleat.  Height  of  each, 
0.0135  m.  Width,  about  0.014  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.004  m.  and  0.007  m. 

2775.  Length,  0.10  m.  Width  of  bar, 
0.039  ni.and  less.  Thickness, 0.004  m.-0.007  m. 
Height  of  cleats,  0.013  m. 

Hole  in  ends  makes  identification  as  clamp 
uncertain. 

2776.  (Shows  under  side.)  One  end  prob- 
ably incomplete.  Length,  0.00  m.  Width, 
0.035  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.0038  m.  and 
less.  Near  one  end,  hole  (diameter,  0.0075  m.). 
Groove  on  top  nearly  at  right  angles  to  sides. 

15.  CAPS. 

2777.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De- 
fective.  Diameter,  0.077  m.  Height,  0.020  m. 
and  less.  Upper  edge  bent  slightly  outward  in 
parts. 

2778.  Defective.  Conditiim  jKwr.  Sides 
bent  flat  against  bottom.  Diameter,  0.0717  m. 
Height  of  sides,  0.0115  m.  and  less. 

2779.  Found  in  South  Stoa,  April  24,  1895. 
Height,  0.00  m.  Diameter,  0.077  m.  and  less. 
Thickness  of  sides,  0.007  m.  and  less.  Near  top, 
bronze  rivet  from  side  to  side.  On  outside  near 
top,  shallow  groove. 

Different  from  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  281, 
No.  120. 

Tlie  following  with  ear  or  ears  at  side  is  prob- 
ably to  be  put  here. 

2780.  (Shows  under  side.)  Defective. 
Height,  0.01  m.  +  0.005  m.   Diameter,  0.028  m. 


On  one  side  of  top,  ear  (width,  0.01  m.    Length, 
0.006  ra. ).    At  base,  hole  (diameter,  0.003  m. ). 
The  following  objects  of  uncertain  classifica- 
tion probably  had  similar  use. 

2781.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De- 
fective. Diameter,  0.048  m.  Twjthed  edge.  In 
centre,  convexity  with  hole  (diameter,  0.005  m. ). 
On  same  side,  leaf  pattern,  at  base  of  teeth  and 
about  centre. 

2782.  Perhaps  from  northeast  comer  of  Old 
Temple.  About  complete.  Height,  0.021  m. 
Diameter,  0.024  ra.  (top),  0.045  m.  (bottom). 
Neck  (length,  O.OOC  m.),  beneath  which,  convex 
lower  ))art.     Perhaps  coating  of  end  of  staff. 

16.  CENTREPIECE. 

278a  Found  back  of  South  Buihling,  1894. 
Defective.  Condition  jnior.  Size,  0.053  m. 
Ends,  0.0115  m.  square  and  less.  Thickness 
of  metal,  0.0015  m.  Inside  hollow.  About  ends 
on  all  sides  except  back,  grooves,  two  al>out  each 
end. 

17.  BINDING. 

2784.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
broken.  Length,  0.135  m..  Wi«lth,  0.048  m. 
and  less.  Consists  of  two  parts  :  upj)er  ribWl 
flange,  inner  line  of  which  is  broken.  The 
seccmd  part  (same  piece  with  top);  length, 
0.008  m.;  width,  0.0275  m. ;  thickness, 
0.005  m.  at  junction  with  upj>er  part,  from 
which  decreases  toward  rounded  edge.  Uniler 
side  flat ;  fonns  acute  angle  with  uj)i>er  part. 
Doubtful  whether  object  can  have  lieen  part  of 
binding  of  shield  rim,  one  objection  being  that 
original  diameter  was  only  0.23  m. 

18.  DECORATIVE  BRACES  AND 
STRIPS. 

A.  STRAIGHT  ORNAMENTAL  APPLIED 
BRACES. 

{Each  object  differs  from  the  otherx  in  ti/pe.) 

2785.  Small  end  broken  at  nail-hole.  Length, 
0.045  m. 

2786.  Large  end  broken.  Length,  0.049  m. 
Claw,  length,  0.00G5  m.  rounded.  Diameter, 
0.005  m.  at  base,  decreases  toward  end.  Shaft 
rectangidar,  with  beveled  corners  (0.0077  m. 
and  less). 

2787.  (Shows  reverse  side.)  Both  ends  prob- 
ably defective.     Nails  broken  close  to  surface. 


DECORATIVE   BRACES   AND   STRIPS 


329 


Length,  0.221  m.  Width  of  centre,  0.0235  m. 
and  less.  Thickness,  0.012  m.  and  less.  At 
0.009  m.  from  end,  nail.  Blade,  width, 
0.125  m.  Thickness,  0.0064  m.  Near  centre, 
nail.  At  0.015  m.  beyond  nail,  on  narrow  side, 
round  hole  in  shaft.  Depth,  0.006  m.  Diam- 
eter, 0.0035  m.  Perhaps  cross  brace  of  grating 
or,  more  likely,  leg  of  small  chair  or  bed.  Cf. 
lower  part  of  leg  of  bed  in  archaic  relief  from 
Tegea  (Ibrahim  Effendi,  Ath.  Mitth.  IV.  p. 
136,  pi.  vii.  Milchhofer). 

B.    CURVED  ORNAMENTAL  APPLIED  BRACE. 

Plate  CXXXV. 

2788.  One  end  broken.  Length,  0.221  m. 
Width,  0.051  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.027  m. 
Ribs  raised  above  surface,  0.0045  m.  Near 
whole  end,  nail  (diameter,  0.006  m.).  On  under 
side,  hole  fllled  with  iron  rust.  Hence  only  head 
is  of  bronze.  At  0.085  m.  from  first  nail,  sec- 
ond nail  of  bronze.  Object  cast  solid,  but  with 
many  flaws  which  show  on  under  side.  Diame- 
ter of  protracted  circle  (inside),  about  0.955  m. 
This  and  similar  objects  probably  applied  to 
edge  of  large  kettles  or  caldrons,  like  the  small 
pieces  Nos.  2188,  etc.  See,  however,  Olymjna^ 
Nos.  1229  f.,  which  are  very  similar  in  shaj)e  but 
smaller.  Several  similar  pieces,  both  larger  and 
smaller  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  among  scraps  from 
Acroix>lis  (uncleaned).  In  Museum  of  Flor- 
ence similar  small  ornaments,  but  not  flat  on 
one  side  (Tomba  a  circolo  di  Poggio  alia  Guaixlia, 
1895). 

C.  STRIPS  AND  RODS. 

T]rpe  a.  Triangular,  the  widest  side  being 
applied. 

2789.  One  end  broken.  Length,  0.168  m. 
Sides,  0.0075  m.,  0.0042  m.,  0.004  m.  End 
undercut  on  wide  side,  probably  for  purpose  of 
fastening. 

2790.  One  end  gone,  the  other  defective. 
Length,  0.146  m.  Sides,  0.0078  m.,  0.0043  m., 
0.0052  m.  Single  engraved  line  near  outer  edge 
of  each  of  short  sides. 

2791.  lioth  ends  broken.  Length  (arc), 
0.0585  m.  On  each  of  narrow  sides,  line  close 
to  each  edge ;  in  interior,  broad,  rounded,  obtuse- 
angletl  zigzag  of  bent  lines.  I3oth  ends  turn 
slightly  outwanl,  hence  best  put  here. 

Discartts  of  Type  a  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Tjrpe  b.  Quadrangular  (two  acute  and  two 
obtuse  angles). 
Manner  of   application  differs  from  that  of 


objects  of   preceding  tyi>e,  one  of  the  obtuse 
angles  being  applied. 

2792.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  gone.  Length, 
0.173  m.  Thickness,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0024  m. 
One  end  flattens  from  near  break.  At  break, 
hole  (diameter,  0.002  m.).  Shows  manner  of 
application  and  fastening. 

2793.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  gone.  Length, 
0.245  m.     Width,  0.0036  m.  x  0.0025  m. 

2794.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.241  m.  Forms 
at  centre  8-shaped  loop. 

Discards  of  Type  b  :  uncleaned,  two. 

T3rpe  c.  Quadrangular.    Right  angles. 
Manner  of  application  uncertain. 

2795.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.085  m.     Sides,  0.002  m.  x  0.0005  m. 

2796.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.164  m.  Sides, 
0.0024  m.  X  0.0007  m.  and  less. 

2797.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.093  m.  Width, 
0.0035  m.  and  less.  On  both  sides,  rough 
groove. 

2798.  Uncleaned.  One  end  broken.  Length, 
0.084  m.  Width,  0,0035  m.  and  less.  Near  wide 
end  crossed  at  right  angles  by  heavy  grooves. 

2799.  L^ncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.067  m.  W^idth,  0.0055  m.  Thickness,  0.0015 
m.  Near  one  end,  four  small  fragments  of  sheet 
gold,  three  of  which  rest  on  bronze  incrusta- 
tion. This  incrustation,  and  consequently  the 
gold  fragments,  belongs  to  some  other  piece  of 
bronze. 

Type  d.  Flat,  quadrangular  (as  in  preced- 
ing tjrpe ),  and  round  shaft  combined. 

2800.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.19  m.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round.  Size, 
0.0053  m.  X  0.0008  ra. 

Probably  also :  2800  a»  Uncleaned.   One  end 
gone.    Length,  0.21  m.     Shaft  rectangular  and 
round. 
Type  e.  Round  shaft,  plain. 

Manner  of  application  uncertain. 

280L  Large  end  broken.  Length,  0.053  m. 
Diameter,  0.003  m.  and  less.  Use  uncertain. 
Placed  here  because  of  similarity  to  following 
number. 

2802.  From  West  Building.  One  end  broken. 
Length,  0.25  m.     Diameter,  0.0047  m. 

2803.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  gone.  Length 
as  bent,  0.044  m.  Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0038  m. 
Type  f.  Shaft  round  (or  nearly  round),  with 

coil  at  one  end. 
Class  a.  Plain. 

2804.  One  end  gone.  Length  as  bent,  0.025  m. 


330 


THE  BRONZES 


Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0008  m.   Uncertain  whether 

loop  is  original. 

Class  p.  Chord  Jiat  for  application.  Re- 
mainder of  circumference  has  interrupted 
rope  pattern.     Coil  plain. 

2805.  One   end   gone.      Length,    0.152    m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0033  m. 

Type  g.  Round  shaft  consisting  of  three 
plain  strands  twisted  together. 

2806.  Both  ends  gone.     Length,  0.086  m. 
Diameter,  0.0033  m. 

2807.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.134  m. 
Diameter,  0.004  m. 

280a  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.189  m. 
Diameter,  0.0037  m. 

19.    INSERTED  DISKS. 

Type  a  Plain. 

2809.  Cracked  nearly  through.  Diameter, 
0.069  m.  Tliickness,  0.0043  m.  and  less.  On 
both  sides,  slight  depressions  which  look  like 
marks  of  hammer. 

Type  b.   Ornamented  simple  disk. 

2810.  Split  by  corrosion  into  several  laminae. 
Diameter,  0.062  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.  On 
outside,  rosette,  the  centre  of  which  is  slightly 
concave;  reverse  plain. 

Type  c.  Plain,  with  dowel  at  back  for  in- 
sertion. 

2811  Diameter,  0.0002  m.  Tliickness, 
0.0042  m.  Length  of  dowel,  0.021  m.  Disk 
and  dowel  of  one  piece.     Cast. 

Addenda.     Comi>osite  disks. 

2812.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De- 
fective. Lead  kernel  nearly  intact.  Bronze 
covering  mostly  preserved.  Diameter  of  leaden 
part,  0.051  m.  Thickness,  0.0053  m.  Bronze 
follows  conformation  of  outer  surface. 

2812  a.  Uncleaned.  Lead  kernel  nearly 
complete.  Bronze  only  partially  i)reserved. 
Similar  to  preceding.     Diameter,  0.0525  m. 

20.   OTHER  DECORATIVE  ATTACH- 
MENTS AND  FRAGMENTS. 

2813.  One  end  gone,  the  other  defective. 
Length,  0.085  m.  Width,  0.0105  m.  and  less. 
Sides  slightly  convex.  Manner  of  attachment 
uncertain. 

2813  a.  Uncleaned.  Similar  to  No.  28ia 
Length,  0.039  m. 

2814.  Top  broken.     Height,  0.043  m.    Di- 


ameter, 0.055  m.  Five  layers  of  bronze,  de- 
creasing toward  top.  Diameter  of  uppermost 
layer,  0.015  m.  Bronze  part  forms  thick  coni- 
cal shell,  into  which  is  inserted  from  bottom 
solid  cone  of  lead.  This  cone  projects  0.006  m. 
below  bottom,  and  partially  overlaps  inner  edges 
of  bronze.  On  top,  mass  of  iron  oxide,  prob- 
ably remains  of  rotl  which  held  object  as  pend- 
ant. 

2815.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.175  m. 

Width,  0.022  m. 

2816.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.042  m. 
Stem  with  short  blade.  Width  of  stem,  0.0097 
m.  ;  of  blade,  0.0145  m.     Blade  curved. 

21.   SLTPORTS. 

2817.  Found  at  east  end  of  south  slope,  April 
24,  1893.  Height,  about  0.125  m.  Length  of 
foot,  0.017  m.  Width,  0.016  m.  Upper  part 
of  shaft  rectangular.     Lower  part  round. 

2818.  Uncleaned.  Top  damaged.  Height, 
0.088  m.  Length  of  foot,  0.01  m.  Width, 
0.005  m.  Formed  by  cutting  back  shaft  and 
bending  end.  Diameter  of  shaft,  0.005  m. 
and  less. 

2818  a.  Fragment  Height,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.011  m. 


Solid. 


22.  RODS. 


2819.  From  West  Building.  One  end  broken. 
Length,  0.476  m.     Diameter,  0.006  m. 

Hollow. 

2820.  From  south  slope.  One  end  broken. 
Length,  0.121  m.  Diameter,  0.01  m.  Com- 
plete end  nearly  triangular.  Elsewhere,  rounded. 
Oi>en  cylinder.  Edges  do  not  form  straight 
line. 

Filled. 

2821.  Both  ends  gone.  Shell  cracked  entire 
length.  Length,  0.123  m.  Diameter,  0.023  m. 
Interior  filletl  with  iron  rust  and  another  sub- 
stance which  is  probably  part  of  core. 

23.  BARS. 
Plain. 

2822.  From  back  of  South  Building.  One 
end  broken.  Length,  0.06  m.  Width,  0.023  m.- 
0.041  m.     Thickness,  0.0033  m.  and  less. 

282a  Length,  0.0735  m.  Width,  0.022  m. 
and  less.     Thickness,  0.0047  m.  and  less. 

One  end  damaged.     Length,  0.10  m. 


BARS,   BALL,   AND  CASTINGS 


331 


Width,  0.013  m.     Thickness,  0.0095  m.  and 
less. 

282&  Condition  jxMr.  Length,  0.06  m. 
Width,  0.025  m.  and  less,  especially  toward 
one  end,  which  terminates  in  rounded  beveled 
]>oint. 

2826l  From  south  slope.     Ik>th  ends  gone. 
Length,  0.044  m.     Width,  0.018  m.  and  less. 
Inscribeil. 

2827.  Both  ends  roughly  cut  off.  Length, 
0.084  m.  Width,  0.02  m.-0.0215  m.  Thick- 
ness, 0.0065  m. -0.0085  m.  For  inscription  see 
Appendix, 

24.    BALL. 
From     West    Building.       Diameter, 


25.   CASTINGS. 


0.014  m. 


A.  PARTIALLY  FORMED  OBJECTS. 

Plate  CXXXVI. 

2829.  Standard  and  paw.  Height,  about 
0.154  m.  Height  of  standard,  0.112  m.  Diame- 
ter of  top  of  standard,  0.088  m.  Attachments 
cast  in  one  piece  with  standard:  1.  From  a 
point  0.03  m.  below  top  of  standard  rises  diag- 
onally lion's  paw  with  four  toes.  Toes  have 
claws.  From  heel  projects  round  stub  (length, 
0.018  m. ;  diameter,  0.013  m.).  This  stub  per- 
haps marks  \A\^e  through  which  bronze  was 
jwured.  2.  Near  top  of  standard,  oblong 
rounded  attachment  in  line  with  paws.  Length, 
0.026  m.  3.  From  middle  of  upper  part  of 
standard,  on  opi>osite  side  from  precetling  at- 
tachment, round  stub  rising  diagonally. 

2830.  Crimped    arc.        Length,    0.109    m. 


Width,  0.035  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.01  m. 
and  less.  Top  side  has  ornament  of  slightly 
raised  rays  which  do  not  quite  reach  outer  edge. 
Inner  edge  beveled. 

2831.  Conve.x-concave  arc.  Outside  diame- 
ter, 0.083  m.  Width  of  ring,  0.031  m.  and 
less.     Thickness,  0.005  m.  and  less. 

2832.  Perhaps  part  of  mold.  Size,  0.057  m.  x 
0.035  m.  X  0.009  m.    In  edge,  outlines  of  at  least 
three  circles,  of  which  only  the  largest  shows 
trace  of  bottom. 

2833.  Bar.  One  end  complete.  Size, 
0.087  m.  X  0.027  m.  x  0.01  m. 

2834.  Segment  of  sphere.  Width,  0.072  m. 
Thickness,  0.037  m.  and  less. 

2835.  Uncleaned.  Fragment  of  sphere. 
Entire  surface  rough.     Diameter,  0.253  m. 

B.  CASTINGS  WHICH  PRESENT  ACCIDENTAL 
RESEMBLANCES  TO  VARIOUS  OBJECTS. 

2836.  (Penis.)    Length,  0.083  m. 

2837.  Bird.     Height,  0.04  m. 

2838.  (Binding  for  corner.)  Length,  0.063  m. 

2839.  (Saddle.)  Height,  0.046  m.    Length, 

0.05  m. 

C.  FORMLESS  CASTINGS. 

2840.  Length,  0.14  m.  Width,  0.12  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m. 

2841.  Condition  poor.  Size,  0.085  m.  x 
0.06  m.x  0.008  m. 

Discards  ofC:  six,  of  which  one  from  West  Building. 

Other  discards.  Here  belong  a  number  of  pieces,  partly 
castings,  partly  pieces  of  sheet  bronze,  wliich  have  been 
partly  melted  and  fused  together,  or  mixed  with  other 
substances,  as  lead,  rock,  sand.  Most  of  them  show  ac- 
tion of  fire.  Uncleaned,  seventy-eight,  of  which  two 
from  back  of  South  Building,  near  retaining  wall. 


APPENDIX:  INSCRIPTIONS 


333 


APPENDIX 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   THE  BRONZES 


964.  Plate  LXXXIX.  (photographs).  Two 
copies  below.  The  second,  on  reexamination,  seemetl 
to  represent  more  accurately  the  actual  condition  of 
the  bronze.  Letters  scarcely  legible.  Height,  about 
0.003  m. 


^^ 


(1)  G>i'cro"Tiafs   ■>■]//[?])  EIAAa&[ou 

(2)  €h«r(mo[s]  HcAAa8i[«u 
Translation:  (Projterti/)  of  Thystla,  daughter  (or 

wife)  of  Helladios. 

0wroTiu[s :  does  not  seem  to  occur,  but  Hesychius 
has  (K'trnfi  (quoted  by  L.  and  S.)  and  C-)vaTaScs  (quoted 
by  P.-B.).  Cf.  also  0[u](rcn'8ai,  Athen.  Mltth.  IX. 
p. 321  (Ceos), 'Efl-iVeCu^is]  ©vatas,  Areh.-Ep'uj.  Mitth. 
aus  Oest.  XI.  p.  181,  and  ©i'o-om',  'E«^.  'A.px-  1883,  col. 
215.  1.  125  (the  last  two  also  in  P.-B.).  For  -acrr- 
see  G.  Meyer,  Gr'iech.  Graui!  p.  304,  Bmgmann, 
Griech.  GniMv}  §  100,  1  a  and  §  119,  1.  —  r]^[s] : 
it  seems  better  to  assume  a  blank  space  between  the 
words  than  to  supply  this  word,  which  is  not  of  the 
Argive  dialect.  —  'EAXa8t[ov :  see  P.-B.  s.  v.  and  also 
C.  LA.  III.  1343,  C.  I.  S.  53, 179.  Another  i)os- 
sibility  would  be  'EAAai'to[i'  or  'EAAartofvo?,  but  the 
nominative  case  of  the  former  is  an  objection,  and  for 
the  latter  there  is  hardly  space.  The  word  occurs 
B.  M.  I.  III.  §  1,  p.  65  (lasos),  'EAAavtW  Topo-n's. 

1581.  Plate  XCVI.  (photograph  and  drawing). 
Copy   below.     Retrograde-boustrophedon,    beginning 


^/Noi  t:ir5is;e^ 


o 


3^  ^A/grnnA 


r 


with  lower  right  corner.  Height  of  letters,  0.002  m.- 
0.0047  m.  Letters  in  lines  1  and  2  increase  in  size 
with  the  direction  of  the  writing. 

The  letters  of  the  first  line  are  very  legible,  inas- 
much as  they  are  clearly  cut  and  well  preserved. 
Those  of  the  second  line,  however,  have  been  nearly 
effaced  by  the  oxidation  of  the  bronze,  and  were  ex- 


tremely difficult  to  decipher.  Nevertheless,  the  forms 
of  the  letters  as  given  in  drawing  and  copy  are  for 
the  most  jiart  fairly  sure.  The  single  letter  of  the 
third  (middle)  line  is  faint  but  certain. 

AptOTCta  Ekc  I  daxoiQ)  avt&tK  \  C 

Translation :  Aristela  offered  (me)  on  behalf  of 
Ekethaio. 

For  'A/Moreia,  cf.  C  /.  G,  155  (Attic),  quote<l  by 
P.-B.,  and  there  accented  'Apurrcia.  The  first  letter 
of  the  second  (top)  line  may  be  either  6  or  <^,  but  the 
balance  of  probability  is  in  favor  of  $.  Neither  'E«cc- 
daxui  nor  'EKc<^to>  seems  to  occur.  For  '£kckX»}«, 
'Ekc^iS?/^,  *£kc<^vXos,  which  present  the  nearest  anal- 
ogy, see  B.  C.  H.  Index.  The  reading  of  the  word 
as  a  feminine  form  from  an  oj-  stem  instead  of  a  mas- 
culine form  from  an  o-  stem  is  arbitrary.  IX;dica- 
tion  on  behalf  of  another  person  in  an  inscription 
from  Athens  published  by  Kurte,  Athen.  Mitth.  XXI. 
p.  294,  y[vn)<Tt.TTo\i(jt.rf  vTcip  AiKcufM^i'ouf  'A(r«cA>/7ri<p 
'Aftvvw  avtdT)Kt.  That  Ekethaio  or  Eke|>haio  is  an 
unknown  name  of  a  ])erson  is  more  probable  than 
that  it  is  an  unknown  epitiiet  of  Hera. 

1746.  Platk  CII.  (photogra]>h).  Drawing  be- 
low.    A  single  letter.     Height,  0.008  ni. 


1 


Initial  letter  of  *Hpac  or  'Hpat.  Cf.  No.  1965^ 
and  B.  M.  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins,  Pelopojinesiis, 
Introd.  p.  Iv. 

1824,  182&  Plates  CVL,  CVII.  (photograph 
and  copy).  Ketrograile.  Height  of  letters,  0.0055  m.- 
0.008  m. 

ft  J    aS  \  d3k 

The  reading  makes  it  probable  that  the  fragments 
are  to  be  combine<l,  in  spite  of  the  difficulty  of  adjust- 
ment. This  part  of  the  inscription  probably  con* 
tained  names  only.  It  is  probable  that  the  fathers' 
names  were  added  in  a  second  column  at  the  left,  but 
even  if  they  were  place<I  under  the  names  of  the 
sons,  the  first  name  on  the  fragment,  as  next  to  the 
last,  would  still  be  in  the  nominative. 

The  first  name  is  probably  4>iA.Xta«,  cf .  C.  I.  O. 
1514  (cite<l  by  Pape-Benseler),  TTiotikX^  <I>tAXtu; 
C.  I.  S.  III.  i.  446  (Stratos),  1. 4.  *tAAtas  Ti;Aa[i7eo«, 


or  *tAXi'&is,  cf.  C.  I.  S.  III.  i.  Appendix,  1066, 1.  2, 
♦tXAt'Sa;  B.  C.  H.  V.  p.  413,  No.  22,  1.  3,  Ti'pov 
4>iXA.t8a  'A/i«^t<r(rT«w;  ibid.  p.  414,  No.  23, 11.  14,  15, 
4>iAAi&i«.  It  may  also  have  been  4>iXXt?.  Cf .  B.  C.  H. 
Index,  1877-«6,  and  vol.  XX.  p.  206  (Delphi),  1. 
35,  ♦tXis  'Apycio?,  *iXXis  'Kpyuot.  For  4>iAAi8as  and 
4>l\Xi«  in  literature,  see  P.-B.  The  second  name  is 
probably  the  nominative,  possibly  the  genitive,  of 
Sw&i/xos.  Cf.  the  indices  to  the  various  Corpora,  and 
to  B.  C.  H.,  and  'E<^.  'Apx-  1883,  col.  29,  No.  9 
(Epidaaros),  Ntxarav  ^ut&d/jiov.  An  Argive  named 
SuiSu/iias  is  mentioned  by  Pans.  III.  ix.  8  (quoted  by 
P.-B.). 

Double  writing  of  consonants  is  the  rule  for  Argive 
inscriptions  which  have  four-stroke  sigma.  so  even  in 
A.  J.  A.  XI.  p.  43,  1.  5,  'YAXti;?.  In  those  which 
have  three-stroke  sigma  there  are  no  cases  in  j)oint. 
Those  which  use  san  write  but  one  consonant  in  cases 
of  gemination.  Cf.  /.  G.  A.  30,  1.  5,  and  Nos.  1826, 
1.  9,  'YXJs,  and  2252,  c  2t»ctX4as.  It  follows  that  for 
the  period  to  wliich  an  Argive  retrograde  inscription 
would  naturally  be  assigned  the  single  consonant 
should  be  ex]>ected.  The  double  writing  of  the  con- 
sonants in  this  inscription,  taken  together  with  the 
style  of  the  letters,  makes  it  probable  that  this  is  an 
exceptional  example  of  retrograde  writing  at  a  later 
I)eriod.  Cf.  the  retrograde  writing  of  names  of  Ar- 
give kings  on  the  hemicycle  on  the  north  side  of  the 
sacred  way  at  Delphi.  B.  C  If.  XVIII.  p.  186,  and 
Frazer  on  Paus.  X.  x.  5. 

182a^   Plates  CVI.    (photograph)   and    CVII. 
(drawing).* 

1.  <f>{or  p)a$iiaTa  W  T'  a&€V  '::  hoyvo- 

[hjc  (rvv\€oi  W  Tus  apas    W   Tus 


2. 

3.  yos  :•  Ttts  Apyciuc  ••  ra  St  Tra/xfara 

4.  -»ta  [^Jai'ttToi'  ::  he  oXAo  ti  Ka<fov  ••  li- 

5.  c]7r[iT]tx»'«HTo  :i  c[h(?)o]t  fto-^ut  ii  [Tor9]<>- 

6.  -CK  ,:  irp*>[ir(?)]po[p(?)]o«  :•   t$irpua- 

7.  «u  Sc  fi]t  8a/uto[p]yoi  ris  .•  h<H[s  (?) 

8.  -s]  Apyctas  :•   kcu  hoi  Fm  t- 

9.  -o  ::  Toi  HuAcs  jl  aTro8ofi[^€voi 

10.  ya«  ::  Apyetusya  ••  KaTtt»c[a- 

11.  -yvoi/  foi  coTo  i:  irot  ras  H[cpac 

The  interpretation  de^tends  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent on  the  view  which  may  be  taken  of  the  dot  after 
T  in  the  first  line.  Rogers,  who  thinks  it  an  attempt 
to  puncture  the  plate  for  a  nail-hole  (/.  c.  p.  166), 
and  Frftnkel  disregard  it  in  reading,  and  join  r  to 
what  follows.  The  reading  thus  obtaine<l,  raS'  iv,  is 
easy  and  plausible,  and  there  are  examples  of  allow- 
ance of  space  for  nail-holes.*    Preparation  for  the  nail 

>  Published  by  J.  D.  Ro(>:er8  in  .1.  J.  A.,  Second  Series, 
V.  (1001).  pp.  ir)9  flf.,  and  by  Max  Frinkel  in  Insc.  Argol. 
No.  :m  II.  G.  IV.). 

-  By  E.  GUU^ron. 

»  See  Rogers,  /.  c.  p.  1C7.    Add  the  inscription  from  Olym- 


by  means  of  a  carefully  worked  indentation  is  a  some- 
what different  matter ;  and  until  examples  are  found 
for  it,  it  may  be  well  to  look  for  some  other  explana- 
tion, especially  as  in  this  case  the  indentation  was 
not  actually  used  for  such  a  purpose.  The  analogy 
of  the  Locrian  inscription  (/.  G.  A.  321),  where  let- 
ters (usually  prostrate)  with  three  dots  on  either  side 
serve  as  a  means  of  numbering  the  paragraphs,  sug- 
gests that ::  T  •  in  this  inscrij)tion  may  have  a  similar 
use.  In  this  case  the  letter  would  probably  introduce 
the  last  paragraph  in  the  document,  namely,  that  con- 
taining the  sanctions.  If  so,  additions  to  the  main 
body  of  the  document  are  not  to  be  exjjected,  but 
simply  measures  to  secure  the  fulBlhnent  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  preceding  paragraplis. 

Line  1.  tpaOfjiaTa:  for  the  slight  preference  in  favor 
of  <^  as  against  p,  see  above  s.  n.    For  <^a<rp.aTa  with 
substitution  of  -o-p,o  for  -^p.a,  cf.  Brugmann,  Griech. 
Gram'}   p.  186.      In  the   absence  of  the  preceding 
context,  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  word  is  complete 
as  it  stands,  and,  if  so,  in  what  sense  it  was  meant. 
Nor  is  it  possible  to  look  forward  for  a  reference,  if 
the  above  hypothesis  regarding  the  paragraphs  be 
correct     The  termination  would  also  fit  v<j>a<TfiaTa. 
A*<l>a6fmTa  like  </)r//jti/,  f  ari.  Sansk.  bha-ti,  seems  not  to 
have  existed  in  Greek.     Rogers  and  Frankel  take 
the  initial  letter  to  be  p.     The  former  suggests  (I.  c. 
p.  165)  ypddfiaTa  =  ypd.(riJuiTa  =  ypdfiixxiTa,  ^pd6fiaTa  = 
Sptt<r/xaTa  •  <rvv6dfiaTa,  ayopda-ftaTo,  and  (I.  C.  p.  174) 
lapOdiiaTa.    In  understanding  ypdafxara  (  <  ypdO/xaTa) 
as  ypdfkfiaTa  he  agrees  with  Robert  (to  whom  he  re- 
fers), who  thus  interprets  ypaa-a/jLaToiv  in  the  inscrij)- 
tion  from  Hermione  {Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  598). 
Neither  indicates  the   process  by  which    *grabh-ma 
becomes    ypa-dfua.     or     ypa-(rp.a.*        Frankel    reads 
-p  or  oja^/iara  without  explanation.     To  these  con- 
jectures may  be  added  pdOfiara  =  *pda-ft.aTa  =  pdfi- 
fjLara  (C  /.  G.  S.  2421).     For  the  sense  of  this,  as 
also  of  v<l>da-fiaTa  above,  cf .  the  prescriptions  for  dress 
in  the  sacrificial  inscription  from  Andania  (Cauer, 
Delectus^  p.  33,  No.  47).     However,  as  in  the  case 
of  ypa-Oji-a  above,  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  sub- 
stitution of  suffix-initial  6*  or  o-  for  the  final  labial  con- 
sonant of  the  root  without  a  somewhat  extensive  and 
j)erhaps  unsafe  application  of  the  principle  of  analogy. 
—  oScj/:  if  this  word  begins  the  paragraph,  it  can 
scarcely  be  anything  but  dhlv  (in  sense  of  h€h6\6aL) 
or  aScv'  (in  sense  of  Iho^tv),  from  di/Sdrw.    The  diffi- 
culty with  regard  to  the  breathing  is  pointed  out  by 
Rogers,  I.  c.  pp.  163  f. ;  nor  do  examples  of  i/ftAoxris 
like'Iir(7r)o/xeSo)i',  /.  6^.^.30  (cited  by  Kuliner-Blass, 
I.  p.  109),  and  'Hpas,   lopo/im/xoi/c?,  A.  J.  A.   XI. 

pia  published  in  the  Jahreshffte  d.  Oesterreich.  Arch.  Instituts, 
I.  p.  lit"  (Szanto). 

*  For  a  discussion  of  this  word  see  Helen  M.  Searles,  A 
Lexicographical  Studi/  of  the  Greek  Inscriptions,  s.  v.  ypdffafuu 

*  Mentioned  as  a  possibility  by  Rogers,  /.  c.  p.  1»>J. 


334 


THE   BRONZES 


APPENDIX :  INSCRIPTIONS 


335 


(1896),  p.  43  (cited  by  Rogers),  quite  suffice  to  obviate 
it.  —  uyvb[y(?)  :  as  the  amount  of  text  lost  at  the  aides 
of  the  plate  is  uncertain,  it  is  useless  to  try  to  fill  out 
the  lines.  From  the  position  of  the  word  and  that  of 
aw\€oi  below,  it  may  be  that  the  sense  of  the  begin- 
ning of  the  sanction  was  something  like  ayvov  to  aSos 
ToiTo  •  al  8i  Tis  Tavra  irap^aivoi  h*y  <nn')((<H  k.t.A. 
Line  2.  awxioi :  L.  and  S.  s.  v.  II.  2.  Cf.  I.G.  A. 

500,  Tof  3  vofJLOV  toZtov  iqv  TIS  6i\y  [<'^3x**'*  ^  irpo&rj- 
Ttt[t]  \pTJ(f>ov  woTC  [/*»/  (^Jvai  Tov  vofjiov  TovTov.  Slightly 
different  in  sense  in  the  inscription  of  the  Labyadae, 
B.C.  H.  XIX.  p.  12, 1. 28(HomoUe).— ip5s:  genitive. 
The  apodosis  begins  here.  The  form  tus  upas  tus  shows 
that  a  definite  cui-se,  described  in  the  missing  part  of 
the  line,  is  meant.  For  similar  formulae  see  Rogers, 
I.  c.  p.  168.  Something  like  Ivoxp^  to-Tw  may  be  supplied 
with  Rogers.  Cf.  Cauer,  Delectu^  No.  430  (Eresos), 
A  11.  24  f.  ['<]a[i]  ToAAa  «[v]oxos  [«](rTw  tw  ro/io)  [tw 
or  T(o  cTTt  Toi]  Tuv  araXKav  uveAoi'Ti ;  also  D  1.  16, 
€v6xoi.\%  c/i/icjrai  tw  I'Ofiw  (dative  or  genitive).  Speci- 
mens of  dpai'(public),  7.  G.  .4. 497  (Teos)  and  (private), 
C.  /.  A.  III.  ii.  1417-1420  (Herodes  Atticus) ;  cf. 
"Wuensch,  C.  I.  A.  Appendix,  p.  ii.,  and  Ziebarth's 
article  there  cited,  '  Der  Fluch  ira  Griech.  Recht,' 
Hermes,  XXX.  (1895),  pp.  57  ff.,  where  other  ex- 
amples are  given. 

Line  3.  Besides  inclusion  in  the  curse  mentioned 
above,  the  culprit  is  to  be  banished  from  Argive  ter- 
ritory and  his  property  (7u/x[aTa)  is  to  be  confiscated. 
Cf.  the  tablet  from  Hermione  above  mentioned,  1.  5, 
:  TpcTo  KOI  Sa/iev«<r«r^o  :  €i'S  |  'A^i'ttiav  :  .  Rogers 
quotes  appositely,  /.  G.  A.  500  (Halicarnassus),  11. 
35-37. 

Line  4-  ■*"  [^]dvaTov  or  fa[i]  ut-aTov,  Rogers,  ^[a 
djavaTov,  Frankel.  There  is  sufficient  trace  of  con- 
cavity in  the  edge  at  the  left  of  a  (see  s.  n.)  to  make 
it  likely  that  6  is  the  correct  reading.  There  is  room 
for  Ka[t  $"],  but  the  letters  would  be  somewhat  more 
crowded  than  they  are  in  other  parts  of  the  line. 
•Ka  [^ja^aTof  is  therefore  epigraphically  preferable. 
So  far  as  concerns  the  context,  it  is  too  scanty  to 
afford  a  sure  basis  for  choice,  but  it  is  at  least  clear 
that  the  verb  of  which  [i^jaraTov  is  the  object  cannot 
be  directly  connected  with  the  verb  of  which  n-a/*[aTa 
is  the  subject,  because  death  is  not  a  penalty  which 
can  be  inflicted  after  confiscation  of  property  and 
banishment.  Some  new  set  of  circumstances  must 
intervene.  On  the  other  hand,  consistency  with  the 
general  view  of  the  inscription  taken  above  requires 
that  the  [d]a»aTov  h>/  uAAo  ti  Ka9ov  refer  to  the  same 
person  with  the  subject  of  avvxtoi.  It  is  probable, 
then,  that  the  commencement  of  a  new  clause  or  sen- 
tence lias  been  lost,  and  that  if  there  is  a  connective 
before  [d]dvoTo»',  it  joins  the  verb  on  which  [dJui-aTof 
depends  with  the  verb  of  a  lost  preceding  clause  of 
similar  purport,  i.  e.  ['  If  any  one  should  .  .  .]  and 
^should  contrive^  death  or  any  otlier  harm  [agaiust 


the  exile.'  Unless  a  full  clause  be  supplied  before 
[d]dvaTov,  some  other  reading  than  «(a[i]  must  be 
found,  an  adverbial  use  being  unlikely.  Rogers 
suggests  7ro]Kd,  which  would  be  suitable,  and,  taking 
the  scantiness  of  space  into  account,  is  to  be  preferred 
to  Ka[i]  .  —  h- :  it  is  useless  to  try  to  complete  the 
word.  Rogers  suggests  h[oTtu»'  and  h[fiTi»'t  (/.  c. 
p.  169). 

Line  5.    For  the  first  word  Rogers  and  Frilnkel 
have  «Jjrt[T]€xvu>tTo,  which  the  former  takes  directly 
with  ica?oi'.    The  reading  is  probably  correct,  but  the 
combination  with  Ka?oi',  though  it  makes  good  sense, 
is  rendered  doubtful  by  the  lack  of  evidence  as  to  the 
length  of  the  lines.     It  seems  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  verb  is  in  protasis,  but  so  far  as  concerns  its 
])osition  it  might  also  be  in  apodosis,  as  the  expression 
of  a  wish  or  curse :  only,  in  that  case,  some  other 
reading  would  have  to  be  found,  —  something  more 
plausible  than  e]^[i  fJc'xvoiTo  (cf.  Pamphylian  Ft\i- 
Tw,  I.  G.  A.  505,  1.  24 ;  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram*. 
sections  198,  240  ;  Prellwitz,  Ett/moloy.  Worterhuch, 
s.  V.  o;(os ;    Searles,  op.  cit.   s.   v.  ''exw),   or    Kara]- 
'T{_(r']T^Xv<M,To  (but  the  existence  of  a  ^  in  epichoric 
Argive  is  rendereil  probable  by  the  presence  of  <^, 
and  by  the  occun-ence  of  a  i/r  among  the  builders' 
marks  on  the  stereobate  of  the  New  Temple;  cf. 
Brownson,  ,4.  J.  A.  VIII.  p.  219),  neither  of  which 
has  been  found   in  Greek.     Unfortunately,  the  fol- 
lowing clause  is  itself  so  mutilated  and  difficult  as 
to  afford  no  assistance.     Here   Rogers  reads  (/.  c. 
p.  174)  ^[to]i  F^(rCtirf  or  eji'  iji  tto-^et)/,  and  Frttn- 
kel,  €.  oiFifT^fit,  with  the  remark,  "  ^[tt  (sice  <'[i',  €[^)] 
Mfur^ctc  {sive  -(T^co/)  explicent  peritiores."  The  lacuna 
after  the  first  letter  of  the  clause  preserves  the  out- 
line of  a  letter  at  each  side,  that  at  the  left  being 
either  o  or  d,  as  is  evident  from  sha|>e  and  size.    Be- 
tween it  and  the  opposite  edge  there  is  space  for  one 
letter  of  average  size,  or  for  two  letters,  if  one  were  t, 
and  the  other  a  narrow  letter  like  k,  y,  or  A.    Of  the 
letter  at  the  right  there  remains  the  right  bevel  of 
a  full-length  vertical  hasta.     It  is  also  beveled  at  the 
top,  contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  inscription  in  the 
case  of  the  ends  of  strokes,  and  continued  horizon- 
tally to  the  left  for  about  0.0005  m.,  thus  making  it 
probable  that  the  vertical  hasta  was  met  by  a  stroke 
which  joineil  it  from  the  left,  and,  more  likely  than 
not,  at  right  angles.     The  letters  which  correspond 
best  to  these  indications  are  1,    B,  G,  and  S.     It 
will  be  seen  at  once  that  T  (as  in  ^[to]*)  is  impos- 
sible, nor  are  the  conditions  favorable  for  the  letters 
with   slanted   tops,  as  1.  M,    1,  etc.     This  fact  and 
the  doubtful  i/'i'XbKris  seem  to  render  c[v  <u](  very  im- 
probable.    Of  the  indicated  letters,  &  and  p  seem  to 
yield  only  optatives,  e.  g.  •€[^]i,  <[p(/»)«]«.  the  rela- 
tion of  which  to  the  context  would  be  difficult  of  ex- 
planation ;  IT  also  leads  to  a  series  of  improbabilities, 
e.  g.  (1)  ^oi  for  i}irov,  which  involves  difficulty  of 


form  and   sense ;   (2)  *c7roi  for  ottoi,   which   might 
be   construed    with   a   following   optative,  but  does 
not  occur,  and  cannot  well  be  invented  l)ecause  the 
pronominal  root  o  (Bragmann,  Grtindriss,  II.  p.  768, 
Griech.  Gram'}  p.  243 ;  cf.  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram^. 
p.  179),  apart  from  its  rarity  in  Greek,  is  not  used 
to  form  relatives ;  (3)  *€7rot  for  cirei  (cf.  oikoi  :  oucct), 
also  construable  but  also  non-existent,  and  in  use  con- 
trary to  the  other  conjunctive-adverbial  forms  in  -ot. 
There  remains  h,  with  which  it  might  be  possible  to 
read   €[h(I»]i  (sc.    iv  hii),   provided  the  absence   of 
the  -V  could  be  explained.     As  we  have  no  right  to 
assume  errors  in  an  inscription  so  carefully  cut,  and 
as  assimilation  of  v  before  h  is  out  of  the  question,  it 
seems  necessary  to  assume  a  parallel  form  es,  derived 
from    el's  (cf.   the  inscription,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I. 
col.  594,  1.  5,  of  an  earlier  period  than  /.  G.  A.  38, 
1.  4,  -oi^   Tov?),   in  accordance   with   the  principle 
stated  by  Brugmann  {Griech.  Grant!  p.  75,  3),  and 
like  cv  used  with  cases  of  rest.     Proclitic  preposition 
and  object  forming  practically  one  word,  the  -s  would 
become  medial  between  vowels  and  change  to  -h  ac- 
cording to  the  principle  also  exemplified  in  /.  G.  A. 
38,  so  that  cB- would  represent  £*(h)h.  —  What  fol- 
lows is  read  by  Rogers  Furito)  and  explained  as  ciSti'i;. 
Context  and  usage  make  this  interpretation  seem  very 
probable.     The  presence  of  o-^(0  is,  however,  diffi- 
cult to  account  for  («8-«(o-)-it;).     Elean  fci^ws  is,  of 
course,  of  no  assistance  because  of  ^iVaios,  etc.     (Cf. 
G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Grantl  p.  269.)    The  weak  form 
of  the  root  seems  to  encourage  the  conjecture  that  we 
may  possibly  have  here  a  trace  of  the  direct  applica- 
tion of  the  optative  suffix  (ii;)  to  the  root  (fi8).  the 
sibilant  thus  produced  being  afterward  extended  to 
the  sigmatic  aorist.     Cf.  Brugmann,  Griech.  Grani^. 
p.  337,  and  Grundriss,  II.  p.  1302.   Rogers  also  sug- 
gests and  rejecte  "  ^U  (yis  •  .  .  .  to-x»^'s,  Hesychius)  ^m 
(*i^p)."   To  add  another  improbability,  it  might  be 
possible  to  think  of  a  •fi's,  nominative  of  m,  pCv  (large 
inscription  from  Gortyna,  col.  II.  40 ;  Roehl,  Inia- 
ffinegy  p.  45,  No.  6  =  Roberts,  Introduction  to  Greek 
Epigraphy,  No.  304  a),  as  a  parallel  form  of  T,  Sopho- 
cles, Frag.  427  (Nauck),  cf .  Kuhner-Blass,  I.  pp.  583, 
595  f.,  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Granil  p.  508,  n.  1.  —  At 
the  end  of  the  line  Rogers  reads,  9o[^apos  or  to[utoi', 
andFrankel  [t(?)]o-.   As  has  been  stated  before(«. «.), 
conditions  of  space  and  preservation  admit  t,  9,  or  u, 
with  slight,  if  any,  preference.     Beyond  the  o  the 
e<lge  has  a  vertical  bevel,  0.0105  m.  in  length,  show- 
ing that  the  right  hasta  of  the  missing  letter  was  a 
straight  upright  stroke.     This  renders  both  6  {9o6a- 
p6s)  and  v  (tovtoi')  impossible.    Owing  to  the  position 
it  is  unlikely  that  the  indirect  object  of  c]iri[T]€xvwtTo 
(e.  g.  [T]ii[t  «/»vydSi,  [T]o[rs  «^uyd«Tiv,  [t]o[is  'Apyciots) 
is  to  be  supplied.    It  is  more  probable  that  this  is 
the  beginning  of  the  apodosis,  which  stated  the  con- 
templated result  of  the  preceding  clause,  i.  e.  reward 


if  the  action  of  e]iri[T]cxvoiiTo  was  directed  against 
the  exiles,  punishment  if  it  was  directed  against  state 
or  people. 

Line  6.  As  Rogers  has  remarked  (l.  c.  p.  170),  the 
line  treats  of  property  (presumably  the  7rdfi[aTa  of 
I.  3),  which  is  to  be  bought.     The  word  ending  in 
-OS  at  the  beginning  evidently  designated  the  person 
who  was  to  have  the  first  right  of  purchase.     Rogers 
infers  Sa/uopy[os  from  the  following  line,  or,  with  less 
probability,  Ss  cx*^^  /xeyio-Tov  tc'XJos.  —  For  the  fol- 
lowing word  Rogers  reads  ''■po[y]po[<^]os,  Frfinkel, 
?rpo[T]po[7r]os.     As  the  left  side  of  the  hole  termi- 
nates with  an  upright  bevel  with  no  trace  of  protrac- 
tion of  a  tojj-bar  to  the  left,  the  latter  reading  is  im- 
possible.    The  former  reading  is  plausible  so  far  as 
concerns  the  sense,  but  it  is  rendered  doubtful  by  the 
fact  that  the  upper  edge  of  the  hole,  while  it  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  be  beveled,  is  nevertheless  hori- 
zontal, and  suggests  cleavage  along  the  line  of  a  hori- 
zontal stroke.    Furthermore  the  point  of  departure  of 
a  downward  stroke  seems  to  be  visible  in  the  upper 
edge  at  about  0.0055  m.  from  the  left  hasta.     As 
there  is  no  trace  of  a  corresponding  stroke  on  the 
under  side  of  the  lacuna,  the  letter  thus  outlined 
could  not  well  be  other  than  P.     If  this  is  correct,  it 
is  not  easy  to  see  just  what  the  reading  was.    Setting 
aside  evident  impossibilities  like  7rpo[ir]pt>  [h]os  and 
Trpo  [7r]po[i»c]os,  one  might  perhaps  think  of  lu[7r]po- 
po€  on   a  bronze  basis  from  Ligouri6,  from  which 
Kretschmer  in  Jahreshefte,  III.  pp.  134  f.,  evolves 
Trpwpot  (for  i^povpoi).     But  that  the  person  designated 
could  be  qualified  as  irpoTrpoypoi  even  in  a  transferred 
sense,  or  the  action  of  the  verb  as  irpoTrptopo)^  (i.  e. 
'as  a  precautionary  measure'),  seems  a  hazardous 
supposition.  —  The  condition  of  the  bronze  at  the  end 
of  the  line  is  described  s.  n.     As  there  is  an  upright 
bevel  at  the  right  edge  of  fragment  d,  it  is  possible 
to  read  £^piid[o-6w  with  Rogers,  or  c^piia[iTo  or 
e^7rptta[p,ci'os.     The  first  is  preferable.     For  -u-  see 
on  next  line. 

Li7ie  7.  al  8c  /i]e  8ajuuio[p]yor  tis  :  SO  Rogers  and 
Frankel,  except  that  at  the  beginning  they  bracket 
only  the  firet  letter,  inasmuch  as  the  letters  i  8c  (qu. 
and  fi?)  were  traceable  when  the  plate  was  found 
(cf.  Rogers,  l.  c.  p.  160).  —  8a/uxio[p]yot :  with  the  -u- 
cf.  i^pua-  above,  Kapvcu'os  (1877),  SiKcXaas  (2252), 
and  the  oAiios  yip<av  inscription  /.  G.  A.M  (  =  Col- 
litz,  S.  G.  D.  L  No.  3261  =  Ohjmpia,  IV.  pp.  101  ff., 
pi.  xxxix.,  V.  No.  693).  For  relations  with  Cypriot 
and  Pamphylian  see  Brugmann,  Griech.  Grram} 
p.  18,  and  ibid^  p.  37.  Cf.  G.  Meyer,  Griech. 
Gram\  p.  220,  and  Rogers'  note,  /.  c.  p.  171.  It  is 
perhaps  worth  while  to  notice  that,  while  in  Cypriot 
in  every  case  between  i-1- vowel  (and  u  + vowel)  a 
corresponding  semivowel  -j-  (or  -u-)  is  developed  (cf. 
Hoffmann,  Griech.  Dialekte,  I.  pp.  37  ff.),  in  Pamphy- 
lian this  semivowel  is  written  at  least,  chiefly  in  the 


APPENDIX:  INSCRIPTIONS 


337 


336 


THE  BRONZES 


older  inscriptions  (Sillyon  ami  coins  of  Aspendos  and 
Perge).     As  to  the   character  of   the   sound   there 
api)Iar8  to  be  substantial  agreement  between  Pani- 
phylia  and  Argos,  for  there  exist  in  both  probable 
cases  of  an  inherited  -la  suffix,  e.  g.  Ta/it'ias.  cVinySi'toK 
(Paraph.),   u^i'os  (Argive),  along  with   cases   like 
,roA.t.€  (Paraph.)  and  Kapvcaas  (Argive),  where  pri- 
mary inheritance  is  less  certain,  and  again  instances 
where  a  secondary  t  appears  in  the  place  formerly 
occupied  by  an   entirely   different   consonant,  e.  g. 
Paniphylian  luifMltn  (-S-,  cf.  Sansk.  -s-),  fcTcja  (-8-), 
Argive  ^fiuolp-\yol  (-f-).     ParaphyUan  and  Argive 
also  approach  each  other  and  differ  frora  Cypnot  m 
allowing  the  i   to  be  developed  after  other  sonants 
tlian    simple  i,  e.  g.   Fertia,   Kapvtua^.     In   this   in- 
scription, however,  'Apyctas  is  written  without  i.  — 
The  next  word  is  uncertain  owing  to  the  difficulty  of 
deciding  between  saji  and  /x  at  the  end  of  the  line. 
From  the  description  previously  given  («.  n.)  there 
seems  to  be  a  slight  preference  in  favor  of  san.     We 
may  therefore,  with  due  allowance,  read  oU.    Rogers 
sug'-ests  hols    (viz.  rporots  ols  [ho  vo'/ios  k«Xcv'«  Fot 
and^ot  /ilcyicrra  rAca  l|  xom).    That  here  and  in  the 
following  lines  there  are,  as  Rogers  has  observed  (/.  e. 
p.  171),  provisions  for  the  caiTying  out  of  the  confis- 
cation of  the  property  of  the  exile,  and  for  the  punish- 
ment of  the  magistrates  who  fail  of  their  duty  in  the 
matter,  seems  probable,  but  there  are  not  sufficient 
data  for  any  probable  completion  of  the  lines.    For  a 
variety  of  ingenious  attempts,  see  Rogers'  article. 

Line  8.  t5s]  may  be  supplied  at  the  beginning. 
Frilnkel  remarks  that  the  absence  of  punctuation 
(cf.  11.  3  and  10)  points  to  the  article.  ySs  may  have 
preceded.  Banishment  of  the  8a/iiopyos,  or  of  the 
officials  upon  whom  the  duty  would  next  devolve, 
is  probably  indicated.  In  the  former  case  koI  ol  fot, 
with  which  Rogers  reads  tCyyiTara  cur,  would  be  ap- 
propriate, in  the  latter  oVoi  (as  in  Cypriot  for  epic 
oTot,  also  suggested  by  Rogers),  with  which  we  might 
perhaps  supply  i[v  tSi  ipM.  tVe'xoin-o  (cf.  I.  G.  A. 

110). 

Line  9.  The  first  letter  might  be  the  end  of  an 
optative,  e.  g.  /SwAoivto,  as  Rogers  conjectures,  or 
possibly  of  a  pronoun,  e.  g.  toito,  ovto.  Under  cer- 
tain circumstances,  specified  in  the  preceding  lines, 
the  tribe  of  the  Hylleis  (cf.  A.  J.  A.  XL  p.  43,  No. 
xii.  1.  5,  and  Richartlson's  note,  pp.  45  f .)  are  to  sell 
the  property  ((liro&>/x[€vot),  ]>robably,  as  Rogers  sug- 
gests, for  the  benefit  of  the  sacred  treasury.  The 
edge  at  the  end  of  the  line  is  beveled,  indicating  :[[. 

Line  10.  yu  for  ye  ;  so  Rogers  and  FrJinkel.  The 
territory  of  Argos  is  contrasted  with  some  other  dis- 
trict or  place  specified  in  the  inscription,  or  with 
extra- Argive  territory  in  general.  —  At  the  end  of  the 
line  the  left  bevel  of  the  left  hasta  of  an  a  is  pre- 
served for  nearly  its  entire  length.  Rogers,  who  sup- 
plies  KaTaK[aAcot,  is  probably  right  in  assuming  that 


the  sentence  refers  to  the  recall  of  the  banished  i^r- 
son.  It  is  also  conceivable  that  in  this  and  the 
following  line  approval  in  the  sight  of  Hera  is  invoked 
for  any  one  who  shall  slay  a  fugitive  (original  offender 
or  derelict  official)  from  Argive  territory  at  least,  in 
which  case  KaTaK\^a.v<M.  could  be  read. 

Line  11.  The  y  at  the  beginning  is  certoin.  Ac- 
cortling  to  the  view  which  may  be  taken  of  the  intent 
of  the  preceding  line,  the  wonl  may  bo  completed  as 
J»'tt]yvov  or  aTv]yv6v  (both  suggested  by  Rogers),  or, 
if  ((oTaK[d»'ot  (or  something  of  similar  meaning)  be 
read,  as  hoyvov.  —  irol  for  irp6«  (cf .  Prellwitz,  Ktym. 
Woerterh.  s.  v.  wort,  Searles,  Lejeicog.  Stiubj,  a.  v., 
G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram^  p.  389,  n.  1).  — H[€>as: 
the  right  bevel  of  the  upright  of  the  c  is  preserved. 

1827.    Plates  CVL,    CVII.    (photogiaph   and 
copy).    Height,  0.0085  m.  and  0.0035  m. 


TO 

It  is  possible  but  not  probable  that  part  of  an  a 
remains  on  the  right. 

1877.   Plate  CX.  (photograph  and  copy).    The 
letters  faint  but  certain.     Height,  0.007  m. 

©a/ifx/nXos  fit  avtdtKf  rai  Hepai :  ras  Kapicuo? 
Translation :    TJuimophilos  dedicated  me  to  Hera 
from  (i.  e.  perhaps  siml  from)  the  Karneia. 

0a/x(K^Xos :  second,  third,  and  fourth  letters  very 
faint.    The  name  does  not  seem  to  occur.    Analogous 
are  0a/itK\i>,  C.  I.  G.  1840  (Corcyra),  0c/ui  o<rTp<i- 
T05,  B.  M.  L  II.  p.  83,  No.  298.  1. 26  (Calymna),  and 
l>erhap8  ©a/iv/K)?.  C  I.  A.  IW.  Add.  No.  23,  1.  4. 
See  Fick-Bechtel,  Griech.  Eigennavun,  p.    139.— 
aviBlM :  cross-bar  of  a  uncertain,  but  lowest  of  the  three 
possibilities  indicated  in  copy  is  the  most  probable. 
—  Kapveuas:  the  dotted  line  in  copy  of  K  represents 
a  false  stroke  in  the  original.     Right  side  of  p  un- 
certain owing  to  oxidation.     The  lines  indicated  by 
dots  in  copy  are  fairly  clear,  but  probably  do  not  belong 
to  the  letter.     Preller-Robert,  Griech.  Mythologie,  I. 
p.  250,  n.  3,  assume  a  festival  of  Ajiollo  Carneios  at 
Argos  on  the  basis  of  Schol.  to  Theocritus,  V.  83,  and 
Hesych.   s.    v.   uyi/njs,    according  to  whom    Aiwllo 
Carneios  was  called  'Ayi}TO)p  at  Argos,  and  was  wor- 
shiped  at  the  festival  called  liyr/Topto.     The  use  of 
the  singular  is  noticeable.  Elsewhere  ra  Kupma.  Here 
it  probably  agrees  with  the  genitive  singular  of  copn/, 
a  word  used  by  the  Scholiast  above  cited  in  speaking 
of  the  Carneia,  and  by  Herodotus,  I.  31,  in  referring 
to   the   Heraea    (covVt/s  opr^  r^  'Hpyj  rouri  'Apyti- 
oun),  or  possibly  with  i/icpa?  (genitive  singidar),  cf. 
Kopvelai  tJ/xcVkii   {J.  H.  S.  IX.  p.  328,  fron.   Cos). 
The  genitive  is  slightly  freer  than  in  rapyeiot  aviOtv 
Tw  Aifl  tCv  KopivBiietv  (/.  G.  A.  32),  but  resembles 
that  in  iir\i  'Pttx<nd&ii  IlodiW  fit  [•coxf^Ktv  -  -  ]  Aonrci- 
8ov  Sdci'iSai  on  a  bronze  fragment  from  the  Acropolis. 
Bather,  J.  U.  S.  XIII.  p.  129.     For-.t-,  see  on  No. 
1826,1-7. 


1878.  Plate  CX.  (photograph  and  copy).  Let- 
ters faint  and  in  imrt  illegible  owing  to  oxidation. 
Height,  0.0045  m. 

N[i]»coo-ias  /ic  avfBiKf.  to*  Hcpat. 

Translation  :  Nikasias  dedicated  me  to  Hera. 

NiKouTi'us:  right  bar  of  N  and  following  letter  hid- 
den by  oxidation.  Instead  of  -<ri-,  -vn-  may  be  read, 
•8  the  upper  right  hasta  of  the  san  is  faint  and  not 


lowed  by  a  straight  line  and  an  s-shajied  line  of  the 
same.     Probably  not  intended  for  letters. 

1885.  Plate  CXI.     See  s.  n. 

1886.  Plate  CXI  I.   Shows  concave  side  of  dots. 

Defective  at  both  ends.     Height  of  letters,  0.025  m.- 

0.032  m. 

GRIA  -cpio- 

With  e  cf.  H  in  No.  1883.     Beneath  loop  of  p, 


quite  certain.     It  does  not  seem  to  have  been  joined  three  or  four  dots,  faintly  struck,  perhaps  for  tad 

at  the  top  U>  the  remainder  of  the  letter.  For  NtKa.ta,,  1887.  Plate  CXI.    Shows  concave  side  of  dots, 

which  does  not  seem  to  occur,  cf.  Avtr-a.^v,  Haver-  A  single  letter,  one  side  of  which  is  gone.     Height, 

oKias.     For -«- see  on  No.  1826,1.7;  NiKoaiw,  for  0.02  m. 

NtK^tW,  is  found  C.  I.  G.  1513,  1.  18  (Tegea).  -  Probably  an  B.    The  middle  bar  is  entire.    Above 

Hepai  •  middle  bar  of  e  uncertain.  Cross-bar  of  a  given  end  at  edge  of  break,  beginning  of  dot. 

by  u»i«r  stroke.     Nevertheless,  the  dotted  Une  piob-  1888.  Plate  CXI.     See  s.  n. 

ably  represents  a  real  stroke.  1889-  Pirate  CXIL    (photogvaph   and   drawing, 

1882.  Plate   CXI.    (photograph   and   drawing),  both   showing   concave   side   of    dots),     fragments 


Both  show  concave  side  of  dots.  Inscription  retro- 
grade. Broken  at  both  ends,  and  abraded  at  bottom. 
Preserved  height,  0.028  m. 

a]ii 


\KV 


Perhaps  a  proper  name  beginning  with  Au»ca-.  On 
the  same  side,  a  number  of  circles  (see  drawing),  per- 
haps decorative,  and  in  any  case  independent  of  the 
inscription. 

1883.  Plate  CXI.  (photogiaph  and  drawing, 
both  showing  concave  side  of  dots).  Fragments  a,  b, 
and  e,  of  which  b  is  in  unin8cril)ed  part.  Uncertain 
whether  c  joined  //.  Defective  at  both  ends  and  in 
interior.  Height  of  best  preserved  letter,  0.024  m. 
On  the  same  side  with  the  inscription  and  intermingled 
with  it  are  many  circles  faintly  struck,  which  do  not, 
however,  seem  to  form  part  of  a  system. 

Fragment  a.  The  only  certain  letter  is  Y.  At  the  left 
along  and  near  broken  edge,  lightly 
struck  dots  and  circles,  which  may 

form  part  of  an  H.     At  the  right 

near  e<lge,  complex  of  dots  in  which 

it  is  difficult  to  recognize  any  letter 

except  possibly  an  un-Argive  A,  or 

a  P  reversed  (51),  or  an  A.     It  is 

profitless  to  speculate  as  to  what 

name  beginning  'YX-  or  'Yf>-  or  Ya- 

may  have  stootl  here. 

Fragment  r.   In  central  part,  A I 

in  heavy  dots.     At  left  edge,  three 

similar  dots  which  may  have  formed 

part  of  a  T.    At  right  edge,  6.  also  in  heavy  dots.   The 

inscription   may  be  rewl  TAIG,  i.   e.    T]tti   H«[pat. 

With  the  rounded  S  cf.  the  rounded  G  in  No.  1886, 

and  the  0  (if  for  B)  on  coins  of  Argos,  B.  M.  C 

Peloiminesm,  p.  Iv.     For  A,  cf.  /.  G.  A.  351  f 


a  and  b.  They  probably  do  not  adjoin.  Letters,  none 
of  which  is  complete,  in  heavy  dots.  Independent  of 
them,  numerous  circles  without  systematic  arrange- 
ment. 

Fragment  a.  Parts  of  two  letters,  perhaps  V  and 

P  (the  latter  reversed). 

Fragment  h.  Perhaps  I  A  T,  i  a[T,  i.  e.  tJoi. 

1985.  Plate  CXV.    (photograph).    Copy  below. 
Height,  0.014  m. 


^ 


Initial  letter  of  'Hpas  or'Hpai.     Cf.  No.  1746. 

1994.  Plate  CXVI.  (photograph).  Copy  be- 
low. Letters  poorly  preserved.  Height  that  of 
thickness  of  rim  (0.004  m.-0.005  m.).  Tops  toward 
outside. 


.^r^l^lH^F^^,^ 


^% 


<^/ 


^^ 


tJ^ 


0 


.  .  cp  Tot  Hepai  8ap.o<u>  ivai  .  .  2 
Translation  uncertain.     Perhaps  a  record  of  de- 
posit with  Hera  for  the  benefit  of  the  people. 

The  firet  letter  looks  like  half  of  an  o,  but  may  be 
only  an  accident  of  incrustation.     On  the  latter  sup- 


"°M  r  rl^it  of  A,  a  ««  .£  T  of  faint  circle.,  t.l-     *<..o[.yr,  .<uSl  ^^o^in,  Aough  not  a  close  par- 


338 


THE  BRONZES 


APPENDIX:   INSCRIPTIONS 


339 


allel   either   in   construction   or  sense.  —  6dfio<v>  :      Steplianun,   s.  v. 
probably  -ov  (rather  than  w),  as  was  usage  after  the      cited  by  P.-B.) 


and  Eupolis,  Fmgm.  280   (Kock, 
For  the  tt-  see  on  No.  1826, 1.  7. 


introduction  of  the  Ionic  alphabet.  Absence  of  article 
could  be  taken  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a  proper 
name,  i.  e.  Damos.  —  cvat  =  ^voi  or  perhaps  better 
ttvai,  to  be  consistent  with  ^u/iov.  The  form  seems 
here  to  be  Arcadian.  —  In  the  third  space  after  cvat 
there  seems  to  be  a  2.  It  may  have  been  preceded 
by  es  (  =  e*t).  Otherwise  possibly  similar  to  J.  H.  S. 
XIII.  p.  128,  No.  53,  'AOr}vaiai  M,  where  Bather 
suggests  M»/8a)i'.  Cf.,  however.  Rouse,  Greek  Votive 
Offerings,  p.  105,  n.  1.  —  For  use  of  shrines  on 
Acropolis  at  Athens  as  places  of  deposit,  see  Bather, 
ibhJ.  p.  129. 

2233.  Plate   CXXV.    (photograph  and   copy). 
Length,  0.052  m.     Letters  much  damaged  by  corro-      tliere  is  space  for  only  one  or  two  letters.     Diameter, 
sion. 


— With  the  punctuation  contrast  I  ft.' i  •  v*$€K€  \  in  the 
Euthykartidas  inscription  {B.  C.  H.  X.  p.  464). 

2827.  Plate  CXXXV.  (photograph  and  copy). 
Incomplete  at  both  ends.  Height  of  letters,  0.01  m.- 
0.016  m. 

avc^cKJc  rai  Hi  [pat 

SILVER  R1NG»  FROM  THE  HERAEUM. 

Plate  CXXXVIL  Photograph  of  ring  (actual 
size)  and  of  impression  of  seal  (enlarged).  Copy  of 
inscription.  Condition  fairly  good  except  at  end  of 
inscription  where  there  is  a  break  of  0.0055  m.- 
0.0065  m.  Uncertain  how  much  of  bar  is  missing,  but 


Height,  0.0044  m.-0.013  m. 
Tas  Hepas 

Tos:  upper  cross-bar  slightly  heavier  and  probably 
to  be  preferred.  — "Hpa; :  tail  of  p  certain.  In  case 
of  last  letter  the  fourth  stroke  seems  to  have  been  at 
the  lower  edge  of  the  upper  excoriation,  but  the  cor- 
rosion rendei's  the  intention  of  the  engraver  somewhat 
doubtful. 

For  interpretation,  cf.  Upiov  Ttj%  'A^i/vat'a?,  J.  H.  S. 
XIII.  p.  126,  No.  10,  and'AV's.  ibid.  p.  128, 
No.  52.  On  an  axe  from  Calabria,  rus  *Hpas  tapos 
c(/t(,  I.  G.  A.  543.  Cf.  also  the  inscriptions  from  the 
Cabirion  near  Thebes,  Szanto,  Athen.  Mitth.  XV. 
pp.  388  ff. 


0.0185 


Height, 
at  seal. 


0.004-0.0043  m.. 
Thickness  of  bar, 


m.  X  0.0145  m. 
increasing  to  0.006  m. 
about  0.0065  m. 

Bar  ornamented  with  line  beading  near  each  edge. 
On  the  seal,  incised  figure  of  uncertain  character.  On 
the  original  as  well  as  on  the  photograiih  thereof,  one 
seems  to  see  a  crouching  figure  resembling  a  monkey, 
which  might  perhaps  be  intended  for  Bes,  a  repre- 
sentation of  whom  in  porcelain  was  found  in  the 
first  year's  campaign.  However,  the  wax  impression 
and  its  enlarged  photograph  show  rather  a  winged 
figure  with  cylindrical  body,  around  the  bottom  of 
which  are  two  bands.  The  head  seems  to  be  de- 
tached and  slightly  removed  from  the  axis  of  the 


struck  with  chisels.     Height,  0.005  m.-0.007  m. 


2252.  Plate  CXXVI.  (photograph).     Copy  be-     bo<ly.     There  seem  to  be  three  slender  legs,  but  only 
low.     Length.  0.115  m.     Letters  not  engraved,  but      two  feet ;  the  third  is  perhaps  behind  the  others.    This 

figure  would  probably  be  that  of  some  daemon,  per- 
haps a  form  of  *E^- 
trowTa.  For  others, 
not  very  similar,  see 
Furtwttngler,  Die 
viii.  25  (cf.  vol.  I.  p. 


EVO^^MMsri:A.l'^®£,<£,c'emK^HlAr^ 


Ei'&i^a;   :    /tc  accdcKc    :    c  <<i>  Si'tcAtiac 

Translation  :  Eudavias  of  Sicily  dedicated  me. 

Ev^uyitas:  the  penultimate  letter  is  badly  made, 
but  probably  was  intended  for  an  a.  The  name  oc- 
curs also  in  C.  I.  G.  II.  2266.  I.  G.  A.  Add.  43  a, 
said  to  be  from  Argos,  has  EYA  .  .  .  S.  —  c  SttcXi- 
tas:  €<s>  for  ck.  Cf.  t  NawTrtiKTw  (/.  G.  A.  321), 
e  Ttts  XaA€i&«,  c  Tas  OlavBl^  (ibid.  322),  and  espe- 
cially cs  iroAios,  C.  I.  P.  I.  492,  1.  2.  For  the  single 
writing,  cf .  tov  crvrapn'oKras  in  the  Tyskiewicz  inscrij)- 
tion,  1.  2  {Mon.  Ant.  Line.,  I.  p.  594).     The  for- 


pls. 


Antiken  Gemmen,  vol.  I. 

100),  iv.  52,  and  xviii.  41.  Between  the  head  and  the 
inscription,  ornamental  gold  rivet.  Cf.  Furtw^ngler, 
op.  cit.  vol.  III.  p.  90. 

Inscription.  This  occnpies  entire  band,  between 
beading,  except  seal.  Scarcely  legible  toward  end  of 
preser>-ed  part.  Height  of  lettei-s,  0.002  m.-0.0024  m. 
KoXos  :  Ifu  :  KaXas :  tvc  (?) 
The  first  sigma  has  three  strokes.  Lowest  stroke 
of  the  second  sigma  faint  and  doubtful.  The  last 
letter  looks  like  a  lunate  sigma,  but  apart  from  the 
mula  is  similar  to  Nu^ioi  c^  (1)iKt\ia<:  in  an  inscrip-  difficulty  in  the  form  of  the  letter,  the  reading  uf  or 
tion  of  the  tcpoiroiot'  at  Delos  (B.  C.  H.  VI.  p.  34,      tW-  is  unintelligible.     It  is  of  course  useless  to  think 


II.  51  f .).  On  the  other  hand,  Tavpo/tmrat  oi  utto  Sikc- 
Atas  in  an  inventory  from  the  same  place  {B.  C.  H.  X. 
p.  465.  1.  115).  The  former  is  of  about  180  b.  c, 
the  latter  of  364  B.  c.  The  island  is  probably  meant. 
Another  Sicily  in  the  Peloponnese  is  mentioned  by 

*  Published  with  the  Bronzes  because  of  the  inscrip- 
tion.  Impressions  and  photographs  thereof,  together  with 


of  ii's,  C.  I.  A.  IV.  b,  373,  100  ;  I.  398,  4  (cf.  Meis- 
terhans,  Grammatik  d.  att.  Inschriflen,  p.  47,  n.  413 
a,  b.  G.  Meyer,.  Griech.  Gram'i  §  320).  Tlie  letter 
could  also  be  considered  as  part  of  a  p,  in  which  case, 
instead  of  reading  :  IVC  after  KaAas,  an  alternative 

some  notes,  were  kindly  furnished  by  Professor  R.  B. 
Ricl'.ardson. 


reading  could  be  adopted,  viz.,  3IF«-  i.  e.  Hip[as. 
At  certain  times  and  in  a  certain  light  this  seems 
almost  plausible.  In  any  case  some  word  like  SoktvAios 
is  probably  to  be  supplied  with  icaXos,  and  the  inscrij)- 


SILVER  PIN  IN  BRITISH  MUSEUM,  SAID  TO 
BE  FROM  NEAR  THE  HERAEUM. 

Plate  CXXXVIL  For  description,  see  after  No. 


tion  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  KaXos-in8crii>-     490,  p.  223,  and  for  inscription,  Insc.  Argol.  (/.  G. 
tions  on  vases.^  IV.),  No.  508,  and  cf.  No.  2239  above. 

»  Cf.  Rolfe, '  An  Inscribed  Kotylos  from  Boeotia,'  Harvard  Studies  in  Class.  Philol.  II.  pp.  89  ff. 


I  'I    inaiiilt_''.^. 


Thk  Argive  IIbrabum 


Plate  LXX 


a> 


v 


a> 


BRONZES. -FRAGMENTS  OF  STATUES.   STATUETTES. 


TiiK  Ar«;i\k  IIeraeim 


PlATK  LXX 


Oi      fV 


■\ 


m 


2 


(ji 


BRONZKS. -FRACJMKNTS  OF  STATllCS.    STATl  KITKS. 


The  Aruive  Heraei.m 


Plate  LXXI 


TlIK    ARGIVE    ilERAElIM 


8 


10 


Plate  LXXII 


BRONZES.-  STATUETTE 


12 


BRONZES.-  ANIMAL  FlGrRINP:S 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXI 


TiiK  Argive  IIbrabum 


Plate  LXXII 


IPM 


8 


K(V  r: 


10 


BRONZES.-  STATUETTE 


12 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


The  Arc.ive  IIeraeum 


Plate  LXXIII 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  LXXIV 


'I 


13 


15 


14 


1« 


(19) 


20 


S«^^?a*as 


(20) 


1» 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  FIGURINES. 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES. 


TnF.  Argivf.  Hekaeim 


Plate  LXXm 


Thk  Aroivf.  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXIV 


13 


15 


i19j 


14 


16 


20 


Ml 


(20 


19 


(22) 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  KIGIRINES. 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  FIGIRINES. 


TnF  .\r«;ive  Heraeim 


Pl.ATK  LXXV 


Thr  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  LXXVI 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


BRONZES.-  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


'M 


The  ARciivE  IIeraei'm 


Plat  a  LXXV 


The  Argivk  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXVI 


'I 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXVII 


The  Argivr  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXVIII 


43 


(43) 


42 


f42) 


(44) 


..^^H 


48 


'471 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  FIGURINES. 


183       184 


167 


BRONZES—ANIMAL  FIGURINES.  STRAIGHT  PINS 


TnF.  Arcive  Heraeim 


Plate  LXXVII 


The  Argivk  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXVIII 


If 


43 


(43) 


42 


42 


"1 


V 


46 


BRONZES.  -  ANIMAL  F'lGlRINKS. 


1S7 


imONZES.-ANIMAL  FIGURINES.  STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argivf.  Meraei  m 


Plate  LXXIX 


Thk  Argivb  Herakum 


Plate  LXXX 


H*.)  ,^  pa»>>  •»«»*• 


>  owwi>«saa» 


415 


315 


332 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  LXXIX 


The  Argive  Herabum 


Plate  LXXX 


■ill 


^  ^  'P^ 


416 


316 


332 


361 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argivk  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXI 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXII 


'ill 


600 


606 


495 


BRONZES.-STRAIGHT  PINS. 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS. 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  LXXXI 


The  Argive  Herablm 


Plate  LXXXII 


495 


BRONZES.-STRAIGHT  PINS. 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS. 


The  Argivk  Heraeu.m 


Platk  LXXXUl 


The  Argivk  Herakum 


Plate  LXXXIV 


708 


719         696 


682 


BRONZES.-STRAIGHT  PINS.  SAFETY  PINS 


BRONZES.— STRAKiHT  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXIII 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXIV 


llll 


708 


719         696 


682 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS.  SAFETY  PINS 


BRONZES— STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  LXXXV 


^^^^f^^^S  T\ 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


1 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXVI 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


The  Aruivf.  IIeraeim 


Plate  LXXXV 


BR(JNZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


The  Argivr  IIeraeum 


Plate  LXXXVI 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


Tub  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  LXXXVII 


The  Argive  IIfraeum 


Plate  LXXXVIII 


949 


956 


957 


958  959 


(960) 


C961; 


RRONZES— SAFETY  PINS 


nUONZES-SAFETY  PINS  ETC.     NEEDLE,  FINGER-RINCiS 


rr 


Thb  Argive  IIbrakum 


Plate  LXXXVII 


The  Argive  Hfrabum 


Plate  LXXXVIII 


00)J 


949 


956 


967 


958    959       (960) 


960 


961 


(961) 


BRONZES-SAFETY  PINS  ETC.     NEEDLE,  FINGER-RINGS 


BRONZES— SAFETY  PINS 


The  Argivb  Hbrakum 


Plate  LXXXIX 


The  Argivb  Heraeum 


Plate  XC 


II 


B     19     > 


\     « 


1013 


1015 


1019 


1020 


1021 


973 


1360 


1372 


1379 


1380 


BRONZES— FINGER-RINGS  AND  BRACELETS 


tl 


BRONZES.— DECORATIVE  RINGS 


The  Argivb  Heraevm 


Plate  LXXXIX 


The  Argivr  Heraeum 


Plate  XC 


It 


1013 


1015 


1019 


1020 


O 


1021 


\ooo 


1033  1054 


973 


1360 


1372 


1380 


BRONZKS. -FINGER-RINGS  AND  BRACELETS 


BRONZES.— DECORATIVE  RINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCl 


1526 


1527 


1525 


BRONZKS.— DECORATIVE  AND  STRI'lTIRAL  RIN(iS 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  XCII 


1556  (1557)  1557 


1555 


1558 


BRONZES-STRUCTURAL  RINGS  ETC.     BEADS,  PENDANTS.  MIRRORS 


The  Argivb  Hbrakum 


Plate  XCI 


The  Argive  Herabum 


Plate  XCII 


ooo 


1475  1480 


1481  1482 


1484 


1485 


(1495.  H^S    ^^B 

1497 
1509  


1526 


1527 


1525 


1556  (1557)  1557 


1555 


1558 


BRONZES-STRUCTURAL  RINGS  ETC.     BEADS,  PENDANTS.  MIRRORS 


BRONZES.— DECORATIVE  AND  STRUCTURAL  RINGS 


i! 

I 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIII 


1578 


1584 


1582 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


Ml 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIV 


(1565) 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


i! 


>  i 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIII 


The  Argivk  IIeraeum 


Plate  XCIV 


'  1 565 


1578 


1584 


1582 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


h      ' 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


A 


I , 


The  Argive  IIeraevm 


Plate  XCV 


The  Argive  IIeraevm 


Plate  XCVI 


1577 


(1566' 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


1' 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCV 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCVI 


<■  >  ;S  « 


:♦      .  <  •• 


y>>i.^ 


1576 


•■>wL 


!H.,,,^.-. 


1566 


1677 


(1566) 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


nil 


The  Argive  Heraeitm 


Plate  XCVII 


1588 


BRONZES.— MIRROR 


li 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCVIII 


1588.  back. 


1587 


1586 


'1588.  back.) 


1589a 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


i«^Mahiai 


The  Argivf.  Heraeim 


Plate  XCVII 


1588 


BRONZES.— MIRROR 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  XCVIII 


\ 


.\\''-H 


Tr^  'V. 


:x^^v^^ 


'M?*.;. 


%  \ 


.>.»■; 


;t 


1588.  back. 


1586 


1587 


1588.  back 


1589a 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIX 


1604 


(1598^ 


"''^:i;i:::^l:*i;":— ■ 


1608  ^«»»^ 


1614 


1599 


flV 


»i«» 


® 


1661 


(1599» 


1676 


1672 


1674 


1670 


1678 


BRONZES.— DIADEMS,  ETC.  DISCS 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  C 


1705 


BRONZES.— DISCS 


111 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  XCIX 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  C 


I 


Pi 


SH757:! 


aiiSi"'"'*' 


(1598) 


' XT'    O-^^ 

o 


1608 


1614 


1599 


pJi  ^ 


661 


1705 


1676 


1672 


1674 


1670 


1678 


l| 


BRONZES.— DIADEMS,  ETC.  DISCS 


BRONZES.— DISCS 


,,  \ 


n 


» 


Plate  CI 


The  Argivk  Heraeum 


1739 


1740 


BRONZES.-DISCS.  BINDING-STRIPS 


Tub  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CII 


1768 


1772 


bronzks.-binding-strips,   ornamented  bands,  coatings 


The  Argive  Heraei'm 


Plate  CI 


The  Argivk  IIeraeum 


Plate  CII 


I'l 


1738  Kij^"*»^ 

1740 


1739 


RRONZES.-niSCS.  niNDING-STRlPS 


(1746) 


1748 


M 


";'<>■.  •-  ■■ 


w-  •dfiSL*>u-..  jK?- 


^-^-^>- .   ''^  '■■ 


^r-^ 


'■f> 


t''i-  ,;;»* 


HM&^'^ 


iM.ff^^k^^ 


1768 


1772 


URONZKS.-r.INDINCi-STRIPS.     ORNAMKNTED  BANDS.  COATINGS 


ill! 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


plat«  cm 


i|'l 


III 


1792 


11792) 


BRONZES— COATINGS 


The  Aruivp.  Heraeim 


Plate  CIV 


-€^  1803 


BRONZES.— COATINGS, RIMS.   PLATE 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  CIII 


I.  » 


I* 


1774 


1778 


.•>  -rri 


1    1 


vV 


--^ .. 


1782 


1780 


1792 


(1792) 


l| 


BRONZES.— COATINGS 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  CIV 


BRONZES.— COATINGS, RIMS,  PLATE 


III! 


The  Argivk  Heraeum 


Plate  CV 


\ 


1829 


1823 


BRONZES  -PLATE.  CUT  ORNAMENTS 


ll 


The  Argivb  IIeraeum 


Plate  CVI 


lO 
00 


00 


CM 
00 


to 

CM 

00 


BRONZES.- PLATE  WITH  INSCRIPTION 


The  Argivf.  IIeraeim 


Plate  CV 


1829 


HRONZES  -PLATE.  LVT  ORNAMENTS 


1823 


The  Argivr  IIeraeum 


Plate  CVl 


m 

CM 
00 


00 


CM 
00 


CM 

00 


BRONZES.- PLATE  WITH   INSCRIPTION 


The  Argivf.  Heraeim 


Plate  CVII 


The  Argivk  IIekaecm 


Plate  CVIII 


3 


BRONZES.- PLATE  WITH  INSCRIPTION 


1848 


BRONZES—FIGURES,  ETC.  LEAVES.  THONG,  PLATES 


1)^' 


l<  ^ 


The  Arcivb  Heraeum 


Plate  CVII 


CM 
00 


00 


3 


n 


C«4 
00 


II. 
■ 


BRONZES.- PLATE  WITH  INSCRIPTION 


The  Argivr  Hbrabum 


Plate  CVIII 


il 


1848 


1850 


BRONZES—FIGURES,  ETC.  LEAVES.  THONG,  PLATES 


iP 


I, « 


'1 


The  Argivk  Herakum 


Plate  CIX 


1879 


BRONZES.— PLATES,  PLATTERS 


II, 


The  Argivk  IIeraeum 


Plate  CX 


00 
GO 


a. 

LJl 

Q 

2 

(- 
Ll 
^^ 

A  ^ 

uU. 


CO 


2L_ 


BRONZES.— PLATES 


h^i 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  CIX 


Thk  Argivr  IIerabum 


Plate  CX 


00 
00 


11. 

LM 

a 

2 

II 

^^ 

UJ- 

.■-~\ 

■•.::B 

2. 
A 


21. 


00 
00 


1879 


BRONZES.— PLATES 


r.RONZKS— PLATES.   PLATTERS 


h 


I', I 


The  Arcuvk  IIeraeim 


Plate  CXI 


The  Argive  IIeraecm 


Plate  CXII 


F.RONZES.-PLATKS.  PLATTERS 


1981 


1903 


1905 


BRONZES— PLATTERS,  SAUCERS 


I  I 


Il 


I.  » 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  CXI 


BRONZES.-PLATES.  PLATTERS 


1 

\ 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXII 


(1889) 


(1889) 


1981 


1903 


1905 


BRONZES.-PLATTERS,  SAUCERS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIII 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIV 


1946 


1950 


1978 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS 


The  Argive  Heraei'm 


Plate  CXIII 


1946 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIV 


1978 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS 


The  Argive  IIeraei.m 


Plate  CXV 


(1980) 


-'</^ 


1990 


1991 


BRONZES— SAICKRS.  UOWLS 


The  Argive  IIeraei'm 


Plate  CXVI 


2002 


1996 


1997  (a) 


BRONZES.— IKiWLS 


The  Argivk  Herabum 


Plate  CXV 


1990 


'"^^^mi^ 


1991 


BRONZES —SAUCERS,  BOWLS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXVI 


2002 


1996 


1997  (a) 


BRONZES.— BOWLS 


Thb  Argive  Herabum 


Plate  CXVII 


The  Aroivs  Hbraeum 


Plate  CXVIII 


2025 


2038 


2038 


BRONZES.  -BOWLS  SUSPENSION  VASE.  ETC.  PITCHER,  JARS 


BRONZES— JARS,  BASIN 


i 


H\ 


Thb  Argive  IIerabi'm 


Plat«  CXVII 


The  Argivb  Herarum 


Plate  CXVIII 


2025 


BRONZES.     BOWLS  SUSPENSION  VASE,  ETC.  PITCHER.  JARS 


I 


2038 


2038 


BRONZES.— JARS.  BASIN 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  CXIX 


2053 


BRONZES  -CALLDRON.  BOSSES.  HORIZOXTAL  HANDLES 


The  Argive  Heraei- 


M 


Plate  CXX 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIX 


2053 


BRONZES  —CAULDRON.  BOSSES,  HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


Thb  Asoivb  Hbrabum 


Plate  CXX 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


The  Argivb  Herabum 


Plate  CXXI 


The  Argivb  Herabum 


Plate  CXXII 


2118 


2143 


2159    ^,1^^^^-fc 

oO 


^t&^^SjB^ 


2193 


2158 


2161 


2199 


2160 


2194 


2156 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  AND  VERTICAL  HANDLES 


Lai* 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXI 


2142  2159    ^^p^^^ 

C Jdj   O 

^^mmmmit^^  2153  2160 


2161 


2156 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXII 


(2195)  JtlJ- 

2199 


2194 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  AND  VERTICAL  HANDLES 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  CXXIII 


2219J 


BRONZES-VERTICAL  HANDLES,  VARIOUS  ORNAMENTS,  FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS. 


The    ArGIVB    llERABirM 


Plate  CXXIV 


2227     2229 


2225 


2224 


BRONZES.— FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS.  SMALL  TRIPOD-STANDARDS 


The  Argivk  Heraecm 


Plate  CXXIII 


(2219) 


BRONZES.- VERTICAL  HANDLES.  VARIOUS  ORNAMENTS.  FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS. 


The  Argivb  Hbrabum 


Plate  CXXIV 


2227  2229 


2225 


2224 


BRONZES.— FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS.  SMALL  TRIPOD-STANDARDS 


Thk  Argivb  Hkrabum 


Plate  CXXV 


'^i^Ei^X 


(2239) 


2239 


BRONZES.— FEET  OF  STANDARDS,  MISCELLANEOUS  VESSELS 


TiiK  Argive  Hbraeum 


Plate  CXXVI 


2259 


2264 


BRONZES.-MISCELLANEOUS  VESSELS  AND  HANDLES.  VARIOUS  IMPLEMENTS  AND  UTENSILS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXV 


>^^HE^^X 


C2239' 


2239 


BRONZES.— FEET  OF  STANDARDS.  MISCELLANEOL'S  VESSELS 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  CXXVI 


2259 


2264 


BROXZES.-MISCELLANEOrs  VESSELS  AND  HANDLES.  VARIOUS  IMPLKMF.NTS  AND  I  THNSILS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXX\  II 


The  Argive  IIerabim 


Plate  CXXVIII 


1 


2305 


2452  '    2457b 


HRONZI-S.-VAKIOLS  IMPLKMl-MS.  SiMTS 


BRONZES— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXMI 


BRONZES.-VARIOLS  IMPLEMENTS,  SIMTS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXVIII 


2452  '    2457b 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argivk  Heraeim 


Plate  CXXIX 


2S02 


2545 


2527 


2531 


2546 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  CXXX 


2556 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argivk  Her.veim 


Plate  CXXIX 


2502 


2545 


2527 


2531 


2546 


URONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argivr  IIeraeim 


Plate  CXXX 


2555 


2556 


URONZliS.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  CXXXI 


2614 


2619 


2592 


2690 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  IIekaeum 


Plate  CXXXII 


2647 


2633 


2640 


nRONZKS.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraevm 


Plate  CXXXI 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXII 


2614 


2620 


2633 


2619 


2592 


2590 


2640 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


Platk  CXXXIII 


The  Argivk  Hkraeum 


2738 


2740 


27M 


2727 


The  Argivk  Hkraeum 


Plate  CXXXIV 


2787 


BRONZES.— VARIOUS  UTENSILS  AND  CONSTRUCTIVE  PIECES 


BRONZES.-SPITS,  VARIOUS  IMPLEMENTS  AND  UTENSILS 


The  Argivr  Heraecm 


Plate  CXXXIII 


Plate  CXXXIV 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


2758 


2727 


r.R()NZKs.-sprrs.  various  implemknts  and  itensils 


2787 


imONZES.— VARIOUS  UTENSILS  AND  CONSTRUCTIVE  PIECES 


The  Arcivf.  Heraeim 


Plate  CXXXV 


2788 


(2827) 


BRONZES.— CONSTRI'CTIVK  AND  DECORATIVE  PIECES 


The  ARciivR  IIeraei.m 


Plate  CXXXVI 


^i> 


2835 


2840 


ItRONZES.— CASTINGS 


The  Argivk  Herakum 


Plate  CXXXV 


2788 


2828 


Ly 


2827 


(2827) 


BRONZES.— CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  DECORATIVE  PIECES 


The  Argive  Heraeim 


Plate  CXXXVI 


2829 


2834 


2836 


2837 


2840 


BRONZES.— CASTINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXVIl 


EN(iRAVEI)  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES  FROM  THE 

ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


WAX  IMPRESSION  OF  SEAL 
OF  ABOVE  SILVER  RING  (enlarged) 


TOP  SIDE  OF  HEAD  UNDER  SIDE  OF  HEAD 

SILVER  PIN  IN  BRITISH  MUSEUM 


BRONZES— MISCELLANEOUS  ADDENDA 


The  Argivf.  Heraei-m 


Plate  CXXXVIl 


WAX  IMPRESSION  OF  SEAL 
OF  ABOVE  SILVER  RING  (enlarged) 


TOP  SIDE  OF  HEAD  UNDER  SIDE  OF  HEAD 

SILVER  PIN  IN  BRITISH  MUSEUM 


BRONZES— MISCELLANEOUS  ADDENDA 


en(;kavj:i)  stoxks,  gems,  and  noiiiEs  from  the 

AUCJIVE  llEHAFUM 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


By  RICHARD  NORTON 


THE  STONES  AND  GEMS 

The  engraved  stones  found  (though  only  in  limited  numbers)  at  the  Heraeum  might 
disappoint  one  who  sought  among  them  things  of  beauty.  It  is  not  that  they  are  second- 
class  works  of  their  kind,  but  they  belong  to  the  beginnings  of  Greek  art  before  the 
craftsmen  had  attained  to  the  power  which  later  enabled  them  to  turn  into  shapes  of 
beauty  even  the  commonest  article  of  daily  use.  But  such  disappointment  is  more  than 
counterbalanced  by  the  interest  of  another  kind  inherent  in  them,  — a  double  interest, 
in  fact,  connected  in  part  with  the  Heraeum  and  in  part  with  the  broader  question  of 
the  early  stages  of  Greek  art. 

Not  one  of  these  stones  is  much  later  than  the  seventh  century  b.  c,  and  most  of 
them  are  probably  much  earlier.  This  phenomenon  of  the  absence  of  late  work  is  the 
same  in  the  other  classes  of  objects  found  on  the  site,  the  very  large  majority  of  which 
belong  to  prehistoric  and  archaic  times.  But  beside  this  fact  there  is  another  equally 
noteworthy,  which  is  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  stones  are  of  a  style  heretofore  but 
little  known.  That  is  to  say,  they  put  before  us  a  new  local  art,  and  it  can  be  shown,  I 
believe,  that  the  most  probable  home  of  this  art  was  the  Heraeum,^  by  which  name  must 
be  understood  the  town  in  the  vicinity  (which  of  the  many  there  were  we  cannot  with 
certainty  say)  that  supplied  the  needs  of  the  sanctuary. 

That  they  are  the  product  of  one  locality  is  suggested  by  the  following  facts.  (All  are, 
of  course,  intaglios.) 

1.  The  material  is  the  same  in  almost  all.    It  is  steatite. 

2.  There  is  little  variety  in  the  shapes,  and  one  or  two  peculiar  forms  are  frequently 
repeated.  If  the  stones  had  been  imported  from  many  places,  it  is  certain  that  they  would 
vary  much  in  form. 

3.  The  range  of  subjects  carved  upon  them  is  very  limited. 

4.  The  style  of  the  carving  is  practically  the  same  in  all,  and  in  most  cases  so  rude 
that  it  would  be  hard  to  believe  that  the  ancient  Argives  should  have  found  it  worth  their 
while  to  import  such  work. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  there  is  scarcely  a  trace  of  the  use  of  the  drill,  which  was  con- 
stantly employed  by  the  Mycenaeans.  On  Nos.  17,  21,  33,  and  a  few  others,  there  seem  to 
be  traces  of  it,  but  the  rule  is  for  the  design  to  be  cut.  This  was  perhaps  induced  by  the 
softness  of  the  stone ;  or  the  fact  that,  in  the  main,  only  soft  stone  was  used  may  imply 
tliat  the  drill  was  not  generally  known. 

The  drawing  of  the  human  figures  and  of  horses,  the  representation  of  birds  and  snakes 
(also  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  vases  from  the  Heraeum),  remind  one  of  *  geo- 
metric *  vases.    A  few  gems  were  found  that  distinctly  belong  to  the  *  geometric '  style, 

*  I  shall  use  the  word  Heraeum  throughout  this  article,      embracing  all  the  neighborhood  of  the  temple  where  lived 
not  as  meaning  the  sacred  temenos,  but  in  a  broader  sense,      the  people  to  whom  the  sanctuary  belonged. 

343 


y      ' 


lilfi 


344 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND   IVORIES 


and  those  of  what  is  I  believe  a  new  type  may,  perhaps,  be  the  forerunner  of  the  *  geo- 
metric' It  is  noticeable  that  on  the  true  *  geometric '  stones  occur  none  of  the  odd  or 
inexplicable  forms  that  we  see  on  the  new  class. 

It  might  be  thought  that  the  use  of  steatite,  a  mineral  not  found  in  Greece  proper,  was 
a  proof  tliat  the  stones  were  imported  from  some  distant  place ;  but  when  one  considers 
that,  as  noted  above,  stones  of  this  style  have  been  found  in  considerable  numbers  oidy 
at  the  Heraeum,  it  seems  more  likely  that  it  was  merely  the  material  and  not  the  finished 
product  that  was  imported.  The  carving  was  then  done  at  the  Heraeum.  This  sbitement 
is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  only  a  very  insignificant  amount  of  objects  of  unquestion- 
able foreign  make  were  found  in  the  excavations,  and  <ilso  by  the  finding  of  one  or  two 
stones  all  ready  shaped  but  without  any  design. 

For  the  detailed  study  of  the  stones  several  methods  of  classification  are  possible : 
according  to  their  material,  shape,  subject  represented,  or  style.  As  there  are  a  few 
stones  absolutely  different  in  style  from  the  others  while  the  materiiil  is  the  same,  it  is 
manifest  that  any  attempt  at  classification  according  to  material  would  be  barren  of 
result.  Similar  reasons  make  classification  according  to  shape  or  subject  undesirable,  so 
that  nothing  is  left  but  to  classify  them,  so  far  as  my  own  judgment  goes,  according  to 
style.  Others  may  consider  that  individiuil  stones  belong  to  other  classes  than  those  in 
which  I  have  arranged  them,  but  the  separation  of  the  classes  in  general  will,  I  trust, 
find  acceptance. 

Before  discussing  the  stones  in  detail  a  word  must  be  said  in  regard  to  the  use  to  which 
such  objects  were  put.  They  are  often  spoken  of  as  sealSf  but  it  seems  improbable  that 
their  owners  used  them  as  such.  Had  they  done  so,  it  is  incredible  that  no  impressions  of 
them  should  ever  have  been  found.  I  refer  of  course  only  to  Greece,  and  not  to  the  coun- 
tries in  the  farther  east  where  seals  were  in  common  use.  Furthermore,  what  imaginable 
way  is  there  for  their  use  as  seals  ?  Documents  that  could  be  sealed  by  any  such  stones 
as  these  were  unknown  in  the  days  when  they  were  made.  They  are  too  small  and  insig- 
nificant to  have  been  used  as  marks  of  proprietoi-ship  of  objects,  —  were  this  extravagant 
hypothesis  to  be  brought  forward,  —  and  the  fact  that  there  is  a  very  noticeable  repeti- 
tion of  design  disproves  any  such  idea.  That  most  of  them  are  bored  shows  that  they 
were  meant  for  susj^ension,  but  were  they  seals,  it  is  quite  certiiin  they  would  have  been 
given  some  stiff  and  permanent  setting.  Gold  rings  like  those  found  at  Mycenae,  or 
others  of  less  valuable  material,  might  (so  far  as  usfibility  is  concerned)  —  except  for 
the  other  reasons  I  have  adduced  —  be  Ccalled  seals.  Such  rings,  however,  form  but 
an  infinitesimal  division  of  the  whole  cLass  of  these  objects.  If  they  were  not  seals, 
what  were  they  ?  Probably,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  amulets.  The  fact  that  they  are 
bored  suits  this  explanation.  They  may  well  have  been  worn  in  old  times,  as  they  are 
still  to-day  by  the  women  in  Crete,  hung  by  a  string  round  the  neck.  The  style  of 
subject  carved  upon  them  is  well  suited  to  amulets.  Religious  scenes,  for  instance,  or 
the  figures  of  strange  beings  are  what  one  would  expect  on  amulets.  When  we  remember 
the  close  relation  of  animals  to  deities  in  ancient  times,  we  see  how  stones  which  to  our 
ignorant  eyes  present  only  the  picture  of  a  cow  or  lion  may,  in  every  likelihood,  have 
conveyed  a  religious  and  sacred  impression  to  the  original  owner.  Others,  too,  suggest 
from  their  shajie,  or  size,  or  carving,  that  they  were  merely  beads,  for  it  is  not  at  all 
likely  that  all  were  used  in  the  same  way.  Evans '  in  his  epoch-marking  works  shows 
reasons  to  believe  that  he  has  found  a  form  of  writing  on  the  earliest  of  these  stones. 

*  Cretan  Pictographs  and  Prae^ Phoenician  Script  and  Further  Discoveries  of  Cretan  and  Aegean  Script. 


PRIMITIVE  CLASS 


345 


This,  however,  is  no  reason  for  thinking  them  to  be  other  than  amulets;  though  no  one 
has  been  able  to  read  the  signs  found  by  Evans,  and  they  may  possibly  be  abbreviated 
prayers  or  sacred  and  evil-averting  signs. 

There  is  one  more  question  difficult  of  explanation,  and  that  is  how  there  came  to  be 
so  many  stones  of  this  sort  at  a  place  like  the  Heraeum.  I  can  only  suggest  the  explana- 
tion that  if  these  stones  were  amulets,  it  may  well  be  that  such  powerful  and  sacred  objects 
were  made  by  the  priests,  -  that  they  were  issued  from  the  temple  somewhat  as  indul- 
gences are  given  out  by  the  Catholic  Church.  Or  it  is  possible  that  perhaps  after  the 
dejith  of  the  owner,  or  at  some  such  solemn  moment,  they  were  dedicated  in  the  temple. 
These  are,  of  course,  mere  hypotheses. 

CLASS  I.     PREHISTORIC  OR   PRIMITIVE. 

Only  eight  stones  of  this  sort  were  found  (Nos.  1-8).  The  only  carving  on  them  con- 
sists of  scratches,  and  they  show  no  trace  of  true  masterly  cutting.  Similar  scratchings 
were  found  by  Schliemann  on  whorls  he  dug  up  at  Troy,  and  by  other  excavators.  It  Is 
possible  that  these  lines  conveyed  some  meaning  to  the  original  owner  of  the  object,  but, 
at  present,  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  it  was.  Evans '  suggests  that  certain  somewhat 
similar  carvings  found  l)y  him  stand  for  letters.  None  of  the  examples  from  the  Heraeum 
suggest  this  or  anything  more  than  being  the  haphazard  work  of  an  untrained  carver. 
They  seem  to  be  merely  attempts  to  decorate  the  stones  with  more  or  less  symmetrical 
patterns. 

In  shape  they  show  some  variety,  and  it  is  difficult  to  explain  why  the  makers  of  these 
stones  should  have  been  satisfied  with  such  rude  carving  of  designs  when  they  were  able 
to  model  the  forms  so  comparatively  well. 

PLATE    CXXXVIII. 

L  Circular;  both  sides  slightly  convex.  IJored.  Botli  sides  scratched.  Dark  blue  steatite. 
IJi  cm.     Perliai>8  a  bead.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

2.  Button  shaiie.  Double  bore-hole.  Design :  star.  2.8  cm.  The  stone  is  broken,  but  both 
parts  were  found.     Found  on  stairs  south  of  Second  Temple. 

a  Hemispherical.  Bored.  Scratches  on  flat  surface.  Red  steatite.  Diameter,  1.9  cm.  Found 
back  of  West  Building. 

4.  Circular ;  both  sides  convex.  Bored.  Both  sides  scratched.  Dark  green  steatite.  1.8  cm. 
Found  on  southeast  sIo|)e  near  bottom. 

5.  Spool  shape.  Ends  concave.  Cross  lines  and  circle  scratched  on  one  end.  Dark  red  steatite. 
Diameter,  1.7  cm.  The  form  is,  perhaps,  an  imitation  of  a  fish's  vertebra.  Found  back  of  South 
Building,  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

6.  Flat;  circular.  Bored  through  centre.  Light  green  steatite.  1.5  cm.  No  engraving; 
accidental  scratches.  Perhaps  a  bead.  This  is  one  of  those  which  being  formed  but  not  decorated 
implies  that  the  decoration  was  done  at  the  Heraeum,  as  do  the  following.  Found  back  of  South 
Building  near  No.  & 

7.  Circular  and  slightly  si>ool -shaped.  Not  bored.  Mottled  green  steatite.  Diameter,  1.8  cm. 
Thickness,  0.8  cm.  Like  No.  6^  this  is  apparently  unfinished.  Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second 
Temple  terrace. 

&  Steatite  pebble.  1.7  cm.  long.  Perhaps  shows  the  sort  of  stone  used  by  the  engravers. 
Found  during  first  year's  work. 

1  Cretan  Pictographs  and  Prae-Phoenician  Script,  fig.  16,  and  p.  16  (285). 


'I 


i 


nf 


346 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND   IVORIES 


ARGIVE  TYPE 


347 


CLASS  n.    NEW  TYPE— 'ARGIVE.' 

The  following  are  stones  of  a  new,  or  at  least  very  unusual  type.  There  are  thirty- 
three  (Nos.  9-41)  of  them.     They  vary  considerably  in  shape :  — 

1.  Hemispherical ;  11  (Nos.  9-19). 

2.  Button  shape ;  4  (Nos.  20-23). 

3.  Cylindrical ;  1  (No.  24). 

4.  Shield  shape ;  1  (No.  25). 

6.    Rectangular;  8  (Nos.  26-33). 

6.  Lenticular  and  lozenge ;  5  (Nos.  34-88). 

7.  Rectangular  and  oval  with  animal  on  top;  3  (Nos.  39-41). 

The  designs  vary  less  than  the  shapes.     They  fall  into  three  classes :  — 

1.  Human. 

2.  Animal. 

8.  Geometric. 

Perhaps  a  fourth  class  uninteVlgihh  ought  to  be  added.  The  stones  are  often  carved 
on  all  their  various  surfaces,  whether  curved  or  flat.  Of  the  hemispherical  group  six 
have  carving  only  on  the  flat  surface,  and  the  other  five  have  their  rounded  back  deco- 
rated with  zigzags. 

The  button-shape  group  contains  but  one  exception  (No.  23)  to  the  rule  that  the  speci- 
mens of  this  shape  have  both  of  their  flat  surfaces  carved. 

The  one  cylindrical  stone  has  one  end  carved  and  the  other  smooth. 

The  shield-shaped  stone  is  carved  only  on  the  flat  surface. 

The  rectangular  group  also  shows  one  exception  (No.  31)  to  the  same  rule. 

Three  of  the  five  lozenge-shaped  stones  are  carved  on  both  sides ;  one  on  only  one. 
One  is  doubtful  (No.  36). 

Of  the  animal  group,  No.  41  is  the  only  example  that  has  more  than  one  surface  adapt- 
able to  carving.  In  this  case  the  animal  is  on  the  edge  of  the  stone  and  both  flat  sur- 
faces are  carved. 

On  first  sight  one  sees  that  these  stones  have  little  or  nothing  to  do  with  the  true 
Mycenaean  stones  with  which  it  seems,  from  the  proximity  of  the  Heraeum  to  Mycenae, 
they  might  well  have  had  some  connection.  The  few  Mycenaean  stones  that  were  found 
in  the  excavation  are  easily  differentiated  from  those  of  the  new  class,  and  that  so  very 
few  Mycenaean  ones  were  found  appears  to  be  another  bit  of  evidence  to  show  how  little 
the  Heraeum  depended  on  foreign  trade  for  the  satisfaction  of  its  needs.  The  nature  of 
the  carving  on  the  new  stones,  rude  and  awkward  as  it  is,  is  quite  unlike  that  of  true 
Mycenaean  work.  Nor  did  the  Mycenaean  carvers  show  any  special  preference  for  steatite, 
while  the  subjects  which  they  were  fond  of  representing,  such  as  lions,  cows,  fish  flying, 
relijrious  and  hunting:  scenes,  do  not  occui-  on  the  Heraeum  stones.  A  few  stones  of  the 
same  character  as  those  under  discussion  have  been  found  in  other  |>arts  of  the  Greek 
world,  and  they  will  be  noted  in  connection  with  the  si)ecial  specimens  to  which  they  bear 
the  closest  resemblance.  Further  excavation  will  undoubtedly  bring  others  to  light,  but 
for  the  present  the  Heraeum  must  be  considered  if  not  the  original  source  of  this  work,  at 
least  a  place  where  it  was  in  considerable  demand. 

One  curious  point  in  regard  to  their  discovery  which  may  throw  light  not  only  on  the 
stones  themselves  but  also  on  the  history  of  the  Heraeum  is  that  none  were  found  on  the 
Old  Temple  terrace,  but  all  came  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Fifth-century  Temple  and 


the  majority  from  the  south  slope, -a  spot  that  seems  to  have  been  used  for  the  layino- 
aside  of  discarded  objects.  The  enormous  number  of  objects  of  all  sorts  found  in  thi" 
one  place  suggests  tliat  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  sort  of  burying-ground  for  things  that 
had,  for  some  now  unknown  reason,  become  too  sacred  for  such  further  mortal  use  as 
they  had  originally  served.  That  there  were  such  burying-grounds  is,  of  course,  proved 
by  tiie  discovenes  on  the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

Jlemispherical.     All  are  bored. 

a  Zig^g  pattern  in  different  directions  over  back.  Design:  man  and  horse,  also  irregular 
marks  to  fill  space      Diameter,  2.4  cm.     Dark  red  steatite.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

la  Smooth  back.  Design :  horse  and  decorative  marks.  Red  steatite.  2  cm.  Much  rubbed. 
l«ound  east  of  chambers  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

11.  Zigzags  on  back  (cf.  No.  12).  Design :  horse  and  decorative  marks.  Red  steatite.  Diam- 
eter,  2.9  cm.     *ound  at  east  end  of  Stoa  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

22.  Zigzag  on  back.  Design:  horse,  beyond  which  stands  man  with  upraised  arms,  holding 
perhaps  a  sword  over  the  horse's  head.    Slightly  fractu,-ed.    3  cm.     Found  in  Northwest  Building 

la  Smooth  back.  Design :  man  holding  something  in  raised  hand ;  behind  him  marks  similar 
to  those  Evans  >  takes  to  have  to  do  with  a  house.  Red  steatite.  Diameter,  1.8  cm.  Found  dur- 
ing first  year  s  work. 

14  Zigzags  on  back.  Design :  man  seated,  arms  raised.  Cf.  No.  39.  Red  steatite  with  yellowish 
streaks.     2.2  cm.     Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

16.  Half  stone,  broken  along  bore-hole.  Smooth  back.  Design :  man  seated.  Cf.  No.  14.  Dark 
blue  steatite.     2  cm.     Found  above  east  end  of  Stoa  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

16.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  standing.  There  are  other  marks,  but  the  gem  is  so  broken 
they  are  mexplicable.  Light  blue  steatite.  2.1  cm.  Found  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large 
deposit. 

17.  Elongated  hemispherical.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  two  men,  perhaps  fighting.  It  suggests 
one  of  the  gold  rmgs  from  Mycenae.  Dark  red  steatite.  3  cm.  x  2.5  cm.  Found  above  east  end 
of  Stoa  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

la  Not  absolutely  hemispherical.  Three  divided  rows  of  arrowhead  pattern  on  back.  Design : 
circle  divided  into  quarters  by  crossed  lines.  Each  quarter  has  three  'arrow'  markings  one 
within  the  other.     Blue  steatite.     2  cm.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

19.  Elongated  hemispherical.  Smooth  back.  Design :  double  axe.2  Blue  steatite.  Length, 
2.7  cm.     Found  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large  dei>osit. 

B  tit  ton  shape.     All  are  bored  (except  No.  23). 

2a  Much  broken.  Design,  Lartje  Hide :  branches  of  trees  3  surrounded  by  circle  of  cog-wheel 
pattern.  Small  side :  snake  (?)  and  lines  that  are  distinct,  but  scarcely  explicable.  They  do  not  re- 
semble  any  of  Evans's  pictographic  signs,  and  it  is  plain  from  the  sureness  of  the  cutting  that  they 
are  not  haphazard.  They  are  also  quite  unlike  the  ordinary  space-filling  patterns.  It  is  possible 
that  they  represent  a  horned  animal  lying  down  ;  the  head  to  the  left.  Red  steatite.  Large  side, 
3.5  em.  x  3.75  cm.     Small  side,  2  cm.    Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

2L  Design,  Larf/e  side :  two  figures  holding  a  bough  upright  between  them ;  below  the  bough  a 
crescent-shaped  object.  Snake  surrounding  left  half  of  design.  Small  side :  sunk  circle  with  raised 
cross,  the  arms  of  the  latter  having  incision  down  the  middle.  Green  steatite.  Large  side,  2.5  cm. 
Found  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  Second  Temple. 

22.  Design,  Larr/e  side :  two  figures  holding  hands,  and  in  free  hand  branches :  between  their 
feet  a  bird  upside  doicn,  and  below  this  a  snake  (?).  Between  the  heads  of  the  figures  traces  of 
another  birtl  (?).  Cog-wheel  circle  surrounds  the  group.  Small  side :  scarcely  explicable.  Per- 
haps animal  with  branch  alwve  and  below.     Red  steatite.     Large  side,  3.5  cm.     Found  on  south 

'  Cretan  Pictogmpht,  p.  ,38  (307).  »  Cf.  Evans,  Cretan  Pictographs,  p.  43  (312),  and  Further 

*  Cf.  Kvaiu,  Cretan  Pictograpla,  p.  35  (304).  Discoveries,  fig.  16. 


I« 


< 


348 


ENGRAVED   STONES,  GEMS,  AND   IVORIES 


# 


At  other  end  traces 
was    never    wholly 


No.  26. 


slope.     A  stone  of  about  this  size  and  carved  with  figures  like  those  on  the  larger  side  of  this  one 
is  in  the  Museum  in  Athens.     It  is  uncatalogued,  and  I  could  not  find  whence  it  came. 

23l  Not  engraved  or  bored.  Pale  green  steatite.  Largest  diameter,  2.1  cm.  Found  at  south- 
east corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  peribolus  wall. 

CyUndrical. 

24.  Double  branch  pattern.  One  end  with  geometric  design,  thus : 
of  three  drill  holes  directed  along  the  long  axis ;  stone  is  broken  and 
drilled.     Red  steatite.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

Shield  shape. 

25.  Bored.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  upright,  arms  raised.  Decorative  markings.  Incised 
line  around  whole.  Dark  red  steatite.  2.8  cm.  long.  Found  above  east  end  of  Stoa  below 
Cyclopean  wall. 

Rectanfjular.     All  hut  No.  31  bored. 

26.  Stone  broken  through  bore-hole,  only  half  preserved.  Design :  on  one  side 
cattle  sui)erposed.  (For  somewhat  similar  representation  of  cattle,  cf.  Evans,  Cretan 
Pictogniphs^  fig.  11  a.)  Behind  cattle  unintelligible  curved  lines.  On  other  side 
cattle  (?  )  facing,  and  between  them  snake  (?).  On  the  unbroken  edge  pattern  (see 
cut).     Found  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large  deposit. 

27.  Flat  (brick  shaiie).  Both  sides  engraved;  edges  smooth.  Design,  one  side: 
winged  horses.  Other  side :  distinct  but  unintelligible.  Retl  steatite.  4  cm.  x  3  cm. 
Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  peribolus  wall. 

28u  Brick  shape.  Both  sides  engravetl ;  edges  smooth.  Design  (same  on  both 
sides) :  animal  and  decorative  marks,  framed  by  straight  lines.  l.G  cm.  x  2  cm.  x 
1.1  em.     Found  on  surface  of  ground  of  the  Old  Temple  terrace. 

29.  Broken  along  bore-hole,  only  half  found.  Both  sides  and  the  complete  edge  engraved. 
Design :  each  side  divided  into  two  compartments.  When  the  stone  was  complete  there  were 
undoubtedly  four  such  divisions.  On  one  side  are  squares,  one  within  the  other,  the  smallest 
having  its  diagonals  drawn.  On  the  other  side  each  division  has  merely  lines  drawn  parallel  to 
the  diagonal,  —  those  in  one  division  from  left  to  right,  the  other  from  right  to  left.  On  edge 
'  arrowhead '  pattern.  Red  steatite.  4  cm.  Found  in  the  deposit  at  southwest  comer  of  Second 
Temple  terrace. 

30.  Broken ;  only  part  found.  Both  sides  engraved  ;  edges  smooth.  Design  :  on  one  side  deeply 
cut,  but  unintelligible  (but  cf.  Evans's  sign  for  a  house,  Cretan  Pkto«jr(tj)hs,i>.  37  [308]).  Green 
steatite.  5  cm.  x  1  cm.  (thick).  Found  near  East  Building.  Another  stone  very  similar  to  this 
one  was  shown  me  by  Mr.  Evans.  He  obtained  it  in  Delos.  It  is  now,  I  believe,  in  the  Ash- 
molean  Museum. 

3L  Bored,  and  bit  of  original  bronze  fastening  still  in  hole.  Both  sides  engraved.  Design : 
on  one  side  two  men ;  one  holds  branch,  other  holds  weapon  ('?).  The  former  seems  to  be  clad 
differently  from  the  latter.  Other  side :  four  compartments,  each  filled  with  patterns  of  straight 
lines.  Green  steatite.  2.7  cm.  x  2.3  cm.  Found  in  deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple 
terrace. 

32.  Both  sides  engraved.  Design,  on  one  side :  man  fighting  or  hunting ;  the  disk  in  front  of 
him  may  be  his  shield.  On  other  side :  animal.  Dark  blue  steatite.  1.7  cm.  x 
1.4  cm.     Found  at  southeast  comer  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

33.  Only  one  side  engraved.    Design  :  crab  or  spider  •  and  snake.    Light  green 
steatite  ;  not  bored.     1.9  cm.  square.     Place  of  discovery  not  known. 

Lozenge.     All  are  bored. 

34.  Both  sides  engraved  and  deeply  cut  all  around  edge,  so  that  it  resembles 
the  'spool'  shape.  Design,  one  side:  flying  bird.  Other  side:  branch.  Light  green  steatite. 
2.1  cm.     Place  of  discovery  unknown. 

*  Cf.  Evaus,  Further  Discoveries,  figs.  5,  6,  and  p.  339,  pi.  ii.  14,  15. 


No.  33. 


GEOMETRIC  TYPE  349 

3&   Engraved  on  one  side.     Design:  two  winged  creatures  face  to  face.     Dark  red  steatite. 
1.0  cm.     J^ound  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

y..^^^7^7\f'rf  ^'""-If'KT^y  ^^'  '---^-  Both  sides  engraved.  Design,  on  one  side: 
bulls-head  full  front  On  other  side :  starfish  pattern.  1.2  cm.  thick.  Diamef^r,  circ.  4  cm.  Red 
steatite.     *ound  iii  deposit  back  of  West  Building. 

37.   Both  sides  apparently  engraved,  but  are  so  wom  as  to  be  undecipherable.   Red  steatite  C\ 
±-i  cm.     i'ound  during  first  year's  work. 

3a  Engraved  on  Iwth  sides.     Design,  on  one  side:  flying  bird.     On  other; 
Dark  red  steatite.     1.5  cm.     Found  on  south  slope. 

N08.  39-41  have  animals  on  top. 

3a  Bored.  Cow  (?)  lying  down.  Design :  man  seated  (cf.  No.  14).  Red 
steatite.     Length,  1.3  cm.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

4a  Bored  (below  belly  of  animal).  Monkey-like  animal  crouching.  Design : 
animals,  — very  rude  and  much  scattered  over  field,  —  perhaps  also  a  scorpion. 
(Cf.  Evans,  Further  Discoveries,  fig.  31.)  Light  red  mottled  green  steatite. 
Design  :  2.5  cm.  x  3  cm.     Height,  2.5  cm.     Found  east  of  the  Northwest  Building. 


winged  animal. 


No.  39. 


4L  Animal  much  worn.     Both  sides  and  all  three  edges  engraved, 
cipherable.     On  the  edges  are  these  patterns  : 


Design  on  both  sides  unde- 


AA/Vl 


Fkomt  End.  Bottom. 

Found  on  south  i\o\^.     Light  blue  steatite.     2.8  cm.  x  2.3  cm. 


Back  End. 


CLASS  III.  '  GEOMETRIC '  {CIRC.  TENTH  CENTURY  B.  C). 
The  next  elas.s  of  stones  to  consider  are  of  a  type  which,  though  by  no  means  common, 
is  less  strange  than  that  of  the  preceding  stones,  and  can  be  dated  by  external  evidence. 
It  is  the  '  geometric  '  type ;  a  type  that  is  pkiiily  of  the  same  epoch  as  the  *  geometric  ' 
vases.  These  show  a  distinct  advance  over  the  earlier  stones  in  being  made  of  harder 
material,  and  in  the  carving  being  much  stronger  and  more  certain.  They  show  none  of 
the  sketchy  and  tentative  quality  of  the  more  primitive  work.  In  shape  and  material, 
too,  they  vary  from  the  earlier  and  from  Mycenaean  work.  All  are  of  a  fine-grain  white 
marble,  and  all  are  square.  One  peculiar  shape,  that  of  a  low  truncated  pyramid,  occurs. 
The  backs  have  no  Jifjure  design.  The  bore-hole  runs  from  hack  to  front,  hence  these 
could  not  be  used  as  seals. 

42.  Boretl  from  back  to  front.  Shape:  truncated  pyramid.  Back 
smooth.  Design  :  two  '  geometric '  figures  to  right  holding  branches  (?). 
Decorative  marks.  White  marble.  3.4  cm.  square.  (In  the  Ashmolean 
Museum  is  a  stone  closely  resembling  this  one ;  it  was  found  in  Melos  in 
1894.)  The  design  is  of  two  figures,  and  between  them  a  branch.  Found 
at  east  end  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 


PLATE  CXXXIX.    {tipper  part), 
43    Broken  at  comers.    Bored  from  front  to  back.    Shape :  truncated 


No.  42. 


pyramid.  On  one  sloping  side  of  back  are  cut  circles  with  dots  in  their  centres.  Design :  divided 
into  four  eijual  divisions.  Only  one,  a  human  figure  with  space-filling  markings,  decipherable. 
Lower  part  of  human  figure  in  a  second  division.  White  marble.  Circ.  4.5  cm.  Found  in  West 
Building. 

44.  Fragment.  Similar  to  No.  43.  Square,  brick  shape,  not  pyramidal.  Design  in  compart- 
ments, but  destroyed.  Human  figure  visible  on  left.  White  marble.  Size  originally  about  same  as 
No.  4&   Found  at  east  end  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 


I 


348 


EXGKAVKl)   STONES,  (JEMS,  AM)    IVOHIES 


Xo.  -JG. 


slope.     A  stt)ne  of  about  this  size  aiul  carved  with  figures  like  those  on  the  larger  sitle  of  this  one 
is  in  the  Museum  in  Athens.     It  is  uneataloguetl,  and  I  could  not  find  whence  it  eanic. 

23.  Not  engraved  or  bored.  Pale  green  steatite.  Largest  diameter,  2.1  cm.  Found  at  south- 
east corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  jieribolus  wall. 

C»lUitdne<iJ. 

24.  Double  branch  pattern.  One  end  with  geometric  design,  thus :  ij^  At  other  end  traces 
of  tlaee  drill  holes  directed  along  the  long  axis ;  stone  is  broken  and  Jlp  was  never  wholly 
drilled.     Keil  steatite.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

Shii'hl  shape. 

25.  liored.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  upright,  arms  raised.  Decorative  markings.  Incised 
line  around  whole.  Dark  red  steatite.  '!.%  cm.  long.  Found  alnive  east  end  of  Stoa  below 
Cyclopean  wall. 

U(don(jnlar.     All  hnt  No.  31  hored. 

26.  Stone  broken  through  iK^re-hole,  only  half  preserved.  Design :  on  one  side 
cattle  superposed.  (For  somewhat  similar  re])resentation  of  cattle,  cf.  Evans.  Cfvtini 
Pkt<njiiiithft,{v^.  11a.)  Ik>hind  cattle  unintelligible  curved  lines.  On  other  side 
cattle  (.'  )  facing,  and  between  them  snake  (?).  On  the  unbroken  edge  pattern  (^see 
cut).     Foiuul  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large  de|>osit. 

27.  Flat  (brick  shaiH').  I$oth  sides  engraved:  edges  smooth.  Design,  one  side : 
winged  horses.  Other  side :  distinct  but  unintelligible.  Hed  steatite.  4  cm.  x  IJ  cni. 
Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Secon»l  Temple  terrace,  outside  jwribolus  wall. 

28.  IJrick  shape.  Both  sides  engraved;  edges  smooth.  Design  (same  on  Loth 
sides):  animal  and  decorative  marks,  framed  by  straight  lines.  l.G  em.  x  2  cm.  x 
1.1  cm.     Found  on  surface  of  ground  of  the  Old  Temple  terrace. 

29.  Broken  along  bore-hole,  only  half  found.  Both  sides  and  the  complete  edge  engraved. 
Design :  each  side  divided  into  two  compartments.  When  the  stone  was  complete  there  were 
undoubtedly  four  such  divisions.  On  one  side  are  .s<piares,  one  within  the  other,  the  smallest 
having  its  diagonals  drawn.  On  the  other  side  each  division  has  merely  lines  drawn  ])arallel  to 
the  diagonal,  —  those  in  one  division  from  left  to  right,  the  other  from  right  to  left.  On  edge 
•  arrowhead '  pattern.  Ked  steatite.  4  cm.  Foiuul  in  the  deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second 
Temple  terrace. 

30.  Broken  :  only  part  found.  Both  sides  engraved  :  edges  smooth.  Design  :  on  one  side  deejdy 
cut,  but  unintelligible  (but  cf.  Evans's  sign  for  a  house,  (.'i'vtan  J*irto«/rojtIiSs\^.  37  [308]).  Green 
steatite.  •')  cm.  x  1  cm.  (thick).  Found  near  East  Building.  Another  stone  very  similar  to  this 
one  was  shown  me  by  Mr.  Evans.  He  obtained  it  in  Delos.  It  is  now,  1  believe,  in  the  Ash- 
molcan  Museum. 

31.  r»ored,  and  bit  of  original  bronze  fastening  still  in  hole.  r>oth  sides  engraved.  Design : 
on  one  side  two  men:  one  holds  branch,  other  holds  weajion  (?).  The  former  seems  to  be  clad 
differently  from  the  latter.  Other  side :  four  compartments,  each  filled  w  ith  patterns  of  straight 
lines.  Green  steatite.  2.7  cm.  x  2.3  cm.  Found  in  deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple 
terrace. 

32.  Both  sides  engraved.  Design,  on  one  side :  man  fighting  or  hunting :  the  disk  in  front  of 
him  maybe  his  shield.  On  other  side:  animal.  Dark  blue  steatite.  1.7  cm.  x 
1.4  cm.     Found  at  southeast  comer  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

33.  Only  one  side  engraved.     Design  :  crab  or  spider '  and  snake.    Light  green 
steatite  :  not  bored.     !.{>  cm.  square.     Place  of  discovery  not  known. 

Lozenfje.     All  are  bored. 

34.  Both  sides  engraved  and  deeply  cut  all  around  edge,  so  that  it  i*esembles 
the  'spool'  shape.  Design,  one  side:  flying  bird.  Other  side:  branch.  Light  green  steatite. 
2.1  cm.     Place  of  discovery  imknown. 

1  Cf.  Eviius,  Further  Diicoceritu,  figs.  5,  G,  .iiul  p.  339,  pi.  ii.  14,  15. 


Xo.  33. 


^ 


winged  animal. 


GEOMETKIC  TYPE  349 

3&  Engraved  on  one  side.  Design:  two  winged  creatures  face  to  face.  Dark  red  steatite. 
1.0  em.     hound  at  .southeast  corner  of  Secoiul  Temple  terrace 

3&  Broken  through  Whole :  only  half  found,  lioth  sides  engraved.  Design,  on  one  side : 
bull  s-head  full  front  On  other  s.de :  starfish  pattern.  1.2  cm.  thick.  Diameter,  eirc.  4  em.  Ked 
steatite.     I'ound  11.  deposit  back  of  West  Buildin<'. 

37.    Both  sides  :,pi,arently  engraved,  but  are  so^vorn  as  to  be  undecipherable.    Red  steatite  C^ 
'ZA  em.     tound  during  first  year's  work. 

3a  Engraved  on  lM>th  sides.     Design,  on  one  side:  flying  bird.     On  other 
Dark  ml  steatite.     1.5  cm.     Found  on  south  slojie. 

Non.  39-41  hace  anhnals  on  top. 

39.  B<ned.     C ow  (?)  lying  down.     Design :  man  seated  (cf.  No.  14).     Red 
steatite.     Length,  1.3  cm.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

40.  Bi>red  (below  l>elly  of  animal).     Monkey-like  animal  crouching.     Desi.ni : 

animals,  — very  rude  and  much  scattered  over  field,  -  perhaps  also  a  scorpimu 

(Cf.  Evans,  Fm-thr  Uixrorrnrs,  fig.  31.)     Light  red  mottled  green  steatite. 

Design  :  2.;)  em.  x  3  cm.     Height,  2.5  cm.     Found  ea.st  of  the  Northwest  Buildin-. 

41  Annual  much  worn.     Both  sides  and  all  three  edges  engraved.     Design  on^both  sides  unde 
cipherable.     On  the  edges  are  these  patterns  : 


No.  39. 


IAAA/1 


Fko.NT  K.\U.  BoTTiLM. 

Found  on  south  slope.     Light  blue  steatite.     2.8  cm.  x  2.3  cm. 


Back  End. 


CLAS.S  III.  -(iKOMKTRIC  (Clh'C.  TKNTII  CKXTrUY  H.  C). 
The  next  class  of  stones  to  consider  are  of  a  type  which,  tliouoh  by  no  means  common, 
is  less  stranjre  than  tiiat  of  tiic  precediiio-  stones,  and  can  be  dated  by  external  evidence. 
It  is  the  •  jreometric  '  type ;  a  type  that  is  phiinly  of  the  sjime  epoch  as  the  '  oeometric ' 
vases.  These  show  a  distinct  advance  over  the  earlier  stones  in  being-  made  of  harder 
material,  and  in  the  carving  being  much  stronger  and  more  certain.  They  show  none  of 
the  sketchy  and  tentative  (piality  of  the  more  primitive  work.  In  shape  and  material, 
too,  they  vary  from  the  earlier  and  from  Mycenaean  work.  All  are  of  a  fine-grain  white 
marble,  and  all  are  .s(|uare.  One  peculiar  shajie,  that  of  a  low  truncated  pyramid,  occurs. 
The  backs  have  no  ff/ure  design.  The  bore-hole  runs  from  huek  to  front,  hence  these 
could  not  be  used  as  seals. 

42.  Bored  from  back  to  front.  Shape:  truncated  i)yramid.  Back 
smooth.  Design  :  two  '  geometric '  figures  to  right  holding  branches  (?). 
Decorative  marks.  White  marble.  3.4  cm.  square.  (In  the  Ashmolean 
Museum  is  a  stone  closely  resembling  this  one  ;  it  was  found  in  Melos  in 
181»4.)  The  design  is  of  two  figures,  and  between  them  a  branch.  Found 
at  east  end  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 

PLATE   CXXXIX.    i»pi>er  part), 

43.  Broken  at  corners.  Bored  from  front  to  back.  Shape :  truncated 
pyramid.  On  one  sloping  side  of  back  are  cut  circles  with  dots  in  their  centres.  Design :  divided 
into  four  equal  divisions.  Only  one,  a  human  figure  with  si)ace-filling  markings,  decipherable. 
Lower  part  of  human  figure  in  a  second  division.  White  marble.  Circ.  4.5  cm.  Found  in  West 
Building. 

44.  Fragment.  Similar  to  No.  43.  S<piare,  brick  shai>e,  not  pyramidal.  Design  in  compart- 
ments, but  tlestroyed.  Human  figure  visible  on  left.  Whit«'  marble.  Size  originally  about  same  as 
No.  43.    Found  at  east  end  of  Sucoud  Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building 


No.  42. 


>S- 


".| 


350 


ENGRAVED   STONES,  GEMS,  AND   IVORIES 


45.  Bit  of  white  marble  similar  to  that  useil  for  Nos.  41-44.  Square,  4.2  cm.  Edgfes  and  l)oth 
sides  carefully  worked.  Edges  curve  very  slightly  outward,  which  is  not  the  case  in  Nos.  41-44. 
Possibly  an  unfinished  work.     Found  near  No.  44. 

46.  Bored  from  back  to  front.  Back  smooth,  and  edges  only  beveled  very  slightly.  Design 
undecipherable.  It  seems  to  be  merely  decorative,  and  jK-rhaps  is  a  connecting  link  between  the 
preceding  and  those  that  follow.     Found  above  Stoa  and  lielow  Cycloj>ean  wall. 

47-51.  All  bored  from  back  to  front.  Backs  Hat  and  smooth.  Design  : 
decorative  (?).  White  marble.  Size :  (No.  47)  2  cm. :  (No.  48 )  2  cm. ; 
(^No.  49)  1.8  cm. ;  (No.  50)  2.1  cm. ;  (No.  51)  1.8  cm.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  cutting  of  these  dift'ers  from  tluit  of  the  preceding  in  being  less 
angular,  and  the  hollows  are  curved  instead  of  being  sunk  to  an  edge.  The 
designs  of  Nos.  47,  48,  and  49  are  exactly  the  same.  Another  stone  of  this 
same  sort  was  bought  by  me  in  Athens  in  the  spring  of  1898.  It  is  3.3  cm. 
square  and  fractured  at  one  corner  (see  adjacent  cut). 

No.  47  was  found  near  East  Building. 
Nos.   48,  49,  50,  found  in  deiK>sit  back  of  West  Building. 
No.   51,  found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  within  the  peribolus  wall. 

CLASS  IV.      MYCENAKAN. 

The  Myeenaean  stones  do  not  call  for  special  comment.  It  is,  however,  noteworthy 
that  so  few  stones  of  this  class  were  found.  Considerinj;-  the  proxi'uity  of  Mycenae,  one 
might  well  have  expected  them  to  be  among  the  objects  often  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

52.  Circular-lenticular.  Bored.  Design :  animal  to  left  and  bough  over  its  back.  Blue  stea- 
tite.    2  cm.     Found  in  South  Building. 

53.  Circular-lenticular.  liored.  Design:  horned  animal  (bull?)  to  right,  head  turned  over 
back.  Branch  vertically  in  front  of  animal  and  below  the  beast  decoi-ative  marks.  Dark  blue 
steatite.     1.7  cm.     Found  in  South  Building. 

54.  Circular,  flat.  liored.  Design :  horned  animal  to  right.  Red  steatite.  1.3  cm.  Stone 
very  much  rubbed.     Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

65.   Fragment  of  large  (probably  3-4  cm.  diameter)  circular-lenticular  stone. 

V  ^  Undoubtedly  bored.    Cornelian.    Design  :  two  cattle  to  left,  the  further  one  turu- 

^  ing  head  backward.     Best  Mycenaean  work.     Place  of  discovery  unknown. 

56.  Circular,  flat.    Bored.    Design  :  two  fore-ipiarters  of  horned 
animal  joined  :  branch  in  front  of  one  of  the  animals.     Found  in 
deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 
67.    Circular.     Back  slightly  convex,   liored.    Design  :  anthropomorphic  mon- 
sttM-  running.     White  calkspar.     1.3  cm.     Found  near  West  Building. 

58.  Lenticular.    Bored.    Design  :  griffin  to  right  and  below  dolphin  upside  down 


No.  oo. 


to  left.     Hard  white  stone. 


1.9  cm.  long. 


Found  near  West  Building. 


CLASS  V.     NONDESCRIPT. 

59.  Cylinder.  Bored.  Design :  eagle,  snake  (above  its  head  star),  and 
fore-part  of  lion  (with  something  in  frtmt  of  head).  Light  green  steatite, 
1  cm.  h'Ug.     F^ound  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

60.  Earth  glazed  with  gray  slip  now  much  destroyed.  Circular.  Bored. 
Back  smooth.     Design :  three  rows  of  three  crosses  or  dots  divided  by  two 

pairs  of  parallel  lines.     Diameter,  1.3  cm.     Found  on  south  slope. 

6L  Earth  glazed.  Glaze  destroyed.  Circular.  Bored.  Incised  line  around  edge.  Design : 
griffin  seated  to  right  and  snake  (?).  Rosette  on  back.  Diameter,  1.7  cm.  Cf.  Ivory,  No.  7. 
Found  on  south  slope. 


^jcnyr 


iW? 


No.  59. 


THE   IVORIES 
THE  IVORIES. 


351 


-^. 


•N"- 


^>y\>«_;. 


Ano.,s  the  smaller  a„h,,u,t,es  f.,.„„l  at  the  Heraeum  were  a  eonsi.leral.Ie  number  of 
objec-ts  ..f  .v,„j.  re,,rese,mus  many  .lifterent  purposes,  most  of  whi.h  ea„  l,e  easily  unde,^ 
s  .K.<1.  bou.e  a,.  u.ore  d-flic-ul,  ,„  .-ompreheu,!,  a„.l  are  particularly  i,„eresti„/b ecal 
«.  d.e  s„u,lan  y  they  b«.r  to  oerUiu  of  the  stones  that  have  been  described  abo^ve 

The  u.se  of  the  f„llo»„,g  objects  is  uncertain.     They  are  all  of  then,  bored,  and  this 

taken  „,t„  consnierafon  wth  their  peculiar  sha,«  ,in  section    ., .  ),  bas  le^  me  to 

won.U.r  whether  th^-  n.i.d.t  not  have  been  used  a,  cove.,  of  l^T^r  ^2    Th    f act 
h,at  they  are  car,..!  on  both  sides  does  not  p.^l,.de  the  possibilitv  of  such  a  us^      0  e 
siuM^ar  b.t  of  worked  ivory  was  found  at  Olympia  ( 0/,«;„V,,  <  Brol^^n,'  p.  188,    194) 

lhe.v  are  several  p,nnts  th.at  are  common  to  all  five  exau.ples  to  be  ,oted.  All  .are 
hored.  All  are  engraved  on  both  sides.  All  are  the  san.e  shape  and  ne.arlv  the  Lm! 
r  line.  "  '"""  ""  "'"  '"'"""•  '^'' ""  '"'Se.'  side  baling  n.e"^ 

PLATE   CXXXIX.  {lower  jmrf). 

J;.  M  "^"; ^"'T,"''t  *  ^^;"^'*^  ^""^"  ''""'''^  *"  ^^^'-    ^^'^''^  P--^-  raised.     Small  sUh :  Lioness 
seated,  head  turned  l-ack,  right  paw  raised.     Between  front  legs  star  •  ^-loness 

of  dots.     Greater  diameter,  4.G  cm.     Broken.     Found  at  southwest 
corner  of  Second  Temple. 

2.    Design,  Lrmie  side:    Winged  man-headed  griffin  with  orna-         '**^''' 

_        .      _.  '«e»t  projecting  from  head,  seated        •_, 

to  left.  Right  paw  raised:  be- 
tween paws  flying  double-headed 
bird  to  left.  Small  side :  Lion  in 
same  i)osition  as  lioness  on  No.  1, 
with  three  stars  of  dots  and  lines 
I>etween  front  feet,  (in-ater  di- 
ameter, 4.5  cm.  Found  in  black  No.  4. 
layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

3.  Design,  Lmyt  side:   Lion  seated  to  right.     Right  paw 
raised.     Head   tin-ned   back.     Decorative  dot  in  front"  of  and 
behind  head.     Small  side :  Eatrle 
flying  to  right.    Greater  diameter, 
4.G  cm.     Broken.     Found  during 
first  year's  work,  pi-ohahl ;/  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

4.  Design.  Lanjv  side:  Two  winged  gorgons  holding  branches. 
Small  side:  Lion  running  to  right.  Head  with  crest  turned  back. 
Decorative  stars.  Greater  diameter,  4.4  cm.  The  lion  is  less  Ori- 
ental in  tyi>e  than  those  on  the  preceding  ivories.  The  drawing  of 
the  paws  suggests  the  early  Attic  vases.  Found  at  southwest  corner 
of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

5.  Design,  Latuje  side:  Double,  winged,  single-headed  gorgon, 
seated  with  front  paws  on  supjwrt  sliapetl  like  an  Ionic  capital.    Tiie  jj^  -  ^ 
hair  is  rolled,  as  on  the  Tenean  Apollo.     Small  side:   Eagle  flying 

to  right.  Elaborate  detail.  Six  ornamental  <lots,  one  above  bird,  one  below,  one  above  and  one 
l>elow  head,  one  above  and  one  below  root  of  tail.  Greater  diameter,  5.3  cm.  Found  at  southeast 
corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

The  following  are  apparently  ornaments  of  various  sorts. 

6.  Circular  bit  of  ivory.    One  side  convex,  other  flat  and  edge  beveled.    Small  hole 
in  centre  of  flat  surface.     No  decoration.     Diameter,  4.2  cm.     Found  on  south  sloi)e. 


350 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


4&  Bit  of  white  marble  similar  to  that  used  for  Nos.  41-44.  Square,  4.2  cm.  Edges  and  both 
sides  carefully  worked.  Edges  curve  very  slightly  outward,  which  is  not  the  case  in  Nos.  41-44. 
Possibly  an  unfinished  work.     Found  near  No.  44. 

46u  Bored  from  back  to  front.  Back  smooth,  and  edges  only  beveled  very  slightly.  Design 
undecipherable.  It  seems  to  be  merely  decorative,  and  perhaps  is  a  connecting  link  between  the 
preceding  and  those  that  follow.     Found  above  Stoa  and  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

47-51.   All  bored  from  back  to  front.    Backs  flat  and  smooth.    Design : 
decorative  (?).    White  marble.     Size :  (No.  47)  2  cm. ;  (No.  48)  2  cm. ; 
(No.  49)  1.8  cm. ;  (No.  50)  2.1  cm. ;  (No.  51)  1.8  cm.     It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  cutting  of  these  differs  from  that  of  the  preceding  in  being  less 
angular,  and  the  hollows  are  curved  instead  of  being  sunk  to  an  edge.     The 
designs  of  Nos.  47,  48,  and  49  are  exactly  the  same.    Another  stone  of  this 
same  sort  was  bought  by  me  in  Athens  in  the  spring  of  1898.    It  is  3.3  cm. 
square  and  fractured  at  one  corner  (see  adjacent  cut). 
No.  47  was  found  near  East  Building. 
Nos.   48,  49,  50,  found  in  dejwsit  back  of  West  Building. 
No.   51,  found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  within  the  peribolus  wall. 

CLASS  IV.      MYCENAEAN. 

The  Mycenaean  stones  do  not  call  for  special  comment.  It  is,  however,  noteworthy 
that  so  few  stones  of  tliis  class  were  found.  Considering  the  proximity  of  Mycenae,  one 
might  well  have  expected  them  to  be  among  the  objects  often  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

52.  Circular-lenticular.  Bored.  Design :  animal  to  left  and  bough  over  its  back.  Bhie  stea- 
tite.    2  cm.     Found  in  South  Building. 

53b  Circular-lenticular.  Bored.  Design:  homed  animal  (bull?)  to  right,  head  turned  over 
back.  Branch  vertically  in  front  of  animal  and  below  the  beast  decorative  marks.  Dark  blue 
steatite.     1.7  cm.     Found  in  South  Building. 

54.  Circular,  flat.  Bored.  Design :  horned  animal  to  right.  Red  steatite.  1.3  cm.  Stone 
very  much  rubbed.     Found  at  southeast  comer  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

65.  Fragment  of  large  (probably  3-4  cm.  diameter)  circular-lenticular  stone. 
Undoubtedly  bored.  Cornelian.  Design  :  two  cattle  to  left,  the  further  one  turn- 
ing head  backward.     Best  Mycenaean  work.     Place  of  discovery  unknown. 

56i  Circular,  flat.  Bored.  Design  :  two  fore-cjuarters  of  horned 
animal  joined ;  branch  in  front  of  one  of  the  animals.  Found  in 
deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

67.  Circular.     Back  slightly  convex.  Bored.    Design :  anthropomorphic  mon- 
ster running.     White  calkspar.     1.3  cm.     Found  near  West  Building. 

68.  Lenticular.   Bored.   Design :  griffin  to  right  and  below  dolphin  upside  down 
to  left.     Hard  white  stone.     1.9  cm.  long.     Found  near  West  Building.  Na  57. 


59. 


CLASS  V.     NONDESCRIPT. 
Cylinder.     Bored.     Design :  eagle,  snake  (above  its  head  star),  and 


W 


No.  59. 


^   fore-part  of  lion  (with  something  in  front  of  head).     Light  green  steatite, 
1  em.  long.     Found  at  southeast  comer  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

60.    Earth  glazed  with  gray  slip  now  much  destroyed.     Circular.     Boretl. 
Back  smooth.     Design :  three  rows  of  three  crosses  or  dots  divided  by  two 
pairs  of  parallel  lines.     Diameter,  1.3  cm.     Found  on  south  slope. 

6L  Earth  glazed.  Glaze  destroyed.  Circular.  Bored.  Incised  line  around  edge.  Design : 
griffin  seated  to  right  and  snake  (?).  Rosette  on  back.  Diameter,  1.7  cm.  Cf.  Ivory,  No.  7. 
Found  on  south  slope. 


THE  IVORIES 
THE  IVORIES. 


351 


Small  side :  Lioness 


uii4^ 


'>'. 


An  ong  the  smaller  antiqu.t.es  found  at  tbe  Heraeum  were  a  considerable  number  of 
objects  of  ivory  re,,resentn,g  many  different  purposes,  most  of  which  can  be  easily  unde,^ 
stood.  Some  are  more  difficult  to  comprehend,  and  are  particularly  interesting Cate 
of  the  ,.m.Iar,  y  they  bear  to  certain  of  the  stones  that  have  been  described  abo™ 

The  use  of  the  following  objects  is  uncertain.     They  are  all  of  tl>em  bored,  and  this 
taken  „,to  consideration  with  their  peculUr  shape  (m  section    ^-—,  )  has  ed  me  to 
wonder  whether  they  might  not  have  been  used  as  covers  of  bSf^  ij,^    The  fart 
that  they  are  carved  on  both  sides  does  not  preclude  the  possibility  of  sXiJ     On 
simUar  bit  of  worked  ivory  was  found  at  01ym,>ia  (Olympia,  'Bro„zen,>  „.  188,  1194) 

There  aj^  several  points  that  are  common  to  all  five  examples  to  be  noted.  AU  are 
bor«l.     All  are  engnivejl  on  both  sides.     All  are  the  same  sliape  and  nearly  the  sam^ 

PLATE   CXXXIX.  {lower  part). 
L   Design,  Large  mle:  Winged  griffin  seated  to  left.    Right  paw  raised 
seated,  head  turned  Lack,  right  paw  raised.     Between  front  legs  star 
of  dots.     Greater  diameter,  4.6  cm.     Broken.     Found  at  southwest 
corner  of  Second  Temple.  ^ 

2.  Design,  Larr/e  side:  Winged  man-headed  griffin  with  orna- 
ment projecting  from  head,  seated 
to  left.  Right  paw  raised;  be- 
tween paws  flying  double-headed 
bird  to  left.  Small  side :  Lion  in 
same  position  as  lioness  on  No.  1, 
with  three  stars  of  dots  and  lines 
between  front  feet.  Greater  di- 
ameter, 4.5  cm.  Found  in  black 
layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

a  Design,  Large  side:  Lion  seated  to  right.  Right  paw 
raised.  Head  turned  back.  Decorative  dot  in  front  of  and 
behind  head.  Stnall  side :  Eagle 
flying  to  right.  Gi-eater  diameter, 
4.6  cm.  Broken.  Found  during 
first  year's  work,  probabli/  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

4.  Design,  Large  side :  Two  winged  gorgons  holding  branches. 
Small  side :  Lion  running  to  right.  Head  with  crest  turned  back. 
Decorative  stars.  Greater  diameter,  4.4  cm.  The  Hon  is  less  Ori- 
ental in  type  than  those  on  the  preceding  ivories.  The  drawing  of 
the  paws  suggests  the  early  Attic  vases.  Found  at  southwest  corner 
of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

6.  Design,  Large  side:  Double,  winged,  single-headed  gorgon, 
seated  with  front  paws  on  support  shaped  like  an  Ionic  capital.  The 
hair  is  rolle<l,  as  on  the  Tenean  AjwUo.     Small  side :  Eagle  flying 

to  right.  Elaborate  detail.  Six  ornamental  dots,  one  above  bird,  one  below,  one  above  and  one 
below  head,  one  above  and  one  below  root  of  tail.  Greater  diameter,  5.3  cm.  Found  at  southeast 
corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

The  following  are  apparently  ornaments  of  various  sorts. 
6.   Circular  bit  of  ivory.    One  side  convex,  other  flat  and  edge  beveled.    Small  hole 
in  centre  of  flat  surface.     No  decoration.     Diameter,  4.2  cm.     Found  on  south  slope. 


No.  4. 


.vi— 


No.  o  a. 


No.  5  6. 


('I 


'  / 


352 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


7.   Circular. 


Design : 


griffin. 


Back  of  ivory  slightly  convex,  decorated  with  raised  rosette 
having  small  hole  in  centre.  Diameter,  2.7  cm.  Cf.  stone  No.  6L  Found  at  east  end  of  Second 
Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 

a  Similar  to  No.  7.  No  design.  Hole  bored  through.  Diameter,  3.6  cm.  Found  in  burnt 
layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

9.  Circular.  Flat  on  both  sides.  Bored.  Design :  frog  (?)  with  tail  (?),  seen  from  above.  On 
back  of  ivory  rosette.     Diameter,  1.5  cm.     Found  in  same  place  as  No.  a 

la  Circular.  Flat.  Bored.  Design :  five  circles  with  centres  dotted  (like  a  dice),  the  outer 
circles  connected  with  the  inner  one  by  straight  lines.  On  other  side  rosette.  Diameter,  1.7  cm. 
Found  during  first  year's  work. 

11.  Button  shape.  Bored.  Design,  Large  side :  Bird  flying  to  right  within  circle.  Small 
shh:  Four-leafed  rosette  within  '  cog-wheel '  circle.  Greater  diameter,  1.8  cm.  Found  at  south- 
east corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  i>eribolus  wall. 

12.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored,  and  little  hole  in  centre  of  each  side.  Design  :  eagle  with  snake 
in  beak  flying  to  left,  circumscribed  by  thi-ee  circles.  On  other  side  i-osette.  Diameter,  2  cm. 
Found  in  burnt  layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

la  Same  shape  as  Nos.  1-5.  Bored.  Design,  Larrje  side :  Swan  to  left ;  behind  head  four- 
pointed  star,  circumscribed  by  two  circles.  Small  side :  Flying  fish  (?)  to  right,  circumscribed  l>y 
two  circles.     Greater  diameter,  2  cm.     Found  in  same  place  as  No.  12. 

14.  Circular  scarab.  Broken.  Design:  bird  flying  to  right,  circumscribed  by  two  circles. 
Diameter,  1.4  cm.     Found  in  same  place  as  No.  12. 

ISu  Circular.  Boi-ed  (split  through  bore-hole  and  top  not  found).  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right 
Diameter,  1.5  cm.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

16.  Button  shape.  Bored.  Design :  Androsphinx  to  right,  circumscribed  by  circle  on  each 
side.     Greater  diameter,  2.7  cm.     Found  in  West  Building. 

17.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored.  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right,  circumscribed  by  three  circles.  On 
other  side       /^:=:>v       Diameter,  2.3.     Found  in  West  Building. 

18.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored,  —  broken  through  bore-hole.  Design :  on 
one  side,  buttei-fly  (?).  On  other  side,  rosette,  so  nmch  rubbed  that  it  is 
impossible  to  be  sure  of  the  design.     Diameter,  2.5  cm. 

19.  Circular.    Bored.  Fragment  of  one  side  showing  rosette.  Diameter, 
3.2  em.     Found  in  burnt  layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

2a  Circular.  Flat  and  very  thin.  Small  hole  through  centre.  Design:  six-i>etaled  star. 
Back  smooth.     Diameter,  2.1  cm.     Found  near  East  Building  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

2L  Circular.  Bored.  Too  much  worn  to  tell  what  the  decoration  was.  Probably  animal  to 
left.     Diameter,  1.6  cm.     Found  in  West  Building. 

22.  One  half  of  spool-like  object.     Bored.     Diameter  of  top,  2.6  cm.     Found  near  East  Build. 

ing  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

•      ^J^^V  23.    Fragment,  pi-obably  of  No.  22. 

M^^^^Sk       24.   Button  shai)e.    Unengraved.    Place  of  discovery  not  known. 
{SSSSPh  Jf       25.   Oval  slice  with  bit  of  bronze  through  centre.    Perhaps  orna- 
^L^5s2r      ™^"*^  "^  *  fibula.    Found  during  first  year's  work. 
^NJj^  26l   Rectangular  bead.     Bored  lengthwise.     Arrowhead  pattern 

No.  27.  on  opposite  sides.     2  cm.  x  .9  cm.  x  5  cm. 


West  Building. 


PLATE    CXL. 
27.  Cubical  bead.     Bored.     Circles  cut  round  bore-hole.     Two  ends  and  two  sides  engraved. 
On  one  end,  head  of  griffin,  on  other  bird.     Both  sides  decorative.     Length, 
2.1  em.     Found  on  south  slojie. 

2a   Similar  to  last.     On  two  sides  flying  bird.     On  two  ends  decorative 
pattern  of  wings  (?)  similar  to  last.     Length,  3.6  cm.     Found  at  west  end  of 
Second  Temple. 
29.  Fragment.     Shape  similar  to  last.     Design.     Seated  figure.     Seated 
Length,  2.1  cm.     Found  prohahhj  in  West  Building. 


No.  28. 


griffin. 


THE  IVORIES  353 

30.    Fragment  of  flat  disk.    Bored.    Diameter  *>  7  cm      Plonn  ^t  v 

Qi      p^  .       ,     oi        ,  ...  *>'«<»'"ei«r,  «.<  cm.     l^lace  of  discovery  unknown 

ARTICLES  OF  APPAREL  OR  OF  HOUSEHOLD  USE 

Pound  in  the  deposit  at  southwest  corner.  P«*iterns  ot  circles.     Length,  6.0  cm. 

aa    Fragment  of  fibula  similar  to  last.     Bronze  pin  still  attached.     Central  one  of  the  three 

d.ks  represented  by  only  a  section.     The  hollowed-out  circles  in  centres  of  two  e  JdLk    and  on 

^^::^t:^^^  -"^  '-^''  ^-^-  <-  ^— )^  ^  em.";o::::i : 

Se^ndSpre?'  ''  "'  ''''  ''  ''^^'^  ''  ""^  ^^^^'^"^  ^  ^^^  ^    ^^^^^  ^'  ^^hwest  corner  of 

Second  TTi^r  "'  "'  '''"  ''  ''"''  ''  ^"^  '"'^^  "^  ^^^  ^    ^^"^  ^'  -«--*  corner  of 

36.  Fragment^  Perhaps  head  of  lar^  pin  (like  a  hairpin).    At  base  two  rams  back  to  back 
Length,  7  cm.     Found  east  of  Northwest  Building. 

37.  Fragment.     Perhaps  of  pin.     Both  sides  decorated  with  incised  circles.     Length,  3  3  cm 
Pound  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple.  ^ 

1  ^^-^^J^'^S™^"*^  «^  "worked  ivory,  the  uses  of  which  cannot  be  made  out.     Lengths:  (No  38) 
4^1  cm  ;  (N,..  39)  2.7  cm. ;  (No.  40)  1.5  cm. ;  (No.  41)  1.1  cm. ;  (No.  42)  3.4  cm  •  (No  43)  3  6  en. 

44-4^  47-58.  50.    Ivory  bodkins  and  heads  of  bodkins  of  simple  undecorated  type.   Most  were 
foiuul  in  the  dei>os.t  at  the  southeast  corner,  as  were  also  the  following  items. 
60.    Head  of  bodkin  of  more  elaborate  type  or  pin. 

61-65,  66  67,  68.    Ivory  pins.     Many  were  found  in  or  near  the  West  Building,  or  in  the 
deposit  at  southwest  comer.  ^ 

t^'J!^"^}  ""^  ^'°*     ^^^'"^  '^^P*  •'*'  *^^*  "^  numerous  bronze  pins  found  at  the  Heraeum. 
70-72.    b  ragments,  perhaps  of  pins. 

73-83.    Fragments  of  bodkins  or  pins. 

84.  Small  circular-bowled  spoon. 

85.  Use  uncertain,  perhaps  a  stylus. 

86.  L^se  uncertain. 

HUMAN  OR  ANIMAL  FIGURES. 

87.  Animal  lying  down.  Head  and  upper  half  of  body  destroyed.  Base  formed  of  thin  sheet 
of  ivory  3  cm.  x  1.6  cm.     Found  in  West  Building. 

8a  Plaque,  on  which  in  low  relief  are  the  lower  halves  of  two  figures.  On  left  a  man  moving 
to  right  towards  what  was  probably  meant  for  a  xoanon.  The  latter  from  the  drapery  was  evi- 
dently  of  a  goildess.  The  tunic  of  the  man  and  the  chiton  of  the  statue  are  very  carefully  orna- 
mented  with  patterns  of  squares  and  diamonds.     Style  of  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  b.  c. 

89.    Figure  like  the  Egyptian  god  Bes.     Bored.     Much  broken. 

MISCELLANEOUS  OBJECTS. 

About  a  dozen  fragments  of  colored  glass  ("  Phoenician  ")  bottles. 

Several  glass  and  two  or  three  stone  beads. 

Few  fragments  of  obsidian. 

Many  small  steatite  whorls.    Several  were  found  in  the  deposit  at  the  southeast  corner. 

Bit  of  shell  of  bird's  egg  —  probably  ostrich. 


\ 


I   M 


352 


ENGKAVKH   STONES,  (iKMS,    AND    IVOKIHS 


7.  Circular.  Design:  griffin.  Back  of  i\M)ry  slightly  convex,  tleconitcil  with  raise«l  i-osctte 
havin<^  small  hole  in  centre.  Diameter,  2.7  cm.  C'f.  stone  No.  61.  Fountl  at  east  end  of  Second 
Temple  terrace,  near  East  r»uiUling. 

a  Similar  to  No.  7.  No  design.  Hole  bored  through.  Diameter,  Ji.O  em.  Found  in  burnt 
Liyer  at  west  entl  of  Seeiuul  Temple. 

9.  Circular.  Flat  «.n  both  sides.  rM>red.  Design:  frog  (?)  with  tail  (•),  st-en  from  above.  On 
back  of  ivory  rosette.      Diameter,  1.5  cm.     Found  in  same  place  as  Nt».  a 

la  Circular.  Flat.  IWed.  Design:  five  circles  with  centres  dotted  (like  a  dice),  the  outer 
circles  connected  with  the  inner  one  by  straight  lines.  On  other  side  rosette.  Di:imeter,  1.7  cm. 
Found  «luring  first  year's  work. 

11.  Button  shape.  Bored.  Design,  Loftjr  k'hIi'  :  Bird  flying  to  right  within  circle.  S„Htlf 
siih:  Four-leafed  rosette  within 'cog-w heel' circle.  Greater  diameter,  1.8  cm.  Found  at  south- 
east corner  of  Second  Temple  terr.ace,  outside  jwribolus  wall. 

12.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored,  and  little  hole  in  centre  of  each  side.  Design  :  eagle  with  snake 
in  beak  flvin^'  to  left,  circumscribed  by  three  circles.  On  other  side  msette.  Diameter,  2  cm. 
Fouml  in  burnt  layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temi»le. 

la  Same  shaiw  as  Nos.  1-5.  Bored.  Design,  Lun/c  slih- :  Swan  to  left :  Whind  head  four- 
pointed  star,  circumscribed  by  two  circles.  Shhi!/  sidr :  Flying  fish  (.')  to  right,  circumscribed  by 
two  circles.     Greater  diameter,  2  cm.     Found  in  same  place  as  No.  12. 

14.  Circular  scarab.  Broken.  Design:  bird  fiying  to  right,  circumscribed  by  two  circles. 
Diameter,  1.4  cm.     Found  in  same  place  as  No.  12. 

15.  Circular.  Bored  (split  through  bore-hole  and  top  not  found).  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right. 
Diameter,  1.5  cm.     Found  during  first  year's  work. 

16.  Button  shape.  liored.  Design :  Androsphinx  to  right,  circumscribed  by  circle  on  each 
side.     Greater  diameter,  2.7  em.     Fountl  in  West  Ibiihling. 

17.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored.  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right,  circumscribed  by  three  circles.  On 
other  side       /^=^-v        Diameter,  2.3.     Found  in  West  Building. 

18.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored,  —  bniken  through  bore-hole.  Design  :  on 
one  side,  butterfly  (?).  On  other  side,  rosette,  so  nuich  rubbed  that  it  is 
impossible  to  be  sure  of  the  design.     Diameter,  2.5  cni. 

19.  Circular.    Bored.    Fragment  of  one  side  showing  rosette.  Diameter, 
3.2  cm.     Found  in  burnt  layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

2a  Circular.  Flat  and  very  thin.  Small  hole  through  centre.  Design:  six-petaled  star. 
Back  smooth.     Diameter,  2.1  cm.     Found  near  East  Tmilding  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

21.  i'iroular.  Bored.  Ttxi  much  worn  to  tell  what  the  decoration  was.  Probably  animal  to 
left.      Diameter,  1.(3  em.      Found  in  West  Building. 

22.  One  half  of  spool-like  object.     Bored.     Diameter  of  top,  2.^.  cm.     Found  near  East  Build. 

ing  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

23.  Fragment,  jirobably  of  No.  22. 

24.  Buttcm  shape,    rnengravetl.    Place  of  discovery  not  known. 

25.  Oval  slice  with  bit  of  bronze  through  centre.     Perhaps  orna- 
ment of  a  fibula.    Found  during  first  year's  work. 

26    Kectangular  bead.     Bored  lengthwise.     Arrowhead  pattern 
on  ojiposite  sides.     2  cm.  x  .0  em.  x  5  cm. 


No.  27. 


West  Building. 


PLATK    CXL. 
27.   Cubical  bead.     Bored.     Circles  cut  round  bore-holo.     Two  ends  and  two  sitles  engraved. 
On  one  end,  head  of  griffin,  on  other  bird.     IWh  sides  decorative.     Length, 
cm.     Found  on  south  slope. 

28.  Similar  to  last.     On  two  sides  flying  bird.     On  two  ends  decorative 
pattern  of  wings  (?)  similar  to  last.     Length,  3.6  em.     Found  at  west  end  of 

No.  28.      Second  Temple. 

29.  Fragment.     Shape  similar  to  last.     Design. 


Seated  figure. 


Seated 


griffin.     Length,  2.1  cm.     F'ound  prohabli/  in  West  Building. 


No.  29. 


THE  IVOKIP:s  353 

II    ^::::!.^'Z'!:t   V-     ''rrr^''--     nace  of  discove.,  unknown. 

Found  at  ::::z :;;  ;;::omi^:;^^^^^^^    "-'  ''''^''-  ^^^^^^  ^^^-  ^^'-^^  ^«-  ^^^^^i-t,  2.1  c™. 

ARTICLES  OF  APPARKL  OR  OF  HOCSEHOLD   USE 

^ib'^:t;i;::tr:r^^  -  ^^^'-  -n><>f  ^-rycutto 

Found  in  the  de,>osit  at  L.thwest  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^     ''''''^''  ''''''  '^'^'  ^'  --^^     Wth,  6.G  cm. 
3a    Fragn.ent  of  fil>nla  similar  to  last.     Bronze  i.in  still  ■itt-u-h.A      r     .    i  r    .       , 

S,.^;.l  T«';:i:'."  "'  "■"'  '"^'*  "'  •""■'"  -'  """  '"^'S-  as  Xo.  ^    F„„„,,  .»  s„„th»est  co..„e,.  of 

u"H:7r\,::;!r.:rx::i:r,!ic  ""-">•  '^ "»- — -— ■'• 

37    h,agme.,t.     I'.,!,,.,,,  „f  ,,i„.     lioth  sides  ,lccorafc,l  with  incised  circles.     Le.,.^1,  3  3  en 
Jounil  at  sontlieast  iiirncr  of  Second  Teniide.  "-"o"'.  -'-^  ""• 

38-4a    K,„sment»  of  workcl  ivory,  tlie  nses  ot  wl.ich  cannot  Ik;  made  ont.     Un^tl,,  •  f  \„  381 

tst  .!!r:!       "°       "'  '"'°"'"'"' "■"'  '"'  "'^  ""■'-■  '^  ■"■""-  »"-   ^"'  f-""«l  «'  '"eiK-sit  at  soutl,: 
44-4«  47-58,  59.    Ivory  l>o.Ikins  and  hcids  of  iKKlkins  of  simple  nndcwated  ty|«.   Most  were 

'Z   ',"■     ,    ?n  ■■"  "'°  ''"""'™»'  ""■""■•  "»  »•"•«  ••''»»  '!■«  f»"»»ing  iten,,, 
60.    Ilea<l  of  bodkin  «>f  more  elaborate  tyj)©  or  pin. 

61-65,  66.  67,  68.    Ivory  pins.     Many  were  found  in  or  near  the  West  Building,  or  in  the 
•b'posit  at  southwest  corner.  " 

^f '«i'*'''1*^  "^  *""•     ''^"'"''  ''•'''•'^  •'"  ^'''■'^  ''^  numerous  bronze  pins  found  at  the  Ileraeum. 
70-72.    b  ragments,  ])erhaps  of  pins. 

73-83.    Fragments  of  bodkins  or  pins. 

84.  Small  circidar-bowled  spoon. 

85.  Cse  uncertain,  perhaps  a  stylus. 

86.  Use  uncertain. 

HUM.VN  OR  ANIMAL   FIGURES. 

87.  Anin.al  lying  .lown.  Head  and  upper  half  of  body  destroyed.  Ikse  formed  of  thin  sheet 
of  ivory  'i  cm.  x  l.(]  em.     Foun<l  in  West  Building. 

8a  Plaq.ie,  on  which  in  low  relief  are  the  lower  halves  of  two  figures.  On  left  a  man  movin- 
to  right  towards  what  was  probably  meant  for  a  xoanon.  The  latter  from  the  drapery  was  evit 
dently  of  a  goddess.  The  tunic  <.f  the  man  and  the  chiton  of  the  statue  are  very  carefuUv  orna- 
mented  with  patterns  of  squares  ami  diamonds.     Style  of  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  b.  c.  " 

89.   Figure  like  the  Egyptian  god  Bes.     Bored.     Much  broken. 

MISCELLANEOUS   OBJECTS. 

About  a  dozen  frao-ment.s  of  c(dored  jrlass  («  Phoenician  ")  bottles. 

Several  crhisn  and  two  or  three  stone  beads. 

Few  frajr^nients  of  obsidian. 

Many  small  steatite  wliorls.    Several  were  found  in  the  deposit  at  the  southeast  corner. 

Bit  of  shell  of  bird's  egg  —  probably  ostrich. 


354 


ENGRAVKD   STONES,  GEMS,    AND    IVORIES 

Two  beads  of  glazetl  paste. 

Terra-cotta  disk  with  turtle  in  high  relief.    Ctrc.  2.5  cm. 
SuuiU  stone  arrowhead. 
ga    Leg  of  stand  for  vase  CO-     Decorated  with  zigzags.     Hoil  steatite.     IM  cm.  high,  3.5  cm. 
broad.     Same  stvle  of  work  as  the  early  engr:ivi'«l  stones. 

91.  Hit   of   terracotta.     Decrated  on   one   side   with   zigzags.     Perhaps   leg  of   vase-stand. 

Length,  5.5  cm. 

92.  r>it  of  coral.     Length,  5  cm. 

93  Kectan-ular  bit  of  shell  conulomerate.  Hored  in  centre  of  side.  2.7  en.,  x  ±2  cm.  x  1.1  cm. 
Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temi»le  terrace. 

94.  Disk  of  terra-cotta.  Relief  on  Loth  sides.  Traces  of  glaze.  Not  bored.  Design  :  figure 
drivin-  a  bi-a  to  ri-ht.  On  other  side  enthroned  wi.nian  (.' )  to  left  holding  an  object,  now  n..t  to 
be  made  out'  in  each  hand.  Found  in  the  West  Building.  This  figure  may  well  he  a  representa- 
tion  of  the  statue  of  llera  at  the  Ileraeum  which  is  shown  on  coins  in  almost  exactly  this  form. 
(Cf.  Frazer,  rout>>nii<t.><.  vol.  111.  p.  184.  fig.  iiK) 


The  Ar<jive  IIeraeim 


Plate  CXXXVIII 


IVORIES— ENGRAVED  STONES:  CLASSES  I-II 


354 


ENGRAVED   STONES,  GEMS,   AND   IVORIES 

Two  beads  of  glazed  paste. 

Terracotta  disk  with  turtle  in  high  relief.    Circ.  2.5  cm. 
Small  stone  arrowhead. 
9a   Leg  of  stand  for  vase  (?).    Decorateil  with  zigzags.     Re«l  steatite.     7.3  cm.  high,  3.6  cm. 
hroad.     Same  style  of  work  as  the  early  engraved  stones. 

91.  Bit  of  terra-eotta.     Decorated  on  one   side   with   zigzags.     Perhaps  leg  of   vase-stand. 

Length,  5.5  cm. 

92.  Bit  of  coral.     Length,  5  em. 

9a   Rectangxdar  hit  of  shell  conglomerate.    Bored  in  centre  of  side.    2.7  cm.  x  2.2  cm.  x  LI  cm. 

Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace.  ,      t^    .         « 

94.  Disk  of  terra-cotta.  Relief  on  hoth  sides.  Traces  of  glaze.  Not  bored.  Design  :  figure 
drivin-  a  bi-a  to  right.  On  other  side  enthroned  woman  (?)  to  left  holding  an  object,  now  not  to 
be  made  out,  in  each  hand.  Found  in  the  West  Building.  This  figure  may  well  be  a  repre^nta- 
tion  of  the  statue  of  Hera  at  the  Heraeum  which  is  shown  on  coins  m  almost  exactly  this  form. 
(Cf.  Frazer,  Pausania»,  vol.  III.  p.  184,  fig.  29.) 


The  Argivr  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXVIII 


I 

■i 
I" 


i 


IVORIES.— ENGRAVED  STONES:  CLASSES  I-II 


'  1 


The  Argive  Heraelm 


Plate  CXXXIX 


The  Argivc  Herabum 


Plate  CXL 


46 


52 


47 


48 


® 


53 


94 


56 


.J ' 


ENGRAVED  STONES:     CLASSES  III-V;  IVORIES 


IVORIES.  ARTICLES  OF  APPAREL  OR  HOUSEHOLD  USE,  HUMAN  OR  ANIMAL  FIGURES,  MISCELLANEOUS 


fH 


The  Argive  IIeraeim 


Plate  CXXXIX 


The  Argive  Heraelm 


Plate  CXL 


43 


•'S.-.s^;;^ 


n 


f  1    ^ 


12 


ENGRAVED  STONES:     CLASSES  III-V:  IVORIES 


13 


i 


IVORIES.  ARTICLES  OF  APPAREL  OR  HOISEHOLD  USE,  HUMAN  OR  ANIMAL  FIGURES,  MISCELLANEOUS 


hi 


COINS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


COINS  FRO^I  THE  ARGIYE  HERAEUM 

By  HERBERT   FLETCHER  DeCOU 

The  coins  described  in  the  foUowino:  list  were  found  in  the  excavations  on  the  site  of 
the  Arjrive  Heraeuui,  1892-1895. 

The  finding-places  are  given  so  far  as  they  are  known.  When  they  are  omitted,  it  is 
to  be  assumed  that  no  record  exists.  Details  of  finding-place,  depth,*  etc.,  are  not  indi- 
cated. 

Of  the  46  coins  of  known  provenience,  21  come  from  the  West  Building,  9  from  the 
South  slope,  and  2  from  the  siime  neighborhood,  i.  e.  from  back  of  the  South  Building. 
The  remainder  are  from  various  i>arts  of  the  excavation.  No  relations  between  the 
period  of  the  coins  and  the  building  in  which  they  were  found  can  be  estiiblished.  It 
may,  however,  be  noticed  that  the  Byamtine  coins  are  with  one  exception  probably  from 
the  Ixiwer  Stoa  (X). 

The  small  proportion  (about  /.)  of  the  coins  belonghig  to  the  period  of  free  Greece 
is  somewhat  remarkable,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  for  the  archaic  period  Corhith  alone  is 
represented.  However,  it  scarcely  needs  to  be  i^inted  out  that  the  circumstances  do  not 
in  this  case  warrant  any  conclusions  based  on  negative  evidence.  For  the  later  period, 
in  i)articukr,  it  would  be  quite  futile  to  attempt  to  explain  the  absence  of  any  particular 
pieces,  and  nearly  so  to  explain  their  presence.  Nevertheless,  though  the  coins  tell  us 
nothing  about  the  later  history  of  the  Heraeum,  or  of  its  condition  at  the  period  they 
were  minted,  still  in  the  obscurity  which  enshrouds  the  latter  days  of  the  sjinctuary,  even 
these  slight  records  of  the  occasional  presence  of  human  beings  on  the  site  are  not  with- 
out a  certain  interest. 


CATALOGUE 

A.    GREECE   (AUTONOMOUS  AND  MUNICIPAL). 


TIivHxaly.     Larisa. 

Plate  CXLI. 

L  From  West  Building.  Bi-onze.  Size,  0.018  m. 
Obv.  Female  head  (Larisa),  three-<juarter  face,  1. 
Loosely  floating  hair  confined  by  fillet.  Iter. 
Horseman,  r.,  clad  in  petasus  and  chiton,  and 
holding  lance.  Horse  prancing.  Above,  1.  AA. 
Incrustation  l)eneath  horse  prevents  letters,  if 
any,  from  showing. 

Phncis. 

2.  From  South  sloi>e.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0215  m. 
Obv.   Three  bull's  heads,  full-face,  forming  tri- 


angular  pattern,     licv.    Broad   wreath   within 
which  T. 

Corinthia.     CoHnth. 

3.  From  South  slope.  Silver.  Weight,  9 
granmies.  Size,  0.0245  m.  Obv.  Pegasos,  bri- 
dled with  curled  wing,  walking  1.  Beneath,  9. 
liev.  Incuse  square  consisting  of  eight  triangu- 
lar com])artments  alternately  raised  and  indented. 
Of  the  indentations  one  is  flat,  another  repeated. 
Fabric  rather  flat. 

4.  Silver.  Weight,  8.50  grammes.  Size, 
0.0245  m.  Obv.  Pegasos  with  curled  wing  trot- 
ting or  flying  1.   Uncertain  whether  with  bridle. 


358 


COINS 


Beneath,  ?.    Rev.  Quadripartite  incuse  square 
resembling  swastika.    Fabric  flat. 

6.  From  South  slope.  Silver.  Weight,  8.50 
grammes.  Size,  0.0225  m.  Obv.  Pegasos.  At- 
titude uncertain.  No  trace  of  9.  Jiev.  Quad- 
ripartite incuse  scjuare  resembling  swastika. 
Fabric  flat.  Hole  for  suspension,  0.0025  m.  in 
diameter. 

6.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0115  m.  Obv.  Pegasos 
flying,  1.    Hev.  Trident.    At  r.,  in  field,  toix'h. 

(^Municipal.) 

7.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0213  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Roman  emperor,  r.  (resembles  Augustus).  In- 
scription illegible.  Hev.  Pegasos,  flying,  r.  Un- 
certain whether  with  rider.  At  1.,  in  field,  CO  I 
(remainder  illegible). 

8.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0215  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Tiberius,  1.,  laur.  At  1.,  TERE.  At  r.,  C.  Re- 
mainder of  inscription  effaced.  Hev.  Front  of 
hexastyle  temple.  Seems  to  be  Doric  with  three 
steps.  In  upper  1.  field,  LA.  At  r.  of  gable, 
RE^.    At  r.  of  columns,  I IV 1 1.  Beneath  temple, 

M  ^R  for  (COR). 

Duovirate  of  L.  Aerius  Peregrinus  and  L. 
Furius  Labeo. 

9.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0205  m.  Obv.  Female 
bust  (Tyche,  accortling  to  B.  M.  C.  Corinth^ 
p.  71,  No.  572),  r.,  turreted.  At  1.,  ROMAL 
At  r.,  ETIMPER  (for  Homae  et  imperio).  Rev. 
Tetrastyle  temple  on  high  base,  seen  from  cor- 
ner. Infield,  LCANAGRIPPAE  IIVI.  Beneath, 
COR. 

L.  Caninius  Agrippa,  Duovir. 

10.  Bronze.  Size,  0,032  m.  Obv.  Head,  beard- 
less, and  laureate,  r.  Rev.  Horseman  moving 
rapidly  to  r. 

Much  worn.  Resembles  B.  M.  C.  Corinth, 
No.  580  (Domitian),  but  features  of  head  of 
obv.  are  not  quite  the  same.  Attribution  to  Cor- 
inth doubtful. 

11.  Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Ro- 
man emperor,  r.  Resembles  Domitian.  Rev. 
Perhaps  temple  on  Acrocorinthus  as  in  B.  M.  C. 
Corinth^  No.  541  (Claudius). 

Patinated.    Attribution  uncertain. 

12.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0245  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  youthful  Marcus  Aurelius,  laureate,  r. 
In  1.  field,  MAVKLMVS.  Rev.  Zeus,  with  lower 
part  of  body  draped,  seated  on  throne,  I.  Holds 
Nike  in  r.,  and  rests  uplifted  1.  on  sceptre.  In 
1.  field,  CLI,  in  r.  COR. 

13.  From    West    Building.      Bronze.      Size, 


0.02G  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Commodns,  beardless 
and  laureate,  r.  In  1.  field,  COM  M 10^^.  In  r. 
field,  'M^W,.^^'  ^^<^'-  Aphrodite  standing, 
body  in  front  view,  face  1.,  holding  shield.  Nude 
to  groin.     In  1.  field,  CLI,  in  r.,  COR. 

14.  From  East  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.025  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Commodus,  laureate,  r. 
In  r.  field,  NVS  (Antoninus.  Remainder  of  in- 
scription illegible).  Rev.  Aphrodite  upright,  1., 
looking  into  shield  which  she  holds  in  hands. 
Possible  ti*aces  of  Kros  at  her  feet.  In  field  at 
r.,  COR  (remainder  of  inscription  illegible). 

15.  Bronze.  Size,  0.028  m.  Obv.  Ileatl  of  Ro- 
man em])eror,  laureate,  r.  Features  resemble 
those  of  Antoninus  Pius  rather  than  those  of 
Commodus.  At  1.,  IMPCAESCOM.  In  r.  field, 
M^AVCCERM§;  (perhaps  two  illegible  letters 
after   CERM).     Rev.  Wreath   of  pine   within 

Sicyonla.     Sicyon. 

16.  From  Roman  Building,  season  of  1895. 
Silver.  Weight,  2.50  grammes.  Size,  0.015  m. 
Obv.  Chimaera,  1.  Letters,  if  any,  invisible 
owing  to  incrustation.    Rev.  Dove  flying,  1. 

Achaia.     Patrae  (^CoIonUi  Amjusta  A  roe 
Patrensis). 

17.  From  N.  W.  of  West  Building.  Bronze. 
Size,  0.024  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Commodus,  beard- 
less, and  laureate,  r.  At  1.,  o'^o  (remainder 
effaced).  Rev.  Three  military  standards.  The 
central  standard  is  surmounted  by  an  eagle 
pei-ched  cm  a  thunderbolt.  Above,  COL  (remain* 
der  illegible). 

Laconia  (^Roman  emj}ewr8). 

18.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0235  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  L.  Verus  or 
M.  Aurelius,  laureate,  r.  In  1.  field,  illegible 
inscription.  Rev.  Winged  thunderbolt.  In  1. 
field,  N'^'INoMMA  I  (the  first  part  perhaps  for 
[Anto]neutos).  In  r.  field,  uncertain  letters, 
i.  e.  LA  A, 

The  attribution  to  Laconia  rests  on  slight 
ground,  as  the  winge<l  thunderbolt  is  common 
also  in  Elis ;  cf.  B.  M.  C.  Peloponnenus^  p.  215. 

19.  Bronze.  Size,  0.023  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  youthful  Commodus,  r.  In  r.  field, 
MOAOS.     Remainder   of   inscription    illegible. 

AAKC 
Rev.  Wreath,  within  which  AAI 

MONl 


ADDENDA 


359 


2a  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size, 0.0205  m. 
Obv.  Bearded  male  head,  laureate,  r.  Inseri])- 
tion  illegible.  Rev.  Drajjed  female  figure,  stand- 
ing, 1.  Holds  in  r.  sistrum  and  in  1.  situla.  In  1. 
field  A  A  A.    In  r.  field  i^i(ON. 

Put  here  because  of  uncertain  identification 
of  head  of  obverse. 

Arf/oHs.    Argos. 

2L  Found  March  22,  1804,  at  west  end  of 
Stoa.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0155  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Hera,  r.,  wearing  Stephanos.   Rev.  Quiver.   At 

* 
1.  in  field,    B  ,  at  r.,  !l^. 

TX 

(^Municipal.') 

22.  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size,  0.025  m. 
Obv.  Male  bust,  r.  Seems  to  be  beai-dless.  Per- 
haps Hadrian.  In  field  at  1.,  pAN.  Remainder 
of  inscription  effaced.  Rev.  Nude  male  figure, 
bearded,  standing,  1.  In  r.,  long  8|)ear.  L.  rests 
against  side.  In  1.  field,  C  (of  'Apy«W).  Re- 
mainder of  inscription  effaced. 


23.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0252  m.  Obv.  Beardless  bust,  r.,  uncertain 
whether  laureate.  Masculine  features  resembling 
those  of  M.  Aurelius  or  of  Commodus.  In  r. 
field  eiNO  (Antoneinos).  Remainder  of  inscrip- 
tion iucrusted.  Rev.  Upright  female  figure,  r., 
with  r.  raised,  and  1.  extended  over  small  figure 
to  r.  Group  identified  with  Leto  and  Chloris, 
B.  M.  C.  Pelop.  p.  151,  No.  168  (coin  of  Julia 
Domna). 

24.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Bronze. 
Size,  0.025  m.  Obv.  Head  and  bust  of  Ju- 
lia Donma,  r.  L.  field  incrusted.  In  r.  field, 
PJAAOMNA.  Rev.  Similar  to  that  of  No.  23. 
In  1.  field,  ^Pre,  in  r.,  lUJN  ('ApyciW). 

25.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0235  m.  Obv.  Beardless  male  head,  1.  Head 
bare.  Features,  especially  the  nose,  like  those  of 
Caracalla.  Rev.  Draped  female  figure  stand- 
ing. Holds  in  either  uplifted  hand  uncertain 
object,  perhaps  torch.  In  1.  field,  »PL,  in  r., 
eiQN. 


ADDENDA   TO   COINS   OF   ARGOS. 

The  following  minute  pieces,  all  of  which  are  symbols  on  the  revei-se  precede  those  bearing 

of  bronze,  form  a  collection  which  was  kept  to-  letters.    Within  these  classes  the  arrangement 

gether  among  the  various  objects  brought  from  is  by  the  style  or  form  of  head,  but  the  minute- 

the  Heraeum  to  Athens,  but  there  is  no  record  ness  and  poor  preservation  of  many  of  the  pieces 

of  provenience  either  for  the  collection  as  a  whole  renders  accuracy  impossible, 
or  for  the  individual  pieces.    It  is  therefore  un-         2&  Size,  0.01  m.    Ohv.  Head  of  archaic  style. 


certain  whether  they  were  found  in  the  same 
place,  or  thrown  together  later  for  convenience. 
That  the  objects  are  coins  seems  altogether 
probable,  and  that  they  should  be  attributed  to 
Argos  is  likely  from  the  fact  that  they  come 


r.,  beardless,  and  perhaps  female.    Rev.  Raised 
ring  in  which  >i-H  . 

27  [wrongly  given  on  Plate  as  29].  Size, 
0.009  m.  Obv.  Head  with  upper  part  of  shoul- 
ders, r.    Head  seems  to  be  radiate  and  beardless. 


from  the  Heraeum,  and  also  from  the  presence  Rev.  <#f  (perhaps  flower  or  tree). 

of  A  on  several  specimens.  28.  Size,  0.0095  m.     Obv.  Head  and  shoul- 

A  rather  indefinite  criterion  of  date  is  afforded  ders,  r.     Top  and  back  covered  with  bristling 

by  the  fact  that  all  the  alphas  have  the  cross-bar  dress  like  lion's  skin.    Head  appears  to  be  male, 

broken.   To  judge  from  such  material,  however.  Rev.  Uncertain.    From  one  side  there  seem  to 

as  has  been  available,  the  A  has  a  straight  cross-  be  two  advancing  figures,  r.,  from  the  other  some 

bar  at  Argos  so  long  as  it  stands  for  the  name  monogram  or  symbol  similar  to  that  on  No.  38. 

of  the  town,  that  is  to  146  b.  c,  when  the  coin-  29.  Size,  0.0095  m.    Obv.  Object  resembling 

age  ceases,  to  be  resumed  later  under  Hadrian,  head  with  draped  bust,  r.    In  r.  field,  possible 

It  may  be,  then,  that,  though  the  broken  bar  was  traces  of  letters,  among  which  G.    Rev.  Wreath, 

regular  in  the  monogram  of  the  Achaean  League,  in  which  >Jf< . 

we  have  here  a  hitherto  unknown  local  coinage  30.  Size,  0.0074  m.    Obv.  Struck  on  one  side, 

permitted  to  Argos  after  the  suppression  of  the  Only  JL  appears,  which  is  probably  part  of  dra- 

league.    That  the  i)ieces  continued  to  be  issued  pery  of  shoulder.     Rev.  Perhaps  X  in  wreath, 

under  the  emperors  seems  likely  from  the  style  3L  Size,  0.009  m.    Obv.  Head,  r.    Rev.  9¥. 

of  some  of  the  heads.  32.  Size,  0.0085m.    Obv.  Head,  r.    Rev.  Un- 

Note.  —  In  the  following  list  the  coins  with  certain  symbol,  resembling  tree,  i.  e.  !fiL. 


360 


COINS 


1 


33.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Uncertain  head. 
Het.  \  ¥. 

34.  Size  0.0085  ui.  Obr.  Uncertain,  perhaps 
head.    Bev.  Worn.    At  side,  ^  . 

35.  Size,  0.000  ni.  Ohv.  Uncertain.  Possible 
traces  of  head.     liev.  "f  . 

36.  Size,  0.0095  ni.  Obv.  Possible  traces  of 
head,  r.  ^er.  Perhaps  symbol  similar  to  that 
of  No.  29. 

37.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Possible  trace  of 
face,  r.  Hev.  Uncertain  symbol  or  letter,  re- 
sembling A. 

3&  Size,  0.0094  m.  Obv.  Incruste<l.  liev. 
K  ¥. 

39.  Obv.  Uncertain.     liev.  9. 

40.  Obv.  Uncertain.    liev.  Perhaps  iV . 

41.  Obv.  Uncertain.     Jiev.  Perhaps  ■«¥•. 

42.  Obv.  Uncertain,  liev.  Similar  to  that  of 
No.  41. 

43.  Size,  0.0105  ra.  Obv.  Worn  away.  Hev. 
Uncertain.  Perhaps  ^ . 

44.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Jiev. 
Flower  or  tree,  cf.  Nos.  27,  35. 

45.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Hev. 
Shrub  or  flower  If  . 

46.  Obv.  Uncertain.     liev.   Tree. 

47.  Obv.  Uncertain.     liev.    Perhaps  tree. 

48.  Obv.  Uncertain.     lirv.    Perhaps  tree. 

49.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Hev.  Perhaps  tree 
and  0. 

50.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Beardless  head,  r. 
liev.  Perhaps  A. 

SL  Size,  0.0083  m.  Obv.  Head,  wearing  dia- 
dem or  crown,  and  npper  part  of  shoulders, 
r.  Head  aj)parently  beanlless.  Hev.  Large  A. 
The  circle  under  the  bar  of  tlie  alpha  seems 
nearly  certain. 

52.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Head,  uncertain 
whether  bearded,  radiate,  with  upjier  part  of 
draped  shoulders,  r.  liev.  A . 

53.  Size,  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Head,  with  drape<l 
bust,  r.    Hev.  A . 

54.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Faint  but  prob- 
able traces  of  head  and  drajied  shoulders,  r. 
liev.  A. 

55.  Size,  0.0092  m.  Obv.  Faint  but  probable 
traces  of  head,  r.     Jiev.  A-    (Height,  0.005  m.) 

56.  Size,  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Incrusted.  Hev. 
A. 

57.  Size,  0.0079.  Obv.  Worn  away.  Bev.  N. 
For  this  N,  cf .  B.  M.  C.  Pelop.  p.  146,  No.  124 


NG 
^Eandp.  148,  No.  153  Me  I 

A 
Sa  Size,  0.0085  ra.    Oftt'.  Uncertain.  7?w'.N. 
59.  Size,  0.009  ni.    Obv.  Beardless  head,  r. 
Bev.  fy,  i.  e.  letter  and  symbols  combined. 
€0l  Size,  0.008  m.    Obv.  Perhaps  head.  Bev. 


N 


61.  Size,  0.0085  m.     Obv.  Uncertain.     Bev. 
I. 

62.  Size,  0.0088  m.     Ohv.  Uncertain.  Bev. 


63.  Size,  0.008  m.     Obv.    Uncertain.     Bev. 

64.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Bev. 
"KJf  (incrusted). 

66.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Bev.  3c?  (not  very 
certain). 

66.  Half  gone.  Size,  0.0146  m.  Obv.  Upper 
I)art  of  head  with  diadem,  r.  Bev.  Worn  and 
incrusted. 

67.  Size,  0.0085.  Obv.  Beardless  head  and 
bust,  r.  Upjwr  lip  heavy,  as  though  with  nuis- 
tache.  Two  locks  of  hair  down  back  of  neck. 
On  breast  of  garment,  spiral  ornament.  Bev, 
Uncertain. 

68-102.  Sizes  0.0065-0.0115.  Oxidized  and 
effaced. 

103.  Plain  on  1)oth  sides. 

104.  Plain  on  both  sides.  Perliaps  not  a  coin. 

A  ttvibutiou  vncertfiin. 

105.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0135  m.     Much  oxidized.     Probably  Greek. 

106.  Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Roman  emperor,  jx^rhaps  (Nero  or  Titus?),  r. 
Bev.  Effaced. 

107.  Found  at  E.  end  of  Stoa,  April  4.  1893. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.03  m.  Obv.  liearded  head,  r. 
Perhaps  Antoninus  Pius  or  Hadrian.  Much 
worn.  Bev.  Dra]ied  female  figui-e,  standing  1., 
with  r.  han<l  outstretchetl. 

108.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.027  m.  Obv.  Youthful  and  jjrobably  male 
bust,  r.  Neck  thin.  Bev.  (Ci .  In  field,  slight  but 
probable  traces  of  letters. 

Plate  CXLII. 

109.  Found  in  Northwest  Building,  1894. 
Bronze.    Size,  0.027  m.    Obv.    Head,  r.    Bev.  St. 

110.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.028  m. 


ROMAN 


361 


B.  ROME  (EMPIRE). 


Antoninui  Pius. 

111.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0195  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Antoninus  Pius,  r.  In  1.  field,  ANTONINVS^ 
(remainder  incrusted).  Bev.  Standing  draped 
figure.  In  1.  field,  ^PX.  In  r.  f.,  COS  Mil  ^ 
Incrusted. 

Jiilia  Domna  (?). 

112.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.018  m.  Obv.  Draped  female  bust,  r.  Head- 
dress of  style  which  begins  about  time  of  Julia 
Domna  (also  Titiana  and  Maidia  Scantilla). 
Inscription  effaced.  Bev.  Draped  female  figure 
standing,  1.,  with  r.  hand  extended  and  with 
cornucopia  in  1.  Inscription  illegible  except 
for  E  in  r.  field. 

Pupienus. 

lia  Bronze.  Size,  0.031  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  Pupienus,  laureate,  r.  In  field,  IMP- 
CAESPVPIENMAXIMVSAVC.  Bev.  Draped 
female  figure  seated  in  chair,  1.,  holding  in  out- 
stretched r.  olive  branch,  in  1.  transverse  sceptre. 
Inscription  beginning  in  1.  field,  PAX  PVBLICA. 
Beneath,  SC  Cf.  Cohen,  Medailles  Imj).  vol. 
V.  p.  17,  No.  24. 

Gallienus. 

114.  Found  on  South  slope,  west  end,  1894. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.0205  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Gal- 
lienus,  r.,  radiate.  Military  drapery.  Begin- 
ning in  1.  field,  CALLIENVSAVC.  Bev.  Draped 
female  figure  standing  1.,  holding  in  r.  hand  olive 
branch,  in  1.  transverse  sceptre.  In  1.  field, 
PAX.  In  r.  field,  X  .  Unless  these  characters 
are  for  AVC  the  coin  is  not  included  in  Cohen, 
op.  cU.     The  characters  are  clear. 

Anrelian. 

115.  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0223  ra.  Obv.  Drai)ed  bust  of  Anrelian,  r., 
ratliate.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  IMPAVRELIA- 
NVSAVC  Bev.  Two  upright  figures,  1.,  man  in 
toga,  r.,  r.  draped  woman,  clasp  hands.  Begin- 
ning in  1.  field,  CONCORDIAMILITVM.  Be- 
neath, P^tc. 

116.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0205  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Anrelian,  r.,  ra- 
diate. Beginning  in  1.  field,  IMPCAVRELIANVS 
AVC.  Bev.  Sol  upright,  radiate,  with  mantle 
falling  over  1.  shoulder,  faces  1.,  with  r.  arm 


raised,  and  1.  hand  extended  and  supporting 
lierhaps  a  globe.  In  1.  field  a  star.  At  his  feet 
on  either  side,  a  captive.  The  1.  captive  has  his 
hands  bound  behind  his  back.  Beneath,  S.  Be- 
ginning in  1.  field,  OR  I  ENS  AVC. 

Prcibus. 

117.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0235  ra.  Nearly  half 
gone.  Obv.  Probus,  with  helmet,  shield,  and 
sjjear,  1.  Helmet  i-adiate.  Inscription,  ^P 
PROB  VSAUC.  /?er.  Horseman  (Probus)  gal- 
loping, 1,  R.  hand  raised,  in  1.  spear  or  sceptre. 
In  front  under  raised  leg  of  horse,  possible  trace 
of  figure.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  ADV  EN  TVSAV 
(remainder  lost). 

lia  Bronze.  Size,  0.024  m.  Obv.  Bust  of 
Probus,  r.,  radiate  with  military  drapery.  Be- 
ginning in  1.  field,  IMPCPROBVSPFAVC.  Bev. 
Draped  female  figure,  upright,  1.,  holding  in 
either  hand  military  standard.  Beneath,  1 1 1  XXT. 
Beginning  in  1.  field,  FIDESM  I  LIT. 

Cunta. 

119.  From  East  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0224  m.  Obv.  Bust  of  Cams,  r.,  radiate.  Mili- 
tary drapery.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  ^PCMAVR- 
CARVSPFAVC.  Bev.  Female  figure  draped, 
standing  1.,  and  pointing  with  staff  at  object 
(globe)  lying  at  feet.  In  her  1.  hand,  long 
upright  sceptre.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  PRO- 
VIDE N  TIAAVCC. 

Constantius  Chlorus. 

120.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Bronze. 
Size,  0.0215  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Con- 
stantius Chlorus,  r.,  radiate.  In  field,  FL^CON- 
STANTIVS  NOB  CAES.  Bev.  Draped  figure, 
upright,  facing  r.,  receiving  figure  of  Victory 
from  figure  with  mantle  over  shoulder  (other- 
wise nude),  facing  1.  In  field,  CONCORDIA 
M I L I  TV  M.     Beneath,  Victory,  H  A 

Galcrius. 

121.  Bronze.  Size,  0.021  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  Galerius,  r.,  radiate.  Beginning  in  1. 
field,  CALVALMAXIMIANVSNOBCAE^.  Bev. 
DrajJed  male  figui-e  with  cloak  hanging  over 
shoulder,  r.,  joins  hands  with  nude  figure  hold- 
ing long  sceptre,  1,  Their  joined  hands  support 
small  draped  female  figure.  Beginning  in  1.  field, 
CONCORDIAMILITVM.     Beneath,  HB. 


r  '' 


362 


COINS 


EASTERN  EMPIRE  AND  VENICE 


363 


1^^  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.019  m.  Obv.  Male  head,  r.,  radiate,  with 
features  resembling  those  of  (Valerius.  Inscrip- 
tion partly  illegible,  ^X I M I A  N  V  S  P  LA  VC.  Jiev. 
Two  upright  figures  clasp  hands.  Their  hands 
support  small  figure.  In  field,  CO N CORD I- 
^MMJ^^-    Beneath,  HS. 

I^icinius. 

123.  Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Bust  of 
Licinius,  r.,  laureate.  Military  drapery.  Be- 
ginning in  1.  field,  IMPLICIN^pFAVC.  Hev. 
Partially  draped  male  figure  (genius),  upright, 
1.,  holding  some  object  in  extended  r.,  and  in 
1.  cornucopia.  Inscription  nearly  effaced.  In  1. 
field,  ^^11 II  I  .  In  r.  field,  Ho.  In  inner  r. 
field,  F.     In  exergue,  uncertain  letters. 

Constantlus  II. 

124.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0173  m.  Obv.  Beard- 
less draj>ed  bust  of  Constantius,  r.,  with  diadem. 
In  1.  field,  DNCONSTAN  ;  in  r.  field,  TIVS 
PFAVC.  Rev.  Two  figures  fighting,  one  partly 
down,  the  other  thrusting  spear  into  him  from 
above.  In  1.  field,  slight  traces  of  inscription 
(FELTEMP),  inr.,  REPARATIO.  Beneath,  QC. 

125.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0162  m.  Obv.  Head 
of  Constantius,  r.,  with  diadem.  In  r.  field, 
TIVSPFA|^.  Remainder  of  inscription  illegi- 
ble. Rev.  Soldier  rushing  to  1.  upon  prostrate 
enemy.  In  r.  field,  REPARATIO  (remainder 
of  inscription  illegible).  In  exergue,  uncertain 
traces  of  letters. 

126.  Found  back  of  South  Building  in  "  grave 
of  April  13, 1894."  Bronze.  Size,  0.015  m.  Ohv. 
Head,  laureate  or  diademed,  similar  to  that  of 
Constantius.  Inscription  illegible  except  for 
AVC  in  r.  field.  Rev.  Wreath,  within  which 
V  o  T  In  exergue,  four  letters,  of  which  the  third 
yvLT    is  N.     Cf.  Cohen,  op.  cit.  vol.  VII.  p.  492, 

No.  335. 

Julian  (called  the  Apostate^. 

127.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0165  m.  Obv.  Bust 
of  Julian,  r.     Head  bare  and  beardless.    Begin- 


ning in  1.  field,  ^LIVIL^  (remainder  incrusted 
and  illegible).  Rev.  Soldier  upright,  1.,  pier- 
cing with  spear  fallen  enemy  (horseman).  On 
ground,  a  shield.  In  r.  field,  PAR  AT  10  (re- 
mainder illegible).     In  exergue,  SMKA. 

Gratian. 

128.  Bronze.  Size,  0.017  m.  Obv.  Bust  of 
Gratian,  r..  wearing  diadem.  Beginning  in  1. 
field,  DNCRATIApPFAVC.  Rev.  Draped  hel- 
meted  female  figure  (Roma)  seated  front,  look- 
ing 1.  Holds  sceptre  in  r.,  and  has  1.  i-aised.  In 
1.  field  VIRTVSRO ;  in  r.  field,  MANORv  -  .  In 
exergue,  TES. 

Attribution  uncertain. 

129.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.021  m.  Obv.  Bust  of  emperor,  r.,  radiate. 
Uncertain  whether  with  beard.  Heavy  features ; 
thick  neck.  Inscription,  '^CD^  (remainder 
incrusted).  Rev.  Two  male  figures,  the  1. 
draped,  the  other  nude  except  for  cloak  over 
shoulder,  clasp  hands,  above  which,  figure. 
Figure  at  r.  holds  in  1.  long  sceptre.  In  field, 
CONCORDIAMILITVM.  Beneath  bands  above 
exergue,  F.     In  exergue,  ALE. 

Cf.  Nos.  121f,  but  the  inscription  ^C(ae8ar) 
D(omitius)^  would  seem  to  point  rather  to 
Aurelian,  under  whom  coins  of  a  similar  type 
(Jupiter  presenting  globe  to  emperor)  were 
struck. 

130.  Found  in  Northwest  Building,  1894. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.019  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust,  r. 
Rev.  Standing  draped  figure. 

131  From  West  Building.  Much  damaged. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.014  m.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Illegi- 
ble inscription.  Rev.  In  centre,  figure.  About 
edge,  letters,  all  illegible. 

132.  Much  incrusted.  Bronze.  Size,  0.018  ni. 
Obv.  Heail,  L  Inscription  illegible  excepting 
COS?^C  in  r.  field.     Incrusted. 

133.  From  South  slope.  Condition  bad. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Rev. 
Draped  standing  figure,  L 


John  Zimisces  (a.  d.  969-976). 

13&  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Perforated. 

Bronze.     Size,  0.0345  m. 

Obn.     + 1  h  *  t  Rev.  Bust  of  Christ  in  halo  and 

bAf  I  Lc    ^^^  facing,  and  holding  proba- 

^ *.*•!"    yy  "'^^^   ®^   gospel.     At  side, 

IC-XC.     In  1.  field,  H- EMMA. 

136.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.    Perforated 
and  much  worn.     Bronze.     Size,  0.0282  m. 
Obv.   + 1  li-i  M    Rev.  Bust  of  Christ  with  halo 

""i'J**   and  cross  facing,  and  probably 
holding  book  of  gospel. 

137.  From   East  Building.      Bronze.     Size, 
0.028  m. 

Rev.  Bust  of  Christ  with  halo 
and  diadem  facing,  and  holding 
gospel.  Struck  twice,  the  sec- 
ond time  to  1.  of  first.  To  second 


impression  belong  IC  in  L  field  and   +EMMA. 

To  first  impression  belong  in  r.  field  "XC  and 
NOVN.  + 

138.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.    Perforated. 
Condition  poor.     Bronze.     Size,  0.0255  m. 
Obv.        ,s\f      Rev.  Head  and  bust  of  Christ 
'••facing.     Details  effaced. 


Obv. 


Attribution  uncertain. 

139.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.    Perforated. 

Bronze.     Size,  0.025  m.     Obv.  Indistinct  male 

figure,   perhaps   laureate.      Above    head   there 

seems  to  be  a  small  +.      Rev.   ti  .    At  1.,  two 

or  thi-ee  balls  • 

If  on  this  coin  the  head  is  that  of  Christ,  the 
words  "  Obv.""  and  "  Rev.  "  are  to  change 
places. 


D.  VENICE. 


Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zante. 
142.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0263  m.  Obv.  Lion's  head 
with  mane.     About  edge,  *  ^ARCVS  •  VE  * 
In  exergue,  *  I  ^ 
Rev.  CORFV 
CEFAL 
ZANTE 


140.  Bronze.  Size,  0.016  m.  Obv.  Head  and 
mane  of  lion.  About  edge,  V  EN  ET I  •  +  •  S  •  Ma' 
Rev.  +  around  which  partly  effaced  inscription, 
^ARBATICO  .DV+   . 

14L  Found  in  West  Building,  April  25, 1893. 
Bronze.    Size,  0.028  m.     Obv.  Head  and  mane 
of  lion.  About  edge,  *  S  •  MARC  •  VEN.      In 
exergue,  3|c  ||  :|c 
Rev.     ISOLE 

E  T         Above  and  beneath,  rosette. 
ARMATA 


E.  UNCERTAIN. 

143-166.      Numbers    143-148    from    West     Much  worn  or  oxidized  or  both.    Bronze.    Sizes, 
Building.     Numbers  143-145   found   in  1894.     0.0135-0.0212  m. 


C.  ROME  (EASTERN  EMPIRE). 

Arcadius.  but  with  head  turned  to  r.,  has  r.  hand  raised, 

134.  From  West  Building.      Bronze.     Size,  and  with  1.  drags  captive.     In  1.  field,  SA'^RE^; 

0.0143  m.     Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Arcadius,  r.,  in  r.  field,  PVBLICAE.    In  inner  1.  field, HF.    In 

wearing  diadem.  Infield  DNARCADIVS  PFAVC.  exergue,  SMKA. 
Rev.  Draped  male  figure  upright,  moving  to  1., 


fl^ 


Thk  Argivk  Herabum 


Platb  CXLI 


t  •• 


26 


'26) 


29 


31  35  38  61 


55 


67  58  60 


107 


(107) 


108 


COINS— MAINLY  GREEK 


The  Argivk  Herakum 


Plate  CXLI 


#    lb    # 


26 


^mmm 


§(■  m 


55 


.J" 
57 


58 


60 


(107) 


108 


COIN'S.— MAINLY  GREEK 


The  Argive  IIeraeim 


Plate  CX  LI  I 


136 


135 


(135) 


137 


(137 


138 


138 


COINS^MAINLY  ROMAN 


THE  E(;VPTIA\,  Oil  CJRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OJUECTS  FROM 

THE  AR(iI\E  HERAEUM 


The  Argivk  Heraeim 


Plate  CXLII 


137 


■>-\  \!  ■    ■ 


136) 


135 


(135) 


(137) 


138 


(138> 


-i^S  V  " 


139 


(139> 


COINS.-MAINLY  ROMAN 


THE  EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS  FROM 

THE  ARCUVE  HERAEUM 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECOEGYPTTAN,  ORTECTS  FROM 

THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM  ' 

By  albert  MORTON   LYTHGOE 

The  intercourse  between  Egypt  and  her  neighbors  on  the  north,  which  we  should 
expect  to  trace,  first  to  the  nearer  islands  and  then  on  to  Greece  itself,  has  been  proved  by 
recent  evidence  to  have  begun  at  least  as  early  as  the  XVIth  Egyptian  dynasty  This 
earliest  fixed  date  lies  in  the  finding  by  Mr.  Arthur  Evans,  in  the  palace  of  Cnossos, 
of  the  hd  of  an  alabaster  vase  inscribed  with  the  names  of  Khyan,  one  of  a  group  of 
kings  who  have  now  been  proved  beyond  all  doubt  to  belong  to  the  intermediate  period 
between  the  Xllth  and  XVIIIth  dynasties,  and  to  be  in  all  probability  Hyksos.=^ 

The  evidence  of  an  earlier  intercourse  than  this  between  these  two  centres  of  civiliza- 
tion IS  yet  problematical,  in  the  absence  of  any  earlier  material  to  which  an  absolutely 
certain  datmg  can  be  given.  Types  of  pottery  and  other  objects,  similar  to  the  earlier 
Aegean  types  though  not  identical  with  them,  have  been  found  by  FHnders  Petrie  in  the 
Xllth  dynasty  town  site  of  Kahun,  and  in  the  royal  tombs  and  old  temple  of  the  1st 
dynasty  at  Abydos;  =»  but  in  these  cases  the  types  themselves  lack  identification  as  known 
Aegean  types,  and  the  evidence  of  their  occurrence  is  not  sufficiently  conclusive  to  war^ 
rant  ascribing  them  to  the  periods  in  apparent  relation  to  which  they  were  found.  Until 
known  material  of  this  character  comes  to  hand,  which  can  be  dated  firmly  by  its  occur- 
rence, under  undisturbed  conditions,  with  fixed  Egyptian  types,  we  can  hardly  go  beyond 
this  earliest  date  which  Crete  has  now  given  us. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  evidence  of  the  intercourse  between  Greece  and  Egypt  from 
that  date  on  is  conclusive.  Beginning  with  the  dated  objects  of  Egyptian  origin  found 
ill  the  Mycenaean  sites  of  Greece  and  the  islands,  which  prove  that  period  in  Greek 
civiUzation  to  have  been  contemporary,  in  part  at  least,  with  the  XVIIIth  dynasty,  the 
connection  appears  to  have  been  interrupted  during  the  disturbed  period  of  the  XXIst 
to  the  XXVth  dynasties,  and  then  finally,  with  the  influx  of  Greeks  into  Egypt  in  the 
XXVIth  dynasty,  trade  and  intercourse  between  the  two  countries  becomes  so  constant 
that  they  both  furnish,  from  that  time  on,  abundant  evidence  of  their  common  relation. 
It  18  of  this  evidence,  of  the  period  known  as  the  Late  New  Empire,  —  the  XXVIth  and 
succeeding  dynasties  previous  to  the  conquest  by  Alexander,  —  that  the  Egyptian  objects 
from  the  Heraeum  are  a  part,  and  objects  of  identically  the  same  character  have  been 
found  also  at  Eleusis,*  Aegina,'^  and  Camirus,«  and  in  Egypt  itself  at  Naukratis.^  In  fact, 
it  18  this  Greek  colony  of  Naukratis,  which  rose  to  great  importance  under  the  privileges 
granted  it  by  Amasis  (569-526  b.  c),  and  which,  as  the  capital  of  the  Egyptian  Greeks 


I. 


'  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  P.  Kabbadias,  Director-General 
of  Antiquities,  for  permission  to  photograph  the  Egyptian 
objects  from  Aegina  (now  in  the  Museum  at  Athens), 
for  comparison  with  these  from  the  Heraeum  (Plate 
CXLIV.). 

•  Cf.  Griffith,  Arch.  Report,  1901,  p.  37. 

•  The  most  recent  discussion  of  this  material  by  Pro- 


367 


fessor   Petrie   is  in  Methods  and  Aim  in  Archaeology, 
Loudon,  1901. 

*  Cf.  Philios,  •&>>.  'Apx.,  1889,  171  S. 

*  Cf.  Staes,  'E<f,.  'Apx;  1895,  193  «.  and  201-255. 

*  Cf.  Murray,  Cat.  of  Gems  in  Brit.  Mus.  pp.  46-58. 

^  Cf.  Naukratis,  parts  I.  and  II.,  by  W.  M.  Flinders 
Petrie,  E.  A.  Gardner,  and  others. 


368  EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 

was  visited  by  Herodotus  nearly  a  century  later,  that  we  now  see  to  have  been  the 
original  source  of  all  this  evidence,  and  to  it  the  origin  of  the  Egyptian  objects,  both 
from  the  Heraeum  and  the  other  sites  mentioned,  is  to  be  traced. 

If  we  start  with  the  fact  that  at  Naukratis  itself  examples  were  found  of  nearly  all  the 
types  which  have  come  from  the  Greek  sites  named,  and  that  the  examples  of  each  type, 
though  coming  from  places  widely  separated,  are  in  many  cases  so  closely  identical 
that  they  might  almost  have  been  cast  in  the  same  moulds,  then  we  must  surely  look  to 
Naukratis  as  their  common  source.  We  find,  for  example,  that  the  series  of  scarabs  fnmi 
the  Heraeimi  (Plate  CXLIII.  Nos.  1  to  39)  have  their  counterparts  in  those  from  Nau- 
kratis' and  also  in  those  from  Aegina  (Plate  CXLIV.  Nos.  1  to  6) ;  similarly,  the 
figures  of  Apollo  from  the  Heraeum  (Plate  CXLIII.  51  and  CXLIV.  53)  duplicated 
at  Naukratis ' ;  the  figure  of  Bes  (Plate  CXLIII.  47)  also  occurring  at  Aegina  (Plate 
CXLIV.  10) ;  and  the  two  whorls  (Plate  CXLIV.  58  and  59)  reproduced  in  one  from 
Aegina  (Plate  CXLIV.  8).  With  such  a  repetition  in  so  limited  a  range  of  subjects, 
the  soiuce  of  them  all  cannot  be  a  matter  of  doubt.  There  were  found  at  Naukratis, 
moreover,  not  only  most  of  the  types  which  are  duplicated  in  these  from  the  Greek 
sites,  but  even  the  moulds  in  which  certain  types  of  the  scarabs,  for  example,  were 
cast.  That  the  examples  from  the  Greek  sites  were  not  locally  made  is  obvious,  and  it 
is  equally  clear  not  only  that  they  must  all  have  been  drawn  from  a  common  Egyptian 
source,  but  that,  from  the  evidence,  that  source  must  be  Naukratis,  the  largest  and  most 
important  centre  of  trade  between  Greece  and  her  colonists  in  the  Delta. 

There  not  only  did  the  Greeks  erect  temples  and  sfcitues  to  Greek  divinities  and  carry 
on  the  manufacture  of  Greek  pottery,  figurines,  and  other  objects  of  the  same  ty\ws  and 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  Greece  itself,  but  they  became  skilled  in  the  arts  of  Egypt, 
and  learned  to  reproduce  Egyptian  types  of  deities,  Egyptian  forms  of  decoration,  and 
Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  In  some  cases  they  copied  the  liieroglyi)hic8  correctly,  and  in 
others  their  errors  show  clearly  they  had  little  knowledge  of  the  language.  They  learned, 
moreover,  to  work  in  the  materials  in  common  use  among  the  Egyptians,  and  we  find  in 
<rieatest  number  scarabs,  vases,  and  figurines  of  glazed  porcelain.  On  the  scarabs  they 
not  only  reproduced  Egyptian  inscriptions  and  designs,  but  they  ornamented  them  with 
scenes  reminiscent  of  their  own  Greek  art,  as  the  two  running  stags,  and  the  stiig  pur- 
sued by  a  hound  (Plate  CXLIII.  32  and  33),  while  in  the  case  of  the  porcelain  figures 
they  both  imitated  well-known  Eg)  ptian  sul)jects  —  such  as  the  animals  sacred  to  the 
gods,  as  the  cat  (Plate  CXLIII.*  48)  and  the  rabbit  (Plate  CXLIV.  54),  and  the 
Egyptian  divinities  themselves,  as  Bes  (Plate  CXLIII.  47)  — and  also  introduced  their 
own  Apollo  (Plates  CXLIII.  51  and  CXLIV.  53),  here  represented  as  playing  on  the 

double  pipe.^ 

In  date  this  whole  class  of  objects  does  not  vary,  but,  without  a  single  exception,  is 
to  be  assigned  to  this  period  of  the  XXV  Ith  and  following  dynasties  of  the  Late  New 
Empire,  when  Naukratis  was  the  centre  of  Greek  influence.  None  of  this  material  from 
the  Heraeum,  or  that  from  any  other  of  the  Greek  sites  mentioned,  can  be  dated  more 
closely  to  any  particular  dynasty  or  reign,  from  evidence  continued  in  itself.  The  only 
objects  fr(mi  the  Heraeum  inscribed  with  a  royal  name  are  the  three  scarabs  (Plate 
CXLIII.  17,  18,  and  19),  the  first  of  which,  and  possibly  the  last  two  also,  is  inscribed 
with  the  name  of  Thothmes  III.,  of  the  XVIIIth  dynasty.   (See  Catalogue  below.)    None 

>  Cf.  Naukratis,  I.  pis.  xxxvii.  and  xxxviii.  •  Cf.  ftliw  Naukratu,  I.  §  17,  aud  pi.  ii. 

•  Cf.  Naukratis,  I.  pi.  ii.  7  and  13. 


Fio.   1. 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAX,   ORTECTS  309 

of  those,  however,  date  from  the  reign  of  that  king,  but  rather  from  this  period  begin- 
mng  with  the  XXVIth  dynasty  in  which  we  have  already  included  them.  The  ^^e\\- 
known  custcmi  m  this  later  i»eriod  of  copying  and  repeating  upon  scarabs  the  names  and 
titles  of  the  ejirher  kings  is  of  such  common  occurrence  that  we  find  them  even  em- 
ploying the  names  of  the  kings  of  the  Old  Empire,  — a  period  when  the 
inscribed  scarab  had  not  yet  come  into  existence.  The  name  of  Thothmes 
III.  seems,  however,  to  occur  much  more  frequently  in  these  later  copies 
than  any  other  royal  name,  and  in  Egyptian  cemeteries  of  this  XXVIth 
s.  ARAM  *lvnasty  as  many  as  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  scarabs  have  sometimes 
KROM  K,.K,:s,..  been  found  to  bear  this  cartouche.  It  is  therefore  not  surprisino-  that 
nirfTiHih'os  "^'-^^'^^^  "*'  t'»s  type  should  have  been  found  not  only  here  It  the 
nr.butisof  Uer    Heraeum,  but  at  Camirus  •  and  at  Eleusis  also  (Fig.  1). 

-^1*'^^*  f»"0'"  t'^ese  Egyptian,  or  Graeco-Egyptian,  objects  from  the 
Hemeum,  which  are  thus  to  be  grouped  in  a  single  class  of  obviously  the  same  date  and 
origin,  there  are  in  addition  two  glass  scarabeoids  (Plate  CXLIII.  40  and  41)  which, 
while  seemingly  Egyptian  in  character,  need  sjiecial  consideration.  They  are  clearly 
Egyptian  in  form  and  partly  in  device,  but  in  style  and  treatment  they  belong  to  a  class 
of  scarabs  and  scarabeoids  which  show  Asiatic  influence,  and  which  have  been  identified 
ill  general  as  of  Phoenician  origin.  The  extent  to  which  the  Phoenicians  borrowed 
Egyptian  forms  and  imifcited  Egyptian  designs  both  in  metal  working  and  in  the  engrav- 
ing of  gems  IS  attested  by  the  considerable  number  of  objects  known  in  which  this  fact 
can  be  easily  identified.-'  Scarabs  and  scarabeoids  of  this  class  are  generally  found  to 
bear  a  design  either  purely  Egyptian  or  adopted  from  the  Egyptiiin,  but  in  rare  cases 
they  actually  occur  with  an  inscription  in  Phoenician  characters.=^ 

As  to  the  origin  of  these  two  scarabeoids  from  the  Heraeum,  whether  they  were  made 
by  Phoenician  colonists  in  tlie  Delfci  or  were  brought  there  by  Phoenician  merchants  and 
then  exported  to  Greece,  we  have  no  evidence ;  but  that  they  are  of  the  same  date  and 
were  brought  into  Greece  at  the  same  period  as  the  other  objects  of  Egyptian  character 
18  made  cerfcun  by  the  occuri-ence  at  Eleusis  of  a  similar  glass  scarabeoid  (Fig.  2),  found 
under  exactly  similar  conditions,  —  with  some  fifteen  scarabs  of  the  same  character  as 
these  from  the  Heraeum,  one  of  which  is  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Thothmes  III  (Fio- 
1,  referred  to  above),  but  is  of  later  date  just  as  is  No.  17  from  the  Heraeum.  TliTs 
double  occurrence  certainly  disposes  of  all  doubt  in  the  matter  of  dating  these  scarabe- 
oids, but  apart  from  the  fact  that  they  were  evidently  brought  into  Greece  at  the  same 
l>eriod  as  these  other  objects  we  are  considering,  they  are  clearly  not  of  the  same  origin 
and  not  to  be  classed  with  them. 

•  Cf.  Mnrray.  Cat.  o/Gen^in  Brit.  Mus.  p.  13.  ••  For  description  of  such  scarabs  in  the  British  Museum. 

tf.  Maspero,  .Slruygle  oj  the  Nations,  pp.  580  flf.  cf.  Budge,  The  Mummy,  p.  iioO. 


5,68  EGYPTIAN,   OK   GRAKCO-EGYPTIAN.   OBJECTS 

was  visited  bv  Herodotus  nearly  a  century  later,  that  we  now  see  to  have  been  the 
orijrinal  source  of  all  this  evidence,  and  to  it  the  origin  of  the  Egyptian  objects,  both 
from  the  Heraeuni  and  the  other  sites  mentioned,  is  to  be  traced. 

If  we  start  with  the  fact  that  at  Naukratis  itself  examples  were  found  of  nearly  all  the 
types  which  have  come  from  the  Greek  sites  named,  and  that  the  examples  of  each  type, 
though  coming  from  places  widely  sei)arated,  are  in  many  cases  so  closely  identical 
that  tliey  might  almost  have  been  cast  in  the  sjime  nu)ulds,  then  we  must  siuely  look  to 
Naukratis  as  their  counnon  source.  We  find,  for  exauiple,  that  the  series  of  scarabs  from 
the  Heraeum  (Platk  CXLIII.  Nos.  1  to  ',VJ)  have  their  counterparts  in  those  from  Nau- 
kratis' and  also  in  those  from  Aegina  (Plate  CXLIV.  Nos.  1  to  6);  similarly,  the 
figures  of  ApoUo  from  the  Heraeum  (Platk  CXLHI.  ">!  and  CXLIV.  ^ui)  duplicated 
arNaukratis-;  the  figure  of  Bes  (Plate  CXLIII.  47)  also  occurring  at  Aegina  (Plate 
CXLIV.  10);  and  the  two  whorls  (Plate  CXLIV.  TkS  and  '»<))  reproduced  in  one  from 
Aegina  (Plate  CXLIV.  8).  With  such  a  rej)etition  in  so  limited  a  range  of  subjects, 
the  source  of  them  all  cannot  l)e  a  matter  of  doubt.  There  were  found  at  Naukratis, 
moreover,  not  only  most  of  the  types  which  are  dujdicated  in  these  from  the  Greek 
sites,  but  even  the  moulds  in  which  certain  types  of  the  scarabs,  for  example,  were 
cast.  That  the  examples  from  the  Greek  sites  were  not  locally  made  is  obvious,  an<l  it 
is  equally  clear  not  only  that  they  must  all  have  been  drawn  from  a  C(»mmon  Egyptian 
source,  but  that,  from  the  evidence,  that  source  must  be  Naukratis,  the  largest  and  most 
imi>ortant  centre  of  trade  between  Greece  and  her  colonists  in  the  Delta. 

There  not  onlv  did  the  Greeks  erect  temples  and  statues  to  Greek  divinities  and  carry 
on  tile  manufacture  of  Greek  pottery,  figurir.es,  and  other  objects  of  the  siime  types  and 
in  the  siune  manner  as  in  Greece  itself,  but  they  became  skilled  in  the  arts  of  Egypt, 
and  learned  to  re[)nMluce  Egyptian  types  of  deities,  Egyptian  forms  of  decorati(U),  and 
Egvptian  hieroglvphics.     In  some  cases  they  copied  the  hieroglyphics  correctly,  and  in 
others  their  errors  show  clearly  they  had  little  knowledge  of  the  language.    They  learned, 
moreover,  to  work  in  the  materials  in  common  use  among  the  Egyptians,  and  we  find  in 
greatest  number  scarabs,  vases,  and  figurines  of  glazed  porcelain.     On  the  scarabs  they 
not  onlv  reproduced  Egyptian  inscriptions  and  designs,  but  they  ornamented  them  with 
scenes  reminiscent  of  tlieir  own  Greek  art,  as  the  two  running  stags,  an<l  the  stag  pur- 
sued by  a  hound  (Plate  CXLIII.  '^2  and  3:5),  while  in  the  case  of  the  jmrcelain  figures 
thev  both  imitated  well-known  Egy])tian  subjects  —  such  as  the  animals  sacred  to  the 
gods,  as  the  cat  (Plate  CXLIII.  48)  and  the  rabbit  (Plate  CXLIV.  r>4),  and  the 
Egyptian  divinities  themselves,  as  Bes  (Plate  CXLIII.  47)  — and  also  introduced  their 
own  Apollo  (Pi-ates  CXLIII.  .ll  and  CXLIV.  T)!}),  here  represented  as  playing  on  the 

double  jnpe.^ 

In  date  this  whole  class  of  objects  does  not  vary,  but,  without  a  single  exception,  is 
to  be  assigned  to  this  period  of  the  XXV  1th  and  following  dynasties  of  the  Lite  New 
Empire,  when  Naukratis  was  the  centre  of  Greek  influence.  None  of  this  material  from 
the  Heraeum,  or  that  from  any  other  of  the  Greek  sites  mentioned,  can  be  dated  more 
closely  to  any  i)articular  <lynasty  or  reign,  from  evidence  contained  in  itself.  The  only 
objects  from  the  Heraeuni  inscribed  with  a  royal  name  are  the  three  scarabs  (Plate 
CXLIII.  17,  18,  and  V.h,  the  first  of  which,  and  possibly  the  last  two  also,  is  inscribed 
with  the  name  of  Thothmes  III.,  of  the  XVIIIth  dynasty.    (See  Catah)gue  beh)w.)    None 


W 


ECiYPTIAX,   OR   GRAECO-EGYPTIAX.   OIUECTS  3«o 

of  these,  however,  date  from  the  reign  of  that  king,  but  rather  from  this  period  be<ri„. 
mng  with  the  XXV  1th  dynasty  in  which  we  have  already  included  them.  The  ^^ll- 
known  cu.stom  in  this  later  perio,l  of  copying  and  repeating  upon  scarabs  the  names  and 
titles  of  the  earlier  kings  is  of  such  common  occurrence  that  we  Hud  them  even  em- 
ploying the  names  <,f  the  kings  of  the  Old  Empire,  — a  period  when  the 
inscnlied  scarab  had  not  yet  come  into  existence.  The  name  of  Thothmes 
III.  seems,  Iiowever,  to  occur  much  more  fre<piently  in  these  later  c(»pies 
^^^  than  any  other  royal  name,  and  in  Egyptian  cemeteries  of  this  XXV Ith 

Fiu.   1.  -  s  AK A,.    ^'.^  "''^ty  as  many  as  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  scarabs  have  sometimes 
FROM  K..K,  s.s.       been  found  to  bear  this  cartouche.     It  is  therefore  not  surprisino-  that 

It  is  iiiscriU'il  with      .ii.-i|..il,<    <,f    f  I,:  .     f.,...        ]         II     i  i  i-  i  ,        ,  "^ 

namcof Thoti. s    '''•"'"'^  "^   thi!»   type   should   have   been    found   not   only  here  at   the 

in.,lMitis,.f  later    Heraeuiu,  but  at  Camirus  '  and  at  Eleusis  also  (Ficr   ]  ) 

date.  A  ^    i.*  ii  I-.  •  ^       »        '• 

Apart  from  these  Egyptian,  or  Graeco-Egvptian,  (objects  from  the 
Heraeum,  which  are  tlius  to  be  grouped  in  a  single  class  of  obviously  the'same  date  and 
tuigin,  there  are  in  addition  two  glass  scarabeoids  (Plate  CXLIII.  40  and  41)  which, 
while  seemingly  Egyptian  in  character,  need  special  consideration.  Thev  are  clearly 
Egyptian  in  form  and  partly  in  device,  but  in  style  and  treatment  they  belong  to  a  class 
of  scarabs  and  scarabeoids  which  show  Asiatic  iiiHuence,  and  which  have  been  identified 
in  general  as  of  Phoenician  luigin.  The  extent  to  which  the  Phoenicians  borrowed 
Egyptian  forms  and  imitated  Egyptian  designs  both  in  metal  working  and  in  the  engrav- 
ing <.f  gems  is  attested  by  the  considerable  number  of  objects  known  in  which  this^act 
can  be  easily  identified.-'  Scaiv.bs  and  scarabeoids  of  this  class  are  generally  found  to 
bear  a  design  either  purely  Egyptian  or  adopted  from  the  Egyptian,  but  in  rare  cases 
they  actually  occur  with  an  inscription  in  Phoenician  characters.^* 

As  to  the  origin  of  these  two  scarabeoids  from  the  Heraeum,  whether  they  were  made 
by  PluHM.ician  c.donists  in  the  Delta  or  were  brought  there  by  Phoenician  merchants  and 
then  exported  to  Greece,  we  have  no  evidence ;  but  that  they  are  of  the  same  date  and 
were  brought  int<»  (Jreece  at  the  same  period  as  the  other  objects  of  Egyptian  character 
IS  made  certain  by  the  occurrence  at  Eleusis  of  a  similar  glass  scarabeoid  (Fig.  2),  found 
umler  exactly  similar  conditions,  —  with  some  fifteen  .scarabs  of  the  same  character  as 
tiiese  fr(,m  the  Heraeuni,  <»ne  of  which  is  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Thothmes  HI.  (Fi<r. 
1,  referred  to  above),  but  is  of  later  date  just  as  is  No.  17  from  the  Heraeum.  Th?s 
double  occurrence  certainly  disposes  of  all  di.ubt  in  the  matter  of  dating  these  scarabe- 
.u<ls,  b.it  apart  from  the  fact  that  they  were  evidently  brought  into  Greece  at  the  same 
IMMiod  as  these  other  ..bjects  we  are  considering,  they  are  clearly  not  of  the  same  orioin 
and  not  to  be  classed  with  them.  " 

•  Cf.  Murray.  ( '.,,.  of  (i.,ns  in  lint.  Mus.  ,..  1  :j.  .  For  description  of  suel.  searabs  in  the  British  Museum, 

-  I  f.  MasiH.-n.,  .s,n,ffgk  „f  the  A  <itioi„,  ,,p.  .->SU  ff.  cf.  Budge,  The  Mummy,  p.  200. 


•  Cf.  Xn'drnd.'i.  I.  \\U.  xxxvii.  and  xxxviii. 

•  Cf.  yauHrath,  1.  pi.  ii.  7  and  13. 


»  Cf.  also  Xaukratii,  I.  §  17.  an»l  pi.  ii. 


370 


EGYPTIAN,   OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,   OIWECTS 


CATALOGUE 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,   OBJECTS 


371 


Plate  CXLIII.  iscalc  1 :  1). 

1.  Inscribed  Amen  Ha  neb  =  '' Amen  Ra,  the 
Lord.'  Here,  and  also  in  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4,  the 
maker  has  shown  his  unfaniiliarity  with  the 
signs  in  having  mistaken  this  sign  of  the  ostrich- 
feather,  the  symbol  of  the  goddess  Ma'at,  or 
Truth  (cf.  No.  13,  where  it  occurs  proi)erly)  for 
the  reedleaf,  in  the  name  of  the  god  Amen  (cf. 
No.  5).  For  the  feather,  see  Griffith,  Beni  Ha- 
san^ part  III.  pi.  V.  72 ;  and  for  the  reedleaf, 
Griffith,  Hieroglyphs^  pi.  vii.  106. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

2.  Same  inscription  as  No.  1,  and  same  error 
in  the  reedleaf  sign.  In  addition,  the  men  sign 
is  very  badly  formed,  and  in  other  cases,  as  No. 
4,  has  become  quite  shapeless. 

Bine-glazed  frit. 

3.  Same  inscription. 
Blue-glazed  frit. 

4.  Same  inscription.    Cf.  No.  2. 
Blue-glazed  frit. 

S  Same  inscription.  Here  the  reedleaf  is  cor- 
rectly represented 

Frit,  the  glaze  completely  gone. 

6.  Same  inscription.  Characters  more  care- 
fully rendered  than  usual. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

7.  Probably  to  be  read  Amen  Rn  neb  ma  at  = 
♦  Amen  Ra,  Lord  of  Truth.'  The  middle  signs 
are  badly  moulded  and  are  fused  together. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

a  Probably  to  be  read  as  No.  7.    The  last  sign 
certainly  seems  to  be  the  ostrich-feather. 
Frit,  with  traces  of  blue  glaze. 
9l  Anlh  7naV«  =  ' Living  is  Truth.' 
Blue-glazed  frit. 

10.  Ha  neb  ma" at  = '  Ra,  Lord  of  Truth,'  fol- 
lowed by  the  uraeus,  the  protector  of  the  sun-god. 

Frit,  glaze  comi>letely  gone. 

11.  Probably  to  be  read  as  No.  10.  The  third 
sign  seems  to  be  a  misshapen  ostrich-feather. 
Lastly,  an  unintelligible  sign,  jwssibly  an  at- 
tempt at  an  anlh  sign. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

12.  Ra  nefer  neb  ma'at  = '  The  good  Ra,  Lord 
of  Truth.' 

Frit,  no  traces  of  glaze. 

13.  Ra  neb  ma\tt  =  '  Ra,  Lord  of  Truth.' 
Blue-glazed  frit. 

14.  Ma'at  /tp/cr  =  ' Truth  is  beautiful.'     This 


sijrn  which  we  have  read  as  nefer  must  be  the 
lute-sign,  as  in  No.  12,  but  crudely  represented. 
(Cf.  Griffith,  Jfiero(jlifji/n<,  pi.  ix.  164.) 
Blue-glazetl  frit. 

15.  Probably  same  inscription  as  No.  13. 
Frit,  badly  worn  and  glaze  gone. 

16.  Same  inscription  as  No.  13. 
Blue-glazed  frit. 

17.  Inscribed  with  the  prcnonien  of  Thoth- 
mes  UL,  Men  kheper  /?</  =  ' Established  (i.  e. 
enduring)  is  the  being  of  Ra.'  Outside  the  car- 
touche are  the  red  crown  of  Lower  Egypt  (rZ»r<, 
cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs,  p.  56),  and  the  mallet 
sign  {hn,  cf.  Griffith,  oj).  cit.  pi.  vii.  104),  both 
symbols  of  royalty. 

Of  steatite,  with  traces  of  a  deep  yellow  glaze. 
The  whole  style  of  the  scai-ab,  and  esjiecially 
the  cutting  of  the  back,  would  assign  it  to  the 
XXVIth  dynasty,  or  the  i)eriod  immediately 
following. 

18.  In  upper  register :  stni-biti  =  '  King  of 
Upi)er  and  Lower  Egypt.'  Ifelow  in  the  car- 
touche :  At  the  top,  the  sun's  disk,  Ra.  At  the 
bottom,  the  beetle  sign,  kheper;  and  between  the 
two  an  indistinct  sign,  which  seems  in  all  prob- 
ability to  be  the  rnen,  and  which  would  thus 
"•ive  us  again  the  prenomen  of  Thothmes  III., 
as  in  No.  17.  On  either  side  of  the  cartouche  is 
an  uraeus,  the  protector  of  royalty. 

Of  frit,  the  glazing  completely  gone ;  and  in 
style,  of  same  |)eriotl  as  No.  17. 

19.  Too  badly  worn  to  be  read  with  any  de- 
cree of  certaintv.  At  lower  right  side  is  a  car- 
touche,  of  which  the  upi>er  sign  is  certainly  the 
sun's  disk,  and  the  lower  sign  possibly  the 
kheper.  Tlie  intermediate  sign  cannot  l)e  dis- 
tinguished, but  it  is  possible  that  we  may  have 
again  the  name  of  Thothmes  III. 

Scaralwoid,  of  soft  i)aste  or  frit,  bordered  by 
a  moulded  band  ornamented  around  the  side 
with  a  twisted  rojje  pattern.  (Cf.  Petrie,  Beco- 
ratire  Art,  fig.  169.) 

20.  Above,  the  barque  of  Ra,  surmounte<l  by 
the  sun's  disk.  Beneath,  the  figure  of  a  hawk, 
symbolic  of  the  sun-god. 

Of  a  deep  blue-colored  frit :  glaze  gone. 

21.  Intended  to  read  Amen  Ra,  but  in  Amen 
the  sign  of  the  eagle  is  incorrectly  used,  instead 
of  that  of  the  reedleaf. 

Of  a  blue  frit,  like  No.  20,  and  glaze  also  gone. 


22.  The  figure  of  a  sphinx,  recumbent,  the  in- 
carnation of  Ra,  the  sun-god,  as  the  protector  of 
mankind.  (Cf.  Wiedemann,  Religion,  p.  197.) 
Above,  the  sun's  disk ;  and  in  front,  the  feather, 
symbol  of  divinity. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

23.  Above,  the  barque  of  Ra,  surmounted  by 
the  sun's  disk.  Below,  the  uraeus,  protector  of 
the  go<l. 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

24;  At  the  right  the  crooked  sceptre,  which 
as  a  word-sign  has  the  value  AX:  = '  ruler,  prince ; ' 
then  the  uraeus,  symbol  of  royalty  ;  followed  by 
a  third  sign,  the  form  and  significance  of  which 
cannot  lie  determined. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

25.  Human-headed  sphinx,  standing,  crowned 
with  the  white  crown  of  Upper  Egypt,  with 
uraeus  at  front,  and  represented  bearded.  Same 
significance  as  in  No.  22,  —  the  incarnation  of 
Ra,  the  sun-god.  Above,  the  sun's  disk.  Before 
the  sphinx,  the  crooked  sceptre  as  in  No.  24. 
(Cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs,  fig.  39.) 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

2&  Above,  the  sun's  disk.  Below,  seemingly 
a  squatting  figure,  as  of  the  god  himself  (Ra). 

Frit,  with  traces  of  a  yellow  glaze. 

27.  Standing  figure,  i-epresenting  some  god 
or  royal  personage.  In  the  right  hand  a  uraeus, 
in  the  left  a  sceptre,  and  evidently  crowned  with 
the  white  crown  of  Upi)er  Egypt. 

Frit,  all  traces  of  glazing  gone. 

28.  Representation  of  some  animal  of  long 
and  slender  body,  and  with  long  snout,  —  jjer- 
haps  the  jackal.  (Cf.  Davies,  Mastaba  oj 
Ptahhetep,  part  I.  fig.  63.) 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

29.  Amen  Ra  before  a  seated  ffo<l  or  kin  jr. 
Amen  Ra  is  represented  as  hawk-headed,  crowned 
with  the  crown  of  Upper  Egypt  and  the  double 
plume,  and  in  his  left  hand  the  wa.^  sceptre. 
(Cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs,  p.  59.)  The  seated 
figure  is  represented  with  the  same  sceptre,  and 
is  bearded. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

30.  The  ankh  sign,  or  sign  of  life,  with  two 
uraei  intei-twined,  —  a  design  which  occurs  in 
Egypt  as  early  as  the  Vlth  dynasty.  (Cf. 
Petrie,  Methods  and  Aims  in  Archaeology, 
fig.  62.) 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

31.  Representation  of  the  griffin,  one  of  the 
fantastic  lieasts  which  inhabited  the  desert,  in 


the   belief   of   the    Egyptians.     (Cf.   Maspero, 
Dawn  of  Civilizatioti,  p.  83.) 
Frit,  glaze  gone. 

32.  Two  running  ibexes.  (For  the  Egyptian 
ibex,  cf.  Newberry,  Beni  Hasan,  part  I.  pi. 
xxviii.) 

Pottery,  pale  blue-gray  color,  surface  glaze 
gone. 

33.  Ibex  pursued  by  a  hound.  (For  similar 
lepresentations  in  Egyptian  art,  cf.  Newberry, 
Beni  Hasan,  part  I.  pi.  xxx.,  and  Davies,  Mas- 
taba of  Ptahhetep,  part  I.  pis.  xxii.  and  xxv.) 

Blue-glazed  pottery. 

34.  Duck  rising  from  a  marsh  or  swamp. 
(For  the  duck,  cf.  Griffith,  Beni  Hasan,  part  III. 
pi.  ii.  figs.  1  and  8.)  Behind  is  a  tall-stemmed 
plant  tipped  with  a  clump  of  leaves,  and  before 
the  duck  is  the  so-called  sedge,  a  plant  identified 
with  the  South,  or  Upper  Egypt.  (Cf.  Bor- 
chardt,  Pflanzcnsiiide,  Abb.  35.)  The  scarab 
is  broken  at  this  end  and  another  character  can- 
not be  determined. 

Porcelain,  of  a  dark  brownish  color,  as  if 
subjected  at  some  later  period  to  the  action  of 
fire.     Glaze  gone. 

35.  In  upper  register  a  recumbent  sphinx,  with 
tail  raised.  Over  the  animal  the  sun's  disk. 
(Cf.  No.  22.)  Below,  a  hawk,  symbolic  of  the 
sun-god,  is  represented  in  a  papyrus-marsh,  with 
a  clump  of  three  papyrus  stems  behind.  (Cf. 
Griffith,  Beni  Hasan,  part  III.  pi.  iii.  fig.  16.) 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

36.  Representation  of  some  animal. 
Frit,  badly  worn,  glaze  gone. 

37.  So  worn  that  the  design  is  undetermin- 
able. 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

38.  The  winged  uraeus  protecting  the  sun's 
disk. 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

39.  Two  winged  uraei,  protecting  a  seated  di- 
vinity, who  appears  to  have  the  sun's  disk  on  his 
head  and  to  be  holding  a  sceptre. 

Frit,  traces  of  greenish  blue  glaze. 

40.  Above,  the  hawk-headed  Ra,  winged,  and 
crowned  with  the  double  crown.  Below,  a  scara- 
baeus  with  wings  outspread,  —  an  emblem  of  the 
sun-god. 

Scarabeoid,  of  blue  glass. 

Although  the  subject  of  this  design  is  Egjp- 
tian,  yet  it  is  non-Egyptian  in  style  and  charac- 
ter, and  is  certainly  of  a  class  of  Phoenician 
scarabs   of  which   a  considerable   number   are 


372 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


known.     (Cf.  Murray,  Cat.  of  Gems  in  Brit. 
Mhs.  pi.  B,  146.) 

tt.  Apparently,  a  conventionalized  design,  of 
which  the  centre  is  a  scai-abaeus  with  outspread 


1^ 


wings. 

Scai-abeoid,  of  yellow  glass. 

Of  same  style  and  undoubt- 
edly of  same  origin  as  40;  of. 
Fig.  2,  a  similar  scambeoid  of 
Fio.  2.  —  ScAKA-     jri-tjeiiisii   \)\iiQ   jrlass   fouud    at 

HKOIU     OF    ASI-        O  ^  " 

ATic.  AND  rKOB-     Elcusis  (Atlieus  Mus.  10900). 

ABLY       PhOEM-  -_       i>  •.     1  1     . 

ciA>,  oKioiii.  42.  Papyrus-capital    amulet. 

Found  at  Eleusia.      As  a  hieroglyphic  word-sign  the 

papyrus    stem    has    the    value 

tcad  =  green,  flourishing  (cf.   Borchardt,  rjian- 

zenmttle,  p.  26,  and  Griffith,  Jlieioyli/phs,  Bg. 

125). 

Here,  as  an  amulet,  with  its  suggestion  of  use 
as  a  column,  it  seems  to  have  borne  the  idea  of 
solidity,  strength,  and  hence  well-being. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain.  Pierced,  at  the  base 
of  the  die,  for  suspension. 

43.  Pendant  or  amulet,  of  unknown  meaning. 
Of  crystal.     Similar  pendants  occur  in  Egypt 

at  nearly  every  period,  fi-om  the  Xllth  dynasty 
on. 

44.  Like  No.  43,  but  of  blue-glazed  porcelain, 
and  piei-ced  perpendicularly  in  the  base  by  a 
small  square  hole,  as  if  for  use  as  a  knob. 

45.  Head  of  a  male  figure,  of  blue-glazed 
porcelain.  The  modeling  of  the  head,  with  its 
thick,  massive  wig,  is  chai-acteristically  Egyp- 
tian. 

46.  Head  of  a  male  figure,  evidently  of  the 
"  Apollo  "  tyi)e.     See  below.  No.  51. 

Blue-glazed  j)orcelain. 

47.  Figure  of  the  god  lies.  Represented  in  a 
characteristic  attitude,  as  a  bearded  dwarf,  with 
long  ears,  bowed  legs,  and  arms  resting  on 
thighs.  He  is  sometimes  represented  also  with 
])rotrudiug  tongue,  and  dressed  in  the  skin  of  an 
animal,  with  tail  hanging  down  at  the  back. 
(Cf.  Wiedemann,  JRelit/ion,  pp.  In9  fF.) 

This  figure  originally  had  a  crown  of  feathers, 
which  lias  been  bi-oken  off. 

Of  blue-glazed  porcelain. 

There  is  nothing  to  prove  the  generally  ex- 
pressed idea  that  this  gotl  was  one  of  foreign 
origin  brought  into  Egypt  at  a  later  perio<l,  per- 
haps at  the  beginning  of  the  New  Empire. 
Amulets  in  the  form  of  this  gotl  ai-e  now  known 
as  early  as  the  Vtli  or  Vlth  dynasty,  and  his 
worship  certainly  began  as  early  as  that.    In  the 


periotl  of  the  Late  New  Empii-e  (to  which  our 
figure  belongs)  these  representations  of  him  be- 
came extremely  common,  and  they  have  been 
found  at  nearly  all  the  Greek  sites  to  which 
Egyptian  influence  sjnead.  (Cf.  also  the  one 
from  Aegiiia,  Plate  CXLIV.  10.) 

48.  Seated  figure  of  a  cat 
White-glazed  porcelain. 

The  cat  figures  in  Egyjitian  art  as  the  sacred 
animal  of  the  goddess  Bast,  the  centre  of  whose 
cult  was  at  Bubastis,  in  the  Delta.  Innumera- 
ble repi-esentations  of  this  animal,  in  branze 
as  well  as  in  iwrcelain,  have  been  found  there, 
and  f  i-om  its  proximity  to  Naukratis  it  is  easy  to 
account  for  the  manner  in  which  these  figui-cH 
have  found  their  way  to  Greek  sites.  A  similar 
figure  to  this  was  found  at  Aegina  (cf.  PLATK 
CXLIV.  9). 

49.  Figure  of  Ptah,  in  the  form  Ptah-Seker- 
Osiris,  a  comi»osite  deity,  who  figures  imncijially 
as  a  god  of  the  dead.  As  such  he  is  represented 
as  here,  as  a  squatty  figure  crowned  with  feathers, 
and  with  bowed  legs  and  hands  on  his  hips. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

50.  Figure  of  a  deity  (?  ),  bearded  and  with 
the  heavy  wig  falling  down  before  the  shoulders. 
Originally  crowned    with   some   attribute,  now 


missing. 


Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

51.  Figure  of  the  "  Aiwllo  "  tyi)e,  repi-esent- 
ing  the  gotl  as  playing  on  the  double  pipe. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

This  motive,  of  jdaying  on  the  double  i»ii)e, 
occurs  in  Egyptian  art  in  mural  paintings  of  the 
XVIIIth  dynasty  and  onwards,  in  scenes  of  feast- 
ing and  dancing  (cf.  Erinan,  Lift-  in  Ancient 
Ef/tjpt,  p.  250),  but  is  unknown  in  the  case  of 
faience  or  bronze  figui-es.  Figui-es  of  this  tyj)e 
are  solely  the  prwluct  of  (iraeco-Egyptian  ait, 
and  were  first  identified  at  Naukratis  (see  alwve). 
Another  example  was  also  found  here  at  the 
Ileraeum.     (Plate  CXLIV.  53.) 

52.  Figure  similar  in  tyi)e  to  No.  51,  which 
may  jwssibly  represent  one  oi  the  other  tyj^s  of 
Apollo  identifieil  at  Naukratis.    (Cf.  Kaulrotinj 

I.  §  IT.) 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

The  figure  is  represented  with  the  heavy  wig, 
broadening  out  over  the  ears  and  falling  behind 
them  on  the  shoulders.  In  feature  this  ty|)e  has 
nothing  in  common  with  Egj'])tian  art  of  the 
])eri<Hl,  the  long  face  narrowing  down  at  the  chin 
and  the  eyes  protruding  from  their  sockets  being 


EGYPTIAN,   OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


373 


strongly  characteristic,  rather,  of  contemporary 
Greek  art.     These  same  characteristics  appear 
also  in  Nos.  46  and  51,  and  they  are  all  un- 
doubtedly due  to  one  and  the  same  influence. 
Plate  CXLIV.  (mz/c  5:  6  [left],  1 :  1  [right]). 

53.  Same  motive  as  in  No.  51.  AjwUo  playing 
on  the  double  \n\ye. 

Blue-glazed  )x>rcelain. 

54.  Figure  of  a  hare,  recumbent. 
Blue-glazed  iK>rcelain. 

As  a  hieroglyphic  woixl-sign,  the  hare  has  the 
value  wen  =  ' to  be.'  It  is  the  common  desert 
hare  of  Egypt,  and  is  generally  represented,  as 
here,  with  greatly  exaggerated  ears  (cf.  Griffith, 
JHcroijJyiths^  pi.  i.  2).  This  animal  was  sacred 
to  Osiris  Wen-nefer,  and  votive  figures  and 
amulets  in  this  form  are  very  coinmon. 

55.  Fragment :  form  undeterminable. 
Blue-glazed  i)orcelain. 

56.  Fi-agmeiit  of  a  i)oreelain  vase,  blue-glazed. 
The  ornamentation  consists  of  a  double  band 

moulded  in  relief :  the  upjier,  of  iK'ri>endicular 
parallel  lines  between  two  horizontal  ones,  and 
the  lower,  of  a  series  of  rectangles,  each  with  a 
circle  at  the  centre,  separated  by  two  peri)en- 
diciilar  lines. 

I5oth  of  these  forms  are  well-known  Egyptian 
ones,  and  occur  regularly  as  border  patterns  in 
walklecoration  and  the  like.  (Cf.  Petrie,  Dero- 
ratiiw  Art,  figs.  186  and  194.) 

57.  Fragment  of  a  vase,  with  decoration  simi- 
lar to  the  \x\)\)eT  band  on  No.  56. 

Blue-glazed  {Ktrcelain. 

58.  Porcelain  whorl,  blue-glazed.  In  shape, 
like  two  truncated  cones  base  to  base,  and  with 

a  hole  through  centre 
|)erpendicularly.  (Fig. 
3.)  Decoration,  on  both 
sides,  of  a  rosette.  This 
form  of  ornament,  the 
rosette,  is  one  of  the 
commonest  in  Egyptian 
art  at  all  i)eriotl8,  but  it 
is  often  so  conventionalized  that  it  is  difficult 
to  determine  its  derivation.  In  this  form,  with 
broad,  round-ended  petJils,  it  has  l>een  identified 
by  Petrie  (Ihrorative  Art,  i)p.  56-58)  as  the 
daisy,  and  by  Borchardt  (Pfanzenmule,  p.  4, 
note  1)  as  the  chrysanthemum  coronarbnn. 
Among  the  objects  f  rem  Aegina,  however,  is  the 
cover  of  a  kohl  pot  in  blue-glazed  porcelain 
(Plate  CXLIV.  7),  which,  with  its  centre  in 
relief,   certainly  represents   the   daisy;   and  it 


Fio.  3.  —  Porcklain 
Whorl. 


would  seem,  from  the  more  common  occurrence 
of  the  daisy,  that  that  would  more  likely  have 
been  taken  as  a  motive. 

It  also  occurs  with  petals  with  pointed  ends, 
as,  for  example,  on  another  whorl  from  the  He- 
raeuin  (Plate  CXLIV.  59),  but  in  such  cases 
it  is  certainly  derived  from  another  source. 

One  of  the  earliest  occurrences  of  the  rosette 
is  the  eight-ijetaled  form  on  the  headband  of 
the  statue  of  Nefert,  of  the  IVtb  dynasty,  from 
Meduni,  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum,  and  we  find 
it  employed  afterwards  in  innumerable  ways,  — 
not  only  as  an  ornament  on  sculpture,  but,  in 
combination  with  other  patterns,  as  a  border- 
pattern  in  wall-painting  (cf.  Petrie,  oj).  cit.  figs. 
125, 126),  as  a  motive  in  ceiling  decoration  (cf. 
Wilkinson,  Ancient  Eg^jptians,  2d  ed.  I.  pi. 
viii.),  in  the  glazed -porcelain  tile  decoration  of 
Tell  el-Amarna  (cf.  Petrie,  Tell  el-Amarna,  pis. 
xiii.  ff.),  and  the  similar  decoration  of  the  palace 
of  Rameses  III.  at  Tell  el-Yahudieh  (cf.  Hayter- 
Lewis,  in  Trans.  Soc.  Bill.  Arch.  vol.  vii.).  It 
likewise  occurs  as  a  pattern  in  the  cloth  and 
leather  coverings  of  royal  thrones  (cf.  Wilkin- 
son, op.  cit.  I.  Frontispiece),  in  bead-work  (cf. 
(iarstang.  El  Arahuh,  pi.  xxii.),  and  in  decora- 
tive metal-work,  as  in  the  silver  bowls  from 
Mendes,  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum  (cf.  MasiJero, 
Manmil  Egypt.  Arch.  figs.  285  and  286). 

59.  Porcelain  whorl,  blue -glazed,  of  same 
shai>e  as  No.  58.  Here  the  decoration  consists  of 
a  flower  with  petals  sharply  pointed,  —  a  form 
which  occurs  constantly  and  has  been  identified 
with  certainty  by  15orchardt  as  derived  from  the 
nymphuea  caerulea  (cf.  Pjlanzensiiule,  p.  12). 

60.  Fragment  of  a  group  of  two  figures,  in 
blue-glazed  porcelain.  The  right  figure  is  male, 
and  the  left  female,  with  breasts  clearly  pro- 
nounced. They  are  represented  side  by  side,  a 
position  which  occurs  so  frequently  in  Egyptian 
sculpture,  both  in  standing  and  seated  groups  of 
husband  and  wife.  Each  has  the  heavy  wig,  — 
which  here  shows  traces  of  having  been  originally 
colored  black,  —  falling  down  behind  the  eai-s 
upon  the  shoulders,  while  on  the  right  breast  of 
the  female  figure  are  two  black  dots,  as  if  a  neck- 
lace had  been  represented. 

61.  Base  and  lower  part  of  a  half-kneeling 
figure,  of  blue-glazetl  porcelain. 

Represented  kneeling  on  the  left  knee,  with 
right  knee  raiseil  and  foot  squarely  on  base.  It 
is  the  position  of  one  about  to  rise,  or  to  upraise 
an  object,  from  the  ground,  and  occurs  in  figures 


372 


EGYPTIAN,   OK    (iHAECO  ECiYPTIAN.   OIUECTS 


known.     (C'f.  Murray,  Cat.  of  Gems  in  Brit. 
JLts.  pi.  B.  14G. ) 

41.   Amniivntly,  a  convi'Utionalized  ilesign,  of 
wliicli  the  centre  is  a  searabaeus  witli  outsitreail 


winy;s. 


Scaral>eoiil,  of  yellow  y;las.s. 
Of  same  stvle  and  umloubt- 
edly  of  same  origin  as  40;  if. 
Fig.  2,  a  similar  scarabeoitl  of 
Fir..  •_'.  —  .scAitA-     .nvenish    blue    <dass    fountl    at 
ATU-.  a>dim:uk-     Eleusis  (Athens  Mus.  1U5»GU  ). 

ABLY       1'hOK.M-  ._       ,,"  -1  1     . 

riAN.  ouuji>.  42.    Papyrus-capital    anmlet. 

Founa a.  KUusis.      As  a  hierogl> pilie  word-sign  the 

papyrus     stem     has    the    value 

«'(/</  =  green.  H*nirishlng  (ef.    liorehanlt.  Pjliiu- 

'AHsihilt^  p.  20,  aud  Griffith,  JIino»ji>/i>/m,  tig. 

i2:o- 

Here,  as  an  amulet,  with  its  suggesti»m  of  use 
as  a  eolumn,  it  seems  to  have  borne  the  idea  ot 
solidity,  strength,  and  henee  well-being. 

Blue-glazed  i)oreelain.  Pierced,  at  the  base 
of  the  die,  for  suspension. 

43.  Pendant  or  anudet.  of  unknown  meaning. 
Of  crystal.     Similar  pendants  (x»eur  in  Egypt 

at  nearly  everv  period,  from  the  Xlltli  dynasty 
on. 

44.  Like  No.  43,  but  of  blue-gla/ed  porcelain, 
and  pierced  perpendicularly  in  the  base  by  a 
small  s(piare  hole,  as  if  for  use  as  a  knob. 

4&  lleatl  of  a  nude  figure,  of  blue-gla/ed 
porcelain.  The  modeling  of  the  head,  with  its 
thick,  massive  wig,  is  characteristically  Egyj)- 

tian. 

46.  Head  of  a  male  figure,  eviilently  of  the 
••  Aptdlo'*  type.      See  bt'h)W,  No.  51. 

Blue-glazeil  }M)rcelain. 

47.  Fi"ure  of  the  god  lies.  Kepresented  in  a 
characteristic  attitude,  as  a  bearded  dwarf,  with 
long  ears,  bowed  legs,  and  arms  resting  on 
thighs.  He  is  sometimes  repix'sented  also  with 
protruding  tongue,  and  dressed  in  the  skin  of  an 
animal,  with  tail  hanging  «lowii  at  the  back. 
(C'f.  Wiedemann,  Ji(/i</!<>tt,  pp.  l')0  ff.> 

This  figure  originally  had  a  crown  of  feathers. 
whi«'h  has  been  broken  ofV. 

Of  blue-glazed  ])orcelain. 

There  is  nothing  to  jirove  the  generally  ex- 
pressed idea  that  this  g()d  was  one  of  foreign 
origin  brought  into  Egyjtt  at  a  later  perio<l.  i>er- 
hai>3  at  the  lieginning  «)f  the  New  Empire. 
Amulets  in  the  form  of  this  god  .ii-e  now  known 
as  early  as  the  Vth  or  Vlth  dynasty,  and  his 
worship  certainly  began  as  early  as  that.     In  the 


periml  of  the  Lute  New  Empire  (to  which  our 
ligui-e  belongs )  these  representations  of  Iiim  b«'- 
came  extremely  «*ommou,  and  they  have  been 
found  at  nearly  all  the  Greek  sites  to  which 
Egyptian  intlueiice  spread.  ( C'f.  also  the  one 
from  Aegina,  Pl.AlK  ("XLIV.  lU.) 

48.  Seated  figure  of  a  cat. 
W  hite-glazed  jiorcclaiu. 

The  cat  figures  in  Egyptian  art  as  the  sacred 
animal  of  the  goddess  Bast,  the  centre  of  whose 
cult  was  at  Bubastis,  in  the  Delta.  Innumera- 
ble representations  of  this  animal,  in  bronze 
as  well  as  in  porcelain,  hay*'  Ikch  found  theix', 
and  from  its  proximity  to  Naukratis  it  is  tasy  to 
account  for  the  manner  in  which  these  figuivs 
have  found  their  way  to  Cireek  sites.  A  >imilar 
figure  to  this  was  found  at  Aegina  (cf.  Pi.ATK 
C'XLIV.  9). 

49.  Kigure  of  Ptah,  in  the  form  Ptah-Seker- 
Osiris,  a  composite  deity,  who  figures  principally 
as  a  gotl  of  the  death  As. Mich  he  i>  representtd 
as  here,  as  a  sipiatty  figure  crow  netl  w  ith  feathers, 
and  with  bowed  legs  an«l  hantls  on  his  hips. 

Blue-glazed  jMircelain. 

50.  Figure  «»f  a  deity  ('!').  bearded  and  witli 
the  heavy  wig  falling  ilown  before  the  shouhlers. 
Ori<riuallv  crowned  with  some  attribute,  now 
missing. 

Blue-glazed  jwrcelain. 

51.  Figure  of  the  "  Apollo  "  tyjK',  represent- 
ing the  go«l  as  playing  on  the  double  pil>e. 

iUue-glazed  porc»lain. 

This  motive,  of  |»laying  on  the  double  i»ii»o, 
tMcurs  in  Egyptian  art  in  mural  paintings  of  the 
XVII  Ith  dynasty  and  ouward>,  in  scenes  of  feast- 
ing  and  dancing  (cf.  Erman,  IJ/r  in  Amiviit 
Etfiipt.  l».  2'>0),  but  is  unknown  in  the  case  of 
faience  or  l)ronze  figures.  Figures  of  this  type 
are  solely  the  pio«lnet  of  (Jraeco-Egyptian  art, 
and  were  first  identified  at  Naukratis  (  see  above"). 
Another  example  was  also  found  here  at  the 
Ileraeuin.      (  Pi.ATK  CXLI V.  A3.) 

52.  Figure  similar  in  tyiM'  to  No.  51,  which 
may  |K>ssibly  ii-preseiit  one  of  the  other  types  of 
Ajjollo  identified  at  Naukratis.    (Cf.  Xoiiknitii*^ 

l.i  17.) 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

The  figure  is  represente<l  with  the  heavy  wig, 
broadening  out  over  the  ears  and  falling  behind 
them  on  the  shouhlers.  In  feature  this  tyiK*  has 
nothing  in  common  with  Eirvptian  art  of  the 
]M*ritMl.  the  long  face  narrowing  d<»wii  at  the  chin 
and  the  eyes  protruding  from  tlwir  smkets  being 


ECJYPTIAN,   OK   GRAECO  EGYPTIAN,   OIUECTS 


373 


strongly  characteristi<-,  rather,  of  contemimrary 
(ireek  art.     These  same  characteristi<-s  api>ear 
also  in   Nos.  46  ami   51,  and  they   are  all  un- 
doubtedly due  to  one  and  the  same  iiiHuenee. 
Pi.ATK  CXLIV.  (wf/A-  o:G  [left],  1  :  1  [right]). 

53.  Same  motive  as  in  No.  51.  AjwUo  playing 
on  the  doul>le  pi|)e. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

54.  Figure  of  a  hare,  recumbent. 
Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

As  a  hiei-oglyphic  word-sign,  the  hare  has  the 
value  trr/«  =  *  to  be.'  It  is  the  common  desert 
hare  of  Egypt,  and  is  generally  represented,  as 
here,  with  greatly  exaggerated  ears  ( cf.  (Jrifiith, 
Hirruijli/iihs.,  pi.  i.  -1 ).  This  animal  was  sacred 
to  Osiris  Wen-nefer,  and  votive  figures  ami 
amulets  ill  this  form  are  very  common. 

55.  Fragment :  form  undeterminable. 
Blue-glazeil  |)orcelaiu. 

56.  Fragment  of  a  porcelain  vase,  blue-glaze«l. 
The  ornamentati«>n  consists  of  a  double  ban«l 

uioiilded  in  relief :  the  npjHjr,  of  perpendicular 
parallel  lines  between  two  horizontal  ones,  and 
the  lower,  of  a  .series  of  rectangles,  each  with  a 
circle  at  the  centre,  separated  by  two  i)er|>en- 
diciilar  lines. 

Both  of  these  forms  are  well-known  Egy])tiaii 
ones,  and  occur  regularly  as  btuder  patterns  in 
wall-th'coiation  and  the  like.  (  Cf.  Petrie,  Ihr,,- 
rofirr  Art,  tigs.  IHG  ami  194.) 

57.  Fragment  of  a  vase,  with  decoration  simi- 
lar to  the  upper  band  on  No.  56. 

Blue-glazed  |)orcelain. 

5ft  Porcelain  whorl,  blue-glazed.  In  shape, 
like  two  truncated  cones  base  to  base,  and  with 

a  hole  through  centre 
per|)endicularly.  ( Fig. 
3.)  1  >ecoration,  on  both 
sides,  of  a  rosette.  This 
form  t)f  ornament,  the 
rosette,  is  one  of  the 
conimoiie.st  in  Egyptian 
art  at  all  i)eri»>d.s,  but  it 
is  t»ften  so  conyenti«>nalized  that  it  is  diffiiidt 
to  «letermine  its  derivation.  In  this  fjuni,  with 
broad,  round-«'nded  jK-tals,  it  has  been  identified 
by  Petrie  {  Ihronttirr  Art,  ]))>.  00-58)  as  the 
daisy,  and  by  Borehardt  ( I\ffanzt'nsiiiih\  p.  4, 
note  1)  as  the  rhnimtntheiinnn  cofOHOfiinn. 
Among  the  objects  from  Aegina.  however,  is  the 
cover  of  a  kohl  ]>ot  in  l>lue-glazed  i)orcelain 
(Pi.ATK  CXLIV.  7),  which,  with  its  centre  in 
relief,    certainly   represents    the   daisy ;    and  it 


FlO.  X  —  POKCKLAIX 
WllOKL. 


would  seem,  from  the  more  common  occurrence 
of  the  dai.sy,  that  that  would  more  likely  have 
been  taken  as  a  motive. 

It  also  occurs  with  petals  with  pointed  ends, 
as,  for  examiile,  on  another  whorl  from  the  Ile- 
raeum  (  Platk  CXLIV.  59),  but  in  such  cases 
it  is  certainly  derived  from  another  source. 

One  of  the  earliest  occurrences  of  the  rosette 
is  the  eight-petaled  f«>rm  on  the  headband  of 
the  statue  of  Nefert.  of  the  IVth  dynasty,  from 
Medum,  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum,  and  we  find 
it  employed  afterwards  in  innumerable  ways,  — 
not  only  as  an  ornament  on  sculpture,  but,  in 
combination  with  other  pattern.s,  as  a  border- 
pattern  in  wall-painting  (cf.  Petrie.  oji.  cit.  figs. 
125,  12(j),  as  a  motive  in  ceiling  decoration  (cf. 
Wilkinson.  Ancient  Kytjptians,  2d  ed.  I.  pi. 
viii.),  in  the  glazed-porcelain  tile  decoration  of 
Tell  el-Amarna  (cf.  Petrie,  Tell  cI-Atnatmi.  pis. 
xiii.  ft". ),  and  the  similar  decoration  of  the  palace 
of  Hameses  III.  at  Tell  el-Yahudieh  (cf.  Ilayter- 
Lewis,  in  Ti-an,s.  Soc.  Bill.  Arch.  vol.  vii.).  It 
likewise  occurs  as  a  pattern  in  the  cloth  and 
leather  coverings  of  royal  thrones  (cf.  Wilkin- 
.son,  op.  rit.  I.  Frontispiece),  in  bead-work  (cf. 
(iarstang,  7:7  Anihah,  pi.  xxii.),  and  in  decora- 
tive metal- work,  as  in  the  silver  bowls  from 
Meiides.  now  in  the  Cairo  Mu.seum  (cf.  Maspero, 
Minnnil  h'lii/jtt.  Anh.  figs.  285  and  280). 

59.  Porcelain  whorl,  blue -glazed,  of  same 
shape  as  No.  58.  Here  the  decoration  consists  of 
a  fiower  with  petals  sharply  pointed,  —  a  form 
which  occurs  constantly  and  has  been  identified 
with  certainty  by  Borehardt  as  derived  from  the 
iHjniphaea  euei-uUn  (cf.  ]*fan\ensiiulv,  p.  12). 

60.  Fragment  of  a  grouj)  of  two  figures,  in 
blue-glazed  porcelain.  The  right  figure  is  male, 
and  the  left  female,  with  Ineasts  clearly  pro- 
nounced. They  are  represented  side  by  side,  a 
position  which  occurs  so  fre(piently  in  Egj'ptian 
sculptui-e,  both  in  standing  and  seated  groups  of 
husband  and  wife.  Each  has  the  heavy  wiir,  — 
w  hich  here  show  s  traces  of  having  been  originally 
c<dored  black,  —  falling  down  behind  the  ears 
\\\to\\  the  shoulders,  while  on  the  right  breast  of 
the  female  figure  are  two  black  dots,  as  if  a  neck- 
lac«'  had  been  represented. 

61.  Rise  and  lower  part  of  a  half-kneeling 
figure,  of  blue-glazed  porcelain. 

Hejuesented  kneeling  on  the  left  knee,  with 
right  knee  lai.sed  and  foot  squarely  on  base.  It 
is  the  position  of  one  about  to  rise,  or  to  upraise 
an  object,  from  the  ground,  and  occurs  in  figures 


374 


ECIYPTIAX,  (m  (;HAFX'0-EGYPTIAN,  otuects 


The  Argivr  IIeraeim 


of  the  god  Shu,  who  is  repifsontoil  with  arms  tions  of  him  are  very  eommou  in  tlie  Late  New 

upliftoii  ami  supporting  the  ht»riz«>u  ami  sun's  Empire,  ami  are  the  only  ones  in  which  this  un- 

ilisk  above  his  lieail  (^ef.  Masi)ero,  Ihi>r,i  nf  Civ  usual  positi»»n  occurs,  so  far  as  1  know.     Conse- 

Uhatlon,  p.  127).     Shu  was  the  "  uplifter  "  of  «iuently  we  may  have  here  the  lower  part  of  such 

the  heavens  from  the  earth.     These  represcnta-  a  figure. 


Plate  CXLIII 


• 


m 


0 


CM 


s 

D 

f-r> 

^ 

■^ 

2b: 

'.^ 

H^ 

> 

^  o 

Ifl 

'-> 

■■« 

r^ 

•-^ 

•« 

o 

Oj 

&. 

CO 

m^ 

h 

O 

ID 

*-> 

cn 

•^ 

/•^ 

^ 

A 

< 

•^ 

H 

*■< 

>■ 

**•>, 

>./ 

•* 

U 

tn 

374 


EGYPTIAN,   OR   GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


of  the  g(Hl  Shu,  who  is  represented  with  arms  tions  of  him  are  very  common  in  the  Late  New 

uplifted  and  supporting  the  horizon  and  sun's  Empire,  and  are  the  only  ones  in  which  this  un- 

disk  above  his  head  (ef.  Maspero,  Dium  of  Civ-  usual  position  occurs,  so  far  as  I  know.     Conse- 

illzation,  p.  127).     Shu  was  the  "  uplifter  "  of  quently  we  may  have  hei-e  the  lower  part  of  such 

the  heavens  from  the  earth.     These  representa-  a  figure. 


The  Argive  Herakum 


Plate  CXLIII 


The  Argive  Heraelm 


Plate  CXLIV 


m 


Vj^i^^^*^ 


^'      <N 


INDEX 


< 


u 


o 

ai 

u 

b 

E* 

o 

< 

> 

w 


The  Argivf.  Heraeum 


Plate  CX LI V 


Z 


■Ji 


y 


->-«^: 


m 


U 


IXOF.X 


Mi 


INDEX 


By  may  LOUISE  NICHOLS 


AcHAEAX  League,  183,  359. 
Achaean  origin  of  My(!enaean  style,  71. 
Achaia,  coin  of,  358. 

Acrojiolis  (Athens),  develojmient  in  terra-cotta  figu- 
rines, compared  with  that  of  female  figures  from.  8, 
18 ;  poros  liea<ls  from,  29 ;  terra-cottas  from.  .'U ; 
statue  from,  compared  with  ten-a-cotta  figurine, 
ii5;  group  of  hulls  attacked  by  lions  from,  com- 
])ared  with  terra-cotta  group  from  Heraemii,  40 ; 
bronze  reliefs  from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  re- 
liefs from  Heraeum,  50,  51  ;  marble  relief  of 
charioteer  from,  comiiai-ed  with  terra-cotta  relief 
from  Heraeum,  53  ;  vases  from,  74,  76,  89,  V,i3 ; 
bronze  relief  fi-om,  compared  with  clesign  on  vase, 
169;  bronzes  from,  com])ai*ed  with  bronzes  from 
Heraeum,  194  n.  2,  204  ;/.  2,  274  n.  1,  288,  289, 
295,  296,  324,  326,  327,  329,  336. 

Advanced  Archaic  terra-cotta  figurines,  9,  38  f. 

Advanced  Argive  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  7,  8,  9, 
24  ff . 

"  Aegean  "  pottery,  66.  71,  77. 

Aegina,  relief  from,  com])ared  with  terra-cotta  relief. 
51  ;  vases  from,  64,  76,  89,  116,  119,  120,  130, 
131,  133,  K35,  138,  152,  153, 158,  175  «.  4;  men- 
tion of,  174, 175 ;  sus|)ension  vase  from,  similar  to 
bronze  one  from  the  Heraeum,  286;  Egyptian 
objects  from,  367,  368,  372. 

Aeolian  vases.  150,  151. 

Agrigentum,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1. 

Agripim,  L.  Caninius,  name  on  coin,  358. 

AiVas  (?),  on  vase,  173, 185. 

AiVc'os  (?),  on  vase  from  Heraeum,  173,  185. 

tiKfMxupKTiioi,  representetl  on  terra-cotta  idatjue  (?), 


KO 

i>^. 


AlalMistra,  126,  155,  166,  171,  178. 

Aliki,  vases  from,  89. 

Amathus,  slueld  from,  40 ;  fihda  from,  251  «.  3. 

Amen  Ra,  on  scarabs  fnmi  Heraeum,  370,  371; 
barque  of  Ra,  370,  371. 

Amorgos,  bracelet  from,  251  w.  2. 

Amphora  a  colonette,  preliminary  step  to,  135  ;  frag- 
ments of,  172,  173 :  in  Berlin,  185. 

Amphoras.  primitive,  69 ;  Mycenaean,  73,  79,  aS.  84. 
88. 92,93,  96  ;  geometric.  105. 106. 107,  109,  112, 
117,  118,  137,  157;  miscellaneous  types,  160: 
Corinthian,  166,  171,  172,  173;  black-figured 
style,  176,  178;  red-figured  style,  179. 


Amulets,  344,  372,  373. 

Amyclae,  vase  fragment  from.  112  ».  1. 

Analysis  of  clay  of  vase  fragments,  64  n.  9. 

Androsj)hinx,  on  ivory,  352. 

Animal  figures,  on  vases,  in  Mycenaean  style,  90.  91, 
geometric  style,  104. 107  ff.,  Argive  style.  127,  139, 
143,  145,  149,  153,  155,  on  miscellaneous  types, 
160,  161,  heads  of  (calves:"),  98;  in  Corinthian 
style,  167,  168,  169,  170,  171,  172;  in  black-fig- 
ured style,  177;  on  engraved  stones.  343,  346, 
347.  350,  winged.  349.  monkey-like,  349. 

Animals,  of  terra-cotta,  5, 9. 15,  23,  39  ff . ;  of  ]>ronze, 
193,  197-207 ;  for  head  of  bronze  pin,  235 ;  in 
ivory,  3.53. 

Anthedon,  knife  from,  299. 

•'  Anthropomor])hic  "  vases,  148. 

Antoninus  Pius,  coin  of,  358,  3(M),  361. 

Antyx  (dvTv$),  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  53 ;  on  vases, 
1(53.  164  :  of  bronze.  298. 

Ajihidna,  vase  fragment  from,  69,  99. 

Aphrodite,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14, 
15,  34;  bronze  statuette,  probably  of,  197;  on 
coins,  358. 

AjJoUo  of  Canachus.  195,  197. 

Ajwllo  of  Melos,  compared  with  figure  on  terra- 
cotta plaque,  48 ;  with  bronze  statuette,  195  and 
n.  4. 

Apollo.  Ptoan,  bronze  reliefs  from  temple  of,  com- 
pared with  terra-cotta  reliefs  from  Heraeum,  51 
52. 

Aiwllo,  Tenean,  compared  with  figure  on  terra-cotta 
plaque,  48, 49  ;  treatment  of  hair  similar  to  that  of, 
in  figure  on  vase,  154,  in  gorgon  on  ivory,  351. 

"Aiwllo"  tyi>e,  14.  29;  bronze  statuette  compared 
with,  195,  treatment  of  hair  in,  195  n.  4  ;  porcelain 
figure  of,  372,  373. 

Apparel,  articles  of.  in  ivory,  ,353. 

Apples,  terra-cotta  figurine  holding  (•') .  36. 

Ajiplied  color,  use  of,  in  vases.  123. 156-159. 160, 16^1 

Apulia,  Sikel  village  in,  pin  from,  240  h.  1  and  7 ; 
ring  from,  251  «.  3. 

Arcadius,  coin  of,  362. 

Archaic  heads  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  7,  9,  14  n.  5. 

Archaic  terra-cotta  figurines,  8,  9,  14. 

Archermus.  Nik^  of.  7,  52,  195  w.  3. 

Argive-Linear  decoration,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  7, 
27  ;  on  vases,  126-144.     See  also  Linear. 


H 


378 


INDEX 


Argive  ("  Proto-Corinthian  ")  style  in  vases,  Argive 

origin,  61i  f.,  64  n.  9,  67, 119  ff.  ;  linear  cliaracter- 

istics,  66,  120  :    derived  from   Mycenaean  style, 

121 ;    contemporaneous  with   geometric,    llil  ff. ; 

absorption  of  Oriental  influence,  122  ff.,  144  ff. ; 

relation  to  Corinth,   123,  153. 
Argive  embargo  against  Attic  vases,  17"),  180,  183. 
Argive  tyjie  of  engravetl  stones  and  gems,  346-4i49. 
Argolid,  the,  as  centre  of  Mycenaean  civilization,  78  ; 

silver  pin  from,  now  in  British  Museum,  191  h.  1. 

217  71.  2,  339 ;  coins  of,  3o9. 
Argos,  vase  fragment  at.  comjiared  witli  Heraeum 

fragment,  114;  vases  from.  119;  coins  of,  359  f. 
Aristeia,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 
"  Aristonothos  "   vase,   comparetl  in  technique  with 

one  from  Heraeum,  KiO  ii.  1,  163,  ll>4  and  h.  1. 
Arrow,  on  vases,  113,  151,  162,  163,  181. 
Arrowhea«l  pattern,  on  bronzes,  199,  200,  259,  262, 

283,  285.  293,  295 ;  on  engraved  stones,  347,  348  ; 

on  ivory,  Ji52. 
Arrowhead,  of  stone,  found  at  Heraeum.  354. 
Artemis,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14, 

15,  35.     See  also  Persian  Artemis. 
Aryballoi,  70,  71, 126, 14ii.  and  148  ii.  1  (ring-form), 

153,  166,  171,  185 ;  of  ivory,  353. 
Askos,  KM).  171. 
Astarte,  13  w.  10 ;  with  Hathor  crown,  compared 

with  bronze  statuette.  197. 
Athena,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (!'),  14; 

on  vase,  179 ;  bronze  serpent  from  aegis  of,  204. 
Athena  Cranaea,  temple  of,  bronze  fibulae  from,  244 

H.  2  ;  handle  from.  289. 
Athenaeus,  (piote<l,  13  n.  11,  175  n.  1. 
Athens,  vases  from,  142,  154 ;  bronze  relief  in,  com- 
pared with  jlesign  on  vase  from  Heraeum,  169 ; 

bronzes  found  at,  relation   to  Heraeum  bronzes, 

193;  embargo  on  jwttery  from.  175:  inscription 

from,  332.     See  also  Acrojjolis. 
Attica,  vases  from.  64,  107,  119. 
Augustus,  head  of,  on  coin,  358. 
Aurelian,  coins  of,  .361,  362. 
Aurelius,  Marcus,  head  of.  on  coin.  358.  ."159. 
Auxesia,  story  concerning  statue  of,  174. 

Bakeshop  scene,  terra-cotta,  15,  43. 

Ball,  bronze,  <$31. 

Balls,  on  vases,  159.  177  (on  sliield)  ;  on  coin,  363. 

Bands,  bronze,  ornamented,  270. 

Bars,  bronze,  330  f . 

Bather,  A.  G.,  references  to,  50  h.  1,  51  h.  8,  54  M.  3, 

192  tt.  2,  202  n.  3,  274  //.  1,  336,  338. 
Bathos,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1. 
"  Bauernstil."  103. 
Beads,  bronze,  264 ;  engrave<l  stones  used  as.  344, 

34.5 ;  of  glass  or  stone,  92,  353 ;  of  glazed  paste, 

3.54. 
Bear,  terra-cotta,  1.5.  hea«l  of,  41. 


Bed,  terra-cotta,  42  ;  bronze  fragment  of,  329. 
Bee-hive  tomb,  near  Mycenae,  10  n.  2 ;  tombs  near 

Heraeum,  73,  75,  79,  81,  88,  89,  91-95,  98. 
Beetle,  intaglio  on  bronze  seal  ring,  251. 
Bell,  bronze,  299  ;  beU-shai>ed  pendant,  264. 
"  Bell "  of  wheel,  bronze,  298  f. 
Berlin,  tripoil  vase  from  Tanagra  in.  52  ;  Corinthian 

pinakes  in,  relation  to  pinakes  from  Heraeum,  54 ; 

Argive  lekythos  in,  145,  l(i3,  179;  tri]KMl  bowl  in, 

170  ;  vase  in,  195  n.  3 ;  armlet  in,  compared  with 

bronze  from  Heraeum,  267  n.  1. 
Bes,  terra-cotta  figures  of  ty])e  of,  8,  13,  28,  29 ;  on 

seal  of   silver   ring,  338  ;   ivory  figure  of,  353 ; 

porcelain  figure  of,  368,  372. 
Biga,  on  vase,  154  ;  on  terra-cotta  disk,  354. 
Binding,  bronze,  328. 
Binding-strips,  bronze,  269. 
Bird,  human-heade<l,  terra-cotta,  41  :    "  bird-face  " 

in   terra-cotta   figurines,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9   and   n.  6, 

14  H.  5.  16  ff. 
Birds,  terra-cotta,  15 ;   terra-cotta  figurine  holding, 

36;  on  vases,  90,  108,  109,  111,  114,  115,  116, 

117, 118,  127,  129,  130,  133, 135,  139, 144,  146, 

149,  150,  152,  153,  162,  163,  167,  168,  169,  171, 

172,  174,  183,  185 ;  of  bronze,  aquatic,  204  f., 

land,  205-207,  on  safety-])in,  244,  head  and  neck 

of.  wing  of.  274,  head,  beak  of,  297  ;  331 ;  on  en- 

graveil  stones,  343,  347,  flying,  348, 349 ;  on  ivory, 

3.51,  352  ;  shell  of  egg  of,  353. 
Black-figured  style,  60,  62,  65,  66,  174-178. 
Boar,  on  vases,  147,  152,  165,  167.  169. 
Boat,  on  vase,  113  and  ».  2,  115;  inverted,  form  of 

ar(*h  of  bronze  safety-pin,  242. 
IWlkins,  of  ivorj',  .'i.53. 
Boehlau.  J.,  references  to.  54  «.  6,  144  n.  2,  145.  1,50 

n.  2,  151,  160  notes  1,  2,  2:i5  n.  4,  240  n.  6,  242 

».  4,  243  n.  1. 
Boeotia,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1,  14  and 

M.  5  ;  vases  from.  109.  116,  143 ;  bronze  pin  from, 

2a5  H.  4.  240  n.  6.  242  «.  4  ;  annlet  from,  267  ti.  1. 
Bologna,  fibulae  from.  240  w.  1,  242  notes  1  and  2, 

244  ».  4. 
Borgo  S.  Se]M>lchro.  pins  from,  223  n.  3. 
Bos-iijilk.  vases  from,  compared  with  those  from  the 

Heraeum.  68.  70,  97. 
Boston,  Argive  lekythoi  in,  13.5,  146, 152  «.  1. 
Bottle,  of  colored  glass  ("  Phoenician  "),  353. 
B<»w,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  «.  4,  Ii5  ;  on  vases, 

113,  181. 
Bowls,  72,  73,  74,  79,  80.  81,  82, 83,  84.  85,  86,  87, 

88,  89,  90,  91,  %,  98,  105,  106,  107,  108,  KK), 

110,  112,  113,  114,  115,  116,  158,  161,  170,  173; 

three-legged,  70,  74  ;  bronze,  284-286. 
Boxing-match,  represented  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  52  ; 

on  vase,  113. 
Boyd.  Harriet  A.,  reference  to,  241  n.  7. 
Bracelets,  bronze,  251. 


INDEX 


379 


Brachycepluilism,  in  head  of  bronze  horseman,  195 
n.  1. 

Braid-pattern.     See  Guilloche. 

Branchidae,  seated  figures  from,  14.  36. 

Bread,  woman  kneading,  terra-cotta  figurine,  18. 

Bricks,  terra-cotta,  47. 

Bridle,  on  vases,  148,  154,  184. 

British  Museum,  vases  in,  eompare<l  with  Heraetnn 
specimens,  131,  132,  1.35,  1.38,  14,3  n.  1,  144,  140, 
154,  155,  160  n.  1,  166  n.  2,  180;  silver  pin  in, 
from  Ai^lis,  191  n.  1,  217  n.  2.  339 ;  bronzes  in, 
comjMired  with  Heraeum  bronzes,  204  notes  1,  2, 
217  n.  1,  240  n.  1,  244  n.  3,  251  n.  3,  294.  .300. 

Bronzes  from  the  Heraeum,  191^339 ;  introduction, 
191-193  ;  process  of  cleaning,  192  and  n.  2  ;  classi- 
fication, 192 :  various  })eriods  in,  193 ;  techni([ue 
of,  193 ;  relation  to  metal  work  of  other  centres. 
193 ;  catalogue,  194-331 ;  fragments  of  statues,  194, 
statuettes  and  fragments  of  statuettes,  194-197,  an- 
imals, 197-207,  ornament  and  toilet,  207-275,  ves- 
sels, 275-298,  implements,  utensils,  structural  pieces 
and  materials,  298-.'i31;  ap})endix,  inscriptions  on 
the  bronzes,  .'132-339. 

Buckles,  bronze,  249. 

Bud,  bronze  nail-head  representing,  327. 

Bull,  attacked  by  lion,  terra-cotta  group,  15,  39  f.. 
motive  in  Greek  art,  40  ;  on  vases,  139,  146,  167, 
169.     See  also  Cattle. 

Bull's  head,  in  terra-cotta,  14,  23,  41 ;  on  vases. 
146,  183 ;  on  engrave<l  stones.  ,'i49 ;  on  coin,  Ii57. 

Bulle,  H.,  reference  to,  26.5  n.  1. 

Butterfly  (?),  on  ivory,  352. 

Button,  bronze,  327  ;  button-slia])e,  in  engraved  stones, 
345,  346,  'Ml,  348 ;  in  ivory,  352. 

Byzantine  coins,  357,  362  f. 

Byzantine  ware,  vases,  180,  184. 

Cabirion  near  Thebes,  potters  at,  64 ;  vases  found  at, 

180  ;  inscription  from,  338. 
Cakes,  dish  of,  terra-cotta,  15,  42. 

Calathi,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines. 
10  n.  2,  12  f.,  26.  27,  32  ;  vases,  124  f..  145. 

Callaly  Castle  (Forman  Collection),  oinochoe  formerly 
at,  129. 

Camirus,  poros  statuette  from,  com])ared  with  terra- 
cotta figurine,  35;  gold  hormus  from,  compared 
with  terra-cotta  plaque,  51 ;  vases  from,  143,  1.55, 

181  ;    bronze  statuette  of  goat    from,  201   n.  1  ; 
Egyptian  objects  from,  367,  369. 

Canachus.   See  A}M)Uo  of. 

CaiM,  bronze,  328. 

Captive,  on  coin,  361. 

Caracalla,  head  of,  on  coin,  .359. 

Carneia,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  .'i36. 

Cams,  coin  of,  ^^1. 

Castings,  bronze,  .331. 

Cat,  porcelain  figure  of,  368,  372. 


Cattle,  bronze,  201  ff.;  on  engraved  stones,  348,  350. 

CauUlron,  on  vase,  164,  165 ;  of  bronze,  275  ff,,  329. 

Centaur,  terra-cotta,  15,  40 ;  on  terra-cotta  plaque, 
48,  53  f.;  on  relief  vase  in  Louvre,  49  n.  1  ;  on 
vases,  162,  163,  181. 

Centi-e-piece,  bronze,  328. 

Cephalonia.     See  Corfu. 

Cervetri,  gold  breastplate  frcmi,  design  of,  compared 
with  that  of  bronze  from  Heraeum,  251  n.  1. 

Cesnola,  L.  P.  di,  references  to,  38,  40, 197  «.  1,  250 
n.  1. 

Chaeronea,  bronze  rings  from,  in  Atliens  Museum, 
250  7t.  3, 

Cliain.  bronze,  327  f. 

Chair,  teri-a-cotta,  5  and  n.  1,  42,  92. 

Chalcidian  origin  of  ''  Proto-Corinthian  "  style.  119. 

Chalcidian  vases,  16.3,  169. 

Cliariot,  on  terra-cotta  pUupies,  48,  53,  54 ;  on  vases, 
11.3,  163,  164,  177. 

Clmrioteer,  on  terra-cotta  jjlaque,  53. 

Chase,  G.  H.     See  Waldstein. 

Checkerboard  pattern,  on  vases,  105,  106.  109,  114, 
127,  128,  129,  130,  137,  139,  140,  141,  142,  151, 
152,  153,  155,  162, 168. 

Cheramyes,  statue,  30, 

Chimaera,  on  coin,  358. 

Chisel,  bronze.  300. 

Chiton,  method  of  fastening  as  shown  by  terra-cotta 
figurines,  11  ;  on  terra-cotta  ])laque,  50;  on  vases. 
117,  169 ;  on  bronze,  talaric.  265  ;  on  coin,  357. 

Chiusi,  vase  from,  118, 

Chloris  (in  gi-oup  with  Leto).  on  coin,  359. 

Christ,  bust  of,  on  coins,  3(>3. 

Circles  (with  or  without  central  dot),  on  vases,  69.  84. 
86,  87,  88, 105, 107, 109,  111,  11.5,  145, 146,  149. 
157, 158, 163, 170, 18^^  ;  on  lamp,  184  ;  on  bronzes, 
206,  209,  210,  213,  220,  223,  227,  228,  229,  231, 
235,  248,  249.  250,  265,  266,  268,  269,  270,  274, 
275,  278,  283.  284,  285,  297,  311,  314,  on  en- 
graved stone,  349  ;  on  ivory,  352.  353. 

Cist,  bronze,  in  Museo  Gregoriano,  compared  with 
Heraeum  bronze,  290. 

Clamps,  bronze,  328. 

Claw,  bronze,  274. 

Clazomenae,  technique  of  sarcophagi  from,  compared 
witli  that  of  vase  fragments  from  Heraeum,  150. 

"Clover-leaf  "  i\\ie  of  fibula,  on  terra-cotta  figurines. 
10  and  n.  2,21,  23,26,31. 

Coatings,  bronze,  270. 

Cock,  terra-cotta,  15,  41 ;  on  vase,  178 ;  of  bronze, 
205  f.,  274  n.  2. 

Codrus,  legend  of,  104. 

Coins  from  the  Heraeum,  357-363 ;  general  discus- 
sion, 357  :  catalogue.  357-36^^  ;  of  Greece.  357— 
.360  ;  of  Rome  (Empire),  361  f.,  (Eastern  Empire), 
362  f . ;  Venice,  363  ;  uncertain,  363, 

Color,  use  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  6,  7,  8.  9 : 


380 


INDEX 


INDEX 


381 


use  of  extra  or  applied,  in  vases,  123,  15(>-lui), 

l(iO,  103. 
Cominodu!«,  head  of,  on  coins.  SoS,  359. 
Cones  of  teiTan-otta,  1")  and  //.  10,  43  f. 
Constantius  Chlorus,  coin  of,  iiOl. 
Constantius  11.,  coins  of,  3(>'J. 
Containers,  bronze,  liiMi  f. 
Conventionalism,  in  Mycenaean  vases.  76,  81. 
Conze,  A.,  reference  to,  .">4  n.  4.  ItKi,  lO.'*  n.  4. 
Copenhagen,  vases  in,  .VJ,  113,  114,  115. 
Copjjer,  272,  275.     See  also  Pinti. 
C(»ral,  bit  of,  354. 

Corcyra,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  14  n.  4.  34.  35. 
Corfu,  Cephalonia,  /ante,  c«»in  of,  3Gii. 
Corinth,  vases  from,  107,   144  ;  its  connection  with 

Argos  in  history  of  vase  jiainting,  122,  123,  145, 

100 :  arcliaic  bronze  relief  from,  197  n.  2 ;  coins 

of,  Ii57  f. 
Corinthia,  coins  of,  357  f. 
Corinthian  pinakes  in  Berlin,  connecte<1  with  those 

from  Heraeum.  54. 
Corinthian  style,  in  vases,  8,  (>0,  (J2.  G5,  (MJ,  119,  122, 

145, 165-173, 182, 185 ;  Old,  1G7  ff. ;  New,  172  tf. 
Cornucopia,  on  coin,  'M\,  ,'i62. 
Coroplastic  art,  interaction  of  vase  painting  and,  6 

and  //.  9,  7. 
Corselet,  on  vase.  177. 

Cotilon  (Bassae),  mirrors  from,  265  h.  2,  266  n.  1. 
Cover-knobs.  140. 
Covers,  horses  on  covers  of  geometric  vases,  23 ;  of 

vases,  115,  116,  137,  Ki8,  139,  140,  169. 
Cow,  ten-a-cotta,  15,  hea«l  of,  14,  2.'i  ;  on  vases,  151  ; 

of  bronze,  201  and  n.  3,  202  ;  on  engraved  stone, 

.'U9.    See  also  Cattle. 
Crab,  on  engrave«l  stone,  348. 

Crepereia  Tryphaena,  sarcophagus  of.  269  //.  1,  278. 
Crescents,  on  vase,  71  :  on  bronze,  204,  27(),  28;i,  285. 
Crete,  winged  human  figures  from,  50  n.  5  ;  as  ]>ossi- 

ble  centre  of  soun-e  of  Mycenaean  civilization,  66, 

71 ;  vases  from,  79.  115,  156. 
Cross,  (Jreek,  on  terra-cotta  spools,  44  ;  of  terra-cotta, 

44. 
Cross,  on  vases,  82,  105,  111,  149.   151,   154  :    on 

lamps,  184;  on  bronzes,  209,  210,  213.  2(>4,  295, 

297,  310,  312,  315 ;  on  engi-aved  stone,  350 ;  on 

coins,  212,  36!{. 
Cujis,  72,  92.  95,  107, 180,  184. 
Curtius,  E.,  concerning  "heraldic"  animals.  28.  110 

H.  1  :  concerning  running  figures,  28 ;  other  refer- 
ences to,  50  n.  2,  52  n.  1,  175  ».  3. 
Cut  ornaments,  bronze,  274. 

Cybele,  represente<l  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14. 
Cyclades,  primitive  vases  from,  compared  with  those 

from  Heraeum.  68,  69,  70. 
Cylixes,  vases,  74.  81,  86.  88,  92,  95,  166,  172,  173. 
174,  176,  177,  178,  179 ;  cylix  on  bronze  mirror- 
handle  in  hand  of  satyr,  265. 


Cymbals,  bronze,  299. 

Cyprus,  influence  of,  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  15; 
terra-cotta  figurines  from,  27  ;  vases  from,  1(>  w.  1, 
i^i,  135,  148 ;  head  from,  conqwred  with  bronze 
statuette,  197  n.  1  :  rings  from,  251  n.  3. 

Cyrenaica,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1,  19,  .'U. 

Cyrenean  vases,  62,  65,  148,  173. 

Daimons,  on  reliefs  from  Olympia.  conqMireil  witli 
winged  figures  on  terra-cotta  ]»la«pies  from  He- 
raeum, 52 ;  on  silver  ring  from  Heraeum,  'X\^. 

Daisy,  design  on  |)orcelain  whorl,  373. 

I)amia,  story  concerning  statue  of,  174. 

Safuiofjyoi,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

Dancing,  represented  on  vase,  114. 

DeC«)U,  H.  F..  Ki-onzes  of  the  Argive  Heraeum,  191- 
331  ;  Ins4-riptions  on  the  Bronzes,  •'W2-Ji39 ;  Coins 
fn>m  the  Argive  Heraeum,  357-363 ;  theory  as  to 
headdress  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  13  v.  4. 

I)e<licat«>ry  use  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum,  64. 

Deer,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4 ;  on  vases, 
108, 115,  116,  150, 151,  164, 167, 168 ;  of  bronze, 
200  f. 

Deianeira,  earliest  representation  of,  on  vase,  103, 

Deinoi,  135,  185. 

Delos,  Nicandra  statue  from.  8  :  winge<l  female  figure 
from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  figurine,  28 ;  en- 
graved stone  from,  348. 

Delphi,  statue  by  Polymetles  at,  195 ;  retrograile 
writing  in  names  of  Argive  kings  at,  3.3.'{. 

Demeter,  terra-cotta  figurines  dedicated  to,  13  ;  re- 
presentetl  in  terra-cotta  grou]>8  (?),  14,  22. 

Dejiosits  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  3  n.  3. 

De  Ridder,  A.,  references  to.  49  n.  1,  51  w.  9,  52. 
181  and  «.  3, 194  notes  2,  4,  196  notes  2,  3,  4,  197, 
204.  ;/.  2.  288,  289,  296. 

Diadems,  bronze,  196,  240  «.  5,  265,  266  f.;  on 
coins,  3m,  30'1,  363. 

Diamonds,  on  terra-cotta  platpie,  48  :  on  vases,  8.'t, 
84,  87,  90,  142 ;  on  bronzes,  2(K),  24.S,  282,  283, 
284,  ;i09  ;  on  ivory,  ;i53. 

Dictaean  Cave,  pins  from,  217  M.  1  ;  rosettes  on 
objects  fi-om,  2;i2  n.  1,  299  n.  1. 

Digatnma,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  3S3. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  (quoted,  51  n.  4. 

IMonysus,  on  vase,  178  (head  of),  179. 

Dipylon  style,  on  terra-cotta  ])la(pies,  53,  54,  in  vases, 
65,  102  f.,  115,  118,  122,  157 ;  in  l)ronzes,  193, 

Disks,  as  earrings  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  12  ;  flower- 
like, 15,  43  :  of  bronze,  267-269 ;  use  of,  267  «.  2, 
269  n.  1  ;  gol«l  disks  from  Mycenae,  269  n.  2 ; 
inserted  disks,  330 ;  terra-cotta  disk,  i^'>4. 

IXnlona.  bronze  plaque  from.  com])are<l  with  terra- 
cotta {daque  from  Heraeum,  50  f. ;  bronze  reliefs 
from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  reliefs  from  He- 
raeum. 51 :  bi-onzes  from,  com)iared  with  bronzes 
from  Heraeum.  193,  295.  297,  308,  .'^16  n.  1. 


"  Dodwell  "  vase.  169. 

Dog,  terra-cotta  head  of,  15,  41  ;  on  vases,  108,  115, 
147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 182 ;  on  scarabs,  368,  ;i71. 

Doll,  in  arms  of  terra-cotta  figurine,  37. 

Dolphin,  bronze,  274 ;  on  engraved  stone,  350. 

Domitian,  head  of,  on  coins,  358. 

IXirian  Invasion,  66,  102,  103,  121. 

"  Dorian  "  techni(|ue,  156. 

I>Ori)feld,  W.,  references  to,  30,  300. 

Doryphoros  of  Polycleitus,  Furtwilngler's  view  su])- 
IKirted  by  relief  on  lamp  from  Henieum,  184. 

Double-axe,  on  vases,  112  f.,  116;  on  engraved 
stones,  347. 

Double  writing  of  consonants  in  Argive  inscriptions, 
333. 

Dove,  terrarcotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  34;  of  terra- 
cotta, 41  ;  on  coin,  358. 

Dresden,  terra-cotta  figure  from  Thisb^  in,  24  :  vases 


eral  discussion,  343-345;  ckssification  and  cata- 
logue, 345-354. 

Kpidaurus,  story  concerning,  174. 

Eros  (?),  on  coin,  358. 

Este,  buttons  from,  327. 

Eudamas,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  338. 

Euplironios,  vase  in  style  of,  180. 

Evans,  A.  J.,  references  to,  48  «.  2,  66.  79, 113,  344, 
345,  ;M7,  348,  349,  367. 

Exergue,  173,  179. 

Eye,  on  vases,  177,  179. 

Fasteners,  bronze,  327  f. 

Female  figures,  large  proportion  of,  among  terra-cotta 
figurines,  4  m.  4, 13  and  n.  5  ;  on  teri-a-cotta  plaque, 
48 ;  on  vases,  108,  114,  162,  16^^,  169,  170.  172, 
174,  179,  183 ;  of  bronze,  196  f. ;  on  terra-cotta 
disk,  354 ;  on  coins,  359,  360,  361,  362. 


in,  compareil  with  Heraeum  specimens,  146,  148  Fibulae,  forms  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  10  f.; 
"•  1-  bronze,  191,  193,  203  n.  1,  240  ».  1 ;  of  sangui- 

suga  type,  244  n.  4 ;  of  ivory,  353  (with  bronze 
pin).     See  also  Safety-pins. 

Figurines.     See  Terra-cotta. 

Finger-rings,  bronze,  250  f.     See  aha  Rings. 

Fish,  on  vases,  78,  80  f..  91,  94,  111,  112,  113,  115, 
117,  134  ;  bronze  handle  in  form  of  (?),  293;  on 
ivory,  352. 

Flower,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  34;  on 
terra-cotta  pla(|ue,  50 ;  in  mouth  of  lion  on  gold 
breastidate  from  Cervetri,  251  n.  1 ;  on  handle  of 
vessel,  288  ;  nail-head  representing,  327  ;  on  coin, 
359,  360  ;  on  porcelain  whorl,  373. 

Flower  pattern,  on  vases.  79,  80,  83,  85,  88,  94,  105, 
128, 134,  137,  138, 167, 178 ;  on  bronze  pins,  234 
n.  2,  251. 

Flute-player,  terra-cotta,  17,  18. 

Fly,  in  intaglio  on  bronze  seal  ring,  251. 

Foot  with  sandal,  terra-cotta,  16,  43. 


Duck,  on  vases,  90,  110,  169  ;  on  scarab,  371. 

"  Dumb-bell "  form  of  safety-pin,  on  terra-cotta  figu- 
rines in  Atliens  Museum,  10  n.  2 ;  from  Heraeum, 
25  ;  of  bronze,  242. 

Dllnmder,  F.,  references  to,  120,  143,  181. 

Eagle,  on  vase,  174;  on  engraved  stone,  350;  on 

ivory,  351,  352  ;  on  coin,  358. 
Ear,  on  vase,  179. 

Early  Arclmic  terra-cotta  figurines,  8,  9,  29  ff. 
Early  Argive  vases,  121,  124  if. 
Early  Attic  vases,  62,  65,  66,  122,  145,  165,  173, 

351. 
F^arly  Naturalistic  style  in  bronzes,  199,  201. 
Earrings,  fonns  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  12. 
Eilgar,  C.  C,  reference  to,  276  u.  1. 
Eel,  on  vases,  80. 
Egg,  bit  of  sheU  of,  353. 


^^gypt?  excavations  in,  as  throwing  light  on  date  of      Fortune  (Tyche),  on  coin,  358. 

Mycenaean  civilization,  77  ;  Mycenaean  ware  from,      Fran^-ois   vase,  giouj)  on,  compared  with  gioup  on 

terra-cotta  placjue,  53 ;  other  reference  to,  195  m.  3. 

Frankel,  Max,  references  to,  195  n.  4,  196  n.  4,  204 
n.  1,  333  and  n.  1,  334,  335,  336. 

Free  style,  terra-cotta  figurines  of,  9,  39. 

Frog,  bronze,  203  ;  ivory,  352. 

FiTiit,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  34;  on 
terra-cotta  mould,  43,  48 ;  nail-head  representing, 
352. 

Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke,  classification  of  My- 
cenaean vases,  62,  72,  74-77,  82  f. ;  theory  for 
origin  of  geometric  style,  66,  102  ;  other  references 
to,  85, 86,  93, 119. 


156. 

Egyptian  (or  Graeco-Egyptian)  objects  from  the 
Argive  Heraeum,  367-374  :  general  discussion, 
:i67-369 ;  catalogue,  370-;i74. 

'"'KyptJa"  horseman  in  terra-cotta  of  Egyptian  manu- 
facture, 8,  29. 

ICileithyia,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups  (?),  14. 
See  also  Hera  Eileitliyia. 

Eketluiio  (?),  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Eleusis,  skyphoi  from,  112  «.  2, 113  notes  1, 2 ;  vases 
from,  119,  124  n.  1,  128,  132,  144,  158;  pin  in 
nmseum  at,  235  «.  3 ;  gold  ring  in  museum  at,  261 


n.  2 ;  bronze  plated  with  gold  in  nmseum  at,  273  Furtwangler,    A.,   interpretation   of  winged  figures 

n.  1 ;  Egyptian  objects  from,  367,  369,  372.  on  Olympia  reliefs,  52 ;  concerning  the  Aristono- 

iKi$,  representetl  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  10,  11,  21.  thos  vase,  164  ;  on  bronze  relief  in  Athens,  169; 

Ellipses,  truncated,  decoration  on  bronze,  27(>,  277.  view  as  to  Doryphoros  of  Polycleitus  suppoi-ted  by 

Engraved  stones,  gems,  and  ivories,  343-354 ;  gen-  relief  on  lamp  from  Heraeum,  184 ;  theory  as  to 


382 


INDEX 


INDEX 


383 


bronze  safety-pin,  249  n.  1 ;  dating  of  vase  similar 
to  Heraeum  sjiecimen,  287  n.  1,  other  references 
to,  10  n.  8,  15  /}.  5,  17,  42,  51  n.  6,  52  n.  7,  53 
n.  1,  54  ».  5,  64  «.  2,  99  n.  2,  119,  143,  160  /».  2, 
ItU  n.  3, 170.  183  n.  1,  186,  194  «.  5,  200  n.  2, 
215  notes  1,  2,  232  «.  2,  24i^  /;.  1,  246  m.  3,  247 
n.  2,  261  n.  1,  287  n  1,  293,  294,  325,  ;«8.  5«'«' 
a/«o  Olynipia. 

Galerius,  coins  of.  361  f. 

Galley,  on  vase,  113  n.  2. 

Gallienus.  coin  of,  361. 

Ganiedes  oinochoe,  conipared  with  one  from  the  He- 
raeum, 160  and  n.  1. 

Gardner,  E.  A.,  references  to,  29,  173,  367  n.  7. 

Gear,  leather,  imitated  in  bron/.e,  275. 

Gela.  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1. 

Gems,  Mycenaean,  compared  with  terra-cotta  plaque 
from  Heraeum,  28.    See  also  Engi*aved  stones. 

Genre  scenes,  on  vases,  in  geometric  style,  104,  108, 
113,  157. 

Geometric,  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  6,  9,  14,  23 : 
geometric  style  in  vases,  60,  62,  64,  101  ft.,  result 
of  Dorian  Invasion,  66,  102,  methoil  of  classifica- 
tion, 101,  102,  104,  difference  from  Mycenaean 
vases,  102,  104,  theories  as  to  origin  of,  102.  de- 
velopment of,  103,  104,  connection  with  Dipylon 
style,  104,  115,  date  of,  104,  relation  to  Argive 
style,  121,  157 ;  '"  geometric  "  periotl  in  bronzes, 
19:i,  geometric  style  in  bronzes,  197,  200,  204, 
geometric  ornamentation  on  safety-pins,  242,  243 ; 
engraved  stones,  Ji43,  346.  349  f. 

Girtlle,  bronze,  266. 

Glass,  vases,  184 ;  bottles  of,  353. 

Glaze  color,  use  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  6. 

Globe,  on  coin,  361,  362. 

Goad,  on  vases,  162,  163,  164.  177. 

Goat,  on  vases,  150,  153,  154,  167,  168,  169,  172, 
174;  bronze  statuette  from  Camirus  in  British 
Museum.  201  n.  1. 

Giilil,  bronze  plated  with,  273  and  n.  1  ;  tacks  from 
Mycenae,  325,  fragments  of  sheet  gold,  329,  rivet, 
338. 

Goose,  on  vases,  159,  167. 

Gordion.  fibulae  from,  246  notes  2,  4. 

Gorgon,  terra-cotta  figurine  rej)resenting  (?),  28  :  on 
terra-cotta  plaque  (?),  52 ;  gorgoneion  on  vase  frag- 
ment, 171  ;  on  ivory,  351. 

Gospel,  book  of  the,  on  coins,  363. 

Graeco-Egyptian.    See  Egyptian. 

Gratian,  coin  of,  362. 

Greaves,  on  vases,  161,  162,  172,  177. 

Greece,  coins  of,  357  ff. 

Griffin,  terra-cotta,  head  of.  41 ;  on  vases.  152,  171  ; 
on  bronzes,  193.  274,  294 ;  on  engraved  stones, 
350;  on  ivory,  351,  352;  on  scarab.  371. 

Griffith,  F.  LI.,  references  to,  367  «.  2,  370,  371.  373. 


GuiUoche,  on  vases,  82,  86,  87,  88,  107,  109,  129, 
130, 14;i,  145, 158, 161, 162, 163  ;  on  bronzes,  266, 
293. 

Gurlitt,  W.,  reference  to,  196  n.  1. 

Hadaczek.  C,  references  to,  44  n.,  240  n.  4. 

Hadrian,  heail  of,  on  coins,  359,  >MK). 

Haghios  Sostis,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  9. 

Hair,  development  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  12 ; 
treatment  of,  on  terra-cotta  platpie,  49,  on  vase, 
154 ;  bronze,  lock  of,  194,  treatment  of,  195  and 
note*  3,  4, 197,  287. 

Hallstatt  perio4l,  vase  fragments  in  Vienna  from 
graves  of,  69 ;  in  relation  to  geometric  style,  103. 

Halo,  on  coins,  363. 

Handles,  bronze,  rings  used  as,  254  n.  1,  of  mirrors, 
2&4-266,  pUtes  with,  275-277,  bowls  with,  285, 
of  vessels,  288-294,  of  tripods,  295,  miscellaneous, 
297  f. 

Hare,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  w.  4,  35;  on 
vases.  146.  147  ;  porcelain  figure  of,  373. 

Harness,  bronze,  275. 

Harpy,  terra-cotta,  41. 

Hartwig,  P.,  enumeration  of  |K)lychrome  vases,  179  f. 

Hawk,  on  scarabs.  370,  371. 

Hebe,  representeil  in  terra-cotta  grou|)8  (?),  13,  22. 

Heermance,  T.  W.,  Inscriptions  on  Vases,  185-187. 

Helbig,  W.,  references  to,  10,  53  «.  1,  118,  119,  \(i» 
M.  1,  IW,  295. 

Helladios,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Helmet,  on  terra-ootta  figurines.  40;  on  vases.  148, 
152, 161,  162.  164, 170, 172,  174, 183;  on  coins, 
361,  362. 

Hemispherical  engraved  stones,  345.  346,  347. 

Hera,  seateil  figures  of,  5,  15,  representetl  in  terra- 
cotta figurines  (?),  13,  22 ;  cult  of,  68  ;  name  in 
inscriptions,  on  vases,  185  f.,  on  bronze,  332.  li-'tti, 
337.  338 ;  on  terra-cotta  disk  (?),  354 ;  head  of, 
on  coin,  359. 

Hera  Antheia,  16,  35;  terra-cotta  figurines  repre- 
senting (?),  10,  21. 

Hera  Eileithyia.  13  «.  7,  15  h.  4,  30. 

Hera  'inrio?,  40. 

Hera,  of  Polycleitus,  13,  39 ;  in  group  with  Hebe,  22. 

Heraea,  22  m.  1,  336. 

Herakles,  on  vases,  163,  177,  181. 

•'Heraldic'*  schema,  lions  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  7, 
28;  on  vases,  90,  108,  109,  110,  111,  112,  117, 
118,  127,  169. 

Herotlotus,  references  to,  65  n.  1,  174  notes  1,  2, 
175  and  n.  1,  193,  336. 

Herring-bone  jiattern.  on  vases,  69.  70,  87,  92.  130, 
146, 181. 

Heuzey.  L..  concerning  development  of  "  Bes  "  tyj>e, 
28 ;  concerning  Rhodian  ware,  37 ;  other  references 
to,  10  ».  1,  14  n.  5,  18,  19,  22,  27, 28,  34,  35,  36, 
37,  41, 197  «.  3. 


Himation,  on  vase,  169  ;  on  bronze,  265. 

Hinge,  bronze,  328. 

Hissarlik,  primitive  vases  from,  18,  compared  with 

those  from  Heraeum,  68,  70,  97.     See  also  Troy. 
Hogarth,  D.  G.,  statement  as  to  winged  human  figures 
of  "  Mycenaean  "  style  discovered  by  him  in  Crete, 
50  ».  5 ;   excavations  in  Melos,  66 ;  other  refer- 
ences to,  202  n.  1,  217  n.  1,  232  «.  1,  299  n.  1. 
HoUeaux,  M.,  references  to,  51  n.  9, 194  n.  5, 195  n.  4. 
Homer,  quoted,  11  notes  4  and  5. 
HomoUe,  Th.,  reference  to,  195. 
Hooks,  bronze,  324. 
Hoppin,  J.  C,  The  Vases  and  Vase  Fragments,  57- 

184.     See  also  Waldstein. 
Horse,  terra-cotta,  6,  15,  23,  29,  40,  41 ;  head  of, 
terra-cotta,  41 ;  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  48,  53,  54 ; 
on  vases,  in    Mycenaean   style,  90,  in  geometric 
style,  108,  109  ff.,  114,  115,  116,  117,  with  hunmn 
figures.  111,  112,  117,  118 ;  in  Argive  style,  130, 
148,  150,  152,  154,  162,  163,  164,  165;  in  Corin- 
thian  style,  172,  173,  174;  in  black-figured  style, 
176, 177,  178 ;  in  red-figured  style,  179 ;  on  "  red  " 
ware,  182 ;   on    Megarean  ware,  183 ;   on   lamj), 
184;   of  bronze,  197-200;   on  bronze,  243,  265, 
273  ».  1 ;  on  engraved  stones,  343,  347,  with  hu- 
man figures,  347,  winge<l,  348  ;  on  coins,  357,  361. 
Horseman,  terra-cotta,  8,  29;    on    vases,  177,  178, 
182,  183;  bronze  statuette  of,  194  f.,  196  n.  4,  po- 
sition as  shown  on  vases,  194  «.  3,  and  in  bronze 
rider  in  National  Museum,  Athens,  194  n.  4,  com- 
pared with  other  examples  in  marble,  194  n.  5 ;  on 
coins,  357,  358,  361,  362. 
Horseshoe   ornament,   on   bronze,   249,   266,   299  ; 

shape,  in  links  of  bronze  chain,  327. 
House,  on  engrave<l  stones,  as  in  Cretan  pictograplis, 

347,  348. 
Household  use,  articles  for,  in  ivory,  353. 
Human  figure,  on  vases,  in  Mycenaean  style,  90  f., 
in  geometric  style,  104,  107  ff.,  Ill  ff.,  in  Orien- 
tal Argive,  150,  151,  152,  in  miscellaneous  types, 
162,  163,  on  Corinthian  vases,  169,  in  black-fig- 
ured style,  177,  178,  on  "  red  "  ware,  182,  183 ; 
on  lamp,  184 ;  on  bronze,  bearde<l,  draped,  265  ;  on 
engrave<l  stones,  ;U3,  346,  347,  348,  349 ;  in  ivory, 
353 ;  on  coins,  359,  361,  362,  363 ;  in  porcekin,' 
373.     See  also  Horse. 
Human  head,  on  vases,  106,  131,  146,  148  (plastic), 
170  (pUstic),  177;  on  coins,  357,  358,  359,  360, 
361,  ;W2,  363  ;  of  porcelain,  372. 
Hylleis  (HwAes),  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

lalysos,  vvses  from,  82,  93. 
"  lalysos  "  types  (funnel-shaped  vases),  88. 
Ibex,  on  scarab,  371. 

Idols,  terra-cotta,  22 ;  resemblance  of  bronze  to.  272. 
tcpo?  -ya/iot,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups  (?),  22  ; 
relation  of  Heraea  to,  22  n,  1. 


Imhoof-Blumer  and  Keller,  reference  to,  78. 

Implements,  utensils,  structural  pieces  and  materials, 
in  bronze,  298-331. 

It  for  t,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

In^,  fibula  from,  247  n.  1. 

Inscribed  bronzes,  ring,  250,  mirror-handle,  265, 
binding-strip,  270,  inscribed  plates,  273  f.,  vessels 
of  bronze,  277,  278,  284,  297,  antyx,  298,  bar.  331. 

Inscriptions,  on  vases,  painted,  185,  incised,  185- 
187  ;  on  bronze,  332-339 ;  on  silver  ring  from 
Heraeum,  338 ;  on  silver  pin  in  British  Museum 
said  to  be  from  near  Heraeum,  339.  See  also  In- 
scribed bronzes  and  Egyptian  objects. 

Intaglio,  ornament  on  seals,  bronze,  250  f. 

Interaction  of  vase  painting  and  coroplastic  art,  6 
and  «.  9,  7. 

Inverted  design,  91.  151  ff. 

lo,  Hellenistic  identification  of  Isis  with,  197. 

Iron,  203,  243,  270,  274,  296,  302,  324,  327,  329, 
330.     See  also  Pins. 

Isis,  197  ;  headdress  of,  compared  with  that  of  terra- 
cotta figurine,  13  n.  4. 

'*  Island  stone"  from  bee-hive  tomb  near  Heraeum,  92. 

'uTdfuov,  represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11. 

Ivories,  351-353. 

Ivory,  pins  from  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  and  Troy,  208 
n.  2,  from  Mycenae,  217  n.  1 ;  seal  of,  251. 

Ivy  pattern,  145,  146,  161,  177,  178. 

Jackal,  on  scarab,  371. 

Jars,  bronze,  286. 

John  Zimisces,  coins  of,  363. 

Jones,  H,  Stuart,  reference  to,  48  n.  1. 

Jugs  (Kannen),  73,  84,  92,  93,  96,  99, 105, 107,  114, 
118,  131, 132, 143,  145, 153, 154 ;  tea-pot  shaped, 
94, 117,  143 ;  with  three  liandles,  71,  %,  100, 101. 

Julia  Domna,  head  and  bust  of,  on  coin,  359 ;  coin  of, 
361. 

Julian  (called  the  Apostate),  coin  of,  362. 

Jupiter,  on  coin,  362. 

Kabbadias,  P.,  references  to,  36,  195  n.  4,  367. 

Kabirion.     See  Cabirion. 

Kalathoi,  124,  125,  144.     See  Calathos. 

Kalkmann,  A.,  his  measurements,  195,  196. 

Kameiros.     See  Camirus. 

Karneia.     See  Cameia. 

Kavousi,  pin  from,  241  n.  7. 

Kekule  von  Stradonitz,  R.,  references  to,  35,  36.  37, 

41,  .52. 
Keros,  terra-cotta  figurines  from.  112. 
Kertsch,  terra-cotta  figurine  from,  35. 
Key,  bronze,  299. 
Kithara,  on  vase,  112. 
Knives,  bronze,  299  f. 
Knobs  of  covers,  vases,  140  ff. 
Koehler,  U.,  references  to,  112,  333. 


884 


INDEX 


Koppa,  on  inscribed  vase.  186 ;  on  coins,  357  f. 

96pioi'<K,  name  inscribed  on  vase,  186. 

Kore,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups,  14,  -2. 

Kiirte,  A.,  references  to.  68,  70,  71,  97,  332. 

Korte,  G.,  references  to,  196  n.  2.  197  n.  3. 

Kiirte.  G.  and  A.,  references  to,  246  notes  2,  4. 

Kothons.  143.  166. 

KovpoTp6(fio<;  figures,  of  terra-cotta,  12  n.  1,  13,  19. 

21,  25. 
Kylix.     See  Cylix. 

Labeo.  L.  Furius,  name  on  coin,  358. 

Laconia.  coins  of,  358  f. 

Ladle,  bronze.  296  f. 

Lamps,  180,  ISS  f. 

Larisa.  coin  of.  357 :  head  of.  on  coin,  XiT. 

Laurent.  M.,  fragment  of  vase  from  Heraeuni  pub- 
lished by,  113.  164  H.  2.  165  n.  1. 

Leaf  pattern,  on  vases.  80.  81.  93, 105, 131, 146, 18»3  : 
on  bronzes,  233,  266,  282,  283,  285,  287,  288,  296. 
297,  299,  328. 

Leather  gear,  imitated  in  bronze,  275. 

Leaves,  bronze,  274. 

Lechat.  H..  references  to,  14  n.  4,  34,  35. 

Lekythoi.  119, 122. 123. 124. 126, 127, 131, 145, 146, 
148,  151,  158,  176,  178.  197  «.  3. 

Lenticular  shape,  engraved  stones  of.  346.  350. 

Leto.  in  group  with  Chloris,  on  coin,  359. 

Licinius.  coin  of,  362. 

Linear  development  of  Argive  style,  in  vases,  62.  66, 
88,  120.  121.     See  Argive- Linear. 

Lion,  terra-cotta,  attacking  bull,  15,  39  f..  heraldic,  on 
placpie,  7,  28,  on  plac^ues,  48,  54  ;  on  vases,  146, 
151,  153,  159,  160,  161,  167,  169,  171,  177,  182; 
bronze,  in  relief,  198,  199.  293,  in  the  round,  202, 
203,  235  (head  of),  on  bow  of  safety-pin,  249,  in- 
taglio on  seal  ring,  250,  on  gold  breastplate  from 
Cervetri.  251  w.  1,  lion's  feet  tripod  standards. 
295  f.,  paw  of,  331 ;  on  engraved  stone,  350 ;  on 
ivory,  351 ;  skin  of,  on  coin,  359 ;  head  of,  on  coin, 
363.' 

Lion  Gate  at  Mycenae,  compared  with  terra-cotta 
plaque  from  Heraeum.  28. 

Lizard,  on  vases,  115,  147:  on  bronze.  198. 

Local  varieties  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum,  62,  176. 

Loeschcke,  G.     See  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke. 

Loop  pattern,  on  vases.  86.  87.  88.  94. 

Lorimer.  H.  L..  reference  to.  298. 

Lotus,  on  vases,  137,  138,  145, 167.  178  ;  on  bronzes. 
19t)  f.,  285. 

Louvre,  relief  vase  in.  49  n.  1 ;  other  vases  in.  com- 
pared with  Heraeum  vases.  84.  100, 127, 131,  163, 
180  :  torso  from  Actium  in,  194  ;  hydria  of  Tima- 
goras  in,  195  n.  3. 

Lozenge,  on  vases.  70,  84,  86,  87,  88,  90,  105,  106, 
107,  109, 110,  111,  114,  116,  117,  118,  121,  127, 
128,  129, 130,  134,  135, 137,  143,  147,  148,  152, 


157,  162 :  lozenge  shape,  engraved  stones,  346. 
'MS. 

Lusi.  ]>in-head  from,  213  n.  1  :  pin  from,  220  «.  1 ; 
fibula  from.  240  n.  4.  241  notes  1  and  7. 

Lythgoe.  A.  M..  Egyptian  or  Graeco-Kgyptian  Ob- 
jects from  the  Argive  Heraeum,  .{67-374. 

Maeander.  on  vases.  106,  109,  110,  111,  112,  114, 
115,  116,  117,  118,  121,  129,  I'M),  133,  134, 135, 
136,  137,  157,  158.  162 ;  on  bronze,  229. 

Maenad,  on  vase,  179. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  head  of,  on  coins.  XiS,  .'i59. 

Martha,  J.,  references  to,  6  w.  8,  9  m.  6.  14  w.  5,  19. 
21,  24,  28.  32  v.  1,  34.  36,  40,  41.  42.  298. 

Maspero.  G..  references  to,  369  n.  2,  371,  373,  374. 

Mascpies  of  terra-cotta.  38. 

Medical  instruments,  bronze,  Ii03,  323. 

Megara  Hyblaea,  terra-cottas  from.  14  /».  6,  28.  'M. 
37,42,  43:  vases  from,  99  n.  1,  100,  119,  131, 
144.  154. 155  :  pin  from,  218  h.  2,  223  n.  2 :  rings 
from.  251  n.  3,  264  notes  1  and  3,  327. 

Megarean  vases,  62,  180,  182  f. 

Melian  vases,  159,  163. 

Melos.  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1.  {x>ttery 
from,  66,  71,  154,  276  n.  1 ;  engraved  stone  from, 
349. 

Menidhi,  vase  from,  161  :  bronze  pin  from,  213  m.  2. 

Mikos.  name  on  inscribed  vase,  186. 

Milchhiifer.  A.,  theory  as  to  bronze  j)ins  and  spits.  2.'i5 
w.  3;  other  references  to,  50  n.  4,  52  n.  5,  181. 
2:^5  notes  3  and  5,  313  m.  1,  329. 

Mirrors  and  mirror-handles,  bronze,  264-266 ;  mirror- 
handle,  196  n.  3. 

Miscellaneous  types  of  vases,  159-165. 

Moncucco,  pins  of  Italic  ty])e  from,  207  n.  3. 

Monkey,  terra-cotta,  15,  42 ;  on  seal  of  silver  ring 
from  Heraeum  (?),  338. 

Montelius.  O.,  references  to,  10  notes  8  and  12. 11  and 
n.  2,  207  n.  3,  208  w.  3,  215  n.  2,  228  «.  1,  235 
n.  2, 240  notes  1,  3,  6,  241  notes  3-6,  242  notes  1, 
2,  244  «.  4,  298,  327. 

Moulds,  use  of,  for  terra-cotta  figurines,  7.  8  ;  of  terra- 
cotta, 43,  48  :  vases,  181. 

Mouse,  bronze.  203. 

Murex,  on  terra-cotta  mould.  48,  49;  on  vases,  81, 
82,  85,  86,  157. 

Murray.  A.  S.,  references  to,  191  w.  1,  217  w.  2,  367 
n.  6,'  372. 

Mycenae,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  «.  2,  22 ; 
whorls  from,  44  ;  bull's  head  from,  23 ;  vases  from, 
71,  78,  97,  102,  108,  113  (sUver),  161,  181 ;  pins 
from,  compared  with  bronze  pins  from  Heraeum, 
208  w.  2,  209  n.  1 ;  bronze  tacks  from.  214  n.  1 ; 
pins  from,  217  n.  1 ;  fibulae  from,  240  w.  2.  241 
n.  7.  244  w.  4 ;  gold  ring  from,  250  n.  3,  251  n.  3, 
gold  disks  from.  269  n.  2 ;  bronze  saucer  from, 
278 ;  gold  cup  from,  283  n.  1 ;  amphora  from,  287 


INDEX 


885 


n.  1 ;  knives  from,  300 ;  gold  tacks  and  bronze 
nails  from,  325. 

Mycenaean  style  in  vases,  60,  61,  62,  65,  66,  70, 
linear  development  of,  66,  88,  (wigin  of,  71,  with 
"dull"  decoration,  71-74,  156,  with  "lustrous" 
decoration,  74-91,  156,  from  bee-hive  tombs,  91- 
95,  classification  of,  74-77,  date  of,  77,  78,  survival 
of  Mycenaean  style,  105,  126 ;  in  bronzes,  193. 

Mycenaean,  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  9,  14,  22  f. ;  en- 
graved stones,  346,  350. 

Nails,  bronze,  324-327. 

Naples,  vases  in  Museum  at,  compared  with  He- 
raeum specimens,  131,  135,  155,  166  n.  2. 

Naturalism,  in  Mycenaean  vases,  76,  81. 

Naturalistic  style,  in  bronzes,  horses,  200,  cattle,  201, 
Hon,  rodent,  frog,  203,  serjients,  204,  birds,  206. 

Naucratis,  "  cake-stamps  "  from,  48 ;  pottery  from, 
135,  159,  178,  180 ;  Egyptian  objects  from,  367, 
368,  372. 

Naukydes,  group  of  Hera  and  Hebe  by,  22. 

Nauplia,  vases  found  at,  78,  84. 

Necklace,  forms  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11 ;  in 
zigzag  pattern,  bronze,  196  ;  compared  with  terra- 
cottas from  Heraeum,  196  n.  5 ;  on  terra-cotta 
figurines  from  Terravecchia,  267  n.  2. 

Nee<lle,  bronze,  250 ;  ivory,  92,  353. 

Nemean  lion,  Hei-akles  and,  on  vases,  177. 

Nero,  head  of,  on  coin,  360. 

Nessos,  on  vases,  163. 

Net  ornament,  on  vases,  82,  105,  107. 

Neuchatel  and  Brienne  lakes,  pins  from,  217  n.  1. 

Nicandra,  statue,  8,  30. 

Nikasias,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  337. 

Nik^,  on  vase,  183 ;  on  coins,  358,  361. 

Nik^  of  Archermus.   See  Archermus. 

Norton,  R,  Engraved  Stones,  Gems,  and  Ivories, 
343-354  ;  theory  as  to  flower  ornament  on  bronze 
pin-heads,  234  n.  2 ;  suggestion  as  to  cut  figure  of 
bronze,  274  n.  2. 

Novilara,  bronze  ring  from,  compared  with  bronzes 
from  Heraeum,  258  7i.  1. 

Nude  female  type,  fragment  of  bronze  statuette  of, 
196  and  n.  2. 

NyinpJvaea  caenUea^  373. 

Obsidian,  fragments  of,  found  at  Heraeum,  353. 

Oinochoai,  69,  70  (?),  71, 99, 100, 107, 126,  128-131, 
144,  145,  148-151,  159,  160,  166, 168,  170. 

Olive  branch  on  coins,  361. 

Olympia,  figures  of  animab  found  at,  6 ;  bronze  re- 
liefs from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  reliefs  from 
Heraeum,  51,  52;  tripods  from,  164;  bronzes 
from,  compared  with  Heraeum  bronzes,  193,  194 
n.  2,  195,  198  notes  1,  2,  3,  199  notes  1,  2,  200 
notes  1,  2,  201  n.  2,  202  n.  4,  204  notes  2,  3,  205 
notes  1, 2,  216  notes  1,  2,  219  n.  1,  223  n.  1,  225 


n.  1, 226  n.  1,  230, 232  n.  2, 235  n.  2,  240  notes  5, 
6,  242  notes  1-4,  243  notes  1,  3,  244  n.  1,  246 
notes  1,  3,  247  7iotes  1,  2,  249  n.  1,  250  n.  1,  259 
n.  1,  261  notes  1,  4,  262  notes  1,  2,  264  notes  1-6, 
265  n.  3,  267  n.  2,  269  n.  3,  270  n.  1,  275,  283, 
287  n.  1,  288,  289,  291,  292,  293,  294,  295,  296, 
297,  298,  299,  325,  326,  327,  329;  ivory  from, 
351. 

Open-work  vases,  144. 

Orchomenos,  vases  from,  119,  153,  155  ;  "  Apollo  " 
statue  from,  195  n.  4. 

Oriental  influence  in  terrarcotta  figurines,  7,  8  n.  3, 
9,  13  and  n.  4,  28  f.;  in  terra-cotta  plaques,  49, 
52,  54 ;  in  vases,  66, 121, 122, 144, 145,  163,  182 ; 
in  bronzes,  193 ;  in  lotus  headdress  of  bronze  statu- 
ette, 196  f.,  in  cattle,  202,  explanation  of  term 
Oriental  as  used  in  connection  with  the  bronzes, 
202,  in  lion,  203,  in  ivories,  251. 

opfiXK,  represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11 ;  gold 
hormits  from  Camirus,  51. 

Ornament  and  toilet,  bronze  articles,  207-275;  cut 
ornaments  of  bronze,  274;  ornamented  bronze 
bands,  270  ;  ornaments  of  bronze  vessels,  294 

Orsi,  P.,  Sicilian  terra-cottas  published  by,  3  n.  3, 10 
n.  1, 14  «.  6 ;  on  "  Bes  "  type,  28 ;  on  "  Spes  "  type, 
34 ;  other  references  to,  35,  37,  43,  133,  218  n.  2, 
223  n.  2,  232  n.  1,  251  n.  3,  254  n.  1,  264  notes 
1,  3,  267  n.  2,  295,  327. 

Osiris  crown,  translation  of,  into  terms  of  lotus,  197 
n.  4. 

Oven,  terra-cotta,  15. 

Owl,  on  vases,  147,  148,  168,  172. 

Ox.   See  Cattle. 

Oxides,  process  of  removing,  192  and  n.  2;  iron 
oxide,  330. 

Pallat,  L.,  references  to,  133,  135,  138,  143,  152, 

153, 158. 
Palm-tree,  on  vases,  85,  87. 
Palmette,  on  vases,   135,  136,  138, 145,  146,  147, 

154, 157,  158, 159, 167,  168, 169,  171, 172, 173, 

174, 177, 179, 182 ;  on  bronzes,  197, 265, 285, 287. 
Pan,  terra-cotta,  37. 
Panther,  on  vases,  115,  147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 

154,  167,  168, 170, 171, 177, 182. 
Patera,  vase,  178  ;  bronze,  from  Tiryns,  275. 
Patrae,  coin  of,  358. 
Pausanias,  references  to,  5  n.  2, 13,  22  n.  1,  174  n.  3, 

234  n.  2,  333. 
Peacock  (?),  of  bronze,  205,  206  n.  1. 
Pegasus,  on  coins,  357,  358. 
"  Pelasgian  "  origin  of  Mycenaean  style,  71. 
Pendants,  earrings  with,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  12 ; 

bronze,  264 ;  in  Museo  Kircheriano,  264  ?i.  5  ;  from 

Megara  Hyblaea,  327. 
Peregrinus,  L.  Aerius,  name  on  coin,  358. 
Pernice,  E.,  references  to,  113  n.  2, 154. 


386 


INDEX 


Tcpdrai,  represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11,  18, 

19,  20.     See  Pins. 
Perrot  and  Chipiez,  references  to,  11  and  n.  9,  18, 23, 

36,  40,  95  n.  1, 195  n.  2,  196  w.  5, 197  //.  1. 
"  Persian  Artemis,"  analogy  of  figure  on  terra-cotta 

]>laque  to,  50,  52,  54. 
Pestle,  bronze,  324. 
Petasus,  on  coin,  357. 
Petersen,  E.,  reference  to,  197. 
Petrie,  W.  M.  Flinders,  references  to,  29, 66,  77, 85, 

91,  156,  :i67  and  notes  3,  7,  370,  371,  373. 
Phaleron  jugs,  122,  153,  160  and  tu  1. 
<f>ddfiaTa,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 
Phiale,  178.     See  Saucers  atid  Plates. 
Phidon,  of  Argos,  date  of,  64  f . 
Phillias  (?),  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 
Philostratus  ijuoted,  15  n.  4. 
Phocis,  coin  of,  357. 

Phoenician  ware,   in  British  Museum  and   Louvre, 
analogous  to  Heraeum  vase  fragments,  68 ;  l>ottle, 
from  Heraeum,  353. 
Phylakopi,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1 ;  deco- 
ration on  fragment  of  pottery  from,  276  ».  1 ;  knives 
from,  300. 
Pig,  terra-cotta,  15,  41. 
Pilos,  on  terra-cotta  figurine,  16,  17. 
Pinakes,  terra-cotta,  47,  54 ;  pottery,  117. 
Pindar,  quoted.  51  n.  4. 

Pins,  bronze,  203,  straight,  191,  207-239,  309,  311, 
321,  safety-pins,  240-249,  pseudo-safety-pins,  249 
f.:  pin  of  iron  separable  from  bronze  head,  209, 210, 
213,  216,  223,  224,  225,  226,  227,  228,  229,  230, 
231,  232  (stem  and  corrugation  of  pin  of  iron),  246, 
247, 248,  pin  of  copj)er,  separable  from  bronze  head, 
216,  225,  236,  237,  238,  239,  240 :  of  ivory,  353. 
Pipes,  on  lamp,  youth  playing,  184  ;  |>orcelain  figure 

of  A]x)llo  playing,  373. 
Pirasos,  seated  figure  of  Hera  by,  5,  13. 
Pitcher,  bronze,  286. 
Pithoi,  68, 116, 181,  182. 

Plaques,  terra-cotta,  47-54.     See  Terra-cotta  reliefs. 
Plates,  potterj',  80,  107,   115,  116,  126,  141,  142, 
145,  154,  159,  166,  172,  176  ;  from  Aegina,  116, 
120  n.  1 ;  bronze,  272-274,  275-277. 
Platters,  bronze,  277  f. 
Plektron,  bronze,  324. 
Polos,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  5, 12, 

13  and  n.  6. 
Polychrome  vases,  158,  178,  179  f. 
Polycleitus,  group  of  Hera  and  Hebe  by,  22  ;  Dory- 

phoros  of,  184.     See  also  Hera. 
Polymedes,  statue  at  Delphi  by,  compared  with  bronze 

statuette,  195. 
Pomegranate,  terra-cotta  figure  holding  (?),  15  ».  4 ; 
on  vases,  148,  170, 173,  174  ;  on  bronzes,  234  n.  2. 
Pot-hooks,  on  vases,  107,  126,  127,  130,  137,  145, 
148,  154, 173. 


Potter's  wheel,  use  of,  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  7. 
Pottery.     See  Vases. 

Pottier,  E.,  reference  to,  68  n.  1,  127, 135, 155, 181. 
Pottier  and   Reinach,  interpretation   of  terra-cotta 

cones,  15  n.  10, 42. 
Praesos,  gold  rosette  from,  232  n.  1. 
Prehistoric  style.     See  Primitive. 
Primitive  Argive,  terra-cotta  figurines,  4, 9, 16  f. 
Primitive  style  in  vases,  60,  62,  68  ff. ;  date  of,  68, 

69. 
Primitive  period  in  bronzes,  193. 
Primitive  style  in  engrave<l  stones  and  gems,  345. 
Probus,  coins  of,  361. 
'*  Proto-Corinthian  vases,"  61, 62,  63, 64  and  n.  9, 66, 

67,  122.     See  also  Argive. 
Pseud-amphoras  (BUgelkanne),  77,  85,  87,  88,  90, 

92,  95. 
Pseudo-safety-pins,  bronze,  249  f. 
Ptah,  porcelain  figure  of,  372. 
Ptoan  Apollo.     See  A.\w\\o. 
Punctuation  in  inscriptions,  333. 
Pupienus,  coin  of,  361. 
Purple  fish.     See  Murex. 
Pyramid  sluipe  in  engraved  stones,  349. 
I^xides,  87,  123,  126,  133,  136-139,  145, 148, 153, 

164, 166, 168,  169,  181. 

Quadriga,  on  terracotta  plaques,  48,  53 ;  on  vases, 

113, 178. 
Quiver,  on  coin,  359. 

Rabbit,  porcelain  figure  of,  368. 

Radowitz,  Hen-  von,  lekythos  in  collection  of,  146. 

Ram,  terra-cotta,  15 ;  hea<l  of,  41 ;  on  vases,  168 ;  of 
bronze,  201 ;  ram's  horn  in  Osiris  crown,  197  ;  on 
ivory,  353. 

Rayet,  O.,  and  M.  Collignon,  references  to,  6  w.  10, 
23,  160  n.  1. 

Rays,  on  vases,  70,  82,  91,  101,  106,  110,  111,  114, 
127, 128, 129, 130,  133,  134,  135,  136,  137,  138, 
140,  141, 142,  143,  145,  146, 147,  148.  149,  150, 
151,  152,  153, 154,  157,  158,  159,  162,  166,  167, 
169,  170,  172,  173,  174,  178 ;  on  bronzes,  269, 
280,  281,  282,  331. 

Rectangular  engraved  stones,  346,  348. 

Red-figured  style,  in  vases,  60,  62,  65,  174, 178-180. 

"  Red  "  ware,  vases,  180-182,  and  180  n.  4. 

Reichel,  W.,  and  A.  Wilhelm.     See  Lusi. 

Reinach,  S.,  concerning  female  figures  with  horses,  40. 
See  also  Pottier. 

Relief,  vases  in,  180. 

Reliefs,  terra-cotta.     See  Terra-cotta. 

Remedello,  silver  pin  from,  215  n.  2. 

Retrograde  inscriptions,  on  vase,   186;  on  bronze, 

;«2f. 

Rhodes,  influence  of,  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  15,  37, 
in  vases,  151 ;  connection  with  Argos,  51 ;  vases 


INDEX 


387 


from,  compared  with  those  from  Heraeum,  71, 135 
154,  159,  163. 
Rhyton,  179. 

Rioliardson,  R.  B.,  reference  to,  338  n.  1. 

Ridgeway,  W.,  references  to,  9  n.  6,  260  n.  2. 

Rims,  bronze,  272. 

Ring-form  aryballos,  143,  148  «.  1. 

Rings,  of  terra^jotta,  16,  44  ;  of  bronze,  92,  191, 
250-264,  finger-rings,  250  f.,  bracelets,  251,  decora- 
tive, 251-263,  structural,  263  f.,  wire  twisted  into 
form  of,  264  n.  1 ;  silver  ring  from  Heraeum,  338. 

Robinson,  E.,  interiiretation  of  vase,  162  and  n.  1. 

Rwlent,  bronze,  203. 

Rods,  bronze,  294. 

Rogers,  J.  D.,  references  to  inscription  from  He- 
raeum publishetl  by,  273  iu  2,  333  and  notes  1,  3, 
5,  334,  Xio,  336. 

Rolfe,  J.  C,  references  to,  299,  339. 

Roma,  on  coin,  ,362. 

Roman  ware,  62,  180,  183  f. 

Rome,  coins  of,  361  ff. 

Rooster,  on  vase,  168. 

Rosettes,  on  earrings  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  12,  21, 
27,  on  brooch  of  same,  21,  25,  on  dress  of,  26,  on 
headdress  of,  13,  27  ;  on  terra-cotta  spools,  44 ;  on 
tenuKsotU  pla<iue8,  48,  54 ;  on  vases,  70,  80,  84, 
86,87,  94, 100, 101,  105,  106, 107,  108,  110,  111, 
127,  i;30,  131,  139,  141,  142,  145,  146,  147,  149, 
150,  151,  152,  153,  154,  155,  157, 158,  159,  160, 
161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 184 ;  on  bronzes, 
196,  197,  201  n.  3,  202,  203,  217  n.  2,  218,  219, 
232  and  n.  1,  251,  265,  268,  269,  270,  276  n.  1, 
277,  281,  283,  325,  330 ;  on  engraved  stone,  350  ; 
on  ivory,  352 ;  on  coin,  363 ;  on  iwrcelain  whorl, 
373. 

Running-dog  pattern,  on  terra^jotta  figurine,  31 ;  on 
vases,  85,  87,  88,  105,  107,  111,  116,  128,  131, 
137,  142,  157,  159. 

Ruvo,  cylix  from,  compared  with  one  from  Heraeum, 
180. 

Safety-pins.     See  Pins. 

Sail  or  saucer  pattern  safety-pins,  bronze,  242. 

Salamis,  bronze  rings  from,  250  n.  3. 

Sambuka,  Koelder's  theory  as  to,  112. 

Sandal,  terra-cotta  foot  with,  16,  43. 

Sanguisnga  tyjie  of  fibulae,  244  n.  4. 

fram  type,  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  30. 

Sanitary  vases,  93. 

Satyr,  terra-cotta  figurine  representing  (?),  37 ;  on 

vases,  177,  178, 179, 180  ;  on  bronze  mirror-liandle, 

ithyphallic  satyr,  265. 
Saucer  pattern.     See  Sail  or  saucer  pattern. 
Saucers,  vases,  96  ff.,  125  ff.,  158, 159 ;  bronze,  278- 

284. 

Scale  pattern,  on  vases,  88,  155,  162;  on  bronzes, 
265,  274,  285. 


Scarabaeus,  on  scarabeoids,  371,  372. 
Scarabeoids,  from  Heraeum,  369,  371,  372. 
Scarabs,  352,  368,  370  f. 

Schliemann,  H.,  concerning  "  unpainted  "  terra-cottas 
from   Tiryns,  6   7i.  4 ;   concerning  "bands"   on 
terra-cotta  figurines,   11 ;   oUier  references   to,   9 
n.  5,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  22,  24,  26,  30,  41,  42,  44 
78, 85,  86,  88,  89,  90,  91,  143  n.  5, 160  n.  1,  283 
n.  1,  345. 
Sclu^iber,  Th.,  reference  to,  195  n.  4. 
Scorpion,  on  vases,  115, 147  ;  on  engiaved  stone,  349. 
Scraper,  bronze,  300. 
Seals,  bronze,  250  f.,  264 ;  use  of  engraved  stones  as, 

344. 
Searles,  Helen  M.,  reference  to,  333. 
Seri)ent,  terra-cotta,  15,  head  of,  41 ;  bronze,  198 

204,  242,  251,  286,  289,  293.    See  also  Snake. 
Sheep,  on  vase,  170  (plastic)  ;  bronze,  201. 
Sheet  bronze,  objects  in,  266-274. 
Sheet  gold,  fragments  of,  329. 

Shield,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  40 ;  on  vases,  112 
and  «.  2,  148,  161, 162,  163,  164,  169,  170,  172, 
177,  179,  183 ;  shields  from  Dictaean  Cave,  299 
n.  1 ;  shield  rim,  binding  of,  328 ;  shield  shai)e, 
engraved  stones,  346, 348 ;  on  coins,  358,  361, 362. 
Ship,  on  vase  fragment,  113  and  n.  2. 
Sickle,  bronze,  299. 

Sicily,  terra-cottas  from,  compared  with  those  from 
Heraeum,  3  n.  3,  10  n.  1,  14  9iotes  4  and  6,  52 ; 
vases  from,  64 ;  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  338. 
See  also  Orsi. 
Sicyon,  coin  of,  358. 
Sicyonia.     See  Sicyon. 
Sicyonian  inscription,  117  ??.  1,  185. 
Silenus,  head  of,  in  relief  on  vase,  187. 
Silver,  pin  from  Heraeum  in  British  Museum,  191 
n.  1,  217  n.  2,  339  ;  pin  from  Remedello,  215  n.  2  ; 
ring  from  Heraeum,  338 ;  coins  of,  357,  358. 
Siren,  terra-cotta,  41 ;  on  vases,  150,  151,  152,  153, 

167, 172. 
Sistrum,  on  coin,  359. 
Situla,  silver,  in  Florence,  compared  with  vase  from 

Heraeum,  148 ;  on  coin,  359. 
Skyphoi,  74,  91,  107,  108  n.  1,  112  n.  2  and  113  n. 
1,  2  (from  Eleusis),  117,  118, 123,  126,  132-136, 
138,  144,  145,  148,  151-153,  158,  166,  167,  168, 
173, 176,  177,  179. 
Slip,  use  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  6,  7,  9. 
Smith,  Cecil,  concerning  stamps  in  British  Museum 
similar  to  terra-cotta  mould  from  Heraeum,  48  f. ; 
excavations  in  Melos,  66 ;  other  references  to,  64 
n.  2,  122,  156. 
Snake,  on  vases,  69  n.  1,  80,  98,  105,  106,  126, 128, 
130,  134,  135,  137,  142,  159,  160,  174;  bronze, 
head  of,  249,  274;  on  engraved  stones,  343,  347, 
348,350,352.   ^ec  oZso  Serpent 
Sodamos  (?),  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 


i    ! 


888 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Sparta,  pins  in  Museum  at,  23o  n.  3. 

Spatula,  bronze,  299. 

Spear,  on  vases,  112,  150,  161,  162,  164,  169,  170, 

172, 174, 177,  178,  182,  184 ;  on  coin,  357,  361. 
Spear-butt,  bronze,  323  f. 
**  Spes  "  type,  terra-cotta  figurines,  34. 
Sphinx,  terra-cotta,  8,  29 ;  on  vases,  148,  149,  150, 

154, 165,  167, 168,  169, 170, 171, 172, 177,  182 ; 

bronze,  197  n.  2,  287  ;  blue-glazed  frit  figure  of, 

371. 
Spider,  on  engraved  stone,  348. 
Spirals,  on  vases,  73,  74,  79,  80,  81,  82,  84,  85,  88, 

93,  94,  105,  130,  154,  156 ;  on  coin,  360. 
Spits,  bronze,  239,  300-^23,  326. 
Spool-feet.     See  Tripods. 
Spool  shape,  engraved  stones,  345,  348. 
Spools,  terra-cotta,  15,  44. 
Spoon,  of  ivory,  353. 
Stag,  terra-cotta  figurine  holding  (?),  35 ;  on  vases, 

150,  164,  169 ;  on  scarabs,  368. 
Stamnos,  172. 

Standards,  bronze,  331.     See  also  Tripods. 
Star  pattern,  on  vases,  105,  107, 109, 110, 112, 137, 

142,  154,  168  ;  on  bronze,  275,  281 ;  on  engravetl 

stone,  345  ;  on  ivory,  351,  352 ;  on  coin,  361. 
Star-fish  pattern,  on  engraved  stones,  349. 
Statues,  fragments  of,  in  bronze,  194. 
Statuettes,  in  bronze,  194-196,  fragments  of,  196  f. 

See  also  Terra-cotta  figurines. 
Steatite,  as  material  for  engravetl  stones,  343,  344. 
Stephan^,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines, 

12, 13  and  w.  6,  16,  17, 18,  19, 20,  22,  24,  26,  27, 

28,  31,  33,  35,  36,  37,  38. 
Stephanos,  representation  of,  on  terra-eotta  figurines, 

12,  13  and  «.  6 ;  worn  by  Hera,  on  coin,  ii59. 
Stove,  on  vase,  174. 
Straight  pins.     See  Pins. 
Strigil,  bronze,  299. 
Strips,  binding,  bronze,  269,  decorative  braces  and 

stri])s,  bronze,  328-3^^0. 
Stndniczka,  F.,  references  to,  10  «.  10,  11  n.  11,  50 

n.  3,  175,  195  7i.  4,  247  n.  1. 
Stylus  (?),  of  ivory,  353. 
Suessula,  fibula  from,  240  n.  4. 
Sugar-bowl  vases,  136,  166,  170. 
Suidas  quoted,  13  w.  12. 
Sun's  disk,  on  scarabs,  370,  371. 
Supports,  bronze,  330. 
Suspension  vase,  bronze,  193,  286 ;  one  from  Aeg^na, 

similar  to  specimen  from  Heraeum,  286. 
Swan,  bronze,  206  ;  on  ivory,  352. 
Swastika,  on  vases,  70,  84,  107,  110,  114,  128,  129, 

162,  163 ;  on  coin,  358. 
Sword,  on  vases,  113  n.  1,  148,  150,  161,  162,  163. 
Syra,  vases  from,  73,  97  ;  knife  from,  299. 
Syracuse,  terra-cotta  figurines  in  Museum  at,  similar 

to  Heraeum  specimens,  10  n.  1,  35,  36,  41,  42 ; 


vases  from,  99  and  n.  1,  100,  106,  119 ;  vases  at, 
126,  127,  128,  133,  134,  135,  144,  152, 178. 
Syrinx,  terra-cotta  figure  playing,  18. 

Tables,  terra-cotta,  15,  42. 

Tanagra,  tripod  vase  from,  in  Berlin,  52. 

Tear  jugs,  183. 

Teohnitpie,  of  the  bronzes,  193.  See  also  "  Dorian  " 
techni<{ue. 

Tegea,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  5,  9  and  n.  6,  14 
n.  4,  19,  21 ;  type  of  bronze  pins  at,  235  notes 
3  and  5 ;  pendant  from,  264  n.  6 ;  spit  from,  313 
n.  1 ;  bed  in  archaic  relief  from,  329. 

Temple,  on  coins,  358. 

Terra-cotta  figurines,  3-44  ;  number  of,  3,  9 ;  finding 
places  of,  3 ;  classification  of,  4  ff. ;  interpreta- 
tion of,  13  ff. ;  catalogue  of,  16  ff. ;  Primitive,  4, 9, 
16  f . ;  Tirynthian  Argive,  5,  7,  9,  17  ff . ;  My- 
cenaean, 5,  9,  14,  22  f . ;  geometric,  5,  6,  9,  14, 
23 ;  Advanced  Argive,  6,  7,  8, 9,  24  ff. :  under  Ori- 
ental influence,  7,  9,  28  f. ;  E^rly  Archaic,  8,  9, 
29  ff. ;  Advance<l  Archaic,  9,  38  f. ;  Free  style, 
9,  39 ;  animals,  9,  15,  39  ff. ;  various  objects,  9, 
42  ff. ;  from  bee-hive  tomb  near  Heraeum,  92. 

Terra-cotta  reliefs,  47-54 ;  finding  places  of,  47 ; 
classification  of,  47 ;  purpose  of,  48 ;  detailed  de- 
scription of,  49-54  ;  reference  to,  169. 

Terramare,  pins  from,  235  n.  2. 

Terravecchia,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  3  n.  3,  10 
n.  1,  14  «.  6,  267  h.  2. 

Textile  (Nitterns  in  vases  of  Mycenaean  style,  86  ff. 

Tliamophilos,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  IViCt. 

Thera,  fibulae  from,  vases  from,  66,  68,  135 ; 
"  Apollo  "  statue  from,  195  m.  4,  24.3  «.  2. 

Therasia,  vases  from,  80 ;  wall  ]>ainting  from,  85. 

Tliessaly,  coin  of,  357. 

Thisb^,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1,  24. 

Thoricus,  vases  from,  74,  75,  76,  78. 

Thunderbolt,  on  coins,  358. 

Thyrsos,  on  vases,  179. 

Tliystia,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Tiberius,  head  of,  on  coin,  358. 

Tiles,  terra-cotta,  47. 

Timonidas  jug,  172  n.  1. 

Tiryns,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  5,  6n.  4,  9, 16, 17, 
18,  19,  20,  22,  24,  41,  42,  44 ;  vases  from,  68,  71, 
78,  90,  97,  102,  119,  143,  181 :  pins  from,  208 
n.  2,  215  n.  2,  217  n.  1 ;  bronze  patera  from,  275 ; 
knife  from,  300  ;  328. 

Tirynthian  Argive  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  7,  9, 17  ff. 

Titus,  head  of,  on  coin,  360. 

Toilet.     See  Ornament. 

Tongue  pattern,  on  vases,  70,  80,  131,  137, 139, 140, 
141, 159,  168,  169,  171,  172,  173,  174,  178,  179, 
182. 

Tooth  ornament,  on  bronze,  198,  200. 

Torch,  on  vase,  179 ;  on  coins,  358,  359. 


389 


Tortoise,  terra-cotta,  15,  42. 

Trau  Collection,  bronze  statuette  in,  1%  n.  1. 

Tree,  terra-cotta,  16,  43 ;  on  vase,  branch  of,  181 ; 
on  engraved  stone,  347  ;  on  coins,  359,  360. 

Trefoil,  on  vase,  161. 

Triangles,  on  vases,  87,  116,  133 ;  on  bronze,  275, 
276,  277. 

Tripod,  on  vases,  113,  164,  183 ;  tripod  bowl,  166, 
170,  177. 

Tripod-standards,  bronze,  292 ;  tripods  and  tripod- 
standards,  bronze,  294-296 ;  fragment  of  large,  294, 
low  standards,  295,  feet,  block,  spool,  lion's,  295  f. 

Troy,  ivory  objects  from,  69;  vases  from,  70,  93; 
pins  from,  207  n.  1,  208  n.  2.     See  also  Hissarlik. 

Truth,  goddess  of,  on  scarab,  370. 

Tsountas,  Ch.,  concerning  terra-cotta  figures  from  bee- 
hive tomb  near  Mycenae,  10  h.  2,  references  to, 
13  n.  11.  28,  29,  40,  50  w.  4,  54  n.  2,  240  n.  2, 
241  w.  7,  251  M.  2,  299. 

Turtle,  on  terra-cotta  disk,  354. 

Uraeus,  on  scarabs,  370,  371. 
Utensils.     See  Implements. 

Vases  and  vase  fragments  from  the  Heraeum,  57- 
184  ;  introduction,  60  ff. ;  method  of  sorting  and 
cleaning,  60,  estimated  number  of  fragments,  60, 
finding  places  of,  61,  indigenous  and  foreign  types, 
62,  cUssification  of,  63  ff. ;  primitive,  68  ff. ;  My- 
cenaean style,  71  ff. ;  geometric  style,  101  ff . ; 
Argive  style,  119  ff. ;  miscellaneous  types,  159  ff. ; 
Corinthian  style,  165  ff. ;  black-  and  red-figured 
styles,  174  ff . ;  vases  in  relief  and  later  vases, 
180  ff. ;  of  bronze,  275-294. 

Vases  with  three  Imndles,  Mycenaean,  78,  79,  80,  84, 
87,  92,  94. 

Vehicles,  parts  of,  bronze,  298. 

Venice,  .coins  of,  363. 

Verus,  L.,  head  of,  on  coin,  358. 

Vessels,  of  terra-cotta,  47  ;  of  bronze,  275-298. 

ViUanova,  objects  from,  228  n.  1,  241  notes  4,  5. 

Volutes,  on  vase,  85 ;  on  headdress  of  bronze  statu- 
ette, 196,  197  and  w.  2,  296. 

Vulci,  PoUedrara  tomb,  vase  from,  294,  297,  wheel 
on  sarcophagus  from,  298. 

Wagon,  on  geometric  vases,  109.     See  Chariot. 
Waldstein,  C,  and  G.  H.  Chase,  Tlie  Terra-Cotta 

Figurines  from  the  Argive  Heraeum,  3-44. 
Waldstein,  C,  and  J.  C.  Hoppin,  Terra-Cotta  Reliefs 

from  the  Heraeum,  47-54. 


Waldstein,  C,  references  to,  39,  64  n.  1,  120,  195. 
Warrior,  terra-cotta,  mounted,  type  of,  13,  40;  on 
vases,  112,  113  and  n.  1,  148,  150,  161-164,  169, 

170,  172,  173,  174,   177,  179,  183;    on  coins, 
362. 

"  Warrior  vase  "  from  Mycenae,  compared  with  He- 
raeum vase,  148, 160  n.  1,  163. 

Washington,  H.  S.,  results  of  analysis  of  clay  of 
various  vase  fragments,  64  fi.  9,  102  n.  2,  116. 

Wave  pattern,  on  vases,  69,  94,  105,  106,  107,  112, 
126,  148,  183,  184. 

Weights,  terra-cotta,  15  and  w.  10,  44. 

Wheels,  on  vases,  85,  105,  116,  118,  132,  140,  164, 

171,  179  ;  bronze,  298  f. 
AVhip,  on  vase,  112  (?),  162,  182. 

Whorls,  terra-cotta,  16,  44 ;  of  steatite,  92,  353 ;  of 
Ijorcelain,  368,  373. 

Wide,  S.,  on  origin  of  geometric  style,  102  ;  classifica- 
tion of  geometric  tyjjes  of  vases,  102  n.  1,  103  ff., 
118  ff. ;  other  references  to,  66,  69  n.  2,  135. 

WiUielm,  A.     See  Reichel. 

Wilisch,  E.,  references  to,  135,  136,  149,  165  n.  2, 
166,  167,  168,  169  n.  1, 170,  171, 172. 

Winged  figures,  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  47,  49  ff. 

Winged  thunderbolt,  on  coin,  358. 

Winter,  F.,  references  to,  14  n.  4,  34,  37,  194  n.  5, 
197. 

Wire,  bronze,  264,  327. 

Wolters,  P.,  classification  of  Mycenaean  vases,  74- 
76 ;  theory  as  to  origin  of  geometric  style  in  vases, 
102 ;  other  references  to,  41,  51  «.  8,  243  n.  1. 

Wreath,  terra-cotta  figurine  holding,  15  n.  4,  35 ;  on 
vases,  79,  145  ;  on  coins,  357,  358,  359,  362. 

Xoana,  8,  353. 

Zante.     See  Corfu. 

Zeus,  on  coins,  358. 

Zigzag  pattern,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  23,  42 ;  on 
vases,  73,  82,  85,  86,  87,  90,  91,  100,  101,  105, 
106,  108,  109,  110,  111,  115,  116, 117,  118,  121, 
127,  128,  129,  130,  132,  133,  134,  135, 136,  137, 
138,  139,  140,  141, 142,  143,  144,  146, 147, 149, 
152, 157,  158,  159,  162,  164,  167,  168,  174 ;  on 
bronzes,  196,  197  and  n.  3,  198,  199,  200,  201, 
207,  232,  235,  236,  237,  238,  239,  243,  250,  260, 
261,  262,  263,  265,  266,  267,  269,  270,  271,  273, 
274,  276,  281,  282,  283,  285,  293,  294,  295,  297, 
299,  300,  307,  308,  309,  310,  311,  312,  313,  314, 
315,  316,  317,  318,  319,  320,  324,  329 ;  on  en- 
graved  stones,  346,  347  ;  on  other  objects,  354. 


THE  END. 


(tbe  BitirriiDt  prri# 

Elittroty^d  and  frinttd  by  H.  O.  Himghien  &•  C#. 
CttmbriJgt,  Mau.,  U.S.  A. 


J 


■MP 


AU61ot977 


